C
‌ APSTONE‌‌BIG‌‌IDEA‌  ‌
Reducing‌‌the‌‌Environmental‌‌Impact‌‌of‌‌Egypt’s‌‌Energy‌‌
 
Industry‌  ‌

Capstone‌‌Challenge:‌‌‌our‌‌challenge‌‌is‌‌to‌‌select‌‌an‌‌energy‌‌ 
industry‌‌in‌‌Egypt‌‌and‌‌demonstrate‌‌how‌‌a‌‌change‌‌to‌‌that‌‌ 
industry‌‌can‌‌reduce‌‌the‌‌environmental‌‌impact‌‌of‌‌that‌‌industry.‌  ‌

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Connections‌  ‌
-‌ G
‌ eology:‌  ‌

Lo2:‌  ‌
This‌‌lo‌‌helped‌‌us‌‌to‌‌learn‌‌more‌‌about‌‌some‌‌releasing‌‌gases,‌‌
 
through‌‌studying‌‌The‌‌Evolution‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Fluid‌‌Spheres‌‌  
especially‌‌the‌‌concept‌‌of‌‌outgassing‌‌process‌  ‌
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outgassing‌‌process‌‌is‌‌the‌‌process‌‌by‌‌which‌‌huge‌‌volcanic‌‌  
eruptions‌‌transfer‌‌matter‌‌from‌‌the‌‌mantle‌‌to‌‌the‌‌atmosphere‌‌or‌‌
 
the‌‌release‌‌of‌‌gases‌‌from‌‌Earth’s‌‌interior‌‌that‌‌formed‌‌the‌‌ 
primordial‌‌atmosphere‌‌and‌‌continues‌‌today‌  ‌

Outgassing‌‌early‌‌in‌‌Earth’s‌‌history‌‌produced‌‌a‌‌primordial‌‌  
atmosphere‌‌of‌‌largely‌‌water‌‌vapor‌‌and‌c‌ arbon‌‌dioxide‌.‌‌There‌‌  
were‌‌also‌‌lesser‌‌amounts‌‌of‌c‌ arbon‌‌monoxide‌,‌‌hydrogen,‌‌and‌‌ 
hydrogen‌‌chloride.‌‌It‌‌is‌‌possible‌‌that‌‌there‌‌were‌‌traces‌‌of‌‌
 
methane‌‌‌and‌a‌ mmonia‌‌‌as‌‌well.‌  ‌
These‌‌gases‌‌are‌‌toxic‌‌to‌‌the‌‌environment‌‌and‌‌life‌‌in‌‌general‌‌
 
studying‌‌this‌‌concept‌‌helped‌‌us‌‌to‌‌determine‌‌some‌‌of‌‌toxic‌‌ 
gases‌‌that‌‌may‌‌found‌‌in‌‌the‌‌process‌‌which‌‌we‌‌modify‌  ‌

‌CHEM:‌  ‌
Lo1:‌  ‌
The‌‌concept‌‌of‌‌oxidation‌‌–‌‌reduction‌‌or‌‌redox‌‌reaction‌‌was‌‌
 
helpful‌‌to‌‌us‌‌as‌‌it‌‌helped‌‌us‌‌to‌‌learn‌‌more‌‌about‌‌the‌‌ 
mechanism‌‌of‌‌some‌‌of‌‌energy’s‌‌production‌  ‌
redox‌‌reaction‌‌process‌‌is‌‌the‌‌process‌‌in‌‌which‌‌one‌‌or‌‌more‌‌
 
electrons‌‌are‌‌transferred‌  ‌

-‌ ‌Most‌‌reactions‌‌used‌‌for‌‌energy‌‌production‌‌are‌‌redox‌‌ 
reaction‌  ‌

-‌ ‌Consummation‌‌reactions‌‌which‌‌provide‌‌most‌‌of‌‌energy‌‌ 
also‌‌involve‌‌oxidation‌‌and‌‌reduction‌‌as:‌‌reaction‌‌of‌‌methane‌‌ 
(CH‌4‌)‌‌with‌‌O2‌‌ ‌ ‌as:‌‌CH‌4‌+‌
‌ ‌2O‌2>>‌‌ ‌CO‌2‌‌ ‌+2H‌2‌O‌‌+‌‌ENERGY‌  ‌
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it‌‌depends‌‌on‌‌the‌‌oxidation-reduction‌‌reactions.in‌‌some‌‌  
industrial‌‌processes‌‌such‌‌as:1-extraction‌‌of‌‌metals.‌‌(For‌‌  
example:‌‌Fe20‌‌3‌‌is‌‌reduced‌‌to‌‌iron‌‌using‌‌coke‌‌“Fe2O3‌‌  
(s)‌‌+‌‌3C(s)‌‌à‌‌2Fe‌‌(s)‌‌+‌‌3CO‌‌(g)‌‌“In‌‌addition‌‌to‌‌other‌‌
 
metals‌‌such‌‌as‌‌lithium,‌‌sodium,‌‌potassium,‌‌magnesium,‌‌  
calcium)‌  ‌
Math:‌  ‌
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‌A‌‌limit‌‌tells‌‌us‌‌the‌‌value‌‌that‌‌a‌‌function‌‌approaches‌‌as‌‌that‌‌ 

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function’s‌‌inputs‌‌get‌‌closer‌‌and‌‌closer‌‌to‌‌some‌‌number.‌‌
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Maths‌‌L.O1‌  ‌
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BIO:‌  ‌
Lo1:‌ 
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physics‌‌    ‌
lo3‌    ‌
t‌his‌‌lo‌ ‌helped‌‌us‌‌to‌‌know‌‌how‌‌some‌‌power‌‌plants‌‌work‌‌. ‌‌
as‌‌we‌‌studied‌‌about‌‌electric‌‌generators.‌‌It‌‌is‌‌a‌‌device‌‌that‌‌
 
converts‌‌mechanical‌‌energy‌‌into‌‌electric‌‌energy‌‌(electricity).‌  ‌
Most‌‌of‌‌world‌‌electricity‌‌generation‌‌is‌‌from‌‌generators‌‌that‌‌  
are‌‌based‌‌on‌‌scientists‌‌faraday.‌‌He‌‌discovered‌‌that‌‌moving‌‌  
magnets‌‌inside‌‌coils‌‌of‌‌wire‌‌makes‌‌and‌‌induces‌‌electric‌‌  
current.‌‌    ‌
‌So‌‌from‌‌this‌‌information‌‌we‌ ‌know‌‌how‌ ‌power‌‌plants‌‌of‌‌  
turbines‌‌work.‌‌as‌‌it‌‌uses‌ ‌the‌‌turbine‌ ‌to‌‌transform‌‌the‌‌
 
energy‌‌of‌‌water,‌‌steam‌‌or‌‌wind‌‌into‌‌mechanical‌‌energy‌‌that‌‌  
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will‌‌make‌‌the‌‌generator‌‌spin.‌‌The‌‌generator‌‌transforms‌‌the‌‌
 
mechanical‌‌energy‌‌into‌‌electricity.‌  ‌
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