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TOWARDS A NEW CLASSIFICATION FOR RESPONSIVE KINETIC FACADES

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TOWARDS A NEW CLASSIFICATION FOR RESPONSIVE
KINETIC FACADES

AHMED A. WASEEF1, BASMA N. EL-MOWAFY2

Assistant Professor at Architectural Engineering and Urban Planning
Department, Faculty of Engineering, Port Said University.1
Email address: Ahmad.Waseef@gmail.com
Lecturer Assistant at Architectural Engineering and Urban Planning
Department, Faculty of Engineering, Port Said University.2
Email address: basma.cad@hotmail.com

Abstract. Recently, office buildings were designed with larger glass

areas to provide more daylighting and a better outdoor view. This
resulted in problems like undesired heat gain, glare and increased
energy consumption. Consequently, building envelopes lost their role
as a physical barrier between interior and exterior. However, architects
tried to convert buildings from a static object to a dynamic system,
where building components have the ability to take an action (move) -
using computations and kinetic systems - with respect to the
surrounding conditions; sound, light, wind, heat or humidity. As a
result, new design trends have arisen to introduce high performance
glass façades to solve these problems and maintain the glass façade
advantages, such as double skin façade, adaptive façade, intelligent
façade and kinetic façade. In this paper, a concise description for high
performance facade Configurations is presented, then the paper
focuses on kinetic facade because its application formats comprise the
other high performance facade configurations and their advantages, as
presented below. Finally, a proposed classification is introduced for
responsive kinetic façades, according to façade configuration and
facade function. This classification includes the previous
classifications, besides it incorporates the recent and new applications
evolved after them.

1. Introduction

The building façade design plays a major role in protecting the building
from external factors, satisfying user requirements and reducing energy
consumption (Schittich, Lang and Krppner, 2006). Thus, the building façade
acts as a human skin; a mediator between exterior and interior. However, as
our needs have evolved and technologies have advanced, the demand placed
on designers to both understand and integrate a wide range of complex
materials, components, and systems into the building facade has grown as
2 AHMED A. WASEEF, BASMA N. EL-MOWAFY

well (Lemieux and Totten, 2010). Hence, High Performance Facade (HPF)
concept evolved, where the facades act as systems that create comfortable
spaces by actively responding to the external environment (Aksamija, 2015).
This paper presents HPF types focusing on kinetic ones.

2. Literature Survey

The concept, elements and classifications of kinetic facades have been the
subject of many studies. In 2011, classification of kinetic systems in
architecture according to system geometric transformation was introduced
(Moloney, 2011). Later, in 2014, Elkhayat categorized the actual movable
architectural components; the structure, connections, actuators, materials
and control systems (Elkhayat ,2014). On another hand, most of the studies
focused on a single environmental condition like (Yekutiel, 2014) who used
prototypic façade to compare the natural light distribution with respect to
two façade control methods. Unfortunately, the presence of a comprehensive
classification for all types of kinetic facade systems incorporating recent
applications was a missing issue.

3. Façade Role

In general, a façade plays three major roles to the building (Straube, 2006),
refer to figure 1:
 Support function: resist and transfer all loads.
 Control Function: control loadings of interior and exterior environments.
 Finish function: finish the facade surfaces in order to meet the relevant
aesthetic, wear and other performance requirements.

Figure 1. Façade functions

Source: Adapted by the researcher.

Environmentally, the building façade can play a major role in reducing

energy consumption and achieving comfortable spaces by combining two
approaches in façade design by being (Favoino, Jin and Overend, 2014):
 An exclusive barrier that excludes the outdoor environment from the
indoor environment by means of a well-insulated and air-tight envelope.
RESPONSIVE KINETIC FACADES: AN EFFECTIVE SOLUTION FOR
ENHANCING INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY IN BUILDINGS 3

 As a selective filter between the outdoor and indoor.

While the first approach results in limited energy savings, larger savings can
be attained by the second one through adaptive and responsive building
façade elements and systems (Favoino, Jin and Overend, 2015).

4. High Performance Façade (HPF)

High performance facades can be defined as exterior enclosures that use the
least possible amount of energy to maintain a comfortable interior
environment, which promotes the health and productivity of occupants
(Aksamija, 2015). There are different design strategies that can be used in
designing high performance building façades such as (Aksamija, 2013):
 Building orientation, geometry and massing to respond to sun position.
 Solar shading to control cooling loads and improve thermal comfort.
 Natural ventilation to decrease cooling loads and improve air quality.
 Optimizing external wall insulation and increasing daylighting to
minimize consumed electricity for lighting, cooling and heating devices.
Various configurations have been proposed to achieve the concept of
HPF, refer to figure 2. Each type is summarized in the following points.
High Performance Façade Configurations

Polyvalent Double skin Intelligent Responsive

Wall façade façade Kinetic façade
Figure 2. High Performance Façade configurations
Source: Adapted by the researcher.

4.1. POLYVALENT WALL

It was introduced as a theoretical idea by

Architect Mike Davies in 1981, a wall for all
seasons 30 cm thick (Strauss, 2012). It consists
of thin layers that control exterior energies by
absorbing, reflecting, filtering, and transferring
them, see figure 3. Besides, it can (Attmann,
2012):
- Change its opacity as electrochemical window.
- Generate energy like photovoltaics.
Figure 3. Capricorn House
- Achieve comfortable heat level like Source:
thermoelectric heat pumps. http://facadesconfidential.bl
- Enter ventilation inside the space. ogspot.com
4 AHMED A. WASEEF, BASMA N. EL-MOWAFY

4.2. DOUBLE SKIN FAÇADE (DSF)

It consists of two layers (skins), the outer skin is

usually glazed, while the inner one is fully or
partially glazed with windows (Poirazis, 2004).
An air cavity (20 cm or more) separates both
skins, usually contains an adjustable shading
device for more thermal control, see figure 4
(Ahmed, Abdel-Rahman, Ali, & Suzuki, 2016).
DSFs are categorized into four types depending Figure 4. Mediaset’s
Headquarters in Milan.
on the way of ventilation: Buffer System, Air Source:
Extract System, Twin Face System and Hybrid https://iitbuildingscience.wo
double facade system (Elghazi, Wagdy, rdpress.com/2013/10/10/do
Mohamed and Hassan, 2014). uble-skin-facade

4.3. INTELLIGENT FAÇADE

Intelligent facade is defined as a configuration

of structure elements in the external, weather-
protecting layer of a building, which adjust
itself to respond to environmental variations,
maintain comfort with the minimum energy
consumption in any particular building location
(Wigginton and Harris, 2013). The intelligent
façade must be responsive to three key
Figure 5. Intelligent façade
parameters: weather, context and occupants, see key parameters.
figure 5 (GhaffarianHoseini, Berardi, and Source: Adapted by
Makaremi, 2012). researcher.

4.4. RESPONSIVE KINETIC FAÇADE

It is defined as a facade that adapts and

responses to the changes of the environmental
conditions. It can be applied for enhancing
daylight quality and thermal heat performance
in interior spaces, see figure 6. This adaptation
relies on motions that affects the physical
structure or material properties of the building
façade without minimizing the overall structural
integrity (Sharaidin, 2014). The basic moves are
move, rotate and scale. More complex motions Figure 6. Arab World
can be shaped when two motion types combine Institute, Paris.
like directional twist (Alkhayyat, 2013). Source: www.pinterest .com.
RESPONSIVE KINETIC FACADES: AN EFFECTIVE SOLUTION FOR
ENHANCING INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY IN BUILDINGS 5

From what stated above, Responsive Kinetic Façades include adaptation

to the environmental conditions. Besides, among its application forms is the
usage of double skin façade concept (as mentioned in the following points).
Thus, Responsive Kinetic Façades include other HPF configurations, in
addition to other ones which will be illustrated below in the following tables.
Responsive Kinetic Façade depends on high-tech technologies and
techniques. It consists of four main components (Maia and Meyboom, 2015),
refer to figure 7:
 Sensors that read the environmental variables.
 A Logical unit processes collected data and form a response.
 Actuators that respond to the environmental conditions.
 Wired/wireless communication (management system) that transfers
information through all components.

Figure 7. Kinetic Facade idea.

Source: Adapted by the researcher.

5. Classification of kinetic Facades

In 2011, Moloney introduced his classification for Responsive Kinetic

Facades types, which was based on classifying the façades according to the
type of geometric transformations occurring in the building façade
((Moloney, 2011). Since then, researchers followed Moloney in his
classification. However, this classification handles the kinetic façades from
a geometrical perspective only (façade components motion), regardless
other forms of kinetics that have evolved later on in the past few years.
Moreover, this categorization was somehow broad; as these transformations
can comprise other classifications underneath.
Thus, after reviewing recent examples for responsive Kinetic Façades,
the research proposes a new categorization for Responsive Kinetic Façades
based on type of transformation used, the purpose of usage, and the
mechanism of motion.
6 AHMED A. WASEEF, BASMA N. EL-MOWAFY

Hence, the research proposes that Responsive Kinetic Façades can be

classified into two broad main factors:
 Façade configuration.
 Façade function.
Furthermore, the research introduces sub and secondary classifications
under each broad classification, where each one will be presented through
an illustrative figure, idea of work, and an example of application, refer to
figure 8.

Figure 8. Kinetic Facades main and sub Categories.

5.1. GEOMETRIC TRANSFORMATIONS

The aspects affecting the Kinetic façades configuration can be gathered in

four main elements: geometric transformation, pattern shape, skin form and
façade material. The basic forms of geometric transformations are
translation, rotation, scaling, and material deformation ((Moloney, 2011), as
shown in Figure 9. In addition, merging two or more types of them can
create various hybrid kinetic systems (Sharaidin, 2014).

Figure 9. Forms of geometric transitions for kinetic facades

Source: (Moloney, 2011)
RESPONSIVE KINETIC FACADES: AN EFFECTIVE SOLUTION FOR
ENHANCING INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY IN BUILDINGS 7

Table 1 presents the proposed classification with its sub categories for
the above mentioned four geometric transition forms, while table 2
introduces the proposed categorization for pattern shape, skin form and
façade material.
TABLE 1. Classification of kinetic facade configurations according to its geometric
transitions
Source: Adapted by the researcher
Applied facade
Motion type Sketch
Figure Idea
The façade is coverd
One axis sliding

with sliding units which

allow residents to
control their privacy
level and create a
dynamic skin (Štrovs,
Sliding

Situla complex façade 2014).

Multi axis

It consists of nemerous
sliding

metal panels sliding on

front of each other
(Frauenfelder, 2012).
Tessellate Metal
Translation

Surfaces facade
Vertical Folding

It responds to outdoor
climate and also allows
user control (Pesenti,
Masera, Fiorito, and
Sauchelli, 2015).
Kiefer Technic
Folding

Showroom
South façade is cladded
with perforated white
Horizontal
Folding

aluminium plates to
protect inner space from
glare and control
Lab building, Graz daylighting. (Lomholt,
University of Technology 2016)
The façade changes its
rotation: vertical

appearance to control
/ horizontal
Rotation

One axis

daylighting by using
sensors to measure light
and heat. (Knol,
Henning Larsen SDU Kneepkens, and
Kolding Building Zvironaite, 2014)
8 AHMED A. WASEEF, BASMA N. EL-MOWAFY

Applied facade
Motion type Sketch
Figure Idea
Except north façade,
other facades are
Multi axis
rotation

covered with PTFE

panels to control
daylighting & reduce
direct solar gain by
Al Bahr Towers 50%. (Boake, 2014)
Scaling based on

Every panel in South

2d rotation

facade consists of 73
diaphragms, 57 of them
are kinetic. (Meagher,
Scaling

2015)
Arab World Institute
translation
based on
Scaling

Not applied Not applied

visual properties
Deformation in

The façade consists of

thin film electro-
chromic combined with
Material deformation

insulated glass. (Rogler,

Electro-active display 2015)
system by SOM
The facade swirling
Deformation in

ribbons expand by solar

properties

heating & contract when

physical

temperature decreases.
(Fernando Pacheco
Torgal, Labrincha,
Diamanti, Yu, & Lee,
Homeostatic Building 2015)
Square-tic: Sliding
and Retracting

When using a rubber,

Hybrid systems

the system is open and

takes a square shape,
while it takes a star
shape when it is closed.
Square-tic façade Prototype of Square-tic (Sharaidin, 2014)
unit facade
RESPONSIVE KINETIC FACADES: AN EFFECTIVE SOLUTION FOR
ENHANCING INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY IN BUILDINGS 9

Applied facade
Motion type Sketch
Contracting and Figure Idea

Scissornet facade
expanding
Scissors:

depends on elastic
material that is able to
expand and contract.
Scissors façade Physical prototype of (Sharaidin, 2014)
unit Scissornet

TABLE 2. Classification of kinetic facade configurations according to pattern

shape, skin form and façade material.
Source: Adapted by the researcher
Façade
Configur Description Figures
ation

Single skin kinetic façade includes

Single skin

kinetic changeable appearance

façade

glass like electro-chromic and

photo-chromic glass and adaptive
fritting system (Lyons, 2014).
Adaptive fritting system
In general, double skin facade is
Internal kinetic

more effective than single skin

Facade Form

facade in ventilation, solar heat

skin

control and daylighting

enhancement (Crisinel, 2007). It
Double skin façade

can minimize energy consumption

that is used in mechanical
ventilation by 50% (Watts, 2016). Internal kinetic skin
Besides, the kinetic skin can be
External kinetic

the internal or external layer

(Kolarevic and Parlac, 2015).
Selecting the suitable form
skin

depends on the used material,

scale, actuation method and
maintenance strategy (Kanaani &
Kopec, 2015). External kinetic skin

These kinetic facades have various

Pattern
Shape

patterns depending on the unit

form; rectangle, square, diamond,
triangle, hexagon or circle.
Various Pattern Shapes
10 AHMED A. WASEEF, BASMA N. EL-MOWAFY

Façade
Configur Description Figures
ation

Such kinetic façades depend on

using low weight and thin panels
(Jeska, 2007). Besides, the target
Façade Material

function of the facade specifies the

properties of its materials
(Pacheco Torgal, Buratti,
Kalaiselvam, Granqvist, and
Ivanov, 2016).
The used materials include:
stainless-steel, sandblasted glass,
metal, PTFE
(polytetrafluoroethylene) and
bamboo. Different Façade Materials

5.2. ACCORDING TO FACADE FUNCTION

The main functions of kinetic facades are: aesthetic function, energy generation and
environmental control (Sharaidin and Salim, 2012). TABLE 3 introduces this
mentioned classification with the sub categories proposed underneath for every
kinetic façade fuction.

TABLE 3. Classification of kinetic façade configurations with respect to its

Function
Source: Adapted by the researcher
Facade Applied facade
Function Description
Figure Idea
Kinetic facades can be
used to create an Stretchy façade in
artwork. It can depend MegaFaces platform can
Aesthetic
Function

on wind movement, or change in 3D to simulate the

people movement to faces of visitors by 3D
make a responsive scanning system. (Caetano,
exterior. (Elkhayat, Mega Faces platform Santos, and Leitão, 2015)
2014)
The most common
Energy Generation

kinetic movements in
It is a double skin façade
Kinetic BIPV

Building Integrated
with rotating solar panels that
Photovoltaic (BIPVs)
track the sun movement.
are sliding and rotation
Also, the panels act as sun
to allow panels to track
shading shelves. (Nagy et al.,
maximum solar energy.
2016)
(Wang, Beltrán, and Adaptive solar skin
Kim, 2012)
RESPONSIVE KINETIC FACADES: AN EFFECTIVE SOLUTION FOR
ENHANCING INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY IN BUILDINGS 11

Facade Applied facade

Function Description
Figure Idea

Solar thermal systems

The systems use solar
Solar Thermal

can be integrated in
thermal technologies such as
building facades as a
evacuated Tube, flat plate
cladding material or
and roll bond collectors to
even as a sun shading
produce adaptive facades.
device. (Probst and
Umbrella and thermal (Blough, 2015)
Roecker, 2011)
vail systems
Hybrid system means The ICEF works in three
using more than one
Hybrid Systems

stages:
renewable energy 1. Tracking sun position.
technique. (E. and 2. Concentrating light on
Ph.D., 2015) like photovoltaic cells in the
photovoltaic/thermal Integrated middle of each receptor.
(BIPV/T) systems Concentrating Solar 3. Capturing thermal energy
(Fraternali, De Chiara, Facade (ICSF)
and Skelton, 2015) (Trubiano, 2013).
controlling indoor
Smart Energy Glass (SEG)
Daylighting Control

illuminance levels,
changes its optical properties
distribution and glare.
by applying an external
This type depends on
voltage to the coating. It
two main techniques:
consists of a polymer coating
mechanical driven
that is placed between two
devices and smart
glass layers. (Loonen, Trčka,
materials (Wang, et al., SEG three conditions
Cóstola, and Hensen, 2010)
2012).
Environmental Control

Controlling solar The façade is sheltered with

Heat Gain Control

heating in interior vertical louvers that reduce

spaces using kinetic solar heat gain inside the
façades aims to increase building with a management
solar heating during system that controls heat
winter and reject solar gain, ventilation and
gain in summer (Wang daylighting (Kanaani and
The Q1 Headquarters
et al., 2012). Kopec, 2015).
Ventilation control in The south facade is covered
Ventilation Control

façade design often with double-skin façade

involves applying panels that can flip up to a 90
double skin façade degree angle to pass fresh air
concept, to allow a through the building to make
bigger airflow throw South façade of it responsive to wind speed
the cavity (Barbosa, Ip, Federal Building and direction (Wang et al.,
and Southall, 2015). 2012).
12 AHMED A. WASEEF, BASMA N. EL-MOWAFY

Facade Applied facade

Function Description
Figure Idea
Kinetic facades offer a The Sonomorph unit consists
great opportunity to a of an aluminium outer panel
Noise Control

better acoustic design and a glass-reinforced plastic

of facades by using inner panel. The units are
Sound Absorbing attached to a net of steel
shading devices (Gu et wires with required hardware
al., 2014; Zuccherini et and sensors (Elkhayat, 2014;
al., 2015). Sound responsive wall Brownell, 2010).
Either Active control The building skin is
Humidity Control

using humidity sensors responsive to relative

to control façade
patterns, or Passive
control using humidity
reactive materials like
Wood (Lopez, Rubio,
Martín, Croxford, and
Jackson, 2015).
humidity from 30 to 90% to
control the opening and
closing of façade elements by
using the elastic properties of
plywood sheets (Menges,
The hygroskin 2015).
pavillion skin

Conclusion

Based on the paper objective, configurations mentioned, classifications

introduced, categorizations proposed and examples illustrated, the following
points have been obtained and concluded:
 The façades play an important role that affect the overall environmental
performance for indoor spaces; as the façade elements act as an exclusive
and/or a selective filter between internal and external environment in
buildings through kinetic components.
 Responsive Kinetic Facades examples include most of the other High
Performance Façades advantages (such as adaptation and double skin), in
addition to other advantages specially the richness and variety in shapes,
motions and design options.
 The proposed classification provides a suggested method for classifying
Responsive Kinetic façades with respect to the proposed design, desired
function and façade components movement type. This classification can
be subjected for further modifications and updates as new kinetic
systems and examples evolve.
RESPONSIVE KINETIC FACADES: AN EFFECTIVE SOLUTION FOR
ENHANCING INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY IN BUILDINGS 13

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