Alexandria Engineering Journal (2018) 57, 1173–1183

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Alexandria University

Alexandria Engineering Journal

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ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Analysis of the effects of use of thermal energy

storage device (TESD) in solar air heater
Amol Wadhawan, A.S. Dhoble, V.B. Gawande *

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur, India

Received 8 August 2016; revised 27 January 2017; accepted 4 March 2017

Available online 27 March 2017

KEYWORDS Abstract In this research work a setup is designed to incorporate Lauric acid as a phase changing
Phase changing materials; material (PCM) in a solar air heater. This phase changing material (PCM) is carefully selected based
Heat transfer; on the application and manufacturing constraints. A thermal energy storage device (TESD) is man-
Energy storage device; ufactured and incorporated in solar air heater and experiments were carried out to compare the
Solar air heater; solar air heater with and without thermal energy storage device (TESD) to evaluate various param-
Friction factor eters such as output temperature and pressure drop. Results revealed that the rise in the output air
temperature decreases from 8.67 K to 4 K with the increase in the mass flow rate of air flowing
through the solar air heater from 0.021 kg/s to 0.035 kg/s. Also with an increase in the mass flow
rate, there is a decrease in the friction factor from 0.0119 to 0.00802. There is an average increment
of 86.47% in the rise of output air temperature with TESD as compared to rise of the output air
temperature without TESD with an average increment of 36.47% in friction factor. A computa-
tional analysis is also performed which gives insight into the working of solar air heater with
thermal energy storage device (TESD). A computational domain of solar air heater with TESD
is analyzed in CFD code FLUENT using various turbulence models such as k-x SST, k-x
Standard, k-e Standard and k-e RNG. It is observed that results obtained from turbulence model
k-є RNG model are in good agreement with the experimental results and hence used for the analysis
of all the cases considered in this work.
Ó 2017 Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. This is an
open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

1. Introduction [1]. Energy storage helps to conserve energy and also improves
reliability and performance of a large number of energy sys-
The gap between the supply and demand of energy is increas- tems and its importance increases even more when the source
ing day by day. Also the fact that energy can neither be created of energy is intermittent like solar. There are a lot of applica-
nor be destroyed does not help, so the focus of researchers has tions where fluids such as air is heated by solar energy which
shifted in the direction of using diverse devices to store energy can then be used for drying fruits, vegetables, meats and
heating of buildings. However an important issue that needs
* Corresponding author. to be looked at is the need of continuous heat supply. To over-
E-mail address: vipingawande@gmail.com (V.B. Gawande). come this issue, different solutions are used, such as, in a liquid
Peer review under responsibility of Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria based system, water is used to store energy and in the systems
University. where air is the working fluid, rock beds are used to store
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2017.03.016
1110-0168 Ó 2017 Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
1174
Nomenclature
Sp distance between centers of two adjacent pipes,
mm
D diameter of pipe, mm
energy. But when the comparison is made between phase
changing materials such as Glauber’s salt and water, it is
observed that water requires almost five times the space needed
by Glauber’s salt to store the same amount of heat. Thus by
saving this space, the construction and insulation cost can be
reduced in the thermal systems.
Literature review in this area shows that a considerable
work has been carried out by many researchers for the
enhancement of energy storage using phase change material.
A methodology based on the theoretical and experimental
investigations to enhance the heat transfer by using fins of var-
ious configurations is described by Veraj et al. [2]. An investi-
gation of transient thermal analysis of a natural convection
solar air heater was carried out using paraffin type phase
change material by Enibe [3]. He developed energy balance
equations for each major component of the heater and linked
these equations with heat and mass balance equations for the
heated air flowing through the system. His work revealed that
the predicted temperatures at specific locations on the absorber
plate, heat exchanger plate, glazing, and heated air agree clo-
sely with experimental data to within 10, 6, 8, and 10 °C,
respectively. Enibe [4], in his other investigations constructed
and studied a natural convection solar air heater including
paraffin wax as phase change material for energy storage.
Experiments were carried out under natural environmental
conditions involving 19–41 °C ambient temperature variations
and 4.9–19.96 MJ/m2 daily global irradiation. His work shows
that about 15 K rise in temperature is observed during exper-
imentation over the inlet temperature. Solar cabinet crop dryer
or poultry egg incubator was the intended use of this designed
system. A thermal energy storage system has been investigated
and studied by Marı́n et al. [5] to increase heat transfer rate
using air as a working medium. An experimental setup has
been constructed in which PCM has been embedded in a por-
ous matrix of graphite. The setup is used for cooling purpose.
Hed and Bellander [6], used PCM in a building as an air heat
exchanger. Mathematical model of air heat exchanger with
PCM is developed in his work. Considerations are given to dif-
ferent shapes of the cP(T) curve. The mathematical model is
verified with measurement on a prototype heat exchanger.
Research work of Kenisarin and Mahkamov [7] focused on
the assessment of the thermal properties of various PCMs,
methods of heat transfer enhancement and design configura-
tions of heat storage facilities to be used as a part of solar pas-
sive and active space heating systems, greenhouses and solar
cooking. An experimental study has been carried out by Met-
tawee and Assassa [8] to investigate the method of enhancing
the thermal conductivity paraffin wax by embedding alu-
minum powder in it. They carried out the experiments using
a compact PCM solar collector. The amount of useful heat
gain with and without addition of aluminum powder in the
wax was studied during charging and discharging processes.
A. Wadhawan et al.
TESD thermal energy storage device
PCM phase changing material
CFD computational fluid dynamics
A parametric study of melting of phase change material is
studied by Shatikian et al. [9] in a heat sink with vertical fins
and horizontal base with a constant heat flux. The study inves-
tigates fin height and fin thickness, PCM layer thickness and
applied heat flux. Their study reveals that the transient phase
change process depends on the heat flux from the base, heat
capacity of PCM and fin dimensions. The results are plotted
in terms of melt fractions and Nusselt numbers vs. the Fourier,
Stefan and Rayleigh numbers. Nayak et al. [10] in their
research used various PCMs such as paraffin’s wax, sodium
acetate tri-hydrate and phenolphthalein to absorb heat from
the coolant water from the engine. The investigations have
been carried out by experimental as well as numerical
approach using CFD code Fluent. They found the experimen-
tal and numerical results are in good agreement with each
other. A coupled investigation model was tested in TRNSYS
17 and MATLAB by Charvat et al. [11] to simulate the behav-
ior of a solar air collector with integrated latent thermal stor-
age. The comparative analysis was carried out using the light
weight absorber made of sheet metal and the heat storage
absorber with the PCM. Chavan and Nagaraj [12], constructed
a vertical concentric pipe regenerative type heat exchanger
where Heat Transfer Fluid (HTF) is passing through the inner
pipe and phase change material is inserted into the annulus.
Simulation has been carried out to estimate the temperature
profiles in solid and liquid domain of PCM along the length
of the concentric pipe using CFX 12.0 version. A research
has been carried out by Senthilkumar et al. [13] toward the
storage of excess solar energy from the sun by providing Phase
Change Material (PCM) at the bottom of the absorber plate.
Stored energy by the PCM during the day hours was used dur-
ing the off sunshine hours, thus enhancing the efficiency of the
system. A detailed review on phase change material and their
applications are presented by Farid et al. [14] and Rai and
Kumar [15]. A numerical model was developed by Wilson
and Bassiouny [16] to study the pressure drop and heat trans-
fer characteristics of laminar and turbulent flow of air across
tube banks. Their study presented the effect of flow and geom-
etry parameters on the friction factor and local and global
Nusselt number. Experimental analysis of solar air heater with
porous material as Phase Change Material (PCM) was used by
Maraba [17]. The feasibility of using Lauric acid as phase
change material to store excess solar energy was tested exper-
imentally by Srivastava et al. [18]. They studied the effect of
inlet hot air temperature and inlet air velocities on the charge
time and effect of inlet ambient air velocity during the dis-
charge time. The effect of various artificial roughnesses on
the performance characteristics of solar air heater was investi-
gated by Sahu and Bhagoria [19], Varun et al. [20], Saini and
Saini [21] and Yadav and Bhagoria [22]. Apart from this a the-
oretical performance of a glazed hybrid micro channel solar
cell thermal (MCSCT) tile has been evaluated by Agrawal
Analysis of the effects of use of thermal energy storage device 1175

and Tiwari [24]. Performance analysis in terms of carbon credit
earned on annualized uniform cost of glazed hybrid photo-
voltaic thermal air collector on the basis of annual thermal
energy and exergy has been analyzed by Agrawal and Tiwari
[25] for New Delhi climatic conditions.
A literature review shows a possibility of new research in
the enhancement of solar air heater performance using phase
change material. In present work, thermal energy storage
device containing copper tubes fitted with Lauric acid is fitted
in the solar air heater. The effect of mass flow rates on the rise
in temperature during charging and friction factor is studied.
A computational domain is analyzed using CFD code
FLUENT to validate the experimental results.
2. Experimental setup
In the present work, experimental investigations are carried on
a solar air heater experimental setup. Solar air heater is a ther-
mal system in which solar energy is converted into thermal
energy by absorbing solar radiations on the absorber plate.

(a)
1 Entry section 5 Piping 9 Centrifugal blower 13 Display
2 Test section 6 Orifice 10 Electric motor 14 Heater power
meter supply
3 Exit section 7 U-tube 11 Multi selector 15 Flexible
manometer Switch coupling
4 Digital Micro 8 Gate valve 12 Variac
manometer

(b)
Figure 1 (a) Schematic and (b) Pictorial view of test setup.
1176 A. Wadhawan et al.

The schematic and pictorial view of test setup is shown in

Fig. 1(a) and (b). The setup consists of a rectangular duct Table 1 The accuracy of measuring instruments used in
having smooth absorber plate, thermal energy storage device, experimental investigation.
plenum, heater plate, pipe line, centrifugal blower and S. Name of the Make Accuracy
instrumentations for measuring mass flow rate of air, pressure no instrument
drop, temperature and voltage. The various components of 1 U-tube Cvg Technocrafts, ±1 mm of
experimental setup are tabulated in Fig. 1(a). manometer Mumbai, India Hg
Experimental setup is constructed according to ASHRAE 2 Micro Testo India Pvt Ltd, ±0.03 hPa
standards [23]. Rectangular duct for the passage of working manometer Mumbai, India
fluid (air) is 2640 mm long. The aspect ratio that is the ratio 3 Thermocouples Elite instrument, Mumbai ±0.1 °C
of width of the test section (W = 300 mm) to the height of India
the test section (H = 30 mm) is kept as 10. Entry section 4 Milli-voltmeter Shree electrical, Nagpur, ±0.1 V
India
and test section are about 1000 mm long (Length of Inlet
p 5 Ammeter Shree electrical, Nagpur, ±0.1 Amp
Section
5 (WH)
474.34 mm = 1000 mm) and exist
India
section is about 640 mm long (Length of Exit Section

p
2.5 (WH)
237.17 mm = 640 mm), where W = Width of
the test section and H = Height of the test section.
A heater plate is fabricated by combining series and parallel
loops of heating wire on an asbestos sheet. For uniform radi- 2.1. Instrumentation
ation between the electric heater and absorber plate, 1 mm
thickness mica sheet was placed over electric heater wire. A The present analysis has carried out using following key mea-
variable transformer is used for maintaining a uniform heat surements as tabulated in Table 1.
flux of 1000 W/m2. Mass flow rate was measured using cali-
brated orifice meter connected with U-tube manometer. 2.1.1. Temperature measurement
Pressure drop across the test section is measured using a Micro
Manometer (least count of 0.01 mm). The plate temperature Calibrated copper-constantan (28 SWG), thermocouples are
and temperature at inlet and outlet sections of duct are mea- used for air and absorber plate temperature measurements.
sured using thermocouples provided over the absorber plate Fifteen thermocouples were mounted on the top side of absor-
and inside the duct. A glass wool was used as insulator to ber plate to measure the average temperature of the absorber
reduce the heat losses from wooden panel. During operation plate. Six thermocouples were inserted, three at each end of
of solar air heater, mass flow rate in the duct was adjusted the test section at equal distance along the width of the test sec-
using control valve. tion of duct to measure the average temperature of air while
Thermal storage device inserted in the path of flowing fluid flowing into and out of the test section. All thermocouples
is made of copper tubes filled with Lauric acid as a phase were connected to digital multimeter through a selector switch
change material having a melting point temperature of so that the output could be measured in °C.
43 °C. The distance between two adjacent copper tubes filled
with Lauric acid is decided based on the conclusions of paper 2.1.2. Air flow measurement
published by Wilson and Bassiouny [16] as shown in Fig. 2. The rate of air flow through the duct is measured by a flange
Their study shows that in case of inline arrangement, the high- type orifice meter which is designed, fabricated and fitted in
est Nusselt number (Nu) is obtained when ratio of distance the 70 mm diameter pipe carrying air from the plenum to the
between centers of two adjacent pipes (Sp) and diameter of blower.
pipes (D) is around 3. As (Sp/D) ratio increases, a remarkable
increase in pressure drop and friction factor is observed. For 2.1.3. Pressure measurement
these reasons, they recommended that the ratio (Sp/D) must
Pressure drop across the orifice meter was measured by means
be kept less than or equal to 3, to obtain the best performance
of a U-tube manometer. Also the pressure drop across the test
and to achieve higher degree of compactness.
section of the duct was measured by means of a digital micro
manometer.

Φ 15 2.2. Experimental procedure

Following procedure is followed during the experimentation:-

44
(1) All the thermocouples were checked carefully, before
Where, starting the experiment so that they indicate the room
temperature.
Sp = distance between centers of two adjacent pipes = 44 mm
(2) All the pressure tapings were checked for leakage if any.
D = diameter of pipes = f 15 mm (3) The steady state condition was assumed to have been
reached when the temperature at any location does not
Sp/D = 44/15 = 2.93 change for about 10–15 min. When a change in the oper-
ating conditions is made, it takes about 30 min to reach
Figure 2 Center to Center distance between 2 adjacent tubes. the steady state.
Analysis of the effects of use of thermal energy storage device 1177

Inlet Absorber Plate

(a)

Outlet

(b)

Figure 3 (a) 2-D Diagram of Setup Drawn in ICEM (b) zoomed section showing the copper tubes.

Figure 4 Structured Mesh on computational domain.

Figure 5 Comparison of cooling time graphs for various mass flow rates.
1178 A. Wadhawan et al.

Table 2 Readings taken on the solar air heater with TESD.

Sr. no. Mass flow rate (kg/s) Inlet temperature (K) Outlet temperature (K) Rise in temperature (K) Friction factor (f)
1 0.021 303 311.67 8.67 0.01119
2 0.026 302 309 7 0.00922
3 0.031 301 307 6 0.00851
4 0.035 304 308 4 0.00802

Table 3 Comparison in solar air heater with and without thermal energy storage device.
Sr.no Mass flow Temperatures for smooth plate Temperature for smooth plate with TESD Friction factor Friction factor for
rate (kg/s) setup for smooth plate smooth plate
with TESD setup
Inlet (K) Outlet (K) Rise (K) Inlet (K) Outlet (K) Rise (K)
1 0.026 303 306 3 302 309 7 0.00744 0.009032
2 0.031 303.5 306.3 2.83 302 307 5 0.00535 0.008342
3 0.035 303.5 307 3.5 304 308 4 0.00637 0.007874

Figure 6 Outlet temperature vs. turbulence models.

(4) The blower and the heater are started. Then the mass (b) Pressure drop across the orifice plate to measure
flow rate of air through the duct is set with the help the air flow rate
of gate valve at the exit of blower and U–tube (c) Temperature of absorber plate
manometer. (d) Temperature of air inside the duct
(5) The heat flux of 1000 W/m2 is set on the observer plate (e) Ambient temperature
using heater and with the help of Demerstat. (f) Voltage and current supplied to heater plate
(6) The test runs were conducted under steady state condi-
tions to collect relevant heat transfer and flow friction (7) The values of output air temperature are noted down
data. Following parameters are measured: and friction factor value is calculated by using the pres-
(a) Pressure drop across the test section of the sure drop value across the test section measured by using
duct the digital micro manometer.
Analysis of the effects of use of thermal energy storage device 1179

Table 4 Comparison of various CFD models for output air temperature.

Sr. no. Mass flow rate Input air temperature Experimental output air CFD output air temperature (K)
(kg/s) (K) temperature (K)
K-x K-x K-e K-e
SST Standard Standard RNG
1 0.021 303 311.67 314 314.11 313.92 313.92
2 0.026 302 309 310.85 310.92 310.8 310.8
3 0.031 301 307 308.42 308.53 308.37 308.37
4 0.035 304 308 310.57 310.63 310.53 310.53

Table 5 Friction factor from various CFD models.

Sr. no. Mass flow rate (kg/s) Experimental friction factor CFD friction factor
K-x SST K-x Standard K-e Standard K-e RNG
1 0.021 0.010964 0.013219 0.013263 0.011798 0.011805
2 0.026 0.009032 0.010943 0.011038 0.012032 0.009774
3 0.031 0.008343 0.010100 0.009547 0.012089 0.009197
4 0.035 0.007863 0.011105 0.011122 0.010154 0.008553

Figure 7 Friction factor vs. turbulence model.

(8) After noting down all the above values the heater is
turned off and the blower is still kept on maintaining
the same flow rate and the output air temperature is con-
tinuously monitored. Also stopwatch is started as soon
as the heater is turned off and for any change in the out-
put air temperature the time is noted which is then used
to draw the cooling time graph shown in Fig. 5. The
same procedure is repeated for different mass flow rates
of air through the duct.
2.3. CFD analysis
The duct geometry is created using ANSYS ICEM CFD mod-
ular software. Geometry shows circular tubes which contains
phase change material for energy storage, placed in the path
of flow of air just below the absorber plate. This arrangement
is shown in Fig. 3(a) and (b). For CFD analysis, structured
mesh is created on the computational domain using commer-
cially available ANSYS ICEM CFD code. A structured mesh
is shown in Fig. 4. Mesh independence check has been carried
out to select a mesh for better result. CFD results of output air
temperature and friction factor are obtained using various
models such as K-x SST, K-x Standard, K-e Standard, and
K-e RNG and then verified with experimental results obtained
by performing experimentation on setup. Experimental results
for output air temperature are directly noted from the experi-
ment. Similarly, experimental results for friction factor are
calculated by taking a note of pressure drop across the test sec-
tion in experimental setup using a digital micro manometer.
3. Results and discussion
The time for which the energy is stored in Thermal Energy
Storage Device containing the phase changing material at the
1180 A. Wadhawan et al.

Figure 8 Pressure contours for m_ = 0.021 kg/s.

Figure 9 Pressure contours for m_ = 0.035 kg/s.

different mass flow rates is determined form experimentation
and is presented in Fig. 5. Figure shows comparison between
the times for which the output temperature of air is maintained
for different mass flow rates (0.021–0.035 kg/s). Experimental
observations revealed that as the mass flow rate decreases,
the time for which the energy is stored in the thermal energy
storage device increases. This means the charging time at lower
mass flow rate is higher since a supply of a lower mass flow
rate air during the charging process, leads to the utilization
of maximum capacity of the thermal storage system and it
decreases gradually as the mass flow rate increases. A discharg-
ing time is the highest for a mass flow rate of 0.035 kg/s. A
temperature rise of about 8.67 K is noted for a mass flow rate
of 0.021 kg/s above the initial inlet temperature. The measure-
ment of inlet temperature of air at different mass flow rates
shows a difference of 0.33%.
A comparative analysis is between the rise in output air
temperature and friction factor due to inclusion of thermal
energy storage device in the path of working fluid in solar
air heater as shown in Table 2.
A comparison is made between the results of temperature
rise and friction factor, obtained from solar air heater
equipped without and with thermal energy storage device
(TESD) and the values are shown in Table 3. From table it
is observed that the insertion of thermal energy storage device
in the solar air heater leads to increase in temperature of air at
Analysis of the effects of use of thermal energy storage device 1181

Figure 10 Velocity contours for m = 0.021 kg/s.

Figure 11 Velocity contours for m = 0.035 kg/s.

the output of solar air heater. The restriction to the flow path
due to thermal energy storage system also results in an increase
in friction factor due to resistance offered to the flow of incom-
ing air. Friction factor enhancement is maximum at lower
mass flow rate since the charging time is higher and hence
the resistance to the incoming fluid (air).
To predict accuracy of turbulence models available in
FLUENT code, rise in temperature for different mass flow
rates using various turbulences is calculated. This result anal-
ysis is shown in Fig. 6. Output air temperature for different
mass flow rates found by experimentation as well as using var-
ious turbulence CFD models is shown in Table 4. From the
data in the table, it is clear that error involved in using K-e
Standard and K-e RNG model is less than that of using other
turbulent models. Hence K-e Standard or K-e RNG model can
be used in calculating the output air temperature, since it will
predict the most accurate results. All the cases investigated in
this paper are analyzed using K-є RNG turbulence model in
FLUENT CFD code.
The analysis shows that using thermal storage of energy
devices in the flow path also increases friction factor as men-
tioned above. So friction factors calculated during experimen-
tation and using various turbulence models available in
FLUENT are tabulated in Table 5. A comparison between
the friction factors calculated using various turbulence models
is shown in Fig. 7. Fig. 7 shows that, within the available tur-
bulence models, results obtained from K-e RNG turbulence
model are in good agreement with the experimental results.
1182
The percentage difference between the values of friction factor
obtained from experimentation and K-e RNG turbulence
model for mass flow rate of 0.021 kg/s is 7.38%.
To support the experimental results of rise in temperature
and increase in friction factor, contour plots of pressure at
mass flow rate of 0.021 kg/s and 0.035 kg/s CFD analysis using
k-e RNG turbulence model. Figs. 8 and 9 show contours of
pressure at mass flow rates of 0.021 kg/s and 0.035 kg/s
respectively.
The contours shown above are an enlarged view showing
the pressure variation along the channel near the copper pipes
containing Phase Changing Material. A comparison of pres-
sure is made on the same scale as shown in figures and figures
revealed that the pressure increases along with the increase in
mass flow rate and friction factor increases. Similarly, varia-
tion of velocity is also predicted using contours of velocity
for different mass flow rates. The contour plots of velocity
for mass flow rates of 0.021 kg/s and 0.035 kg/s on same scale
are shown in Figs. 10 and 11 respectively.
4. Conclusions
In the present study, rise in temperature due to use of thermal
energy storage device in the path of incoming air in a rectan-
gular duct has been explored. Experimental and CFD analysis
has been carried out to predict the values of pressure drop and
hence friction factor for various mass flow rates. Key out-
comes of the study are as follows:-
 Lauric acid is used as a phase change material (PCM) in the
present analysis. Instantaneous temperature distribution
due to melting of lauric acid is recorded.
 The time for which energy can be stored by PCM (Lauric
acid) for different mass flow rates of air is estimated and
it is observed that it ranges from approximately 22 min
for maintaining the temperature of air more than ambient
temperature by 1 K at the mass flow rate of 0.035 kg/s to
72 min at the mass flow rate of 0.021 kg/s.
 The time for which the energy is stored in the PCM
increases with decreases in the mass flow rate.
 Enhancement in rise in temperature at the output is noted
when thermal energy storage device (TESD) is placed in
the solar air heater when compared to solar air heater with-
out TESD.
 An average increment of 86.54% is recorded in rise in out-
put air temperature for all the cases considered at different
mass flow rates.
 Pressure contour plots derived from the CFD analysis of
computational domain of solar air heater with TESD reveal
that as the mass flow rate increases, enhancement in pres-
sure drop is observed. Friction factor is higher at lower
mass flow rates and for a positive effect of increase in the
output temperature, there is an average increment of
36.47% in the friction factor.
 Experimental results of rise in temperature and friction
factor are validated using CFD analysis. FLUENT CFD
code is used to compare the accuracy of results using vari-
ous turbulence models available in CFD code software. It
has been observed that out of available turbulence models,
results obtained from k-e RNG turbulence model are in
good agreement with experimental results and hence are
A. Wadhawan et al.
used for the analysis of other cases investigated in this
paper. An error of 10.3% is observed between the results
of experimental and CFD analysis, which is acceptable
for the evaluation of results for such analysis.
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