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CELLS STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS

Discovery of Cells
Matthias Schleiden
 German Botanist Matthias
Schleiden
 1838
 ALL PLANTS "ARE
COMPOSED OF
 CELLS".
Theodor Schwann
 Also in 1838,
 discovered that animals were Cell Structure
made of cells Cell – basic unit of life; the human body
Rudolf Virchow has 500-100 trillion cells
 1855, German Pathologists Organelles – specialized structures
 discovered that humans are made 1. Nucleus – contains genetic
up of cells
The Cell Theory states that: material
1. All living things are composed 2. Cytoplasm – living material
of a cell or cells. 3. Plasma membrane – encloses the
2. Cells are the basic unit of life.
3. All cells come from preexisting cytoplasm and nucleus
cells
Concepts of the Cell Theory
• A cell is the basic structural and
functional unit of living
organisms.
• The activity of an organism
depends on the collective
activities of its cells.
• According to the principle of
complementarity, the
biochemical activities of cells are
dictated by the relative number Nucleus
of their specific subcellular • Control center of the cell
structures.
• Continuity of life has a cellular • Contains genetic material known
basis. as deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA
Cell size → DNA is needed
→ Limits in Cellular and
Multicellularity for building
• Cells will only grow so big; proteins
after that, they → DNA is necessary
• either remain the same size, for cell
or they divide into two reproduction
smaller cells Three regions:
1. Nuclear envelope (membrane) -
Consists of a double membrane
that bounds the nucleus; Contains
nuclear pores that allow for

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exchange of material with the rest
of the cell; Encloses the jellylike
fluid called the nucleoplasm
2. Nucleolus - Nucleus contains one
or more dark-staining nucleoli;
Sites of ribosome assembly;
Ribosomes migrate into the
cytoplasm through nuclear; pores
to serve as the site of protein
synthesis
3. Chromatin - Composed of DNA
wound around histones (proteins);
Scattered throughout the nucleus
and present when the cell is not
dividing; Condenses to form
dense, rodlike bodies called
chromosomes when the cell
divides
Plasma membrane
• Cell membrane junctions
→ Desmosomes – anchoring
junctions
→ Gap Junctions – allow
communication between cells
Cytoplasm
• The cellular material outside the
nucleus and inside the plasma
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membrane
→ Site of most cellular activities
→ Includes cytosol, inclusions, and
organelles
Three major components of the cytoplasm
1. Cytosol: Fluid that suspends other
elements and contains nutrients
and electrolytes
2. Inclusions: Chemical substances,
such as stored nutrients or cell
products, that float in the cytosol
3. Organelles: Metabolic machinery
of the cell that perform functions
for the cell
– Many are membrane-bound,
allowing for
compartmentalization of their
functions
Cell Diversity
Cells that connect body parts
Fibroblast - Secretes cable-like fibers
Erythrocyte (red blood cell) - Carries
oxygen in the bloodstream
Cells that cover and line body organs
Epithelial cell - Packs together in sheets;
Intermediate fibers resist tearing during
rubbing or
Pulling
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Cells that move organs and body parts
Skeletal muscle and smooth muscle cells
- Contractile filaments allow cells to
shorten forcefully.
Cell that store nutrients
Fat cells – lipid droplets stored in
cytoplasm
Cell that fights disease
WBC – digests infectious microorganisms
Cell that gathers information and
controls body
functions
Nerve cell (neuron) - Receives and
transmits messages to other body
structures
Cells of reproduction
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Oocyte (female) - Largest cell in the body;
Divides to become an embryo upon
fertilization
Sperm (male) - Built for swimming to the
egg for fertilization; Flagellum acts as a
motile whip
Functions of the Cell (CSCR)
1. Cell metabolism and energy
use.
2. Synthesis of molecules.
3. Communication.
4. Reproduction and inheritance.
Cell Membrane
▪ Outer boundary of the cell
▪ Determine what enters and leaves
the cells
Extracellular – substances outside the
cels Intracellular – substances inside the
cell
Fluid-Mosaic Model – arrangement of
molecules in the cell membrane
Selectively permeable – allows some
substances to pass into or out of the cells
Movement Through the Cell
Membrane Diffusion
▪ Movement of a solute from an
area of higher to lower
concentration gradient
Concentration gradient – difference in
the concentration of a solute in a
solvent minus the concentration of the
solute at another point
Leak channels – allow ions to pass
through
Gated channels – limit the movement
of ions across the membrane
Osmosis
▪ Diffusion of water across a
selectively permeable
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membrane
Osmotic pressure – force required to
prevent movement of water across a
selectively permeable membrane
Hypotonic – lower concentration
Isotonic – same concentration
Hypertonic – higher concentration

Lysis – when cells swell, then ruptures

Crenation – cell shrinking
➢ Cystic fibrosis – genetic
disorder that affects the active
transport of Cl- into cells
Secondary active transport – moving
concentration gradient to move another
substance
➢ Cotransport – same direction
Carrier-Mediated Transport ➢ Counter transport – opposite
Mechanisms direction
Carrier-mediated transport –
movement of a substance across a Endocytosis and Exocytosis
membrane by means of a carrier Endocytosis – movement of materials
molecule into cells by formation of vesicles
Facilitated diffusion – moves ➢ Phagocytosis – cell eating;
substances from a higher to lower solid particles are ingested
concentration; does not require ATP ➢ Pinocytosis – cell drinking;
smaller vesicles are formed
and contains liquid

Exocytosis – secretion of materials from

cells
Ribosomes
Active transport – moves substances ▪ Site of protein synthesis
from a lower to higher concentration; ▪ Found at two locations:
requires ATP → Free in the cytoplasm
→ As part of the rough endoplasmic
reticulum
Endoplasmic Reticulum
▪ Forms tubules/sacs throughout
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the cell
Rough E.R. – protein synthesis and
modification; contains ribosomes
Smooth E.R. – lipid synthesis,
detoxification, and Ca storage
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enables the cell to change
shape
▪ Microtubules – support the
cytoplasm; assist in cell division
Microfilaments – involved in cell
movement
Intermediate filaments – provide
mechanical support

Golgi Apparatus
▪ Modifies, packages, and
distributes lipids and proteins
Centrioles
Centrosome – where microtubule
formation occurs
Centrioles – specialized zone of the
cytoplasm
Spindle fibers – involved in separation
of chromosome during mitosis

Cillia, Flagella, and Microvilli

Secretory vesicles Cilia – moves substances over the
▪ Transports and stores materials surface
within cells Flagella – propel sperm cells
Lysosomes
Microvilli – increase the surface area
▪ Membrane bound sacs
containing hydrolytic of cells; aids in absorption
enzymes
Peroxisomes
▪ Enzymes that digest fatty acids Whole-Cell Activity
and amino acids Gene Expression
▪ Enzymes that catalyze the Gene – sequence of nucleotides
breakdown of hydrogen Transcription – making a copy of a gene
peroxide Messenger RNA (mRNA) – the copy
itself
Proteasomes Codons – groups of three nucleotides
▪ Not bound by membranes Translation – converting that copied
▪ Digest selected proteins information into a protein
Mitochondria Translation RNA (tRNA) – carry the
▪ Major site of ATP production amino acids
Anti-codon – series of three nucleotides
Cytoskeleton
▪ Holds organelles in place; of tRNA

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Nucleotide Pairs

Cytosin Guanine
e
Thymin Adenine
e
Uracil Adenine
Cell Life Cycle
Two Phases of the Cell Life Cycle
1. Interphase – non-dividing
phase
2. Cell Division – formation
of daughter cells from a
single parent cell
46 Chromosomes – diploid no. of
chromosomes
2 X Chromosome = Female
X + Y Chromosome = Male
Autosomes – 22 remaining pairs of
chromosomes
Mitosis
1. Prophase – chromatin condenses
2. Metaphase – chromosomes align
at the center
3. Anaphase – chromatids
separate at the centromere
and migrate to opposite poles
4. Telophase – chromosomes
unravel to become chromatin

Differentiation
▪ Cells develop specialized
structures and functions

Apoptosis
▪ Programmed cell death

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