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Design and construction of single cation perovskite solar cell and its stability
in a solar cell system and their efficiency

Conference Paper · May 2023

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 Design and construction of single cation perovskite
solar cell and its stability in a solar cell system and
their efficiency

Mehran Hosseinzadeh Dizaj, Shahed Chehrdoust Shishvan, Fatemeh

Shahnavaz.

1. Department of Electrical Engineering, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad

University(mehran72002@gmail.com)
2.Department of Electrical Engineering, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad
University(shahedaan1@gmail.com)
3. Department of chemistry Engineering, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad
University(faezeh7256@yahoo.com)

Abstract
During the last few years, the construction of new generation perovskite solar cells based on
perovskite absorbent materials has grown greatly compared to other photovoltaic cells. The
reason for this is the rapid growth of cell efficiency, easy manufacturing method and low cost.
Of course, in addition to these advantages, there are limitations such as low stability and high
sensitivity to humidity, as well as their productivity during the usable period, which has provided
attractive fields for work. In this article, a 3CH3NH3PbI single-cation perovskite solar cell with
dimensions of 1.4cm*1.4cm and an active area of 9.90cm2 has been made and its
performance has been carefully analyzed in different time intervals. The results show that the
maximum open circuit voltage obtained is about 9.09V, the maximum short circuit current
density is 11.2mA/cm, the highest efficiency is 0.90% and the maximum filling factor is 9.11.
The voltage of these cells has been analyzed immediately after the gold electrode coating and
also 44 and 44 hours after that.(1,2)

Key words: nanostructured solar cells, perovskite, stability, productivity

1. Introduction
Perovskite solar cells are a type of solar cells that contain compounds with a perovskite
structure. These compounds are based on organic-inorganic hybrid materials, the
composition of its organic part includes carbon and the composition of its inorganic
part includes mineral substances such as lead or tin. Perovskite is usually used as a
light absorber in these types of cells(3). Perovskite solar cells consist of a conductive
substrate including a transparent surface such as glass and conductive oxides such
as FTO, a nanostructured semiconductor such as titanium dioxide, a light absorbing
layer such as perovskite layer, a hole transporting layer such as spiro ethmado, and a
counter electrode such as gold. Composed. A view of a perovskite solar cell in Figure
1. it has been shown.(4–6)

Figure 1: Schematic of a perovskite solar cell

In 1940 Milady Miyasaka and her colleagues used perovskites 3CH3NH3PbI and
3CH3NH3PbBr as light absorbers in sensitized cells based on liquid electrolyte. The
efficiency measured under standard conditions was 0.41% and 0.10%, respectively;
But the stability of the cells was very low due to the decomposition of perovskite in
the electrolyte. In 1940 by Park and his colleagues, the stability and performance of
perovskite cells increased due to changes made in both the electrolyte and the
perovskite layering method; So that the yield reached 6.5%. In addition to being a
light absorber, perovskite also produces free charges and acts as an electron and
hole transporter. At the end of 1940(7,8), the yield of perovskite cells reached 16.4%,
and in early 1941, the yield was officially reported as 0.11%. Finally, in December
1945, a record yield of 41% was reported by researchers at the Polytechnic Institute
of Lausanne, Switzerland. As shown in Figure 4, the recent development of
perovskite solar cell technology has resulted in an energy-free conversion efficiency
from 0.4% to 44.1% in less than 1 year. Despite the many efforts that have been
made in the field of increasing the efficiency of perovskite solar cells, investigating
the problem of their stability, which limits their use, still needs to be studied and
researched. Currently, the poor stability of perovskite solar cells hinders
commercialization. The main reason for this problem is the instability of the
perovskite layer when in contact with moisture. Without studying sustainability,
exciting achievements cannot be transferred from the laboratory to industry.(9)

2. Experimental part
2-1: Fabrication of single cation perovskite solar cell:
To make a solar cell, the conductive FTO substrates were first cut, and after etching,
the washing steps were carefully performed, then in order to remove the possible
contamination on the FTO substrate, before the first layer, the substrates were treated
for 10 minutes under They were exposed to UV-Ozone radiation. The first layering step
is the block layer. In order to prepare the block solution, the following two solutions
were first made and solution number 4 was added drop by drop to solution number 1
which is being mixed on the stirrer.(10)

1. TTIP (369 μl) + Ethanol (2.53 ml)

2. HCl (35 μl) + Ethanol (2.53 ml)

The final block solution was filtered with a 449 nm tip filter. Layering was done by a
rotary layering machine using the Spinxing method with 4999 layering cycles in 90
seconds. 9.45 milliliters of block solution were used for each substrate with dimensions
of 1.4cm*1.4cm. After finishing the layer marking, the corner of FTO (parallel to the
etched part) was carefully cleaned with a cotton swab dipped in ethanol. After that, the
samples were heated in the oven for 1 hour to a temperature of 599 degrees Celsius.
It should be noted that the block layer It is necessary to prevent the recombination of
electrons and holes produced by radiation. The second step is the deposition of the
2TiO mesoporous layer, which was done after cooling the substrates. First, the 49 nm
2TiO paste was mixed with ethanol with a weight ratio of 1:5.5 (1 gram of paste with
5.5 grams of ethanol) and then it was rotated on a magnetic stirrer for at least 1 hour.
The address layer was made by spin coating method with 5999 rounds in 09 seconds.
At this stage, the corner of FTO was cleaned with an ear cleaner dipped in ethanol,
and then the samples were heated to 599 degrees Celsius in the oven for half an
hour.The third step of layering is perovskite layering, which takes place after cooling
the substrates(11). Perovskite was layered in a single step method. Its solution was
prepared as follows:

1. PbI2 (0.36 gr) + DMSO (0.601 ml)

This solution was stirred by hand for 19 minutes on a 159-degree Celsius heater. Then,
MAI (methylammonium iodide) was added to it as follows:

2. MAI (0.11 gr) + 0.583 ml of the first solution

The final solution and substrates were placed on a heater at 59 degrees Celsius. For
each substrate, the amount of 49 microliters of the solution was applied as a
substrate by spin coating method in two steps:

Step1: 1000 rpm/ ramp5/ 10 sec

Step2: 4000 rpm/ ramp 3/20 sec

15 seconds before the end of step 2, 099 μl of chlorobenzene was poured on the
substrate as an anti-solvent. Immediately, the samples were placed on a 199-degree
Celsius heater for 45 minutes.(12,13)

In order to address the hole transport layer, its solution was prepared as follows:

1. Spiro (72.3 mg) in 1 ml Chlorobenzene

2. LiTFSI (520 mg) in 1 ml Acetonitrile

First, 44.4 microliters of tert-butylpyridine was added to solution No. 1, then 11.5
microliters of solution No.

4 was added to solution number 1. The coating of the final solution of spiromethad
was done by spincoating with 4999 coating cycle in 90 seconds. Finally, the corner of
the FTO was cleaned with an ear cleaner dipped in acetone. After a period of 14
hours, the gold layer was applied by evaporation method.(14,15)
Figure 2: The growth of efficiency of different types of solar cells during the last few decades

3. Characterization
Using a solar simulator, the current-voltage characterization was done in 3 days. The
relevant data and graphs can be seen in the discussion and results section.(16)

4. Results and discussion

In this research, all the steps of making single cation perovskite solar cells have
been done in laboratory conditions of nanostructure solar cells manufacturing
laboratory of Tehran Azad University. The results show that a large number of
manufactured solar cells have an open circuit voltage greater than 9.40 volts. So
that the maximum value of the open circuit voltage is 9.09 volts and the efficiency
of the manufactured cells is between minimum 6.16% and maximum 0.90%. The
data related to the various parameters of the manufactured solar cells can be seen
in Table 1.(17)
 Table 1- Different parameters related to 3 samples at 3 different times

Ƞ% FF Voc(v) Jsc(mA/cm2) Clock

time Sample
number

6.90 0.64 0.83 13 1

6.70 0.69 0.85 10.89 24 2
6.41 0.66 0.85 11 3

9.09 0.62 0.86 17.11 1

7.73 0.67 0.87 13.22 48 2
8.11 0.69 0.89 13.11 3

6.62 0.66 0.84 12 1

6.25 0.67 0.85 11 72 2
7.94 0.71 0.90 12.44 3

Figure 3: FESEM image related to a barrier layer and b 2TiO mesoporous layer
 The FESEM analysis images of the 2TiO mesoporous layer and the barrier layer
are shown in Figure 3. It can be seen that the morphology of these layers has an
acceptable quality, which plays a significant role in the quality of the final cell. The
highest value of the filling factor is 11.9, which indicates the good quality of the cells.
The J-V diagrams for each sample during three days, as well as the diagram of
changes in cell efficiency during three days can be seen in Figure 4.(16,18)

Figure 4: J-V diagrams during three days related to sample No. a (1 b) (2 c) (3 and
d)

The stability tests on the second day show an increase in the efficiency of solar
cells, which is due to the complete and gradual evaporation of the solvent and finally
the formation and growth of perovskite grains better than before. Finally, on the third
 day, a decrease in efficiency is observed, which can be caused by the
decomposition of perovskite in the vicinity of air and moisture.(19)

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