UNIT -15 SURFACE ‘Ty hat is the difference between physisorption and chemisorptior [CBSE 2019 (56/5/2)| oR Give three points of differences between physisorption and chemisorption. [CBSE 2020 (56/1/1) OR 20 (56/3/1)] two differences between physisorption and chemisorption. [CBSE S.No. Physisorption Chemisor (})Iarises because of van der Waals’ forces. I is caused by chemical bond formation ii) Iis not specific in nature. Itis highly specific in nature. Iris reversible in nature Itis irreversible. (iy) It depends on the nature of gas. More easily It also depends on the nature of gas. Gases which liquefiable gases are adsorbed readily can react with the adsorbent show chemisorption. ») Enthalpy of adsorption is low (20-40 kJ moI") in Enthalpy of adsorption is high (80-240 kJ mot) in this case this case Low temperature is favourable for adsorption. It High temperature is favourable for adsorption. It decreases with increase of temperature increases with the increase of temperature. (vii) No appreciable activation energy is needed. High activation energy is sometimes needed. (vif) It results imto multimolecutar layers on adsorbent It results into unimolecular layer. surface under high pressure more effective as an adsorbent. [CBSE (F) 2013; 2019 (56/4/2)] Powdered substances have greater surface area as compared to their erystalline forms. Greater the surface - Give reason why a finely divided substance area, greater is the adsorption. 3. What role does adsorption play in heterogeneous catalysis? [CBSE 2020 (56/5/1) In heterogeneous catalysis, generally the reactants are gaseous whereas the catalyst is a solid. The reactant molecules are adsorbed on the surface of the solid catalyst by physical adsorption or chemical adsorption. As a resull, the concentration of the reactant molecules on the surface increases and hence the rate of reaction increases. Alternatively, one of the reactant molecules undergoes fragmentation on the surface of the solid catalyst producing active species which react faster. The product molecules in either case have no alfinity for the solid catalyst and are desorbed, making the surface free for fresh adsorption. This theory is called adsorption theory. What is the difference between multimolecular and macromolecular colloids? Give one example of cach, How are associated colloids different from these two types of colloids? [CBSE Delhi 2010] ‘Multimolecular colloids: In this type of colloids, colloidal particles are aggregates of atoms or molecules each having size less than 1 nm, ¢.g., sulphur sol, gold sol. Multimolecular colloids are generally lyophobic in nature. Macromolecular colloids: In this type of colloids, colloidal particles are themselves large molecules of colloidal dimensions, e.g., starch, proteins, polythene, etc. Macromolecular colloids are generally lyophilic in nature. Associated colloids: There are certain substances which at low concentrations behave as normal electrolyte, but at higher concentrations exhibit colloidal behaviour due to the formation of aggregates. Such colloids are known as associated colloids, ¢.g., soaps and detergents. ——— ASHISH TYAGI Page 1UNIT -15 SURFACE observed when light is passed through a colloidal solut Paplain what is (when a beam 0 (ii) an electrolyte, NaCl is added to hydrated ferric oxide sol. (iii) electric current is passed through a colloidal sol. (CBSE (AI) 2011) /) Scattering of light by the colloidal particles takes place and the path of light becomes visible (1 rndall effect), ii) The positively charged colloidal particles of Fe(OH); get coagulated by the oppositely charged CI” ions provided by NaCl i) On passing direct current, colloidal particles move towards the oppositely cha they lose their charge and get coagulated. ged electrode where 6. What is shape-selective cataly [CBSE Delhi 2010, 2011, 2012; 2020 (56/3/1)\ Shape-selective catalysis is chemical reaction in which the rate depends on the pore size of the catalyst, and also on the shape and size of the reactant and product molecules. A shape-selective catalyst has a variety of active sites of different shape and size. Zeolite acts as a shape-selective catalyst. In the crystal of a zeolite, the pore size usually varies from 260 pm to 740 pm. If the reactant molecules are too large they cannot fit into pores of zeolite and no reaction takes place. On the other hand, if the reactant molecules are too small, they would just slip through the pores in the catalyst without any interactions. ZSM-5 is used as shape- selective catalyst to produce gasoline of high octane number from methanol. xCH,OH = (CH), + xH,0 Gasoline . where x varies from 5 10 10. M-5 stands for zeolite sieve of molecular porosity-5, 7. Deine desorption. [CBSE Delhi 2011) The process of removal of an adsorbed substance from a surface on which it is adsorbed is called desorption. What type of forees are responsible for the occurrence of physisorption? [CBSE (F) 2014) van der Waals’ forces. 9, What is the effect of temperature on chemisorption? [CBSE (Al) 2014) Chemisorption initially increases then decreases with rise in temperature. The initial increase is due to the | fact that heat supplied acts as activation energy. The decrease afterwards is due to the exothermic nature of adsorption equilibrium. ee) 5 i | Write one similarity between physisorption and chemisorption. [CBSE Dethi 2017) | Both increase with inerease in surface area. |. 11, What is the role of desorption in the process of catalysis? ICBSE (F) 2017) Desorption makes the surface available again for fresh adsorption of reactant molecules. 12. CO(g) and H(g) react to give different products in the presence of different catalysts. Which ability of the catalyst is shown by these reactions? [CBSE 2018] Selectivity of the catalyst is shown by these reactions. 13, Write the dispersed phase and dispersion medium of butter. ICBSE Patna 2015) Dispersed phase : Liquid Dispersion medium : Solid ——— ‘ASHISH TYAGL BeezUNIT -15 SURFACE [CBSE Dethi 2014) Sol: Paints, cell fluids Gel: Butter, cheese 15. What are lyophobic colloids? Give one example for them. (CBSE (Al) 2011} Lyophobic sols are those sols in which the particles of the dispersed phase have little affinity for the particles of the dispersion medium. e.g., Sols of metal and their sulphides and hydroxides. 16, {ive one example each of lyophobic sol and lyophilic sol. ICBSE Delhi 2014) Lyophobic sol — Gold sol, As,S; sol Lyophilic sol — Sol of starch, sol of gum 17, Whatis Kraft temperature? | 18: What is the type of charge on AgI colloidal sol formed when AgNO, solution is added to KI solutioi [CBSE Bhubaneshwar 2015} Negatively charged sol, AgI/T is formed when AgNO, solution is added to KI solution. 19. . Why is ferric chloride preferred over potassium chloride in case of a cut leading to bleeding? ICBSE 2019 (56/4/1)] ating power than K* ion as ferric ion has higher charge. Fe** ion has greater cos 20, hich of the following is most effective electrolyte in the coagulation of Agl/Ag* sol? K,S0,, MgCl; Ky[Fe(CN)] [CBSE Sample Paper 2014) K,lFe(CN)4] Out of BaCl, and KCl, which one is more effective in causing coagulation of a negatively charged al sol? Give reason. [CBSE Delhi 2015] Ba™ ion has greater coagulating power than K* ion as Ba** ion has higher charge. 21. a lyophilie sol be coagulated? 22. This can be done (i) by adding an electrolyte, (ii) by addi 23. Give one example each of ‘oil in water” and ‘water in oil’ emulsion. [CBSE Dethi 2014) Oil in water emulsion: milk, vanishing cream. suitable solvent, Water in oil emulsion: Butter, cold cream, cod liver oil. 24. delta is formed at the meeting point of sea water and river water. Why? [CBSE Allahabad 2015] River water is a colloidal solution of clay and sea water contains a number of electrolytes. When ri \water meets the sea water, the electrolytes present in the sea water coagulate the colloidal solution of clay resulting in its deposition with the formation of delta, 25. Write the differences between physisorption and chemisorption with respect to the following: ( Speci (ii) Temperature dependence | (iii) Reversibility and (iv) Enthalpy change {CBSE Dethi 2013} Physisorption Chemisorption (Specificity tt isnot specific in nature. Itis highly specific in nature. (ii) Temperature Low temperature is favourable for adsorption. High temperature is favourable for adsorption. dependence It decreases with increase of temperature. _It increases with the increase of temperature. (iid) Reversibility — It is reversible in nature, tis irreversible | (iv) Enthalpy —__Enthalpy of adsorption is low Enthalpy of adsorption is high change (20-40 ki/mol ) inthis case. (80-240 ki/mol) in this ease ASHISH TYAGI Page 3UNIT -15 SURFACE the following colloidal solutions prepared? alphur in water (ii) Gold in water [CBSE Dethi 2013) (#) Sulphur sol is prepared by the oxidation of H3S with SO, so. + 2H, Sol) +2H,0 ii) Gold sol is prepared by the reduction of AuCl, with formaldehyde. 2AuCl, +3 HCHO + 3H,0 —**"_. 2au(Sol) + HCOOH + 6HCI 27. is meant by coaguk ion of lyophol ion of a colloidal solution? Describe briefly any three methods by which sols can be carried out. (CBSE Dethi 2012) The process of setting of colloidal particles through induced aggregation by the addition of some suitable lcctrolyte is known as coagulation. Three methods by which coagulation of lyophobic sols can be carried out are ( Electrophoresis: During electrophoresis the colloidal particles move towards oppositely chat elvetrodes, get discharged and coagulated. (i) Boiling: On boiling a sol, the adsorbed layer is disturbed due (o increased collision with the molecules of dispersion medium. This reduces the charge on the particles which ultimately settle down in the form of a precipitate ii) Addition of Electrolytes: When excess of an electrolyte is added to a colloidal solution, the colloids interact with ions carrying charge opposite to that present on themselves. This causes neutralisation leading to their coagulation. 28. Define adsorption with an example. Why is adsorption exothermic in nature? Write the types of based on the nature of forces between adsorbate and adsorbent. [CBSE Ajmer 2015} lation of the molecular species at the surface rather than in the bulk of a solid or liquid is known as adsorption. For example, water vapour are adsorbed by silica gel. When a gas is adsorbed on the surface of a solid its entropy decreases, i.e., AS becomes -ve. Since adsorption is a spontaneous process, therefore, AG (= AH ~ TAS) must be negative. As ~ TAS is +ve, AG can be negative only if AW has sufficiently high -ve value. Hence, adsorpticn is exothermic in nature. There are two types of adsorption based on the nature of forces between adsorbate and adsorbent. (i) Physical adsorption, when accumulation of gas on the surface of a solid occurs due to weak van der Waal forces (ii) Chemical adsorption, when the gas molecules or atoms are held to the surface of solid by chemical bonds. Give reasons for the followin; (} Rough surface of catalyst is more effective than smooth surface. (ii) Smoke passed through charged plates before allowing it to come out of chimneys in factories. (iii) Ne gets easily absorbed over charcoal than He. (8 Rough surface ofa catalyst provides more surface area for adsorption. (ii) Smoke is passed through charged plates so that unburnt charged carbon particles get settled between the charged plate leaving behind air free from pollutants. (iii) Ne has higher critical temperature, ie., stonger van der Waals forces therefore easily adsorbed. (CBSE Sample Paper 2013} 29. ASHISH TYAGI Fags ¢UNIT -15 SURFACE °xplain how the phenomenon of adsorption finds application in each of the following processes: () Production of vacuum. (ii) Meterogencous catalysis (iii) Froth Floatation process [CBSE Dethi 2011; (F) 2011) {}) Production of Vacuum: Adsorption can be successfully applied to create conditions of high vacuum. For this, « bulb of charcoal cooled in liquid air, is connected to vessel which has already been ceshausted as faras possible by vacuum pump. The remaining traces of air inspite of low pressure are adsorbed by the charcoal almost completely (ii) Heterogencous Catalysis: There are many gaseous reactions of industrial importance involving solid catalyst. Manufacture of ammonia using iron as a catalyst, manufacture of H;SO, by contact process using V0. catalyst and use of finely divided nickel in the hydrogenation of vegetable oils are amples. The gaseous reactants are adsorbed on the surface of the solid catalyst. As a esull, the concentration of the reactants increases on the surface of the catalyst and hence the rate of Ine excellent ¢ iii) tation Pr ss: In froth Mloatation process, the powdered ore is mixed with water. It is then mixed with pine oil (a frother). The oil particles are adsorbed on the surface of ore particles. Now a stream of air is blown through the mixture from below when froth is formed at the water surface The ore patticles stick to the bubbles of the air rises to surface along with the foam while the gangue particles which are wetted by water settle at the bottom. The foam is separated out and is collected and in the course, the ore particles also settle down, 31. ‘one difference in each of the following: (i) Lyophobic sol and Lyophilic sol (ii) Solution and Colloid (iii) Homogeneous catalysis and Heterogeneous catalysis [CBSE Delhi 2017} (i) Lyophobie Sot Lyophilic Sot Solvent hating «© Solvent loving 6 ereversibie in nature © Reversible in nature Any one) i) Solution Colloia © Homogencous mixture Heterogeneous mixture {© Does aot show Tyndall effect @ Shows Tyndall effect (Any one) (ii) Homogeneous catalysis Heterogeneous catalysis «© Reactams and catalyst are in same phase. ‘© Reactans and catalyst are notin same phase. © 2S09(g) + O2(g) —°2— 2805(g) (Any one) © No(g)+3H2(g) “2 2NHy(g) (Any one) 32. S a 4 i — Explain the cleansing action of soap. Why do soaps not work in hard water? [CBSE (AL) 2012) The cleansing action of soap such as sodium stearate is due to the fact that soap molecules form micelle around the oil droplet in such a way that hydrophobic part of the stearate ions is in the oil droplet and hydrophilic part projects out of the grease droplet like the bristles. Since the polar groups can interact with ‘water. the oil droplet surrounded by stearate ions is now pulled in water and removed ftom the dirty surface. Thus. soap helps in emulsification and washing away of oils and fats. 33. (i) Write the dispersed phase and dispersion medium of milk. [CBSE 2019 (5622)) (ii) Write one similarity between physisorption and chemisorption, (iii), Write the chemical method by which Fe(OH); sol is prepared from FeCh. [CBS (AD 2017) i a RR RR ASHISH TYAGL Page 5UNIT -15 SURFACE f) Both the dispersed phase and dispersion medium of milk are liquid. (i) Both the physisorption and chemisorption increase with increase in surface area. iti) Hydrolysis: FeCl; + 31,0 —O™"*. Fe(OH, (sol) + 3H1CI The Fe(OH), molecules formed as result of hydrolysis of FeCl, aggregate leading to the formation of sol Define the following terms (i) Brownian movement (ii) Peptization (CBSE 2020 (56/3/1)) (iii) Multimolecular colloids [CBSE Paina 2015} (i) Brownian move ‘The motion of the colloidal particles in a zig-zag path due to unbalanced bombardment by the particles of dispersion medium is called Brownian movement (ii) Peptiz The pro medium in the pre ss of converting a precipitate into colloidal sol by shaking it with dispersion nce of a small amount of suitable electrolyte is called peptization. During peptization, the precipitate absorbs one of the ions of the electrolyte on its surface. This causes development of positive or negative charge on precipitates, which ultimately break up into particles of colloidal dimension, iii) Multimolecular colloids: A large number of atoms or smaller molecules (diameter < 1 nm) of a substance on dissolution aggregate together to form species having size in the colloidal range. Such species are called multimolecular colloids. Examples: a sulphur sol consist of particles containing | thousands of Ss sulphur molecules, a platinum or gold sol may have particles of various sizes having many atoms, 35. Define the following terms giving one suitable example for each: (0) Electrophoresis (ii) Micelles (iii) Peptization [CBSE (F) 2012) (H) The movement of colloidal particles towards oppositely charged electrodes in an electric field is called electrophoresis, (1) There are some substances such as soap which at low concentration behave as normal electrolytes, but at higher concentration exhibit colloidal behaviour due to the formation of aggregates. The ted particles thus formed are known as micelles or associated colloids. (iii) The process of converting a precipitate into colloidal solution by shaking it with dispersion medium F small amount of electrolyte is called peptization. in the presence of 36. Define the following terms: (@) Homogeneous catalysis, (ii) Coagulation (iii) Macromolecular colloids ICBSE Chennai 2015) (®) Ina catalysis process if the catalyst and the reactants are in the same phase (liquid or gas), the process is said to be homogeneous catalysis. For example, oxidation of SO, to SO, with O, in the presence of | NO asa catalyst. 280,(g) + 0,(¢) “#280, (g) a ASHISH TYAGI Page 6(#) Differentiate between adsorption and absorption, (ii) Out of MgCl; and AICI, charged sol and why? 38. S.No. Adsorption (0 Iisasurface phenomenon. Adsorbate molecules are held atthe surface of adsorbent ii) The concentration of the adsorbate at the adsorbent surface is much more than that in the bulk. (iil) Initially, rate of adsorption is rapid. It decreases slowly till equilibrium is attained. UNIT -15 SURFACE {ii) The process of settling of colloidal particles forming a precipitate is called coagulation, (iii) Macromolecules in a suitable solvent form solutions in which the size of the, macromolecules may be in colloidal range. Such colloids are called macromolecular colloids. These colloids are quite stable and resemble true solutions in many respect, e.g., starch dispersed in water. . which one is more effective in causing coagulation of negatively (ii) Out of sulphur sol and proteins, which one forms multimolecular colloids? [CBSE Delhi 2016) Absorption Absorption occurs in the bulk of absorbing substance, Absorbed material is uniformly distributed throughout the bulk. Thus, concentration is same throughout Absorption occurs with uniform rate. Example: Water vapours are absorbed by ‘anhydrous CaCl Example: Water vapours on silica gel ion has greater in causing coagulation of negatively charged sol as Al (i) AICI, is more effectiv positive charge than Mg** ion. ili) Sulphur sol 39. (i) Write the dispersed phase and dispersion medium of dust. (ii) Why is physisorption reversible whereas chemisorption is irreversible? (iii) A colloidal sol is prepared by the method given in the figure. What is the charge on Agl colloidal particles formed in the test tube? How is the sol represented? ICBSE 2019 (56?2/1)) (i) Dust is aerosol in which dispersed phase is solid whereas the dispersion medium is gas. ‘AgNO, (ii) Physisorption is caused by weak van der Waal’s forces therefore Solution it is reversible whereas chemisorption is caused by chemical bond itis irreversible. li solution formation therefor iff) @ Positive charge sVAg™ eA 40. (i) Outof silica gel and anhydrous CaCl, which will adsorb the water vapours? (ii) Out of HSO, and HPO, which one is more effective in causing coagulation of positively charged sol? Give reason. (iii) Out of sulphur sol and proteins, which one forms macromolecular colloids? [CBSE South 2016) (i) Silica gel (ii) H,PO,, as POY ion has greater negative charge than SO; . iii) Proteins. ASHISH TYAGI Page 7UNIT -15 SURFACE {CBSE Sample Paper 2015| explain what is observed wh {i) silver nitrate solu (i) the size of the finest gold sol particles iner iii) two oppositely charged sols are mixed i {) It silver nitrate solution is added to potassium iodide solution, the precipitated silver iodide adsorbs colloidal solution results. is added to potassium iodide solutio ases in the gold sol. most equal proportions. iodide ions from the dispersion medium and negatively charg. Agl Tits pages AGL! In From sprsion Neatly charged i) The colour of the colloidal solution depends on the wavelength of the light scattered by the colloidal particles which in turn depends on size and nature of the colloidal particle. Finest gold sol is red in ccolour, as the size of the particle increases, it appears purple, then blue and finally golden (iii) Two oppositely charged sols when mixed in almost equal proportions, neutralise their charges and get partially or completely precipitated. Such type of coagulation is called mutual coagulation. 42, Answer the following questions: [CBSE Sample Paper 2016} happens when a freshly precipitated Fe(OH), is shaken with a little amount of dilute solution of FeChy? (ii) Why are lyophilic colloidal sols more stable thain lyophobic colloi (iii) What form Freundlich adsorption equation will take at high pressure? (0 Itis converted into colloidal state by preferential adsorption of Fe ions. |; —— [Fe(OH),] Fe* +3C1 Reach brown cared colo ii) This is because the stability of lyophobic sol is only due to the presence of charge on the colloidal particles. On the other hand, the stability of lyophilic sol is due to charge on the colloidal particles as well as solvation of colloidal particles. Fe(OH), + Fe (iy Freundlich Adsorption Isotherm, = = fp 1 x fond saturation pressure), >,=Oand = = constant i.e., the adsorption is At high pressure (bes 7 independent of pressure. So, 7 = kp® or 3 sify colloids where the dispersion medium is water. State their characteristics and write an nple of each of these classes. (CBSE (AL) 2011; (F) 2012] These are of two types: (®) Mydrophil Stability: More stable as the stability is due to charge and water envelope surrounding the sol particles. Nature: Reversible Examples: Starch, gum, ete (ii) Hydrophobic Stability: Less stable as the stability is due to charge only. Nature: Irreversible Examples: Metal hydroxide like Fe(OH); and metal sulphide like As, Neen ee ene EET ASHISH TYAGI Page 8UNIT -15 SURFACE (i) Why does leather get hardened after tanning? [CBSE 2019 (56/4/1)) ii) On os pe 7 of Hardy-Schulze rule explain why the coagulating power of phosphate is higher than chlorid (iii) Do the vital functions of the body such as digestion get affected during fever? Explain your answer. [CBSE Sample Paper 2017) {) Animal hides are colloidal in nature. When a hide, which has positively charged particles, is soaked intannin, which contains negatively charged colloidal particles, mutual coagulation takes place. This results in the hardening of leather. (ii) Greater the valency of flocculating ion added, greater is its power to cause coagulation. Th coagulation of a positively charged sol PO,* ion has higher coagulating power than CT" ion. (iii) The optimum temperature for enzymatic activity is 298-310 K. On either side of this range enzyme activity decreases, that is why vital function of the body such as digestion get affected during for the fever