DJJ30103 - STRENGTH OF MATERIALS LABORATORY

TITLE : TENSILE TEST

DURATION : 2 HOURS

1.0 OBJECTIVE

To obtain:

a) The ultimate tensile strength of test specimen

b) Yield stress
c) True stress at maximum load, and
d) The percentage of elongation
e) To study the behavior of mechanical or tensile properties of different polymeric materials
f) Analyze critically the lab work in relation to the theoretical value
g) Write report appropriately from data obtained in the lab work

2.0 THEORY

The mechanical properties of materials used in engineering are determined by tests performed on
small specimens of the materials. These tests provide very important information on the suitability of the
material to be used in any engineering projects. One of the most important tests carried out is the tensile test
where the test specimen is simply subjected to tensile load until it fails. In order that the test specimens may
be compared easily, the dimensions of test specimens and the methods of applying the load have been
standardized. Examples and methods of testing are given in the British Standard 18 and 2782 for metals and
plastics respectively. The term tensile test usually refers to test in which a prepared specimen in subjected to a
gradually increasing in axial tensile load until fracture occurs. The operation is accomplished by gripping
opposite ends of the specimen and pulling it apart. It is quite illustrate for some mechanical properties. If
force-elongation diagram is plotted, it would be very easy to have an idea about ductility or brittleness. A
ductile material is one which large deformation are produced before fracture, whereas, a brittle material is one
which comparatively small deformation occurs before fracture.

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 Figure 2.1 : Universal Testing Machine

Figure 2.2 : Typical stress vs strain curve for ductile and brittle materials
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 Figure 2.3 : Graph stress vs strain for ductile materials

Figure 2.4 : Graph stress vs strain for ductile

materials

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 1. Ultimate tensile stress , σultimate

σultimate =

2. Yield stress, σyield

σyield =

3. True stress, σtrue

σtrue =

4. Percentage of elongation, %∆L

%∆L = x 100%

5. Young modulus of elasticity,

E, E =

3.0 APPARATUS

a) Universal Testing Machine

A universal testing machine, also known as a universal tester, materials testing machine or materials test
frame, is used to test the tensile strength and compressive strength of materials.

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 b) Test specimen-mild steel

Tension test is performed on mild steel, tor steel and high tensile steel to determine the properties like Young's
modulus, ultimate strength, and the percentage elongation. In the tension test, a steel rod is subjected to
tension load by the means of a Universal testing machine(UTM)

c) Vernier Caliper

A vernier scale, named after Pierre Vernier, is a visual aid to take an accurate measurement reading between
two graduation markings on a linear scale by using mechanical interpolation, thereby increasing resolution and
reducing measurement uncertainty by using vernier acuity to reduce human estimation error.

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 d) Divider and marker

A vernier scale, named after Pierre Vernier, is a visual aid to take an

accurate measurement reading between two graduation markings on a linear
scale by using mechanical interpolation, thereby increasing resolution and
reducing measurement uncertainty by using vernier acuity to reduce human
estimation error.

4.0 Safety
- Students must comply with safety regulation and experiment must be conduct by lecturer or Lab
assistance
- Pay full attention when the workshop supervisor explains the rules and safety measures
- Wear appropriate workshop clothing and avoid wearing loose clothing that may fall into
moving machine parts
- Remember the location of the main switches and the location of the emergency box in the event
of an accident
-Do not run, make a jokes or throw any objects or equipment in the workshop

5.0 Procedure

1. Along the gauge length divide the specimen at 10 mm interval

2. Along the gauge length measure the diameter of the specimen
3. At MaxTest software icon on the PC, double click
4. Switch on the machine and turn off the UTM emergency button
5. In the interface, insert the data specimen data
6. In the Universal Testing Machine properly place the specimen
7. Clear the unnecessary items at the UTM
8. Push the start button at the interface and clear the data at MaxTest software interface increase
the load
9. Push the stop button at the interface and observe the testing process until the specimen has break apart
10. Result data save

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 Extension, mm
Load
kN

0.04
10

0.15
50

0.25
90

0.35
130

0.41
150

0.43
160

0.46
161

0.54
165

0.71
167

0.75
170

0.90
180

1.45
210

1.98
230

3.11
246

4.50
251

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 5.79
231

5.84
218

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6.0 Result/Data

Tabulate the results in table below:

DATA Specimen

a) Original diameter , Do (m) 0.025

b) Original length , Lo (m) 0.24

c) Final diameter, Df (m) 0.0189

d) Final length, Lf (m) 0.24584

e) Young Modulus , E ( Theory ) (N/m2) 195.559Kn/m₂

f) Original cross sectional area, Ao (m2) 4.909x10-4

g) Final cross sectional area, Af (m2) 2.806x10-4

g) Max. tensile force, kN 251

h) Max, yield force, kN 165

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7.0 Analysis/Discussion

1. State the effect that occurs on the specimen rod after the tensile test is performed

a) …The middle of specimen will be thickness than the end of the specimen
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………

b) …Have a scratch on the specimen

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………

c) …The middle will break become a separate part

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………

2. From the output graph, calculate the Ultimate tensile stress and Yield Stress.

Ultimate tensile stress Yield stress

σ = F/A σ = F/A
= 251k/4.909 X10⁻⁴ = 165k/4.909 X10⁻⁴
= 511305764.9 N/m = 336117335.5 N/m²
= 511.306 MN/m² = 336.117 MN/m²

3. From the measurement of the test specimen calculate the True stress and percentage of elongation.

True stress Percentage of Elongation

σ = F/A %∆= ∆L/L₀ X 100%
= 251k/2.806 X10⁻⁴ = 0.00584/0.24 X 100%
= 894511760.5 = 0.0243%
= 894.512 MN/m²

4. Calculate the Young’s Modulus of Elasticity, E and compare the result with the theory value.

𝜀ᵪ = ∆L/L₀ E = 𝜎/Eᵪ
= 0.00584/0.24 = 511.306M/0.0243
= 0.0243 = 21.041 GN//m²
= PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride)

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 5. From your observation, state the type of material properties of the specimen tested and give the
reasons PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride) because Young’s Modulus of Elasticity, E is 21.041 GN//m₂
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………..

8.0 Conclusion

Make a conclusion from your observation and the result shown.

The result of the experiment shows that the specimen undergoes ductile fracture because there was a
reduction of area at the fractured point and the fracture appeared cup and cone which concludes that mild steel is a
ductile material also in order to obtain better results. The experiment should be done carefully and use calibrated
instruments to avoid errors.

9.0 References/Appendix

Batang Uji Tarik untuk Bahan Logam. (1998). Standard Nasional Indonesia. Indonesia

Callister, W. D. (2009). Material Science and Engineering. USA: John Wuley & Sons, Inc

Dieter, G.E. (1998). Mechanical Metallurgy. British Library.

Ferdinand, P.B. and friends (2015). Mechanics of Materials, Seventh Edition. New York: Mc Graw

Hill Bansal, R.K. (2010) Strength of Materials (Mechanics of Materials). Laxmi Publication.

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