Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Emona Emona Emona Emona 101 101 101 101 Trainer Trainer Trainer Trainer Lab Lab Lab Lab M M M Manual Anual Anual Anual
Emona Emona Emona Emona 101 101 101 101 Trainer Trainer Trainer Trainer Lab Lab Lab Lab M M M Manual Anual Anual Anual
Emona Emona Emona Emona 101 101 101 101 Trainer Trainer Trainer Trainer Lab Lab Lab Lab M M M Manual Anual Anual Anual
Lab Manual
Volume 2
Further Experiments in Modern
Analog & Digital Telecommunications
Barry Duncan
.
Emona 101 Trainer
Lab Manual
Volume 2
Further Experiments in Modern
Analog & Digital Telecommunications
Barry Duncan
Emona-101 Trainer Lab Manual
Volume 2 -
Further Experiments in Modern Analog and Digital
Telecommunications.
Published by:
web: www.ett101.com
telephone: +61-2-9519-3933
fax: +61-2-9550-1378
Copyright © 2009 Emona Instruments Pty Ltd and its related entities. All
rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed
in any form or by any means, including any network or Web distribution or
broadcast for distance learning, or stored in any database or in any network
retrieval system, without the prior written consent of Emona Instruments Pty
Ltd.
Printed in Australia
Contents – ETT-101 Lab Manual Volume 2
Introduction.......................................................................................... i – iv
Introduction to the ETT-101 Trainer
Guidelines for Using the ETT-101 Lab Manual Volume 2
Test Equipment Required
1 - AM (method 2) & product detection ............................................. Expt 1 - 1
2 - Noise in AM communications ........................................................... Expt 2 - 1
3 - PCM and time division multiplexing (TDM).................................. Expt 3 - 1
4 - An introduction to Armstrong's modulator................................ Expt 4 - 1
5 - Phase division modulation and demodulation............................... Expt 5 - 1
6 - Pulse-width modulation & demodulation....................................... Expt 6 - 1
7 - Message translation & inversion..................................................... Expt 7 - 1
8 - Carrier acquisition using the PLL ................................................... Expt 8 - 1
9 - SNR & eye diagrams........................................................................... Expt 9 - 1
10 - PCM and SNDR................................................................................... Expt 10 - 1
11 - ASK demodulation using product detection .............................. Expt 11 - 1
12 - FSK generation (switching method) & demodulation ............. Expt 12 - 1
13 - Principles of GFSK ............................................................................ Expt 13 - 1
14 - PN sequence spectra and noise generation ............................... Expt 14 - 1
15 - Line coding and bit clock regeneration....................................... Expt 15 - 1
16 - Delta modulation & demodulation................................................. Expt 16 - 1
17 - Delta-sigma modulation & demodulation .................................... Expt 17 - 1
18 - Observations of AM & DSBSC signals in the freq domain... Expt 18 - 1
,QWURGXFWLRQWRWKH(777UDLQHU
$VLWVQDPHLPSOLHVWKH(PRQD7HOHFRPV7UDLQHULVXVHGWRKHOSVWXGHQWVOHDUQDERXW
FRPPXQLFDWLRQVDQGWHOHFRPPXQLFDWLRQVSULQFLSOHV,WOHWV\RXEULQJWROLIHWKHEORFN
GLDJUDPVWKDWILOOFRPPXQLFDWLRQVWH[WERRNV$´EORFNGLDJUDPµLVDVLPSOLILHG
UHSUHVHQWDWLRQRIDPRUHFRPSOH[FLUFXLW$QH[DPSOHLVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHEHORZ
%ORFNGLDJUDPVDUHXVHGWRH[SODLQWKH
SULQFLSOHRIRSHUDWLRQRIHOHFWURQLF
V\VWHPVOLNHDUDGLRWUDQVPLWWHUIRU
H[DPSOHZLWKRXWZRUU\LQJDERXWKRZWKH
FLUFXLWZRUNV(DFKEORFNUHSUHVHQWVD
SDUWRIWKHFLUFXLWWKDWSHUIRUPVD
VHSDUDWHWDVNDQGLVQDPHGDFFRUGLQJWR
ZKDWLWGRHV([DPSOHVRIFRPPRQEORFNV
LQFRPPXQLFDWLRQVHTXLSPHQWLQFOXGHWKH
)LJXUH
DGGHUPXOWLSOLHURVFLOODWRUDQGVRRQ
7KH(PRQD7HOHFRPV7UDLQHULOOXVWUDWHGEHORZKDVDFROOHFWLRQRIEORFNVFDOOHG
PRGXOHVWKDW\RXFDQSXWWRJHWKHUWRLPSOHPHQWGR]HQVRIFRPPXQLFDWLRQVDQG
WHOHFRPPXQLFDWLRQVEORFNGLDJUDPV
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV,QWURGXFWLRQ i
2QHWR2QH5HODWLRQVKLS
7KHILJXUHRQWKHULJKWLOOXVWUDWHVWKH
RQHWRRQHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQHDFK
EORFNRIWKH%/2&.',$*5$0DQGWKH
LQGHSHQGHQWIXQFWLRQDOFLUFXLWEORFNVRI
WKH(77WUDLQHUERDUG
7KHIXQFWLRQDOEORFNVRIWKH(77
ERDUGDUHXVHGDQGUHXVHGLQ
H[SHULPHQWVMXVWDVEORFNVRIWKHEORFN
GLDJUDPUHDSSHDULQPDQ\GLIIHUHQW
LPSOHPHQWDWLRQV
([DPSOHVRI(77IXQFWLRQDOEORFNV
*XLGHOLQHVIRU8VLQJWKH(77/DE0DQXDO9ROXPH
7KH(77/DE0DQXDO9ROXPHFRYHUVDEURDGUDQJHRILQWURGXFWRU\GLJLWDODQGDQDORJ
WHOHFRPPXQLFDWLRQVWRSLFVWKURXJKDVHULHVRIKDQGVRQODERUDWRU\H[SHULPHQWVZKLFK
EXLOGRQWKHWKHRU\DQGWRSLFVFRYHUHGLQWKH9ROXPH/DE0DQXDO(DFKH[SHULPHQWLV
ZULWWHQWRVXSSRUWWKHWKHRUHWLFDOFRQFHSWVLQWURGXFHGLQWKHFODVVZRUNRIDILUVWFRXUVHLQ
PRGHUQWHOHFRPPXQLFDWLRQV
&KDSWHUVFDQEHFRYHUHGLQDQ\RUGHUKRZHYHULWLVLPSHUDWLYHWKDWDOOVWXGHQWVFRPSOHWH
WKHILUVWWKUHHFKDSWHUVRIWKH9ROXPH/DE0DQXDOEHIRUHSURFHHGLQJWRWKH9ROXPH
H[SHULPHQWV
(DFK(77H[SHULPHQWSUHVHQWVDQLQWHUHVWLQJKDQGVRQOHDUQLQJH[SHULHQFHIRUWKH
VWXGHQW,QHDFKH[SHULPHQWWKHVWXGHQWLVFKDOOHQJHGWREXLOGPHDVXUHDQGFRQVLGHUWKHUH
DUHQR´LQVWDQWµRU´FRRNERRNVW\OHµH[SHULPHQWV7KH(77LVDFWXDOO\DWUXHHQJLQHHULQJ
PRGHOLQJV\VWHPZKHUHVWXGHQWVVHHWKDWWKHEORFNGLDJUDPVVRFRPPRQLQWKHLUWH[WERRNV
UHSUHVHQWUHDOIXQFWLRQLQJV\VWHPV
,QRUGHUWRPDNHWKHVWXGHQW
VOHDUQLQJH[SHULHQFHPRUHPHPRUDEOHWKHVWXGHQWLVXVXDOO\
DEOHWRERWKYLHZVLJQDOVRQWKH1,(/9,6RVFLOORVFRSHDQGWKHQOLVWHQWRWKHLURZQYRLFH
XQGHUJRLQJWKHPRGXODWLRQRUFRGLQJEHLQJLQYHVWLJDWHG
7HVW(TXLSPHQW5HTXLUHG
$ORQJZLWKWKHFRPSOHWH(77.LW²(777UDLQHU%RDUGSRZHUSDFNSDWFKLQJOHDGV
DQGDFFHVVRULHV²DQRVFLOORVFRSHLVUHTXLUHGIRUHDFKH[SHULPHQW7KHPLQLPXPUHTXLUHPHQW
LVWKDWWKHRVFLOORVFRSHKDVFKDQQHOVDQGDPLQLPXPEDQGZLGWKRI0+]7KHUHIRUHD
FRPPRQO\DYDLODEOH0+]FKDQQHORVFLOORVFRSHLVLGHDO$OWHUQDWLYHO\D3&EDVHGYLUWXDO
RVFLOORVFRSHZLWKDWOHDVWFKDQQHOVDQGDPLQLPXPVDPSOHUDWHRI06VSHUFKDQQHO²FDQ
DOVREHXVHG
1RWHWKDWD3&EDVHGYLUWXDORVFLOORVFRSHZLOOXVXDOO\DOVRSURYLGHVSHFWUXPDQDO\]HU))7
DQGYROWPHWHUGLVSOD\V7KHVHIXQFWLRQVDUHUHTXLUHGRUUHFRPPHQGHGLQDQXPEHURIWKH
/DE0DQXDO9ROXPHH[SHULPHQWVDVOLVWHGEHORZ
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV,QWURGXFWLRQ ii
7(67,167580(17 (;3(5,0(176
26&,//26&23( ([SHULPHQWV
5HTXLUHGWRFRPSOHWHDOOH[SHULPHQWVLQ9ROXPH
63(&7580$1$/<=(5))7 ([SHULPHQWV
8VXDOO\SURYLGHGDVDQDGGLWLRQDOIXQFWLRQRIPRVW3&EDVHGYLUWXDOLQVWUXPHQWV
5(48,5('²UHTXLUHGWRFRPSOHWHHDFKRIWKHIROORZLQJH[SHULPHQWV
3ULQFLSOHVRI*)6.
31VHTXHQFHVSHFWUDDQGQRLVHJHQHUDWLRQ
/LQHFRGLQJDQGELWFORFNUHJHQHUDWLRQ
²2EVHUYDWLRQVRI$0 '6%6&VLJQDOVLQWKHIUHT
GRPDLQ
63(&7580$1$/<=(5))7 ([SHULPHQWV
237,21$/²XVHLVGHILQHGLQWKH6833/(0(17$5<7$6.6GHVFULEHGEHORZ
3&0DQGWLPHGLYLVLRQPXOWLSOH[LQJ7'0
6XSSOHPHQWVKRXOGEHXQGHUWDNHQEHWZHHQ3DUWV% &
3KDVHGLYLVLRQPRGXODWLRQDQGGHPRGXODWLRQ
6XSSOHPHQWVKRXOGEHXQGHUWDNHQEHWZHHQ3DUWV$ %
3XOVHZLGWKPRGXODWLRQ GHPRGXODWLRQ
6XSSOHPHQWVKRXOGEHXQGHUWDNHQEHWZHHQ3DUWV& '
0HVVDJHWUDQVODWLRQ LQYHUVLRQ
6XSSOHPHQWVKRXOGEHXQGHUWDNHQEHWZHHQ3DUWV% &
)6.JHQHUDWLRQVZLWFKLQJPHWKRG GHPRGXODWLRQ
6XSSOHPHQWVKRXOGEHXQGHUWDNHQEHWZHHQ3DUWV% &
758(50692/70(7(5 ([SHULPHQWV
8VXDOO\SURYLGHGDVDQDGGLWLRQDOIXQFWLRQRIPRVW3&EDVHGYLUWXDOLQVWUXPHQWV
5(48,5('²UHTXLUHGWRFRPSOHWHHDFKRIWKHIROORZLQJH[SHULPHQWV
1RLVHLQ$0FRPPXQLFDWLRQV
615 H\HGLDJUDPV
3&0DQG61'5
'HOWDPRGXODWLRQ GHPRGXODWLRQ
67$1'$5'92/70(7(5 ([SHULPHQWV
8VXDOO\SURYLGHGDVDQDGGLWLRQDOIXQFWLRQRIPRVW3&EDVHGYLUWXDOLQVWUXPHQWV
5(48,5('²UHTXLUHGWRFRPSOHWHWKHIROORZLQJH[SHULPHQW
3XOVHZLGWKPRGXODWLRQ GHPRGXODWLRQ
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV,QWURGXFWLRQ iii
6WXGHQW$FDGHPLF/HYHO
([SHULPHQWVLQWKLVYROXPHKDYHEHHQSUHSDUHGIRUVWXGHQWVZLWKRQO\DEDVLFNQRZOHGJHRI
PDWKHPDWLFVDQGDOLPLWHGEDFNJURXQGLQSK\VLFVDQGHOHFWULFLW\
6WXGHQWVZLWKDKLJKHUOHYHORIFRPSHWHQFHLQPDWKHPDWLFVZLOODOVRJDLQDGHHSHU
XQGHUVWDQGLQJRIWHOHFRPPXQLFDWLRQVWKHRU\E\XVLQJWKH(77WUDLQHU'XHWRWKH
HQJLQHHULQJ´PRGHOLQJµQDWXUHRIWKH(77WKH\ZLOOEHDEOHWRLQYHVWLJDWHPRUHFRPSOH[
LVVXHVFDUU\RXWDGGLWLRQDOPHDVXUHPHQWVDQGWKHQFRQWUDVWWKHLUILQGLQJVWRWKHLU
WKHRUHWLFDOXQGHUVWDQGLQJDQGPDWKHPDWLFDODQDO\VLV
0DNLQJ0LVWDNHVDQG0LVZLULQJ
$QLPSRUWDQWIDFWRUZKLFKPDNHVWKHOHDUQLQJH[SHULHQFHPRUHYDOXDEOHIRUWKHVWXGHQWLV
WKDWWKHVWXGHQWLVDOORZHGWRPDNHZLULQJPLVWDNHV7KH(77LQSXWVDQGRXWSXWVFDQEH
FRQQHFWHGLQDQ\FRPELQDWLRQZLWKRXWFDXVLQJGDPDJH$VWKHVWXGHQWEXLOGVWKH
H[SHULPHQWWKH\QHHGWRPDNHFRQVWDQWREVHUYDWLRQVDGMXVWPHQWVDQGFRUUHFWLRQV,I
VLJQDOVDUHQRWDVH[SHFWHGWKHQWKHVWXGHQWQHHGVWRPDNHDGHFLVLRQDVWRZKHWKHUWKH
FRUUHFWLRQUHTXLUHGLVDQDGMXVWPHQWRUDQLQFRUUHFWO\SODFHGSDWFKLQJZLUH
)OH[LELOLW\DQG0RGLILFDWLRQRIWKH([SHULPHQWVDQG7RSLFV
6LQFHWKH(777UDLQHULVDWUXHPRGHOLQJV\VWHPWKHLQVWUXFWRUKDVWKHIUHHGRPWR
PRGLI\H[LVWLQJH[SHULPHQWVRUHYHQFUHDWHFRPSOHWHO\QHZH[SHULPHQWVWRFRQYH\QHZDQG
FRXUVHVSHFLILFFRQFHSWVWRVWXGHQWV
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV,QWURGXFWLRQ iv
1DPH
&ODVV
3UHOLPLQDU\GLVFXVVLRQ
$PSOLWXGHPRGXODWLRQPHWKRG
7KH&ODVV&DPSOLILHULVDSRSXODUFLUFXLWIRUWKHFRPPHUFLDOLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIKLJKOHYHO
DPSOLWXGHPRGXODWLRQWKDWLVPRGXODWLRQDWWKHILQDOVWDJHRIWKHWUDQVPLWWHU7KHSULQFLSOH
DGYDQWDJHRIWKH&ODVV&DPSOLILHULVLWVHIILFLHQF\ZKLFKFDQWKHRUHWLFDOO\EHDVKLJKDV
WKRXJKLVDOLWWOHOHVVLQSUDFWLFH
:KHQWKH&ODVV&DPSOLILHULVRSHUDWHGDWGHSWKVRIPRGXODWLRQEHORZWKHFLUFXLW·V
RSHUDWLRQFRUUHVSRQGVZLWKWKHHTXDWLRQ$0 '&WKHPHVVDJHõWKHFDUULHUZKLFKLV
LPSOHPHQWHGRQWKH(PRQD7HOHFRPV7UDLQHUXVLQJWKHEORFNGLDJUDPLQ)LJXUHEHORZ
$0
0HVVDJH
&DUULHU
)LJXUH
8VLQJWULJRQRPLFH[SDQVLRQQRWVKRZQKHUHWKHHTXDWLRQDERYHFDQEHUHZULWWHQDV
$0 WKHPHVVDJHõWKHFDUULHUWKHFDUULHU
<RXPD\UHFRJQLVHWKHILUVWSDUWRIWKHHTXDWLRQDVWKHPDWKHPDWLFDOPRGHOIRU'6%6&7KDW
EHLQJWKHFDVHZHFDQUHZULWHWKHHTXDWLRQDV
$0 '6%6&WKHFDUULHU
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²$0PHWKRG SURGXFWGHWHFWLRQRI$0VLJQDOV
8VHIXOO\WKLVHTXDWLRQJLYHVXVDQDOWHUQDWLYHPHWKRGRILPSOHPHQWLQJ$0*HQHUDWHD'6%6&
VLJQDOWKHQDGGWKHFDUULHUWRLWDIWHUZDUGV7KHEORFNGLDJUDPIRUWKLVLVVKRZQLQ)LJXUH
EHORZ
$0
0HVVDJH
&DUULHU
)LJXUH
,PSRUWDQWO\WKHSKDVHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQWKHFDUULHUXVHGWRJHQHUDWHWKH'6%6&VLJQDO
DQGWKHFDUULHUWKDWLVDGGHGWRLWLVFUXFLDO7KH\PXVWEHLQSKDVHIRUWKHUHVXOWLQJVLJQDOWR
EH$0:KLOHWKLVLVQ·WH[SOLFLWO\VWDWHGLQWKHHTXDWLRQVDWWKHERWWRPRIWKHSUHYLRXVSDJH
WKLVLVEHFDXVHDSKDVHVKLIWRIFDQOHIWRIIWKHHTXDWLRQDQGLVLPSOLHGPXFKOLNHWKHZD\
SRVLWLYHQXPEHUVDUHLPSOLHGE\RPLWWLQJWKHVLJQ
:KDWDUHWKHLPSOLFDWLRQVRIDQ\SKDVHHUURUEHWZHHQWKHWZRFDUULHUV")LUVWDVLJQDOVKDSHLV
SURGXFHGWKDWRQO\DSSUR[LPDWHV$0,PSRUWDQWO\WKHHQYHORSHVDUHQRORQJHUFRSLHVRIWKH
RULJLQDOPHVVDJHDQGVRWKHHQYHORSHGHWHFWRUFDQQRWEHXVHGWRUHFRYHULW6HFRQGWKH
PRGXODWLRQLQGH[WKH´PµRIWKHVLJQDODVGHWHUPLQHGXVLQJVFRSHPHDVXUHPHQWVLVQRORQJHUD
YDOLGILJXUHIRUVXEVHTXHQWFDOFXODWLRQVRISRZHUGLVWULEXWLRQEHWZHHQWKHFDUULHUDQG
VLGHEDQGV
3URGXFWGHWHFWLRQRI$0VLJQDOV
7KHHQYHORSHGHWHFWRULVDFODVVLFPHWKRGRIGHPRGXODWLQJ$0VLJQDOVWKDWLVZLGHO\XVHG
+RZHYHULWPD\VXUSULVH\RXWROHDUQWKDWLW·VQRWWKHRQO\PHWKRG3URGXFWGHWHFWLRQRU
PRUHDSSURSULDWHO\SURGXFWGHPRGXODWLRQFDQDOVREHXVHG1RWHVODWHULQWKLVH[SHULPHQW
H[SODLQKRZ
([SHULPHQW²$0PHWKRG SURGXFWGHWHFWLRQRI$0VLJQDOV(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
7KHH[SHULPHQW
)RUWKLVH[SHULPHQW\RX·OOXVHWKH(PRQD7HOHFRPV7UDLQHUWRJHQHUDWHD'6%6&VLJQDO
WKHQDGGDFDUULHUWRLWDIWHUZDUGV+RZHYHUWKLVZLOOQRWDXWRPDWLFDOO\WXUQWKH'6%6&VLJQDO
LQWRDQ$0VLJQDO6RDIWHUDGGLQJWKHFDUULHU\RX·OOPDNHWKHQHFHVVDU\SKDVHDGMXVWPHQWV
XVLQJWKH´NLVVWHVWµWRGRVR
$IWHUWKLV\RX·OOXVHWKHSURGXFWGHWHFWRUWRUHFRYHUWKHPHVVDJHIURPWKH$0VLJQDO
GHPRQVWUDWLQJWKDWLWVXVHLVQRWUHVWULFWHGWRGHPRGXODWLQJ'6%6&DQG66%6&VLJQDOV
)LQDOO\\RX·OOGHPRQVWUDWHWKDWLWLVSRVVLEOHWRUHFRYHUWKHPHVVDJHIURPRYHUPRGXODWHG$0
VLJQDOV
,WVKRXOGWDNH\RXDERXWPLQXWHVWRFRPSOHWHWKLVH[SHULPHQW
3UHUHTXLVLWHV
([SHULPHQW9RO6HWWLQJXSDQRVFLOORVFRSH
([SHULPHQW9RO$QLQWURGXFWLRQWRWKH7HOHFRPV7UDLQHU
([SHULPHQW9RO0RGHOOLQJHTXDWLRQV
([SHULPHQW9RO$PSOLWXGHPRGXODWLRQRSWLRQDO
([SHULPHQW9RO'6%6&PRGXODWLRQ
([SHULPHQW9RO'6%6&GHPRGXODWLRQ
(TXLSPHQW
(PRQD7HOHFRPV7UDLQHUSOXVSRZHUSDFN
'XDOFKDQQHO0+]RVFLOORVFRSH
7ZR(PRQD7HOHFRPV7UDLQHURVFLOORVFRSHOHDGV
$VVRUWHG(PRQD7HOHFRPV7UDLQHUSDWFKOHDGV
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²$0PHWKRG SURGXFWGHWHFWLRQRI$0VLJQDOV
3URFHGXUH
3DUW$*HQHUDWLQJD'6%6&VLJQDO
7RH[SHULPHQWZLWKJHQHUDWLQJDQ$0VLJQDOXVLQJWKHVHFRQGPHWKRG\RX·OOQHHGD'6%6&
VLJQDO3DUW$JHWV\RXWRVHWRQHXS
*DWKHUDVHWRIWKHHTXLSPHQWOLVWHGRQWKHSUHYLRXVSDJH
&RQQHFWWKHVHWXSVKRZQLQ)LJXUHEHORZ
MASTER MULTIPLIER
SIGNALS
DC
X
AC
DC
Y
1 00 kHz
SINE AC
1 00 kHz kXY
COS
MULTIPLIER
1 00 kHz
DIGITAL
8kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz X DC
DIGITAL
2kHz
SINE
Y DC kXY
)LJXUH
7KLVVHWXSFDQEHUHSUHVHQWHGE\WKHEORFNGLDJUDPLQ)LJXUHEHORZ,WXVHVDN+]
VLQHZDYHPHVVDJHWR'6%6&PRGXODWHN+]VLQHZDYHFDUULHU
0HVVDJH
7R&+
0DVWHU 0XOWLSOLHU
6LJQDOV PRGXOH
<
'6%6&VLJQDO
N+] 7R&+
;
N+]
FDUULHU
0DVWHU
6LJQDOV
)LJXUH
([SHULPHQW²$0PHWKRG SURGXFWGHWHFWLRQRI$0VLJQDOV(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
6HWXSWKHVFRSHSHUWKHLQVWUXFWLRQVLQWKH$SSHQGL[
1RWH(QVXUHWKDWWKHVFRSH·V7ULJJHU6RXUFHFRQWUROLVVHWWRWKH&+RU,17
SRVLWLRQ
$GMXVWWKHVFRSH·V7LPHEDVHFRQWUROWRYLHZWZRRUVRF\FOHVRIWKHPHVVDJH
6HWWKHVFRSH·V&KDQQHO9HUWLFDO$WWHQXDWLRQFRQWUROWRWKH9GLYSRVLWLRQ
6HWWKHVFRSH·V0RGHFRQWUROWRWKH'8$/SRVLWLRQWRYLHZWKH'6%6&VLJQDORXWRIWKH
0XOWLSOLHUPRGXOHDVZHOODVWKHPHVVDJHVLJQDO
1RWH,IWKHVHWXSKDVEHHQZLUHGFRUUHFWO\DOWHUQDWLQJKDOYHVRIWKH'6%6&VLJQDO·V
HQYHORSHVKRXOGIRUPDFRS\RIWKHPHVVDJH
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJ
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²$0PHWKRG SURGXFWGHWHFWLRQRI$0VLJQDOV
3DUW%²$GGLQJWKHFDUULHUWRWKH'6%6&VLJQDO
3DUW%JHWV\RXWRDGGWKHFDUULHUWRWKH'6%6&VLJQDOXVLQJWKH$GGHUPRGXOH7KDWVDLGWKH
VLJQDORQWKH$GGHUPRGXOH·VRXWSXWLVKLJKO\XQOLNHO\WREH$0DWWKLVVWDJH
/RFDWHWKH3KDVH6KLIWHUPRGXOHDQGVHWLWV3KDVH&KDQJHFRQWUROWRWKHSRVLWLRQ
6HWWKH3KDVH6KLIWHUPRGXOH·V3KDVH$GMXVWFRQWUROWRDERXWWKHPLGGOHRILWVWUDYHO
/RFDWHWKH$GGHUPRGXOHDQGVHWLWV*DQGJFRQWUROVWRDERXWWKHPLGGOHRIWKHLUWUDYHO
WKHH[DFWSRVLWLRQLVQ·WFULWLFDODWWKLVVWDJH
0RGLI\WKHVHWXSDVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHEHORZ
DC
X LO
AC
DC
Y
1 00 kHz
AC PHASE
SINE
1 00 kHz kXY G
COS O
MULTIPLIER 0
1 00 kHz A
DIGITAL
O
8kHz 18 0
DIGITAL
2kHz X DC
DIGITAL
2kHz IN OUT g
SINE
Y DC kXY B GA+gB
)LJXUH
([SHULPHQW²$0PHWKRG SURGXFWGHWHFWLRQRI$0VLJQDOV(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
7KHVHWXSLQ)LJXUHFDQEHUHSUHVHQWHGE\WKHEORFNGLDJUDPLQ)LJXUHEHORZ
0HVVDJH
7R&+
$GGHU
< $
'6%6&VLJQDO
N+] ZLWKFDUULHUDGGHG
; % 7R&+
N+]
FDUULHU
3KDVH
6KLIWHU
)LJXUH
2EVHUYHWKH$GGHUPRGXOH·VRXWSXWXVLQJWKHVFRSH
1RWH<RX·OOQRWLFHWKDWWKHVLJQDOORRNVOLNHDQ$0VLJQDOZLWKDQXQXVXDOHQYHORSHIRUD
VLQXVRLGDOPHVVDJH
4XHVWLRQ
:K\LVQ·WWKHHQYHORSHRIWKH$GGHUPRGXOH·VRXWSXWVLJQDODFRS\RIWKHPHVVDJHVLJQDO"
%HFDXVHWKHVLJQDOLVQ·WDFWXDOO\$0\HWGXHWRWKHSKDVHHUURUEHWZHHQWKHFDUULHUV
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJ
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²$0PHWKRG SURGXFWGHWHFWLRQRI$0VLJQDOV
3DUW&²$GMXVWLQJWKHVHWXSWRSURGXFHDQ$0VLJQDO
1RWLFHLQ)LJXUHWKDWWKH0DVWHU6LJQDOVPRGXOH·VN+]&26RXWSXWLVXVHGIRUWKH'6%6&
VLJQDO·VDGGHGFDUULHU1RWLFHDOVRWKDWWKH0DVWHU6LJQDOVPRGXOH·VN+]&26RXWSXWLV
FRQQHFWHGWRWKH$GGHUPRGXOH·V%LQSXWYLDWKH3KDVH6KLIWHUPRGXOH7KHUHDUHYHU\JRRG
UHDVRQVIRUWKLV
5HFDOOWKDWWKHSKDVHRIWKHFDUULHUDGGHGWRWKH'6%6&VLJQDOPXVWEHLGHQWLFDOWRWKDWRI
WKHFDUULHUXVHGWRJHQHUDWHWKH'6%6&VLJQDO)LJXUHLQWKHSUHOLPLQDU\GLVFXVVLRQVXJJHVWV
WKDWWKHWZRFDUULHUVDXWRPDWLFDOO\VDWLVI\WKLVUHTXLUHPHQWDVWKH\·UHWDNHQIURPDFRPPRQ
VRXUFH+RZHYHUWKHFDUULHUVWDNHGLIIHUHQWSDWKVWRWKH$GGHURQHGLUHFWO\DQGWKHRWKHU
LQGLUHFWO\YLDWKH0XOWLSOLHU0RUHRYHUWKH$GGHUFDQLQWURGXFHDVPDOODQGXQNQRZQEXW
VWDEOHSKDVHVKLIW$VDFRQVHTXHQFHWKHUHLVQRJXDUDQWHHWKDWWKH'6%6&VLJQDO·V
VXSSUHVVHGFDUULHUDQGWKHRQHWREHLQVHUWHGDUHLQSKDVHDVUHTXLUHG6RWKHSRWHQWLDOSKDVH
HUURUEHWZHHQWKHFDUULHUVLVPRGHOOHGXVLQJWKH0DVWHU6LJQDOVPRGXOH·VN+]&26RXWSXW
LQVWHDGRIWKHN+]6,1(RXWSXWXVHGWRJHQHUDWHWKH'6%6&VLJQDO
7RFRUUHFWIRUSRWHQWLDOSKDVHHUURUVEHWZHHQWKHFDUULHUVDSKDVHVKLIWFLUFXLWDWWKH
FDUULHU·VLQSXWWRWKH$GGHUPD\EHQHFHVVDU\7KLVLVPRGHOOHGLQRXUDUUDQJHPHQWXVLQJWKH
3KDVH6KLIWHUPRGXOH3DUW&RIWKHH[SHULPHQWJHWV\RXWRXVHLWWRXVHLWWRREWDLQWKH
FRUUHFWSKDVHDOLJQPHQWEHWZHHQWKHFDUULHUVWRSURGXFHDQ$0VLJQDO+RZHYHUWKHSURFHVV
QHHGVDOLWWOHH[SODQDWLRQILUVW
:KHQDFDUULHULVDPSOLWXGHPRGXODWHGE\DVLQJOHVLQHZDYHIRUWKHPHVVDJHWKHUHVXOWLVD
VLJQDOZLWKWKHVKDSHVKRZQLQ)LJXUHDDQGWKHVSHFWUDOFRPSRVLWLRQVKRZQLQ)LJXUHE
V
f
LSB Carrier USB
)LJXUHD )LJXUHE
6RKRZGRWKHIUHTXHQF\FRPSRQHQWVLQ)LJXUHEFRPELQHWRIRUPWKHVLJQDOZHVHHLQ)LJXUH
DDQGRQDVFRSH"7RDQVZHUWKLVTXHVWLRQZHQHHGWKHSKDVRUUHSUHVHQWDWLRQRIWKH$0
VLJQDOLQ)LJXUH7KLVLVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHRQWKHQH[WSDJH
([SHULPHQW²$0PHWKRG SURGXFWGHWHFWLRQRI$0VLJQDOV(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
LSB USB
Carrier
)LJXUH
5HFDOOWKDWDOOSKDVRUVDUHVDLGWRURWDWHDQWLFORFNZLVH%XWLIWKHSRVLWLRQRIWKHFDUULHU·V
SKDVRULVIUR]HQZHVHHVRPHWKLQJLQWHUHVWLQJZLWKWKHVLGHEDQGV7KHXSSHUVLGHEDQG·V
SKDVRUFRQWLQXHVWRURWDWHDQWLFORFNZLVHDERXWWKHFDUULHU·VWLSEHFDXVHLW·VDKLJKHU
IUHTXHQF\$WWKHVDPHWLPHWKHORZHUVLGHEDQG·VSKDVRUURWDWHVFORFNZLVHEHFDXVHLW·VD
ORZHUIUHTXHQF\
$OORIWKH$0VLJQDO·VLQVWDQWDQHRXVYROWDJHVDUHDYDOXHWKDWLVWKHYHFWRUVXPRIWKHWKUHH
SKDVRUV·YROWDJHVDWWKHFRUUHVSRQGLQJLQVWDQW7KLVLVGHPRQVWUDWHGLQ)LJXUHEHORZDWVRPH
NH\SRLQWVRIWKH$0VLJQDO
$0VLJQDO
V
HQYHORSHV
)LJXUH
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²$0PHWKRG SURGXFWGHWHFWLRQRI$0VLJQDOV
1RZZKHQDQ$0VLJQDO·VPRGXODWLRQLQGH[LVRULWVVLGHEDQGVKDYHDFRPELQHG
DPSOLWXGHHTXDOWRWKHFDUULHU·VDPSOLWXGH7KLVSURGXFHVWKH$0VLJQDOVKRZQLQ)LJXUH
EHORZZKHUHRSSRVLQJHQYHORSHVDUHVDLGWR´NLVVµ
$0VLJQDO
V
HQYHORSHV
)LJXUH
,PSRUWDQWO\ZKHQD'6%6&VLJQDOKDVDFDUULHULQWURGXFHGWRLWDIWHUJHQHUDWLRQDVZHKDYH
GRQHLQKHUHWKLVHQYHORSHNLVVLVRQO\SRVVLEOHIRUWZRFRQGLWLRQV)LUVWWKHDPSOLWXGHRIWKH
LQWURGXFHGFDUULHUPXVWEHHTXDOWRWKHFRPELQHGDPSOLWXGHRIWKHVLGHEDQGVDVPHQWLRQHG
DERYH$QGVHFRQGWKHSKDVHRIWKHLQWURGXFHGFDUULHUPXVWEHLGHQWLFDOWRWKHSKDVHRIWKH
FDUULHUXVHGWRJHQHUDWHWKH'6%6&VLJQDOLQWKHILUVWLQVWDQFH
7KLVJLYHVXVDPHWKRGIRUDOLJQLQJWKHSKDVHRIWKHWZRFDUULHUV²,WPXVWSDVVWKHNLVVWHVW
'LVFRQQHFWWKHSDWFKOHDGWRWKH$GGHUPRGXOH·V$LQSXW
1RWH7KLVUHPRYHVWKH'6%6&VLJQDOIURPWKH$GGHUPRGXOH·VRXWSXW
$GMXVWWKH$GGHUPRGXOH·VJFRQWUROIRUDQRXWSXWRIH[DFWO\9SS
1RWH5HPHPEHUWKH$GGHUPRGXOH·VRXWSXWLVREVHUYHGRQWKHVFRSH·V&KDQQHOLQSXW
5HFRQQHFWWKHSDWFKOHDGWRWKH$GGHUPRGXOH·V$LQSXW
'LVFRQQHFWWKHSDWFKOHDGWRWKH$GGHUPRGXOH·V%LQSXW
1RWH7KLVUHPRYHVWKHDGGHGFDUULHUIURPWKH$GGHUPRGXOH·VRXWSXW
$GMXVWWKH$GGHUPRGXOH·V*FRQWUROIRUDQRXWSXWRIH[DFWO\9SS
5HFRQQHFWWKHSDWFKOHDGWRWKH$GGHUPRGXOH·V%LQSXW
([SHULPHQW²$0PHWKRG SURGXFWGHWHFWLRQRI$0VLJQDOV(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
7KHDPSOLWXGHRIWKHLQWURGXFHGFDUULHUDQGWKHFRPELQHGDPSOLWXGHRIWKHVLGHEDQGVDUHQRZ
WKHVDPH
&DUHIXOO\DGMXVWWKH3KDVH6KLIWHUPRGXOH·V3KDVH$GMXVWFRQWUROWRREWDLQWKHUHTXLUHG
HQYHORSHNLVVRIWKH$GGHUPRGXOH·VRXWSXWVLJQDO
4XHVWLRQ
2QFHHQYHORSHNLVVLVDFKLHYHGZKDW·VWKHSKDVHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQWKH'6%6&
VLJQDO·VVXSSUHVVHGFDUULHUDQGWKHFDUULHUWKDWKDVEHHQDGGHGWRLWDWWKH$GGHU
PRGXOH"
7KH\·UHQRZSKDVHDOLJQHG
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJ
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²$0PHWKRG SURGXFWGHWHFWLRQRI$0VLJQDOV
7RGHHSHQ\RXUXQGHUVWDQGLQJRI\RXUDQVZHUWR4XHVWLRQ«
0RGLI\WKHVFRSH·VFRQQHFWLRQVWRWKHFLUFXLWDVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHEHORZ
DC
X LO
AC
DC
Y
1 00 kHz
AC PHASE
SINE
1 00 kHz kXY G
COS O
MULTIPLIER 0
1 00 kHz A
DIGITAL
O
8kHz 18 0
DIGITAL
2kHz X DC
DIGITAL
2kHz IN OUT g
SINE
Y DC kXY B GA+gB
)LJXUH
([SHULPHQW²$0PHWKRG SURGXFWGHWHFWLRQRI$0VLJQDOV(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
7KHQHZVFRSHFRQQHFWLRQVFDQEHVKRZQXVLQJWKHEORFNGLDJUDPLQ)LJXUHEHORZ
< $
$0VLJQDO
N+]
; %
N+] $GGHGFDUULHU
FDUULHU 7R&+
'6%6&FDUULHU
7R&+
)LJXUH
$GMXVWWKHVFRSH·V7LPHEDVHFRQWUROWRYLHZWZRRUVRF\FOHVRIWKHWZRFDUULHUV
1RWH1RWLFHWKDWWKHFDUULHUVDUHQRWLQSKDVH
4XHVWLRQ
:K\DUHQ·WWKHFDUULHUVLQSKDVH"
7KH0XOWLSOLHUPRGXOHLVLQWURGXFLQJVRPHSKDVHVKLIWEHWZHHQLWVLQSXWVDQGRXWSXW
)RUWKHVHWXSWRSURGXFH$0WKHDGGHGFDUULHUPXVWEHSKDVHDOLJQHGWRWKH
VXSSUHVVHGFDUULHURIWKH'6%6&VLJQDORQWKH0XOWLSOLHUPRGXOH·VRXWSXW
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJ
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²$0PHWKRG SURGXFWGHWHFWLRQRI$0VLJQDOV
/RFDWHWKH9DULDEOH'&9PRGXOHDQGWXUQLWV'&9ROWDJHFRQWUROWRWKHR·FORFNSRVLWLRQ
0RGLI\WKHVFRSH·VFRQQHFWLRQVWRWKHFLUFXLWDVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHEHORZ
DC
X LO
AC
DC
Y
10 0kHz
AC PHASE
SINE
10 0kHz kXY G
COS O
MULTIPLIER 0
10 0kHz A
DIGITAL
O
8 kHz 18 0
DIGITAL
2 kHz X DC
DIGITAL
2 kHz IN OUT g
SINE
Y DC kXY B GA+gB
VARIABLE
DCV
+5V
VDC
GND
VDC
SPEECH
A EXOR
B A+B
)LJXUH
7KLVVHWXSFDQEHUHSUHVHQWHGE\WKHEORFNGLDJUDPLQ)LJXUHRQWKHQH[WSDJH%\
PXOWLSO\LQJWKHN+]FDUULHUZLWKD'&YROWDJHRQO\RQHVLGHEDQGLVSURGXFHGWKDWLVWKH
VDPHIUHTXHQF\DVWKHVXSSUHVVHGFDUULHU,PSRUWDQWO\WKLVVLGHEDQGKDVWKHVDPHSKDVH
UHODWLRQVKLSDVWKHVXSSUHVVHGFDUULHUVRLWFDQEHXVHGWRFRPSDUHWKHSKDVHUHODWLRQVKLS
EHWZHHQWKH3KDVH6KLIWHUPRGXOH·VRXWSXWDQGWKHVXSSUHVVHGFDUULHULQWKH'6%6&VLJQDO
([SHULPHQW²$0PHWKRG SURGXFWGHWHFWLRQRI$0VLJQDOV(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
7R&+
9DULDEOH
'&9
< $
9'&
; %
N+] $GGHGFDUULHU
FDUULHU 7R&+
)LJXUH
&RPSDUHWKHVLJQDOV²7KH\·OOQRZEHLQSKDVH
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJ
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²$0PHWKRG SURGXFWGHWHFWLRQRI$0VLJQDOV
3DUW'²3URGXFWGHWHFWLRQRI$0VLJQDOV
7RXQGHUVWDQGKRZDSURGXFWGHWHFWRUFDQEHXVHGWRGHPRGXODWH$0VLJQDOVOHW·VUHYLVLWLWV
RSHUDWLRQ$VWKHSURGXFWGHWHFWRU·VQDPHLPSOLHVLWVRXWSXWLVWKHPXOWLSOLFDWLRQRILWVLQSXWV
:KHQWKRVHLQSXWVDUHDQ$0VLJQDODQGDORFDOFDUULHUWKLVSURFHVVFDQEHGHVFULEHG
PDWKHPDWLFDOO\DV
3URGXFWGHWHFWRU·VRXWSXW $0VLJQDOõWKHORFDOFDUULHU
$QGDVDQ$0VLJQDOFDQEHPDWKHPDWLFDOO\H[SUHVVHGDV/6%&DUULHU86%WKHSURGXFW
GHWHFWRU·VRXWSXWFDQEHUHZULWWHQDV
3URGXFWGHWHFWRU·VRXWSXW /6%FDUULHU86%õWKHORFDOFDUULHU
,IWKHPHVVDJHVLJQDOXVHGWRJHQHUDWHWKH$0VLJQDOLVDVLPSOHVLQHZDYHWKHXSSHUDQGORZHU
VLGHEDQGVDUHDVLPSOHVLQHZDYHVDOVR7KH/6%LVDWDIUHTXHQF\HTXDOWRWKHFDUULHUPLQXVWKH
PHVVDJHDQGWKH86%LVDWDIUHTXHQF\HTXDOWRWKHFDUULHUSOXVWKHPHVVDJH,QRWKHUZRUGV
WKHH[SUHVVLRQGLUHFWO\DERYHFDQEHZULWWHQDV
3URGGHWHFWRU·VRXWSXW >FDUULHU²PHVVDJHFDUULHUFDUULHUPHVVDJH@õWKHORFDO
FDUULHU
1RZUHFDOOWKDWZKHQWZRSXUHVLQHZDYHVDUHPXOWLSOLHGWRJHWKHUWKHUHVXOWJLYHVWZR
FRPSOHWHO\QHZVLQHZDYHV
2QHZLWKDIUHTXHQF\HTXDOWRWKHVXPRIWKHWZRVLJQDOV·IUHTXHQFLHV
2QHZLWKDIUHTXHQF\HTXDOWRWKHGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQWKHWZRVLJQDOV·IUHTXHQFLHV
7KDWEHLQJWKHFDVHPXOWLSO\LQJWKHVLQHZDYHVLQWKHH[SUHVVLRQGLUHFWO\DERYHJLYHV
/RFDOFDUULHUFDUULHU
/RFDOFDUULHUFDUULHU
/RFDOFDUULHUFDUULHUPHVVDJH
/RFDOFDUULHUFDUULHUPHVVDJH
1RWLFHWKDWWZRRIWKHVLQHZDYHVDUHDWWKHPHVVDJHIUHTXHQF\,QRWKHUZRUGVWKHSURGXFW
GHWHFWRUFDQUHFRYHUWKHPHVVDJHIURP$0VLJQDOVDVZHOODV'6%6&DQG66%6&VLJQDOV
,PSRUWDQWO\SURYLGHGWKHRULJLQDODQGORFDOFDUULHUVDUHWKHVDPHIUHTXHQF\DQGSKDVHWKH
WZRFRSLHVRIWKHPHVVDJHWKDWWKHSURGXFWGHWHFWRUSURGXFHVVLPSO\DGGWRJHWKHUWRIRUPD
VLQJOHELJJHUFRS\RIWKHPHVVDJH
([SHULPHQW²$0PHWKRG SURGXFWGHWHFWLRQRI$0VLJQDOV(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
1DWXUDOO\ZHGRQ·WZDQWWKHRWKHUQRQPHVVDJHVLQHZDYHVWKDWWKHSURGXFWGHWHFWRUDOVR
SURGXFHV5HFDOOWKDWWKHVHDUHUHPRYHGE\SDVVLQJWKHSURGXFWGHWHFWRU·VRXWSXWWKURXJKD
ORZSDVVILOWHU
3DUW'RIWKLVH[SHULPHQWOHWV\RXXVHSURGXFWGHWHFWLRQWRUHFRYHUWKHPHVVDJHIURPWKH$0
VLJQDOWKDW\RXKDYHJHQHUDWHG
0RGLI\WKHVHWXSDVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHEHORZ
DC
X LO
AC
DC
Y IN OUT
1 00 kHz AC
SINE PHASE
RECTIFIER
1 00 kHz kXY G
COS O
MULTIPLIER 0
1 00 kHz A
DIGITAL DIODE & RC LPF
O
8kHz 1 80
DIGITAL
2kHz X DC
DIGITAL RC LPF
IN OUT g
2kHz
SINE
Y DC kXY B GA+gB
)LJXUH
7KHDGGLWLRQVWRWKHVHWXSFDQEHUHSUHVHQWHGE\WKHEORFNGLDJUDPLQ)LJXUHRQWKHQH[W
SDJH7KH0XOWLSOLHUPRGXOHDQGWKH5&/3)LPSOHPHQWDSURGXFWGHWHFWRUZLWKDORFDOFDUULHU
WKDWLV´VWROHQµIURPWKH0DVWHU6LJQDOVPRGXOHVRWKDWLW·VLQSKDVHZLWKWKH$0VLJQDO·V
FDUULHUUHFDOOWKDWFDUULHUV\QFKURQLVDWLRQLVDQLPSRUWDQWLVVXHZLWKSURGXFWGHWHFWLRQ
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²$0PHWKRG SURGXFWGHWHFWLRQRI$0VLJQDOV
0XOWLSOLHU 5&/3)
< 'HPRGXODWHG
$0VLJQDO
$0VLJQDO
7R&+
;
N+]VWROHQ
ORFDOFDUULHU
0DVWHU
6LJQDOV
)LJXUH
&RPSDUHWKHRULJLQDOPHVVDJHZLWKWKHSURGXFWGHWHFWRU·VRXWSXW
1RWH<RXZLOOQHHGWRUHDGMXVWWKHVFRSH·V7LPHEDVHFRQWUROWRDQDSSURSULDWH
VHWWLQJ
1RWH2QFHFRQQHFWHGFRUUHFWO\WKHVLJQDORQWKHSURGXFWGHWHFWRU·VRXWSXWVKRXOG
EHDFRS\RIWKHRULJLQDOPHVVDJHQRWZLWKVWDQGLQJSKDVHVKLIW
4XHVWLRQ
<RXKDYHMXVWVHHQWKDWWKHSURGXFWGHWHFWRUFDQGHPRGXODWH$0VLJQDOVDVZHOODV
'6%DQG66%VLJQDOV:K\GRHVQ·WWKH$0VLJQDO·VFDUULHULQWHUIHUHZLWKWKH
GHPRGXODWLRQSURFHVV"
:KHQWKH$0VLJQDO·VFDUULHULVPXOWLSOLHGE\WKHORFDOFDUULHURQHRIWKHVLQHZDYHV
GXHWRWKHIDFWWKDWPDWKHPDWLFDOO\LW·VHTXDOWRWKHFDUULHUPLQXVWKHORFDOFDUULHU
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJ
([SHULPHQW²$0PHWKRG SURGXFWGHWHFWLRQRI$0VLJQDOV(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
$FRPPRQPLVFRQFHSWLRQDERXW$0LVWKDWRQFHWKHVLJQDOLVRYHUPRGXODWHGLW·VLPSRVVLEOHWR
UHFRYHUWKHPHVVDJH+RZHYHUZKHQWKH$0VLJQDOLVJHQHUDWHGXVLQJDQLGHDORUQHDULGHDO
PRGXODWRUOLNHWKLVVHWXSWKLVLVVXHLVRQO\WUXHIRUWKHHQYHORSHGHWHFWRU7KDWLVWKH
SURGXFWGHWHFWRUFDQUHFRYHUWKHPHVVDJHIURPRYHUPRGXODWHG$0VLJQDOV7KHILQDOSDUWRI
WKLVH[SHULPHQWGHPRQVWUDWHVWKLV
6HWWKHVFRSH·V7ULJJHU6RXUFHWRWKH&+SRVLWLRQ
&RQQHFWWKHVFRSH·V&KDQQHOWRWKH$0PRGXODWRU·VRXWSXW
1RWH7KLVLVWKH$GGHUPRGXOH·VRXWSXW
1RWH2QFHGRQH\RXVKRXOGREVHUYHWKHPRGXODWHG$0VLJQDORQWKHVFRSH
6ORZO\LQFUHDVHWKH$0VLJQDO·VPRGXODWLRQEH\RQGE\LQFUHDVLQJWKHJDLQRIWKH
$GGHUPRGXOH·V$LQSXWWKDWLVE\WXUQLQJWKH$GGHUPRGXOH·V*FRQWUROFORFNZLVH
$V\RXSHUIRUPWKHSUHYLRXVVWHSZDWFKWKHHIIHFWWKDWWKHRYHUPRGXODWLRQKDVRQWKH
UHFRYHUHG$0VLJQDO
1RWH7KHUHVKRXOGQ·WEHDFKDQJHLQWKHVLJQDO·VVKDSH
$VPHQWLRQHGLQWKHSUHOLPLQDU\GLVFXVVLRQWKHFRPPHUFLDOLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRI$0PRGXODWLRQ
FRPPRQO\LQYROYHVD&ODVV&DPSOLILHUIRUHIILFLHQF\:KHQD&ODVV&DPSOLILHULVRSHUDWHGDW
GHSWKVRIPRGXODWLRQDERYHLWVRSHUDWLRQQRORQJHUFRUUHVSRQGVZLWKWKHPRGHORIDQ
LGHDO$0PRGXODWRUDVLPSOHPHQWHGKHUH,QWKHVHVLWXDWLRQVDSURGXFWGHWHFWRUFDQQRWEH
XVHGWRUHFRYHUWKHPHVVDJHZLWKRXWGLVWRUWLRQDV\RXKDYHMXVWGRQH
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHILQLVKLQJ
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²$0PHWKRG SURGXFWGHWHFWLRQRI$0VLJQDOV
1DPH
&ODVV
1RLVHLQ$0FRPPXQLFDWLRQV
([SHULPHQW²1RLVHLQ$0FRPPXQLFDWLRQV
3UHOLPLQDU\GLVFXVVLRQ
$Q\VWXG\RIFRPPXQLFDWLRQVDQGWHOHFRPPXQLFDWLRQVPXVWLQHYLWDEO\LQFOXGHDFRQVLGHUDWLRQRI
QRLVH1RLVHLVLPSRUWDQWEHFDXVHLWLQWHUIHUHVZLWKWKHUHSURGXFWLRQRIWKHPHVVDJHDWWKH
UHFHLYHU)RUDQDODJPHVVDJHVVXFKDVVSHHFKDQGPXVLFQRLVHLVXVXDOO\KHDUGDVKLVVFUDFNOH
DQGSRSVWKDWDUHVXSHULPSRVHGRQWKHUHFRYHUHGPHVVDJH
$V\RXNQRZE\QRZWKHUHDUHVHYHUDOPHWKRGVRIGHPRGXODWLQJ$0VLJQDOV7ZRWKDWKDYH
EHHQGHPRQVWUDWHGLQRWKHU(PRQD7HOHFRPV7UDLQHUH[SHULPHQWVLQFOXGHHQYHORSH
GHWHFWLRQDQGSURGXFWGHWHFWLRQRUPRUHDSSURSULDWHO\SURGXFWGHPRGXODWLRQ,QFRPSOHWLQJ
WKHVHH[SHULPHQWV\RXKDYHVHHQWKDWSURGXFWGHWHFWLRQKDVVHYHUDODGYDQWDJHVRYHUHQYHORSH
GHWHFWLRQEXWLW·VPRUHGLIILFXOWWRLPSOHPHQWLQSUDFWLFH7KLVH[SHULPHQWUHYLVLWVWKHVH
GHPRGXODWLRQVFKHPHVWRFRPSDUHWKHLUSHUIRUPDQFHLQWHUPVRIKRZWKH\KDQGOHLQWHUIHUHQFH
GXHWRZKLWHQRLVH
7RPDNHWKLVFRPSDULVRQWKHHIIHFWVRIQRLVHPXVWEHREMHFWLYHO\TXDQWLILHG$ZLGHO\XVHG
PHWKRGIRUGRLQJVRLVVLJQDOWRQRLVHUDWLR615$VLWVQDPHLPSOLHV615LVVLPSO\WKHUDWLR
RIVLJQDOYROWDJHRUSRZHUWRQRLVHYROWDJHRUSRZHU7KHHTXDWLRQIRUFDOFXODWLQJ615LV
6 :KHUH6 VLJQDOYROWDJHRUSRZHUDQG
615 =
1 1 QRLVHYROWDJHRUSRZHU
7KHJUHDWHUWKHVLJQDOUHODWLYHWRWKHQRLVHZKLFKLVGHVLUDEOHWKHJUHDWHUWKH6157KDW
VDLGVLPSOHUDWLRVFDQEHPLVOHDGLQJZKHQGHDOLQJZLWKVLJQDOVDQGVRGHFLEHOVDUHRIWHQ
SUHIHUUHG7KHHTXDWLRQIRUFDOFXODWLQJ615DVDGHFLEHOLVHLWKHU
9 3
615G% = /RJ 6 RU 615G% = /RJ 6
91 31
7RSHUIRUPWKHVHFDOFXODWLRQVDPHDVXUHPHQWRIWKHVLJQDO·VYROWDJHRUSRZHUDQGWKHQRLVH·V
YROWDJHRUSRZHUPXVWEHPDGH,QPRVWODERUDWRU\HQYLURQPHQWVWKHQRLVHLVFRQWUROOHGDQG
FDQEHUHPRYHGIURPWKHVLJQDO7KLVPDNHVVHSDUDWHPHDVXUHPHQWVRIVLJQDODQGQRLVHD
UHODWLYHO\VLPSOHPDWWHU+RZHYHULQWKHILHOGWKHVLJQDOPD\QRWEHDYDLODEOHDORQHDQGVRDQ
DOWHUQDWLYHFDOFXODWLRQPXVWEHXVHG
6 +1
615 =
1
2EYLRXVO\WKHWZR615UDWLRHTXDWLRQVSURGXFHGLIIHUHQWQXPEHUV+RZHYHUIRUDVLPSOH
TXDQWLWDWLYHFRPSDULVRQEHWZHHQWZRV\VWHPVWKLVGLIIHUHQFHLVLUUHOHYDQW0RUHRYHUWKH
JUHDWHUWKH615RIWKHV\VWHPWKHVPDOOHUWKHGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQWKHYDOXHVDQ\ZD\
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²1RLVHLQ$0FRPPXQLFDWLRQV
,PSRUWDQWO\WKHVSHFWUDOFRPSRVLWLRQRIQRLVHXVXDOO\UHVXOWVLQSHDNDQGSHDNWRSHDN
YROWDJHVWKDWYDU\UDQGRPO\DQGVRLW·VGLIILFXOWWRREWDLQDSUHFLVHPHDVXUHPHQWRIWKHVH
$QGXQOHVVDWHVWVLJQDOVXFKDVDVLQHZDYHLVXVHGWKHSHDNDQGSHDNWRSHDNYROWDJHRI
PHVVDJHVLJQDOVFDQYDU\DOVR7KDWEHLQJWKHFDVHLW·VEHWWHUWRPHDVXUHWKH506YDOXHRI
VLJQDODQGQRLVHYROWDJHVIRU615FDOFXODWLRQV
7KHH[SHULPHQW
)RUWKLVH[SHULPHQW\RX·OOXVHWKH(PRQD7HOHFRPV7UDLQHUWRVHWXSDQ$0PRGXODWRU
<RX·OOWKHQVHWXSDQHQYHORSHGHWHFWRUWKDWUHFHLYHVWKH$0VLJQDOYLDDEDQGZLGWKOLPLWHGDQG
QRLV\FKDQQHODQGPDNH615PHDVXUHPHQWVIRUWKUHHOHYHOVRIFKDQQHOQRLVH1H[W\RX·OOVHW
XSDSURGXFWGHWHFWRUWKDWDOVRUHFHLYHVWKH$0VLJQDOYLDDEDQGZLGWKOLPLWHGDQGQRLV\
FKDQQHODQGPDNH615PHDVXUHPHQWVIRUWKHVDPHWKUHHOHYHOVRIFKDQQHOQRLVH)LQDOO\\RX·OO
FRPSDUHWKH615ILJXUHVWRFRPSDUHWKHQRLVHSHUIRUPDQFHRIWKHWZRGHPRGXODWRUV
,WVKRXOGWDNH\RXDERXWPLQXWHVWRFRPSOHWHWKLVH[SHULPHQW
3UHUHTXLVLWHV
([SHULPHQW9RO6HWWLQJXSDQRVFLOORVFRSH
([SHULPHQW9RO$QLQWURGXFWLRQWRWKH7HOHFRPV7UDLQHU
([SHULPHQW9RO0RGHOOLQJHTXDWLRQV
([SHULPHQW9RO$PSOLWXGHPRGXODWLRQ
([SHULPHQW9RO$0GHPRGXODWLRQ
([SHULPHQW9RO$0PHWKRGDQGSURGXFWGHWHFWLRQRI$0VLJQDOV
(TXLSPHQW
(PRQD7HOHFRPV7UDLQHUSOXVSRZHUSDFN
'XDO&KDQQHO0+]RVFLOORVFRSH
7UXH506PXOWLPHWHU
7ZR(PRQD7HOHFRPV7UDLQHURVFLOORVFRSHOHDGV
$VVRUWHG(PRQD7HOHFRPV7UDLQHUSDWFKOHDGV
2QHVHWRIKHDGSKRQHVVWHUHR
([SHULPHQW²1RLVHLQ$0FRPPXQLFDWLRQV(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
3URFHGXUH
3DUW$²6HWWLQJXSWKH$0PRGXODWRU
7RH[SHULPHQWZLWKQRLVHLQ$0FRPPXQLFDWLRQV\RX·OOQHHGDQ$0VLJQDO3DUW$JHWV\RXWRVHW
RQHXS
*DWKHUDVHWRIWKHHTXLSPHQWOLVWHGRQWKHSUHYLRXVSDJH
6HWXSWKHVFRSHSHUWKHLQVWUXFWLRQVLQWKH$SSHQGL[
1RWH(QVXUHWKDWWKHVFRSH·V7ULJJHU6RXUFHFRQWUROLVVHWWRWKH&+RU,17
SRVLWLRQ
$GMXVWWKHIROORZLQJVFRSHFRQWUROVDVLQGLFDWHG
&KDQQHO,QSXW&RXSOLQJFRQWUROWRWKH'&SRVLWLRQ
&KDQQHO9HUWLFDO$WWHQXDWLRQWRWKH9GLYSRVLWLRQ
/RFDWHWKH$GGHUPRGXOHDQGWXUQLWV*DQGJFRQWUROVIXOO\DQWLFORFNZLVH
/RFDWHWKH9DULDEOH'&9PRGXOHDQGWXUQLWV'&9ROWDJHFRQWURODOPRVWIXOO\DQWL
FORFNZLVH
&RQQHFWWKHVHWXSVKRZQLQ)LJXUHEHORZ
+5 V
VDC DC
X
GND AC
VDC DC
Y
10 0kHz
SINE AC
10 0kHz G kXY
COS
SPEECH MULTIPLIER
10 0kHz A
DIGITAL
8 kHz
DIGITAL A EXOR
2 kHz X DC
DIGITAL
2 kHz g
SINE
B A+B B GA+gB Y DC kXY
)LJXUH
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²1RLVHLQ$0FRPPXQLFDWLRQV
8VHWKHVFRSH·V&KDQQHO9HUWLFDO3RVLWLRQFRQWUROWRPRYHWKHWUDFHVRWKDWLWOLQHVXS
ZLWKWKHKRUL]RQWDOOLQHLQWKHPLGGOHRIWKHVFRSH·VVFUHHQ
:KLOHZDWFKLQJWKH$GGHUPRGXOH·VRXWSXWRQWKHVFRSHWXUQLWVJFRQWUROXQWLOWKH'&
OHYHOLV9
:KLOHZDWFKLQJWKH$GGHUPRGXOH·VRXWSXWRQWKHVFRSHWXUQLWV*FRQWUROWRREWDLQD
9SSVLQHZDYH
7KHVHWXSLQ)LJXUHRQWKHSUHYLRXVSDJHFDQEHUHSUHVHQWHGE\WKHEORFNGLDJUDPLQ)LJXUH
EHORZ,WJHQHUDWHVDN+]FDUULHUWKDWLVDPSOLWXGHPRGXODWHGP RUE\D
N+]VLQHZDYHPHVVDJH
0HVVDJH
7R&+
$ ;
$0VLJQDO
N+] 7R&+
% <
N+]
FDUULHU
)LJXUH
$GMXVWWKHVFRSH·V7LPHEDVHFRQWUROWRYLHZWZRRUVRF\FOHVRIWKHPHVVDJH
6HWWKHVFRSH·V0RGHFRQWUROWRWKH'8$/SRVLWLRQWRYLHZWKH$0VLJQDORXWRIWKH
0XOWLSOLHUPRGXOHDVZHOODVWKHPHVVDJHVLJQDO
6HOIFKHFN,IWKHVFRSH·V9HUWLFDO$WWHQXDWLRQFRQWUROIRU&KDQQHOLVVHWWRWKH
9GLYSRVLWLRQWKHVFRSHVKRXOGQRZGLVSOD\DQ$0VLJQDOZLWKHQYHORSHVWKDWDUHWKH
VDPHVKDSHDQGVL]HDVWKHPHVVDJH
([SHULPHQW²1RLVHLQ$0FRPPXQLFDWLRQV(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJ
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²1RLVHLQ$0FRPPXQLFDWLRQV
3DUW%²6HWWLQJXSWKHQRLV\FKDQQHODQGHQYHORSHGHWHFWRU
3DUW%LQYROYHVVHWWLQJXSDQHQYHORSHGHWHFWRUDQGFRQQHFWLQJLWWRWKH$0PRGXODWRUYLDWKH
PRGHORIDEDQGZLGWKOLPLWHGFKDQQHODOOFKDQQHOVDUHEDQGZLGWKOLPLWHG1RLVHLVQRWDGGHG
WRWKHFKDQQHODWWKLVVWDJHEXWFDQEHUHDGLO\DGGHGODWHU
0RGLI\WKHVHWXSDVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHEHORZ
+5 V
VDC DC
X
GND AC
VDC DC
Y
1 00 kHz
SINE AC
1 00 kHz G kXY
COS
SPEECH MULTIPLIER
1 00 kHz A
DIGITAL
8kHz
DIGITAL A EXOR
2kHz X DC
DIGITAL
g
2kHz
SINE
B A+B B GA+gB Y DC kXY
0 dB
CHANNEL
-6dB BPF
-2 0dB
BASEBAND IN OUT
LPF
BUFFER RECTIFIER
ADDER
RC LPF
IN OUT SIGNAL CHANNEL
OUT
)LJXUH
([SHULPHQW²1RLVHLQ$0FRPPXQLFDWLRQV(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
7KHVHWXSLQ)LJXUHFDQEHUHSUHVHQWHGE\WKHEORFNGLDJUDPLQ)LJXUHEHORZ7KH$GGHU
DQG&KDQQHO%3)PRGXOHVDUHXVHGWRPRGHODEDQGZLGWKOLPLWHGFKDQQHOWKDWFDQDOVREHPDGH
QRLV\1RWH$OWKRXJKWKH$GGHUPRGXOH·V12,6(LQSXWLVOHIWXQFRQQHFWHGWKHLQSXWLVQ·W
IORDWLQJGXHWRWKH7HOHFRPV7UDLQHU·VKDUGZDUHGHVLJQ7KH'LRGHDQG5&/3)RQWKH
8WLOLWLHVPRGXOHLPSOHPHQWDQHQYHORSHGHWHFWRUZKLOHWKHDGGLWLRQDO5&/3)LVXVHGWRILOWHU
DQ\UHPDLQLQJFDUULHU
$0 6LJQDO 'HPRGXODWHG
'LRGH
VLJQDO 5&/3) $0VLJQDO
7R&+
1RLVH
)LJXUH
6HWWKHVFRSH·V&KDQQHO,QSXW&RXSOLQJFRQWUROWR$&
&RPSDUHWKHRULJLQDOPHVVDJHZLWKWKHGHPRGXODWHGPHVVDJH
1RWH7KH\VKRXOGEHWKHVDPHVKDSHDQGDERXWWKHVL]HWKRXJKWKHUHZLOOEHDSKDVH
VKLIW
7XUQWKH%XIIHUPRGXOH·V*DLQFRQWUROIXOO\DQWLFORFNZLVHWRUHGXFHLWWRPLQLPXP
:LWKRXWZHDULQJWKHKHDGSKRQHVSOXJWKHPLQWRWKH%XIIHUPRGXOH·VKHDGSKRQHVRFNHW
3XWWKHKHDGSKRQHVRQ
,QFUHDVHWKH%XIIHUPRGXOH·VJDLQXQWLO\RXFDQFRPIRUWDEO\KHDUWKHUHFRYHUHG
PHVVDJH
/LVWHQFORVHO\WRWKHVLJQDOWRVHHLI\RXFDQKHDUDQ\VRXQGRWKHUWKDQWKHN+]WRQH
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJ
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²1RLVHLQ$0FRPPXQLFDWLRQV
3DUW&²7KHHIIHFWVRIZKLWHQRLVHRQDQHQYHORSHGHWHFWRU
3DUW&OHWV\RXVHHDQGKHDUWKHHIIHFWVRIZKLWHQRLVHRQWKHRXWSXWRIDQHQYHORSHGHWHFWRU
<RX·OODOVRTXDQWLI\WKHQRLVHSUREOHPIRUODWHUFRPSDULVRQZLWKSURGXFWGHWHFWLRQRI$0
VLJQDOV
0RGLI\WKHVHWXSDVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHEHORZ
+5V
VDC DC
X
GND AC
VDC DC
Y
10 0kHz
SINE AC
10 0kHz G kXY
COS
SPEECH MULTIPLIER
10 0kHz A
DIGITAL
8 kHz
DIGITAL A EXOR
2 kHz X DC
DIGITAL
2 kHz g
SINE
B A+B B GA+gB Y DC kXY
0dB
CHANNEL
-6 dB BPF
-2 0dB
BASEBAND IN OUT
LPF
BUFFER RECTIFIER
ADDER
RC LPF
IN OUT SIGNAL CHANNEL
OUT
)LJXUH
([SHULPHQW²1RLVHLQ$0FRPPXQLFDWLRQV(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
7KHVHWXSLQ)LJXUHFDQEHUHSUHVHQWHGE\WKHEORFNGLDJUDPLQ)LJXUHEHORZ7KH1RLVH
*HQHUDWRUPRGXOHPRGHOVZKLWHQRLVHDWWKUHHOHYHOVG%G%DQGG%$V\RXFDQVHH
\RX·OOLQLWLDOO\VWDUWZLWKG%ZKLFKLVWKHORZHVWOHYHOQRLVHRXWSXW
$0 6LJQDO 'HPRGXODWHG$0
'LRGH
VLJQDO 5&/3) VLJQDOZLWKQRLVH
7R&+
1RLVH
1RLVH
*HQHUDWRU
1RLV\FKDQQHO (QYHORSHGHWHFWRU
)LJXUH
/RRNDWDQGOLVWHQWRWKHUHFRYHUHGPHVVDJHDQGQRWHWKHHIIHFWRQWKHVLJQDO·VVKDSH
DQGVRXQG
0RYHWKH$GGHUPRGXOH·V12,6(LQSXWIURPWKH1RLVH*HQHUDWRUPRGXOH·VG%RXWSXW
WRLWVG%RXWSXW
1RWHWKHHIIHFWRIWKHLQFUHDVHLQQRLVHRQWKHUHFRYHUHGPHVVDJH·VVKDSHDQGVRXQG
6ZLWFKWKH$GGHUPRGXOH·V12,6(LQSXWIURPWKH1RLVH*HQHUDWRUPRGXOH·VG%RXWSXW
WRLWVG%RXWSXWDQGUHSHDW6WHS
4XHVWLRQ
:KDWGRHVZKLWHQRLVHDGGHGWRDQ$0VLJQDOLQWKHFKDQQHOVRXQGOLNHDWWKHRXWSXWRI
WKHHQYHORSHGHWHFWRU"
+LVV
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²1RLVHLQ$0FRPPXQLFDWLRQV
4XHVWLRQ
:K\LVWKHN+]WRQHVWLOODXGLEOHZKHQG%DQGG%RILQWURGXFHGQRLVHFDXVHVWKH
VLJQDO·VVKDSHWREHVRGLVWRUWHG"
7KHVFRSHVKRZVVLJQDOVLQWKHWLPHGRPDLQDQGWKLVLVWKHVXPRIWKHLQVWDQWDQHRXV
YROWDJHVRIDOOWKHVLJQDOVSUHVHQW7KHILQDOVLJQDOPLJKWQRWORRNPXFKOLNHWKHN+]
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJ
7KHQH[WSDUWRIWKHH[SHULPHQWJHWV\RXWRTXDQWLI\WKHQRLVHSUREOHPDWWKHUHFHLYHU·V
RXWSXW
5HWXUQWKHQRLVHOHYHOWRG%
'LVFRQQHFWWKHSDWFKOHDGEHWZHHQWKH0DVWHU6LJQDOVPRGXOH·VN+]6,1(RXWSXWDQG
WKH$GGHUPRGXOH·V$LQSXW
1RWH7KLVUHPRYHVWKHPHVVDJHIURPWKHLQSXWWRWKHPRGXODWRUDQGWKHRXWSXWRIWKH
GHPRGXODWRU
6HWXSWKH7UXH506GLJLWDOPXOWLPHWHU'00IRUPHDVXULQJ$&YROWDJHV
1RWH,I\RX·UHQRWVXUHKRZWKLVLVGRQHFDOOWKHLQVWUXFWRUIRUDVVLVWDQFH
&RQQHFWWKH7UXH506'00EHWZHHQWKH5&/3)·VRXWSXWDQGWKHWUDLQHU·VJURXQG
0HDVXUHWKH506YROWDJHRIWKHQRLVHRQWKHGHPRGXODWRU·VRXWSXWDQGUHFRUGWKLVYDOXH
LQ7DEOHRQWKHQH[WSDJH
5HFRQQHFWWKHSDWFKOHDGEHWZHHQWKH0DVWHU6LJQDOVPRGXOH·VN+]6,1(RXWSXWDQG
WKH$GGHUPRGXOH·V$LQSXW
'HWHUPLQHWKH506YROWDJHRIWKHFRPELQHGVLJQDODQGQRLVHRQWKHGHPRGXODWRU·V
RXWSXWDQGUHFRUGWKLVYDOXHLQ7DEOHDOVR
([SHULPHQW²1RLVHLQ$0FRPPXQLFDWLRQV(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
&DOFXODWHDQGUHFRUGWKHVLJQDOWRQRLVHUDWLRXVLQJWKHHTXDWLRQ
6 +1
615 =
1
&RQYHUWWKH615ILJXUHWRGHFLEHOVDQGUHFRUGWKLVYDOXHWRR
5HSHDW6WHSVWRIRUWKHG%DQGG%QRLVHOHYHOV
7DEOH G% G% G%
1RLVHYROWDJH
DWRXWSXW
6LJQDOSOXV
QRLVHYROWDJH
615
615
LQGHFLEHOV
4XHVWLRQ
:KDWKDSSHQVWRWKHVLJQDOWRQRLVHUDWLRDVQRLVHLQFUHDVHVZKLOHWKHVLJQDOUHPDLQVWKH
VDPHOHYHO"
615JRHVGRZQ
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJ
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²1RLVHLQ$0FRPPXQLFDWLRQV
3DUW'²6HWWLQJXSWKHQRLV\FKDQQHODQGSURGXFWGHWHFWRU
3DUW'LQYROYHVVHWWLQJXSDSURGXFWGHWHFWRUDQGFRQQHFWLQJLWWRWKH$0PRGXODWRUYLDWKH
PRGHORIDEDQGZLGWKOLPLWHGFKDQQHO1RLVHLVQRWDGGHGWRWKHFKDQQHODWWKLVVWDJH
'LVPDQWOHWKHHQYHORSHGHWHFWRUWRUHWXUQWKHVHWXSWRWKH$0PRGXODWRUVKRZQLQ
)LJXUHEHORZ
+5V
VDC DC
X
GND AC
VDC DC
Y
1 00kHz
SINE AC
1 00kHz G kXY
COS
SPEECH MULTIPLIER
1 00kHz A
DIGITAL
8kHz
DIGITAL A EXOR
2kHz X DC
DIGITAL
2kHz g
SINE
B A+B B GA+gB Y DC kXY
)LJXUH
&KHFNWKDWWKHVFRSHVKRZVWKHRULJLQDOPHVVDJHDQGWKHPRGXODWHGFDUULHU
/RFDWHWKH7XQHDEOH/RZSDVV)LOWHUPRGXOHDQGVHWLWV*DLQFRQWUROWRDERXWWKHPLGGOH
RILWVWUDYHO
7XUQWKH7XQHDEOH/RZSDVV)LOWHUPRGXOH·V&XWRII)UHTXHQF\$GMXVWFRQWUROIXOO\
FORFNZLVHIRUDFXWRIIIUHTXHQF\RIN+]
0RGLI\WKHVHWXSDVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHRQWKHQH[WSDJH
([SHULPHQW²1RLVHLQ$0FRPPXQLFDWLRQV(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
+5 V
VDC DC
X
GND AC
VDC DC
Y
1 00 kHz
SINE AC
1 00 kHz G kXY
COS
SPEECH MULTIPLIER
1 00 kHz A
DIGITAL
8kHz
DIGITAL A EXOR
2kHz X DC
DIGITAL
g
2kHz
SINE
B A+B B GA+gB Y DC kXY
0dB
CHANNEL X DC f Cx10 0
-6dB BPF
-20 dB
BASEBAND Y DC kXY
LPF
BUFFER SERIAL TO
PARALLEL
fC
ADDER
S/ P
NOISE
GAIN
SERIAL X1
GAIN
IN OUT SIGNAL CHANNEL
OUT
CLK X2 IN OUT
)LJXUH
7KHDGGLWLRQVWRWKHVHWXSFDQEHUHSUHVHQWHGE\WKHEORFNGLDJUDPLQ)LJXUHRQWKHQH[W
SDJH7KH0XOWLSOLHUPRGXOHDQGWKH5&/3)LPSOHPHQWDSURGXFWGHWHFWRUZLWKDORFDOFDUULHU
WKDWLV´VWROHQµIURPWKH0DVWHU6LJQDOVPRGXOHVRWKDWLW·VLQSKDVHZLWKWKH$0VLJQDO·V
FDUULHUUHFDOOWKDWFDUULHUV\QFKURQLVDWLRQLVDQLPSRUWDQWLVVXHZLWKSURGXFWGHWHFWLRQ
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²1RLVHLQ$0FRPPXQLFDWLRQV
$0 6LJQDO ; 'HPRGXODWHG
VLJQDO $0VLJQDO
7R&+
1RLVH <
N+]VWROHQ
ORFDOFDUULHU
0DVWHU
VLJQDOV
)LJXUH
&RPSDUHWKHRULJLQDOPHVVDJHZLWKWKHGHPRGXODWHGPHVVDJH
1RWH7KH\VKRXOGEHWKHVDPHVKDSHDQGDERXWWKHVL]HWKRXJKWKHUHZLOOEHDSKDVH
VKLIW
/LVWHQWRWKHUHFRYHUHGPHVVDJHWRFKHFNWKDW\RXFDQKHDUDFOHDUN+]WRQH
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJ
([SHULPHQW²1RLVHLQ$0FRPPXQLFDWLRQV(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
3DUW(²7KHHIIHFWVRIZKLWHQRLVHRQDSURGXFWGHWHFWRU
3DUW(OHWV\RXVHHDQGKHDUWKHHIIHFWVRIZKLWHQRLVHRQWKHRXWSXWRIDSURGXFWGHWHFWRU
<RX·OODOVRTXDQWLI\WKHQRLVHSUREOHPIRUFRPSDULVRQZLWKHQYHORSHGHWHFWLRQRIQRLV\$0
VLJQDOV
0RGLI\WKHVHWXSDVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHEHORZ
+5 V
VDC DC
X
GND AC
VDC DC
Y
10 0kHz
SINE AC
10 0kHz G kXY
COS
SPEECH MULTIPLIER
10 0kHz A
DIGITAL
8kHz
DIGITAL A EXOR
2kHz X DC
DIGITAL
2kHz g
SINE
B A+ B B GA+gB Y DC kXY
0 dB
CHANNEL X DC
-6dB BPF
-2 0dB
BASEBAND Y DC kXY IN OUT
LPF
BUFFER SERIAL TO RECTIFIER
PARALLEL
ADDER
S/ P
SERIAL X1
RC LPF
IN OUT SIGNAL CHANNEL
OUT
CLK X2
)LJXUH
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²1RLVHLQ$0FRPPXQLFDWLRQV
7KHVHWXSLQ)LJXUHFDQEHUHSUHVHQWHGE\WKHEORFNGLDJUDPLQ)LJXUHEHORZ7KH1RLVH
*HQHUDWRULVDGGHGWRLQWURGXFHZKLWHQRLVHWRWKHFKDQQHO
$0 6LJQDO ; 'HPRGXODWHG
VLJQDO $0VLJQDO
7R&+
1RLVH <
N+]VWROHQ
ORFDOFDUULHU
1RLVH
*HQHUDWRU
1RLV\FKDQQHO 3URGXFWGHWHFWRU
)LJXUH
/RRNDWDQGOLVWHQWRWKHUHFRYHUHGPHVVDJHDQGQRWHWKHHIIHFWRQWKHVLJQDO·VVKDSH
DQGVRXQG
6ZLWFKWKH$GGHUPRGXOH·V12,6(LQSXWIURPWKH1RLVH*HQHUDWRUPRGXOH·VG%
RXWSXWWRLWVG%RXWSXW
1RWHWKHHIIHFWRIWKHLQFUHDVHLQQRLVHRQWKHUHFRYHUHGPHVVDJH·VVKDSHDQGVRXQG
6ZLWFKWKH$GGHUPRGXOH·V12,6(LQSXWIURPWKH1RLVH*HQHUDWRUPRGXOH·VG%RXWSXW
WRLWVG%RXWSXWDQGUHSHDW6WHS
4XHVWLRQ
,VWKHUHDGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQWKHHQYHORSHDQGSURGXFWGHWHFWRUVLQWHUPVRIWKHVL]H
RIWKHQRLVHUHODWLYHWRWKHPHVVDJHIRUWKHWKUHHQRLVHOHYHOV"
7KHUHLVQ·WEXWLW·VRNLIWKHVWXGHQWDQVZHUV´<HVµ
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJ
([SHULPHQW²1RLVHLQ$0FRPPXQLFDWLRQV(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
7KHQH[WSDUWRIWKHH[SHULPHQWJHWV\RXWRYHULI\\RXUDQVZHUWR4XHVWLRQTXDQWLWDWLYHO\
5HWXUQWKHQRLVHOHYHOWRG%
'LVFRQQHFWWKHSDWFKOHDGEHWZHHQWKH0DVWHU6LJQDOVPRGXOH·VN+]6,1(RXWSXWDQG
WKH$GGHUPRGXOH·V$LQSXW
1RWH7KLVUHPRYHVWKHPHVVDJHIURPWKHLQSXWWRWKHPRGXODWRUDQGWKHRXWSXWRIWKH
GHPRGXODWRU
&RQQHFWWKH7UXH506'00EHWZHHQWKH7XQHDEOH/RZSDVV)LOWHUPRGXOH·VRXWSXWDQG
WKHWUDLQHU·VJURXQG
0HDVXUHWKH506YROWDJHRIWKHQRLVHRQWKHGHPRGXODWRU·VRXWSXWDQGUHFRUGWKLVYDOXH
LQ7DEOHEHORZ
5HFRQQHFWWKHSDWFKOHDGEHWZHHQWKH0DVWHU6LJQDOVPRGXOH·VN+]6,1(RXWSXWDQG
WKH$GGHUPRGXOH·V$LQSXW
'HWHUPLQHWKH506YROWDJHRIWKHFRPELQHGVLJQDODQGQRLVHRQWKHGHPRGXODWRU·V
RXWSXWDQGUHFRUGWKLVYDOXHLQ7DEOHDOVR
&DOFXODWHDQGUHFRUGWKHVLJQDOWRQRLVHUDWLRXVLQJWKHHTXDWLRQ
6 +1
615 =
1
&RQYHUWWKH615ILJXUHWRGHFLEHOVDQGUHFRUGWKLVYDOXHWRR
5HSHDW6WHSVWRIRUWKHG%DQGG%QRLVHOHYHOV
7DEOH G% G% G%
1RLVHYROWDJH
DWRXWSXW
6LJQDOSOXV
QRLVHYROWDJH
615
615
LQGHFLEHOV
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²1RLVHLQ$0FRPPXQLFDWLRQV
4XHVWLRQ
&RPSDUHWKHUHVXOWVLQ7DEOHVDQG,VWKHUHDVLJQLILFDQWGLIIHUHQFHLQWKHQRLVH
SHUIRUPDQFHRIWKHHQYHORSHDQGSURGXFWGHWHFWRUVEDVHGRQWKHVHQXPEHUV"7LS$Q
DXGLEOHGLIIHUHQFHLVRQHWKDWLVG%
1R
4XHVWLRQ
([SODLQLQWHUPVRIWKHLUPDWKHPDWLFDOLPSOHPHQWDWLRQZK\WKHQRLVHSHUIRUPDQFHRIWKH
WZRGHWHFWLRQPHWKRGVVKRXOGEHVLPLODU
7KHPDWKLQYROYHGLVYHU\VLPLODU('PXOWLSOLHV$0VLJQDO·VVLGHEDQGVDQGQRLVHZLWKWKH
WKHWUDQVPLVVLRQFDUULHUZKLOH3'PXOWLSOLHVWKHPZLWKDORFDOO\JHQHUDWHGFDUULHU
7KHUHIRUHWKHVSHFWUDOFRPSRVLWLRQRQWKHGHWHFWRUV·RXWSXWVVKRXOGEHYHU\VLPLODU
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHILQLVKLQJ
([SHULPHQW²1RLVHLQ$0FRPPXQLFDWLRQV(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²1RLVHLQ$0FRPPXQLFDWLRQV
1DPH
&ODVV
3&0DQGWLPHGLYLVLRQPXOWLSOH[LQJ7'0
([SHULPHQW²3&0DQGWLPHGLYLVLRQPXOWLSOH[LQJ7'0
3UHOLPLQDU\GLVFXVVLRQ
:KHQ\RXWKLQNDERXWLWWKHUHLVDORWRIHOHFWURQLFFRPPXQLFDWLRQWDNLQJSODFHZLUHOHVVO\7R
VWDUWZLWKWKHUHDUHDOOWKHUDGLRVWDWLRQVERWK$0DQG)0DQGWHOHYLVLRQVVWDWLRQVWKDWZH
OLVWHQWRDQGZDWFK7KHQWKHUHDUHWKHWZRZD\UDGLRV\VWHPVIRUWD[LVFRXULHUVDQGWKH
HPHUJHQF\VHUYLFHV7KHUHDUHDOVRQDXWLFDODQGDHURQDXWLFDOFRPPXQLFDWLRQVFRUGOHVVSKRQHVFHOO
SKRQHV%OXHWRRWKGHYLFHVZLUHOHVVQHWZRUNVDPDWHXUUDGLR²WKHOLVWJRHVRQDQGRQ,PSRUWDQWO\
WKHVHFRPPXQLFDWLRQVFDQDOOWDNHSODFHVLPXOWDQHRXVO\EHFDXVHWKH\VKDUHWKHFKDQQHOWKH
´DLUZDYHVµE\GLYLGLQJXSLWVVSHFWUXP
7KLVLVIUHTXHQF\GLYLVLRQPXOWLSOH[LQJ)'0DQGLQYROYHVDOORFDWLQJHDFKXVHUDFDUULHUIUHTXHQF\
XVXDOO\H[FOXVLYHXVHRIDFDUULHUEXWWKHUHDUHH[FHSWLRQVDQGDSRUWLRQRIWKHUDGLRIUHTXHQF\
VSHFWUXPRQHLWKHUVLGHRILW7KHXVHUWKHQVXSHULPSRVHVWKHLUPHVVDJHRQWKHFDUULHUXVLQJWKH
DSSURSULDWHPRGXODWLRQVFKHPH$0)0HWFFUHDWLQJDVLJQDOWKDWRFFXSLHVWKHLUDOORWWHGSRUWLRQ
RIWKHVSHFWUXP3URYLGHGXVHUVVWLFNWRWKHLUDOORFDWHGFDUULHUIUHTXHQF\DQGEDQGZLGWKWKLV
PHWKRGRIVKDULQJWKHFKDQQHOZRUNVZHOO
7LPHGLYLVLRQPXOWLSOH[LQJ7'0LVDQRWKHUPHWKRGRIVKDULQJWKHFKDQQHOWKDWLVSDUWLFXODUO\
VXLWHGWRGLJLWDOFRPPXQLFDWLRQV$VLWVQDPHLPSOLHV7'0LQYROYHVJLYLQJPXOWLSOHXVHUVH[FOXVLYH
DFFHVVWRWKHHQWLUHFKDQQHORUWRDFDUULHUIUHTXHQF\LI7'0LVXVHGLQFRQMXQFWLRQZLWK)'0
RQO\EULHIO\EXWRYHUDQGRYHU,PSRUWDQWO\SURYLGHGWKHGXUDWLRQRIDFFHVVLVH[WUHPHO\VKRUW
PXFKOHVVWKDQDVHFRQGDQGWKHUDWHRIWKHDFFHVVLVIDVWWKHXVHUVDSSHDUWRKDYH
VLPXOWDQHRXVDQGFRQWLQXRXVDFFHVVWRWKHFKDQQHORUFDUULHU
7'0RU7'0$IRUWLPHGLYLVLRQPXOWLSOHDFFHVVKDVEHHQXVHGH[WHQVLYHO\LQWHOHFRPPXQLFDWLRQV
ZLWK3&0GLJLWDOGDWD6ROHW·VFRQVLGHUWKHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRI7'0LQPRUHGHWDLOXVLQJ3&0
5HFDOOWKDW3&0VDPSOHVDQDORJVLJQDOVFRQYHUWLQJWKHPWRSURSRUWLRQDOELQDU\QXPEHUV7KHELQDU\
QXPEHUVDUHWKHQWUDQVPLWWHGVHULDOO\LQIUDPHVXVXDOO\FRQWDLQLQJDQDGGLWLRQDOELWRUELWVIRU
IUDPHV\QFKURQLVDWLRQE\WKH3&0GHFRGHU7KH3&0HQFRGHU·VFORFNDQGWKHIUDPHVL]H
GHWHUPLQHWKHVDPSOHUDWH)RUH[DPSOHDN+]FORFNDQGDQELWIUDPHJLYHDVDPSOHUDWHRI
N6VN¸ N,QWXUQWKH1\TXLVWVDPSOHUDWHGHWHUPLQHVWKHPD[LPXPPHVVDJH
IUHTXHQF\WKDWFDQEHUHFRYHUHGDWWKHUHFHLYHUZLWKRXWDOLDVLQJ$N6VVDPSOHUDWHZLOO
DOORZDWKHRUHWLFDOO\PD[LPXPPHVVDJHIUHTXHQF\RIN+]
1RZVXSSRVHWKH3&0GHFRGHURQO\UHDGVDQGGHFRGHVWKHFRQWHQWVRIHYHU\DOWHUQDWHIUDPHLQ
WKHVHULDOGDWD7KHHIIHFWRIWKLVLVWKHVDPHDVKDOYLQJWKHVDPSOHUDWH6RWKHPD[LPXP
PHVVDJHIUHTXHQF\ZRXOGDOVREHKDOYHGWRN+]XVLQJRXUH[DPSOH>$VDQDVLGHWKLVLVWUXH
IRUWKHRWKHUGLJLWDOGDWDVFKHPHVDVZHOOQRWMXVW3&0@7KHEHQHILWRIUHDGLQJRQO\HYHU\
VHFRQGIUDPHKRZHYHULVWKHXQUHDGIUDPHVDUHIUHHWREHILOOHGZLWKWKH3&0GDWDIRUDVHFRQG
PHVVDJHKDYLQJDPD[LPXPIUHTXHQF\HTXDOWRWKHILUVW2IFRXUVHIRU7'0WRZRUNZLWK3&0
VLJQDOVWKH3&0GHFRGHUPXVWEHGHVLJQHGWRUHDGWKHDOWHUQDWHIUDPHVDVVHSDUDWHVHWVRIGDWD
8VHIXOO\WKH(PRQD7HOHFRPV7UDLQHU3&0(QFRGHUDQG3&0'HFRGHUPRGXOHVFDQRSHUDWHDV
DVLQJOHFKDQQHO3&0V\VWHPSHUWKHH[SHULPHQWV\RXKDYHXQGHUWDNHQHDUOLHURUDVDGXDO
FKDQQHO3&07'0V\VWHP6RZHFDQXVHWKHVHPRGXOHVWRPRGHO7'0$LQWHOHFRPPXQLFDWLRQV
V\VWHPV
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²3&0DQG7'0
7KHH[SHULPHQW
)RUWKLVH[SHULPHQW\RX·OOXVHWKH(PRQD7HOHFRPV7UDLQHUWRVHWXSDVLQJOHFKDQQHO3&0
FRPPXQLFDWLRQVV\VWHP$IWHUZKLFK\RX·OODFWLYDWHWKH3&0(QFRGHUDQG'HFRGHUPRGXOHV·7'0
PRGHWRWUDQVPLWWZRVHWVRI3&0GDWDEHWZHHQWKHPRGXOHVRQHIRUDVLJQDODQGRQHIRU9
<RX·OOWKHQPRGLI\WKHVHWXSWRWUDQVPLWDQGUHFRQVWUXFWWZRVLJQDOVWRPRGHODGXDOFKDQQHO
7'0$WHOHFRPPXQLFDWLRQV\VWHP,IDVXLWDEOHVSHFWUXPDQDO\VHULVDYDLODEOH\RX·OODOVR
LQYHVWLJDWHVDPSOHUDWHDQGLWVHIIHFWVRQWKHV\VWHPLQWHUPVRIDOLDVLQJ
,WVKRXOGWDNH\RXDERXWPLQXWHVWRFRPSOHWHWKLVH[SHULPHQW,WVKRXOGWDNHDQDGGLWLRQDO
PLQXWHVWRFRPSOHWHWKH6XSSOHPHQWLIDVSHFWUXPDQDO\VHUZLWKDQDSSURSULDWHEDQGZLGWKLV
DYDLODEOH
3UHUHTXLVLWHV
([SHULPHQW9RO6HWWLQJXSDQRVFLOORVFRSH
([SHULPHQW9RO$QLQWURGXFWLRQWRWKH7HOHFRPV7UDLQHU
([SHULPHQW9RO0RGHOOLQJHTXDWLRQV
([SHULPHQW9RO6DPSOLQJDQGUHFRQVWUXFWLRQ
([SHULPHQW9RO3&0HQFRGLQJ
([SHULPHQW9RO3&0GHFRGLQJ
(TXLSPHQW
(PRQD7HOHFRPV7UDLQHUSOXVSRZHUSDFN
'XDO&KDQQHO0+]RVFLOORVFRSH
7ZR(PRQD7HOHFRPV7UDLQHURVFLOORVFRSHOHDGV
$VVRUWHG(PRQD7HOHFRPV7UDLQHUSDWFKOHDGV
2QHVHWRIKHDGSKRQHVVWHUHR
6XSSOHPHQW
6SHFWUXPDQDO\VHUVXFKDVWKH3LFR6FRSH
$QDGGLWLRQDORVFLOORVFRSHOHDG
([SHULPHQW²3&0DQG7'0(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
3URFHGXUH
3DUW$²6HWWLQJXSWKH3&0HQFRGLQJGHFRGLQJVFKHPH
%HIRUHH[SHULPHQWLQJZLWKWLPHGLYLVLRQPXOWLSOH[LQJ7'0XVLQJD3&0V\VWHP\RXZLOOILUVWVHW
XSDVLQJOHFKDQQHO3&0HQFRGLQJGHFRGLQJV\VWHP
*DWKHUDVHWRIWKHHTXLSPHQWOLVWHGRQWKHSUHYLRXVSDJH
/RFDWHWKH9&2PRGXOHDQGWXUQLWV*DLQFRQWUROIXOO\DQWLFORFNZLVH
7XUQWKH9&2PRGXOH·V)UHTXHQF\$GMXVWFRQWUROIXOO\DQWLFORFNZLVH
6HWWKH9&2PRGXOH·V5DQJHFRQWUROWRWKH/2SRVLWLRQ
&RQQHFWWKHVHWXSVKRZQLQ)LJXUHEHORZ
VCO
DIGITAL
GAIN
FREQ
HI
LO
VCO SINE
INPUT
)LJXUH
6HWXSWKHVFRSHSHUWKHLQVWUXFWLRQVLQWKH$SSHQGL[
1RWH(QVXUHWKDWWKHVFRSH·V7ULJJHU6RXUFHFRQWUROLVVHWWRWKH&+RU,17
SRVLWLRQ
6HWWKHVFRSH·V7LPHEDVHFRQWUROWRWKHVGLYSRVLWLRQ
$GMXVWWKH9&2PRGXOH·V)UHTXHQF\$GMXVWFRQWUROWRREWDLQDN+]VLQHZDYH
7LS&DOFXODWHWKHSHULRGRIN+]DQGXVHWKHVFRSHWRKHOSVHWWKHSHULRGRIWKH9&2
PRGXOH·VRXWSXWWRWKHVDPHYDOXH
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²3&0DQG7'0
/RFDWHWKH7XQHDEOH/RZSDVV)LOWHUPRGXOHDQGVHWLWV*DLQFRQWUROWRDERXWWKHPLGGOH
RILWVWUDYHO
$GMXVWWKH7XQHDEOH/RZSDVV)LOWHUPRGXOH·V&XWRII)UHTXHQF\$GMXVWFRQWUROIRUWKH
KLJKHVWFXWRIIIUHTXHQF\
1RWH2QFHGRQHWKH7XQHDEOH/RZSDVV)LOWHU·VPD[LPXPFXWRIIIUHTXHQF\LVN+]
6HWWKH3&0(QFRGHUPRGXOH·V0RGHVZLWFKWRWKH3&0SRVLWLRQ
&RQQHFWWKHVHWXSVKRZQLQ)LJXUHEHORZ
VCO MASTER PCM PCM TUNEABLE
SIGNALS ENCODER DECODER LPF
DIGITAL
PCM f Cx10 0
TDM
GAIN TDM
100 kHz
SINE
100 kHz INPUT 2 FS FS
FREQ COS fC
100 kHz
DIGITAL
HI INPUT 1 PCM OUTPUT2
8kHz
DIGITAL DATA
LO
2kHz
DIGITAL GAIN
VCO SINE 2kHz CLK PCM CLK OUTPUT
INPUT SINE DATA
IN OUT
)LJXUH
7KLVVHWXSFDQEHUHSUHVHQWHGE\WKHEORFNGLDJUDPLQ)LJXUHRQWKHQH[WSDJH7KH9&2
PRGXOHLVXVHGWRSURGXFHDN+]VLQHZDYHPHVVDJHVLJQDOIRUWKH3&0(QFRGHUPRGXOH7KH3&0
(QFRGHUPRGXOHFRQYHUWVWKHPHVVDJHWRD3&0GLJLWDOVLJQDO7KH3&0'HFRGHUPRGXOHUHWXUQV
WKHGLJLWDOVLJQDOWRDVDPSOHGYHUVLRQRIWKHRULJLQDOVLJQDO7KH7XQHDEOH/RZSDVV)LOWHUPRGXOH
LVDUHFRQVWUXFWLRQILOWHUDOVRNQRZQDVDQDQWLDOLDVILOWHUWRUHFRYHUWKHPHVVDJHRQWKH
GHFRGHU·VRXWSXW
([SHULPHQW²3&0DQG7'0(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
0HVVDJH
7R&+
9&2 7XQHDEOH
PRGXOH )6 /RZSDVV)LOWHU
N+]
0DVWHU
6LJQDOV
$OLDVHVRULPDJHV
4XHVWLRQ
+RZFDQWKHGLVWRUWLRQEHUHPRYHG"
5HGXFHWKHUHFRQVWUXFWLRQILOWHU·VFXWRIIIUHTXHQF\WRUHMHFWWKHDOLDVHVLPDJHV
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²3&0DQG7'0
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJ
7RYHULI\\RXUDQVZHUWR4XHVWLRQ«
6ORZO\UHGXFHWKHUHFRQVWUXFWLRQILOWHU·VFXWRIIIUHTXHQF\XQWLOLWVRXWSXWLVQRORQJHU
GLVWRUWHG
1RWH6WRSWKLVDGMXVWPHQWWKHPRPHQW\RXREWDLQDFOHDQFRS\RIWKHPHVVDJHLJQRULQJ
SKDVHVKLIW
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJ
([SHULPHQW²3&0DQG7'0(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
3DUW%²7LPHGLYLVLRQPXOWLSOH[LQJDQGVDPSOHUDWH
$VPHQWLRQHGLQWKHSUHOLPLQDU\GLVFXVVLRQWLPHGLYLVLRQPXOWLSOH[LQJ7'0QHFHVVDULO\LQYROYHVD
UHGXFWLRQLQWKH3&0V\VWHP·VVDPSOHUDWH6SHFLILFDOO\DGXDOFKDQQHO7'0V\VWHPKDVKDOIWKH
VDPSOHUDWHRIDVLQJOHFKDQQHOV\VWHPIRUDJLYHQFORFNIUHTXHQF\DQGIUDPHVL]H3DUW%OHWV
\RXREVHUYHWKHHIIHFWRIVZLWFKLQJWKHFXUUHQWVHWXSIURPDVLQJOHFKDQQHO3&0V\VWHPWRD
GXDOFKDQQHO3&07'0V\VWHP
6HWWKH3&0(QFRGHUPRGXOH·V0RGHVZLWFKWRWKH7'0SRVLWLRQ
1RWH7KLVWXUQVWKH3&0(QFRGHU'HFRGHULQWRDGXDOFKDQQHO3&07'0V\VWHP
WKRXJKWKHUHLVQRPHVVDJHLQSXWIRUWKHVHFRQGFKDQQHOEXWWKDWGRHVQ·WPDWWHUDWWKLV
VWDJH
1RWH1RZRQO\HYHU\VHFRQGIUDPHRIGDWDRQWKH3&0'HFRGHUPRGXOH·VRXWSXWLV
XVHGIRUWKHPHVVDJHFRQQHFWHGWRWKH3&0(QFRGHUPRGXOH·V,1387WKHN+]
VLQHZDYH7KHRWKHUIUDPHVDUHXVHGIRUWKH3&0GDWDJHQHUDWHGE\WKHVLJQDORQWKH
3&0(QFRGHUPRGXOH·V,1387:LWKQRVLJQDOFRQQHFWHGWRWKLVLQSXWWKH3&0
(QFRGHUZLOOWUDQVPLWWKH3&0GDWDIRU9
1RWH2QFHGRQH\RXVKRXOGVHHWKDWWKHUHFRQVWUXFWHGPHVVDJHLVGLVWRUWHGDJDLQ
4XHVWLRQ
:K\KDVWKLVGLVWRUWLRQUHWXUQHGZKHQ\RXKDYHDGMXVWHGWKHUHFRQVWUXFWLRQILOWHU·V
FXWRIIIUHTXHQF\WRUHPRYHWKHDOLDVHVWKDWZHUHSUHVHQW"7LS7KLQNRIWKHPDWK
LQYROYHGLQVDPSOLQJ
:KHQWKH7'0PRGHLVDFWLYDWHGWKHVDPSOLQJUDWHKDOYHV,PSRUWDQWO\WKLVPHDQV
WKDWWKHIUHTXHQFLHVRIWKHDOLDVHVJRGRZQWRRDQGWKH\QRZIDOOLQVLGHWKHILOWHU·V
SDVVEDQG
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJ
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²3&0DQG7'0
$GMXVWWKHUHFRQVWUXFWLRQILOWHU·VFXWRIIIUHTXHQF\WRVHHZKHWKHU\RXFDQUHPRYHWKH
GLVWRUWLRQIURPWKHUHFRQVWUXFWHGPHVVDJH
1RWH<RX·OOSUREDEO\ILQGWKDW\RXFDQ·W
4XHVWLRQ
:K\FDQ·W\RXUHPRYHWKHGLVWRUWLRQ"
2QHRIWKHDOLDVHVLVWRRFORVHWRPHVVDJHIUHTXHQF\DQGVRLWFDQ·WEHUHPRYHGE\
WKHUHFRQVWUXFWLRQILOWHUZLWKRXWUHPRYLQJWKHFRS\RIWKHPHVVDJHDOVR
4XHVWLRQ
:KDWLVWKHQDPHIRUWKHGLVWRUWLRQQRZ"
$OLDVLQJ
4XHVWLRQ
,IWKHDOLDVLVWRRFORVHWRWKHPHVVDJHIUHTXHQF\LWLVLPSRVVLEOHIRUDQ\ILOWHUWR
UHPRYHLW7KDWEHLQJWKHFDVHZKDWFKDQJHPXVWEHPDGHWRWKH3&0V\VWHPWRSUHYHQW
WKLVGLVWRUWLRQ"
WKDQKDOIWKHV\VWHP·VVDPSOHUDWH
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJ
*RWRWKH6XSSOHPHQWRQSDJHZLWK\RXULQVWUXFWRU·VSHUPLVVLRQ2WKHUZLVH
FRQWLQXHRQIURP3DUW&
([SHULPHQW²3&0DQG7'0(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
3DUW&²,PSOHPHQWLQJWKHIXOOGXDOFKDQQHO3&07'0V\VWHP
$WWKHPRPHQW\RXUVHWXSLVDGXDOFKDQQHO3&07'0V\VWHPEXWZLWKDQDQDORJVLJQDO
FRQQHFWHGWRRQO\RQHRIWKHLQSXWV3DUW&JHWV\RXFRQQHFWDQDORJVLJQDOVWRERWKRIWKH3&0
(QFRGHUPRGXOH·VLQSXWVWRFRPSOHWHWKH3&07'0V\VWHP
5HWXUQWKHUHFRQVWUXFWLRQILOWHU·VFXWRIIIUHTXHQF\WRPD[LPXP
6HWWKH9&2PRGXOH·VRXWSXWIUHTXHQF\WRN+]
6ORZO\UHGXFHWKHUHFRQVWUXFWLRQILOWHU·VFXWRIIIUHTXHQF\XQWLO\RXREWDLQDQ
XQGLVWRUWHGFRS\RIWKHPHVVDJH
1RWH7KLVVHWVWKHUHFRQVWUXFWLRQILOWHU·VFXWRIIIUHTXHQF\IRUDOOPHVVDJHVXSWR
N+]
6HWWKH9&2PRGXOH·VRXWSXWIUHTXHQF\WRN+]
0RGLI\WKHVHWXSDVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHEHORZ
DIGITAL
PCM f Cx10 0
TDM
GAIN TDM
10 0kHz
SINE
10 0kHz INPUT 2 FS FS
FREQ fC
COS
10 0kHz
DIGITAL
HI INPUT 1 PCM OUTPUT2
8 kHz
DIGITAL DATA
LO
2 kHz
DIGITAL GAIN
VCO SINE 2 kHz CLK PCM CLK OUTPUT
INPUT SINE DATA
IN OUT
)LJXUH
7KHVHDGGLWLRQVWRWKHVHWXSFDQEHUHSUHVHQWHGE\WKHEORFNGLDJUDPLQ)LJXUHRQWKHQH[W
SDJH$N+]VLQHZDYHIURPWKH9&2PRGXOHLVFRQQHFWHGWRWKH3&0(QFRGHUPRGXOH·V,1387
DQGDN+]VLQHZDYHIURPWKH0DVWHU6LJQDOVPRGXOHLVFRQQHFWHGWRLWV,13877KH3&07'0
V\VWHPQRZHQFRGHVWUDQVPLWVDQGGHFRGHVWZRDQDORJVLJQDOVLQVWHDGRIMXVWRQH
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²3&0DQG7'0
)6
N+]
,1 23 5HFRYHUHG
3&07'0GDWD
,1 PHVVDJH
N+] 3&0 7R&+
&/. '$7$ &/.
N+]
0DVWHU
6LJQDOV 0HVVDJH
7R&+
DIGITAL
0dB
PCM f Cx10 0
TDM -6 dB
GAIN TDM -2 0 dB
1 0 0kHz
SINE
BUFFER
1 0 0kHz INPUT 2 FS FS
FREQ COS fC
1 0 0kHz
DIGITAL
HI INPUT 1 PCM OUTPUT2
8 kHz GAIN
DIGITAL DATA
LO
2 kHz
DIGITAL GAIN
VCO SINE 2 kHz CLK PCM CLK OUTPUT IN OUT
INPUT SINE DATA
IN OUT
)LJXUH
([SHULPHQW²3&0DQG7'0(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
7XUQWKH%XIIHUPRGXOH·V*DLQFRQWUROIXOO\DQWLFORFNZLVHWRUHGXFHLWWRPLQLPXP
:LWKRXWZHDULQJWKHKHDGSKRQHVSOXJWKHPLQWRWKH%XIIHUPRGXOH·VKHDGSKRQHVRFNHW
3XWWKHKHDGSKRQHVRQ
,QFUHDVHWKH%XIIHUPRGXOH·VJDLQXQWLO\RXFDQFRPIRUWDEO\KHDUWKHUHFRQVWUXFWHG
YHUVLRQRIPHVVDJH
/RFDWHWKHSDWFKOHDGFRQQHFWHGWRWKHUHFRQVWUXFWLRQILOWHU·VLQSXWDQGVZDSLWVRWKHU
HQGIURPWKH3&0'HFRGHUPRGXOH·V287387WRLWV287387
1RWH<RX·OOQRZEHOLVWHQLQJWRWKHUHFRQVWUXFWHGYHUVLRQRIPHVVDJHDQGLWVKRXOG
VRXQGOLNHDORZHUIUHTXHQF\
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJ
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²3&0DQG7'0
3&0HQFRGLQJDQGGHFRGLQJKDVEHHQXVHGH[WHQVLYHO\LQWHOHFRPPXQLFDWLRQV$QGQDWXUDOO\RQHRI
WKHSULPDU\IXQFWLRQVRIWHOHFRPPXQLFDWLRQVLVWRDOORZSHRSOHWRWDONWRHDFKRWKHU/HW·VVHHKRZ
\RXU3&07'0V\VWHPSHUIRUPVZKHQRQHRIWKHPHVVDJHVLJQDOVLVVSHHFK
0RGLI\WKHVHWXSDVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHEHORZ
MASTER PCM PCM TUNEABLE NOISE
SIGNALS ENCODER DECODER LPF GENERATOR
0 dB
PCM f Cx10 0
TDM -6 dB
TDM -2 0dB
100 kHz
SINE
BUFFER
100 kHz INPUT 2 FS FS
COS fC
100 kHz
DIGITAL
8kHz INPUT 1 PCM OUTPUT2
DATA GAIN
DIGITAL
2kHz
DIGITAL GAIN
2kHz CLK PCM CLK OUTPUT IN OUT
SINE DATA
IN OUT
VARIABLE CHANNEL
DCV MODULE
+5 V
VDC
CHANNEL
GND BPF
VDC
BASEBAND
LPF
SPEECH ADDER
NOISE
A EXOR
SIGNAL CHANNEL
OUT
B A+B
)LJXUH
7KLVVHWXSFDQEHUHSUHVHQWHGE\WKHEORFNGLDJUDPLQ)LJXUHRQWKHQH[WSDJH7KHN+]
VLQHZDYHIURPWKH9&2PRGXOHKDVEHHQUHPRYHGDQGUHSODFHGE\WKHRXWSXWRIWKHVSHHFK
PRGXOH1RWLFHWKDWWKHVSHHFKVLJQDOLVEDQGOLPLWHGWRN+]XVLQJWKH%DVHEDQG/3)PRGXOH
7KLVSUHYHQWVWKHKLJKHUIUHTXHQF\FRPSRQHQWVRIWKHVSHHFKVLJQDOIURPSURGXFLQJDOLDVHVLQVLGH
WKHUHFRQVWUXFWLRQILOWHU·VSDVVEDQG
([SHULPHQW²3&0DQG7'0(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
0HVVDJH
7R&+
6SHHFK %DVHEDQG
PRGXOH /3)
)6
N+]
7KHELWFORFNIUHTXHQF\ZRXOGKDYHWREHLQFUHDVHGWRN+]
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHILQLVKLQJ
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²3&0DQG7'0
6XSSOHPHQW²7LPHGLYLVLRQPXOWLSOH[LQJDQGVDPSOHUDWH
7KLVSDUWRIWKHH[SHULPHQWOHWV\RXLQYHVWLJDWHWLPHGLYLVLRQPXOWLSOH[LQJDQGVDPSOHUDWHLQWKH
IUHTXHQF\GRPDLQ,WFDQEHXQGHUWDNHQEHWZHHQ3DUWV%DQG&E\VWXGHQWVZLWKDFFHVVWRD
VSHFWUXPDQDO\VHUZLWKDQDSSURSULDWHEDQGZLGWK
5HWXUQWKHUHFRQVWUXFWLRQILOWHU·VFXWRIIIUHTXHQF\WRPD[LPXP
5HWXUQWKH3&0(QFRGHUPRGXOH·V0RGHVZLWFKWRWKH3&0SRVLWLRQ
4XHVWLRQ
7KH3&0(QFRGHU'HFRGHUV\VWHP·VFORFNLVN+]DQGLWVIUDPHVL]HLVHLJKWELWV7KLV
JLYHVXVDVDPSOHUDWHRIN6V8VHWKLVLQIRUPDWLRQWRFDOFXODWHWKHIUHTXHQFLHVRI
WKHILUVWWZRDOLDVHVLQWKHGHFRGHG3&0VLJQDOIRUDN+]PHVVDJH
N²N N+]DQG
NN N+]
0RGLI\WKHVHWXSWRLQFOXGHWKHVSHFWUXPDQDO\VHUDVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHEHORZ
1RWH7KHIROORZLQJLQVWUXFWLRQVUHODWHWRD3&EDVHGVSHFWUXPDQDO\VHUFDOOHGWKH
3LFR6FRSH2WKHUVSHFWUXPDQDO\VLVGHYLFHVFDQEHXVHGSURYLGHGWKHEDQGZLGWKLV
DWOHDVWN+]
PC-ba sed
VCO MASTER PCM PCM TUNEABLE
SIGNALS ENCODER DECODER LPF Spectrum
Ana lyser
DIGITAL
CH A
PCM f Cx10 0
TDM
GAIN TDM CH B
100kHz
SINE
100kHz INPUT 2 FS FS
FREQ fC
COS
100kHz
DIGITAL
HI INPUT 1 PCM OUTPUT2
8kHz
DIGITAL DATA
LO
2kHz
DIGITAL GAIN
VCO SINE 2kHz CLK PCM CLK OUTPUT
INPUT SINE DATA
IN OUT
)LJXUH
([SHULPHQW²3&0DQG7'0(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
/DXQFKWKH3LFR6FRSHVRIWZDUHDQGVHWLWVVSHFWUXPDQDO\VHUFRQWUROVDVIROORZV
*HQHUDO
6SHFWUXP5DQJHWRN+]
+RUL]RQWDO=RRPWRõ
&KDQQHO$,QSXW5DQJHWR$XWR
&KDQQHO%,QSXW5DQJHWR2II
6SHFWUXP2SWLRQV
6SHFWUXP%LQVWR
:LQGRZ)XQFWLRQWR%ODFNPDQ+DUULV
'LVSOD\0RGHWR0DJQLWXGH
6FDOHWR/RJDULWKPLF
/RJDULWKPLF8QLWWRG%9
1RWH,I\RX·UHXVLQJDVSHFWUXPDQDO\VHURWKHUWKDQWKH3LFR6FRSHVHH\RXU
LQVWUXFWRUIRUDOLVWRIWKHFRQWUROVWRDGMXVWDQGWKHLUDSSURSULDWHVHWWLQJV
1RWH,IWKHVSHFWUXPDQDO\VHUKDVEHHQVHWXSFRUUHFWO\LWVGLVSOD\ZLOOEHVLPLODUWR
)LJXUHEHORZ
)LJXUH
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²3&0DQG7'0
7KH3LFR6FRSHVSHFWUXPDQDO\VHUKDVUXOHUVWKDWDOORZ\RXWRGHWHUPLQHWKHDEVROXWHIUHTXHQF\
RIWKHVLQHZDYHVLQDVLJQDO·VVSHFWUDOFRPSRVLWLRQ7KHQH[WSDUWRIWKLVH[SHULPHQWJHWV\RXWR
XVHDUXOHUWRH[DPLQHWKH)6.VLJQDO·VVSHFWUXP
0RYHWKHPRXVHWRWKHMXQFWLRQRIWKHGLVSOD\·V;DQG<D[HV
1RWH:KHQ\RXGRWKHPRXVHFXUVRUZLOOFKDQJHVKDSHDQGDODEHOZLOOSRSXSGHFODULQJ
´,QDFWLYHµ
&OLFNDQGKROGWKHOHIWPRXVHEXWWRQDQGWKHQPRYHLWOHIWDQGULJKW
1RWH:KHQ\RXGRWKLVDGDVKHGOLQHUHSUHVHQWLQJIUHTXHQF\UXOHUDSSHDUV
1RWH$UXOHUOHJHQGDOVRDSSHDUVLQGLFDWLQJWKHDEVROXWHIUHTXHQF\DWWKHUXOHU
8VHWKHUXOHUWRLGHQWLI\WKHVLQHZDYHDWWKHPHVVDJHIUHTXHQF\
8VHWKHUXOHUWRYHULI\WKDW\RXUDQVZHUWR4XHVWLRQLVFRUUHFW
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJ
6HWWKH3&0(QFRGHUPRGXOH·V0RGHVZLWFKWRWKH7'0SRVLWLRQDJDLQ
4XHVWLRQ
7KH3&0(QFRGHU'HFRGHUQRZLPSOHPHQWVDGXDOFKDQQHO3&07'0V\VWHP7KLVPHDQV
WKDWDOWKRXJKWKHFORFNIUHTXHQF\DQGIUDPHVL]HKDYHQ·WFKDQJHGWKHVDPSOHUDWH
KDOYHVWRN6V6RFDOFXODWHWKHQHZIUHTXHQFLHVRIWKHILUVWWZRDOLDVHVLQWKH
GHFRGHG3&0VLJQDOIRUWKHN+]PHVVDJH
N²N N+]DQG
NN N+]
8VHWKHUXOHUWRLGHQWLI\WKHVLQHZDYHDWWKHPHVVDJHIUHTXHQF\
8VHWKHUXOHUWRYHULI\WKDW\RXUDQVZHUWR4XHVWLRQLVFRUUHFW
([SHULPHQW²3&0DQG7'0(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJ
5HWXUQWKH3&0(QFRGHUPRGXOH·V0RGHVZLWFKWRWKH3&0SRVLWLRQ
6ORZO\UHGXFHWKHUHFRQVWUXFWLRQILOWHU·VFXWRIIIUHTXHQF\WRUHPRYHWKHWZRDOLDVHV
ZLWKRXWDWWHQXDWLQJWKHVLQHZDYHDWWKHPHVVDJHIUHTXHQF\
1RWH:DWFKWKHVFRSH·VGLVSOD\DV\RXGRWKLV
1RWH<RX·OOVHHWKHKLJKHUIUHTXHQF\DOLDVWKHRQHDWN+]DWWHQXDWHILUVW
IROORZHGE\WKHORZHUIUHTXHQF\DOLDVWKHRQHDWN+]
6HWWKH3&0(QFRGHUPRGXOH·V0RGHVZLWFKWRWKH7'0SRVLWLRQDJDLQ
6ORZO\UHGXFHWKHUHFRQVWUXFWLRQILOWHU·VFXWRIIIUHTXHQF\WRUHPRYHWKHN+]DOLDV
ZLWKRXWDWWHQXDWLQJWKHVLQHZDYHDWWKHPHVVDJHIUHTXHQF\
1RWH3HU\RXUREVHUYDWLRQVDW6WHSDQG\RXUDQVZHUWR4XHVWLRQ\RX·OOILQGWKDW
\RX·OOQRWEHDEOHWRUHPRYHWKLVDOLDVZLWKRXWDWWHQXDWLQJWKHPHVVDJHWRREHFDXVHLWV
WRRFORVH
&ORVHWKH3LFR6FRSHVRIWZDUHDQGGLVFRQQHFWWKHGHYLFHIURP\RXUVHWXS
&RQWLQXHIURP3DUW&RIWKHH[SHULPHQW
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²3&0DQG7'0
1DPH
&ODVV
$QLQWURGXFWLRQWR$UPVWURQJ
VPRGXODWRU
([SHULPHQW²$QLQWURGXFWLRQWR$UPVWURQJ·VPRGXODWRU
3UHOLPLQDU\GLVFXVVLRQ
$V\RXNQRZWKHDPSOLWXGHDQGIUHTXHQF\PRGXODWLRQVFKHPHVYDU\WKHDPSOLWXGHRUIUHTXHQF\
RIDFDUULHULQUHVSRQVHWRFKDQJHVLQWKHDPSOLWXGHRIWKHPHVVDJH,WIROORZVWKHQWKDWSKDVH
PRGXODWLRQ30YDULHVWKHSKDVHRIDFDUULHULQUHVSRQVHWRFKDQJHVLQWKHDPSOLWXGHRIWKH
PHVVDJH
$UPVWURQJ·VPRGXODWRULVDORQJVWDQGLQJPHWKRGRILPSOHPHQWLQJSKDVHPRGXODWLRQWKDW
LQYROYHVJHQHUDWLQJD'6%6&VLJQDODQGDGGLQJDFDUULHUEDFNLQWRLWWKDWLVWKHVDPHIUHTXHQF\
DVWKHVXSSUHVVHGFDUULHUEXWRXWRISKDVHZLWKLW7KLVLVVKRZQLQWKHEORFNGLDJUDPLQ
)LJXUHEHORZ
0HVVDJH
30VLJQDO
SKDVH
VKLIWHGFDUULHU
&DUULHU
'6%6&JHQHUDWLRQ &DUULHULQVHUWLRQ
)LJXUH
7KHLQWHUDFWLRQEHWZHHQWKHLQVHUWHGFDUULHUDQGWKH'6%6&VLJQDO·VVLGHEDQGVUHVXOWVLQD
VLJQDOWKDWVDWLVILHVWKHGHILQLWLRQRI307KLVFDQEHGHPRQVWUDWHGXVLQJSKDVRUGLDJUDPV
)LUVWWRJLYH\RXDSRLQWRIUHIHUHQFH)LJXUHWRWKHULJKWVKRZV /6% 86%
WKHSKDVRUGLDJUDPRIDQ$0VLJQDO5HFDOOWKDWDOOSKDVRUVDUHVDLG
WRURWDWHDQWLFORFNZLVH%XWLIWKHSRVLWLRQRIWKHFDUULHU·VSKDVRU
LVIUR]HQWKHXSSHUVLGHEDQG·VSKDVRUZRXOGFRQWLQXHWRURWDWHDQWL
FORFNZLVHDERXWWKHFDUULHU·VWLSEHFDXVHLW·VDKLJKHUIUHTXHQF\$W
WKHVDPHWLPHWKHORZHUVLGHEDQG·VSKDVRUZRXOGFRQWLQXHWRURWDWH
FORFNZLVHDERXWWKHFDUULHU·VWLSEHFDXVHLW·VDORZHUIUHTXHQF\
7KHYHFWRUVXPRIWKHFDUULHUDQGVLGHEDQGVDWDQ\LQVWDQWLQWKH$0
VLJQDODOZD\VSURGXFHVDUHVXOWDQWWKDWLVLQSKDVHZLWKWKHFDUULHU &DUULHU
EXWZLWKDQDPSOLWXGHWKDWYDULHV
)LJXUH
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²$QLQWURGXFWLRQWR$UPVWURQJ·VPRGXODWRU
7KLVIDFWLVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHEHORZZKHQWKHPHVVDJHLVDSRVLWLYHYROWDJHDVLWFURVVHV]HUR
DQGZKHQLW·VDQHJDWLYHYROWDJH
θ θ
([SHULPHQW²$QLQWURGXFWLRQWR$UPVWURQJ·VPRGXODWRU(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
,I\RXORRNFORVHO\DWWKHSKDVRUGLDJUDPLQ)LJXUHRQWKHSUHYLRXV /RFXVRI9&
SDJH\RX·OOQRWLFHWKDWWKHUHVXOWDQWFKDQJHVDPSOLWXGHDVZHOODV
SKDVH7KLVWHOOVXVWKDWGLVSOD\HGRQDVFRSHWKHVLJQDOKDV
HQYHORSHV7KLVPHDQVWKDWDWWKLVVWDJHWKHVLJQDOLVDFWXDOO\
9&
VLQJOHFKDQQHOTXDGUDWXUHDPSOLWXGHPRGXODWLRQ4$07UXH
QDUURZEDQGSKDVHPRGXODWLRQLVDFKLHYHGZKHQWKHHQYHORSHVDUH 9&θ 9&θ
UHPRYHGXVLQJDOLPLWHU$V)LJXUHWRWKHULJKWVKRZVWKHOLPLWHU
FKDQJHVWKHFDUULHU·VORFXVIURPDFLUFOHDERXWLWVWLSWRDSODQH
SHUSHQGLFXODUWRLWVWLS+RZHYHUWKHSKDVHVKLIWVFDXVHGE\WKH
PHVVDJHDUHXQDIIHFWHG
)LJXUH
7KHH[SHULPHQW
)RUWKLVH[SHULPHQW\RX·OOXVHWKH(PRQD7HOHFRPV7UDLQHUWRJHQHUDWHD'6%6&VLJQDO
WKHQLQVHUWDFDUULHUDWWKHVDPHIUHTXHQF\DVWKHFDUULHUXVHGWRJHQHUDWHLW<RX·OOWKHQ
DGMXVWWKHLQVHUWHGFDUULHUIRUTXDGUDWXUHXVLQJWKHVFRSHDQG\RXUKHDULQJ)LQDOO\\RX·OOOLPLW
DQGILOWHUWKHVLJQDOWRFRQYHUWLW30DQGREVHUYHLWVSURSHUWLHVXVLQJDVFRSH
,WVKRXOGWDNH\RXDERXWPLQXWHVWRFRPSOHWHWKLVH[SHULPHQW
3UHUHTXLVLWHV
([SHULPHQW9RO6HWWLQJXSDQRVFLOORVFRSH
([SHULPHQW9RO$QLQWURGXFWLRQWRWKH7HOHFRPV7UDLQHU
([SHULPHQW9RO0RGHOOLQJHTXDWLRQV
([SHULPHQW9RO$PSOLWXGHPRGXODWLRQ
([SHULPHQW9RO'6%6&PRGXODWLRQ
([SHULPHQW9RO$0GHPRGXODWLRQ
([SHULPHQW9RO'6%6&GHPRGXODWLRQ
([SHULPHQW9RO$0PHWKRGDQGSURGXFWGHWHFWLRQRI$0VLJQDOVGHVLUDEOH
(TXLSPHQW
(PRQD7HOHFRPV7UDLQHUSOXVSRZHUSDFN
'XDO&KDQQHO0+]RVFLOORVFRSH
7ZR(PRQD7HOHFRPV7UDLQHURVFLOORVFRSHOHDGV
$VVRUWHG(PRQD7HOHFRPV7UDLQHUSDWFKOHDGV
2QHVHWRIKHDGSKRQHVVWHUHR
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²$QLQWURGXFWLRQWR$UPVWURQJ·VPRGXODWRU
3URFHGXUH
3DUW$*HQHUDWLQJD'6%6&VLJQDO
7RLPSOHPHQW$UPVWURQJ·VPRGXODWRU\RX·OOQHHGD'6%6&VLJQDO3DUW$JHWV\RXWRVHWRQHXS
*DWKHUDVHWRIWKHHTXLSPHQWOLVWHGRQWKHSUHYLRXVSDJH
&RQQHFWWKHVHWXSVKRZQLQ)LJXUHEHORZ
MASTER MULTIPLIER
SIGNALS
DC
X
AC
DC
Y
1 00 kHz AC
SINE
kXY
1 00 kHz
COS MULTIPLIER
1 00 kHz
DIGITAL
8kHz
DIGITAL
X DC
2kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz
SINE
Y DC kXY
)LJXUH
7KLVVHWXSFDQEHUHSUHVHQWHGE\WKHEORFNGLDJUDPLQ)LJXUHRQWKHQH[WSDJH,WXVHVD
N+]VLQHZDYHPHVVDJHWR'6%6&PRGXODWHDN+]VLQHZDYHFDUULHU
([SHULPHQW²$QLQWURGXFWLRQWR$UPVWURQJ·VPRGXODWRU(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
0HVVDJH
7R&+
0DVWHU 0XOWLSOLHU
6LJQDOV PRGXOH
<
'6%6&VLJQDO
N+] 7R&+
;
N+]
FDUULHU
0DVWHU
6LJQDOV
)LJXUH
6HWXSWKHVFRSHSHUWKHLQVWUXFWLRQVLQWKH$SSHQGL[
1RWH(QVXUHWKDWWKHVFRSH·V7ULJJHU6RXUFHFRQWUROLVVHWWRWKH&+RU,17
SRVLWLRQ
$GMXVWWKHIROORZLQJVFRSHFRQWUROVDVLQGLFDWHG
7LPHEDVHWRVGLY
&KDQQHO9HUWLFDO$WWHQXDWLRQWR9GLY
6HWWKHVFRSH·V0RGHFRQWUROWRWKH'8$/SRVLWLRQWRYLHZWKH'6%6&VLJQDORXWRIWKH
0XOWLSOLHUPRGXOHDVZHOODVWKHPHVVDJHVLJQDO
6HOIFKHFN,IWKHVFRSH·V9HUWLFDO$WWHQXDWLRQFRQWUROLVVHWWR9GLYIRU&KDQQHO
DQG9GLYIRU&KDQQHODOWHUQDWLQJKDOYHVRIWKH'6%6&VLJQDOVKRXOGEHWKHVDPH
VKDSHDQGVL]HDVWKHPHVVDJH
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJ
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²$QLQWURGXFWLRQWR$UPVWURQJ·VPRGXODWRU
3DUW%²$GGLQJWKHFDUULHUWRWKH'6%6&VLJQDO
3DUW%JHWV\RXWRDGGWKHFDUULHUWRWKH'6%6&VLJQDOXVLQJWKH$GGHUPRGXOH
/RFDWHWKH$GGHUPRGXOHDQGVHWLWV*DQGJFRQWUROVWRDERXWWKHPLGGOHRIWKHLUWUDYHO
WKHH[DFWSRVLWLRQLVQ·WFULWLFDODWWKLVVWDJH
/RFDWHWKH3KDVH6KLIWHUPRGXOHDQGVHWLWV3KDVH&KDQJHFRQWUROWRWKHSRVLWLRQ
6HWWKH3KDVH6KLIWHUPRGXOH·V3KDVH$GMXVWFRQWUROWRDERXWWKHPLGGOHRILWVWUDYHO
0RGLI\WKHVHWXSDVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHEHORZ
DC
X LO
AC
DC
Y
10 0kHz
SINE AC PHASE
10 0kHz kXY G
COS O
MULTIPLIER 0
10 0kHz A
DIGITAL
O
8 kHz 1 80
DIGITAL
2 kHz X DC
DIGITAL
2 kHz IN OUT g
SINE
Y DC kXY B GA+gB
)LJXUH
([SHULPHQW²$QLQWURGXFWLRQWR$UPVWURQJ·VPRGXODWRU(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
7KHVHWXSLQ)LJXUHFDQEHUHSUHVHQWHGE\WKHEORFNGLDJUDPLQ)LJXUHEHORZ7KH
N+]FDUULHULVDGGHGWRWKH'6%6&VLJQDOXVLQJWKH$GGHUPRGXOH+RZHYHUWKHVLJQDOLV
ILUVWSDVVHGWKURXJKWKH3KDVH6KLIWHUPRGXOHVRWKDW\RXFDQDGMXVWLWVSKDVHVKLIWUHODWHG
WRWKH'6%6&VLJQDO·VVXSSUHVVHGFDUULHU
0HVVDJH
7R&+
$GGHU
< $
'6%6&VLJQDO
N+] ZLWKFDUULHUDGGHG
; % 7R&+
N+]
FDUULHU
3KDVH
6KLIWHU
)LJXUH
2EVHUYHWKH$GGHUPRGXOH·VRXWSXWXVLQJWKHVFRSH
1RWH<RX·OOQRWLFHWKDWWKHVLJQDOORRNVOLNHDQ$0VLJQDOZLWKDQXQXVXDOHQYHORSHIRUD
VLQXVRLGDOPHVVDJH
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJ
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²$QLQWURGXFWLRQWR$UPVWURQJ·VPRGXODWRU
3DUW&²$GMXVWLQJWKHVHWXSIRUTXDGUDWXUHXVLQJWKHVFRSH
)RUWKLVVHWXSEHWRWXUQHGLQWRDSKDVHPRGXODWRUWKHLQVHUWHGFDUULHUPXVWKDYHRI
SKDVHVKLIWUHODWLYHWRWKHVXSSUHVVHGFDUULHURIWKH'6%6&VLJQDO,QRWKHUZRUGVWKH
LQVHUWHGFDUULHUPXVWEHLQTXDGUDWXUHZLWKWKHVXSSUHVVHGFDUULHU3DUW&JHWV\RXREWDLQWKLV
SKDVHUHODWLRQVKLS+RZHYHUWKHPHWKRGIRUGRLQJVRQHHGVDOLWWOHH[SODQDWLRQILUVW
,WZDVPHQWLRQHGLQWKHSUHOLPLQDU\GLVFXVVLRQWKDWZLWKRXWOLPLWLQJWKHPRGXODWHGFDUULHU
KDVHQYHORSHV,QIDFW\RX·YHMXVWVHHQWKHPZKHQSHUIRUPLQJ6WHS8VHIXOO\ZKHQ
TXDGUDWXUHLVREWDLQHGWKHPRGXODWHGVLJQDO·VHQYHORSHVUHVHPEOHWKHPHVVDJHSURYLGHGWKH
'6%6&VLJQDODQGLQVHUWHGFDUULHUDUHWKHVDPHDPSOLWXGH+RZHYHUWKHUHLVDQLPSRUWDQW
GLIIHUHQFH7KHHQYHORSHVDUHWZLFHWKHPHVVDJHIUHTXHQF\EHFDXVHWKHPRGXODWHGFDUULHU
VLJQDODFKLHYHVPD[LPXPDPSOLWXGHWZLFHIRUHYHU\F\FOHRIWKHPHVVDJH7KLVIDFWFDQEH
XVHGWRREWDLQWKHFRUUHFWSKDVHUHODWLRQVKLSIRUWKHLQVHUWHGFDUULHU
'LVFRQQHFWWKHSDWFKOHDGWRWKH$GGHUPRGXOH·V$LQSXW
1RWH7KLVUHPRYHVWKH'6%6&VLJQDOIURPWKH$GGHUPRGXOH·VRXWSXW
$GMXVWWKH$GGHUPRGXOH·VJFRQWUROIRUDQRXWSXWRIH[DFWO\9SS
1RWH7KH$GGHUPRGXOH·VRXWSXWLVREVHUYHGRQWKHVFRSH·V&KDQQHOLQSXW
1RWH7KHUH·VSUREDEO\QRQHHGWRDGMXVWWKHVFRSH·V7LPHEDVHFRQWUROWRGRWKLV
5HFRQQHFWWKHSDWFKOHDGWRWKH$GGHUPRGXOH·V$LQSXW
'LVFRQQHFWWKHSDWFKOHDGWRWKH$GGHUPRGXOH·V%LQSXW
1RWH7KLVUHPRYHVWKHDGGHGFDUULHUIURPWKH$GGHUPRGXOH·VRXWSXW
$GMXVWWKH$GGHUPRGXOH·V*FRQWUROIRUDQRXWSXWRIH[DFWO\9SS
5HFRQQHFWWKHSDWFKOHDGWRWKH$GGHUPRGXOH·V%LQSXW
1RWH2QFHGRQH\RX·OOSUREDEO\ILQGWKDWWKHHQYHORSHVKDYHSHDNVRIDOWHUQDWLQJ
KHLJKW7KHUHVKRXOGDOVREHWZLFHDVPDQ\SHDNVDVWKHPHVVDJHVLJQDO
7KHDPSOLWXGHRIWKHLQVHUWHGFDUULHUDQGWKHSHDNWRSHDNDPSOLWXGHRIWKH'6%6&VLJQDOV
DUHQRZWKHVDPHEXWWKHDGMXVWPHQWIRUTXDGUDWXUHLVQRWTXLWHFRPSOHWH
([SHULPHQW²$QLQWURGXFWLRQWR$UPVWURQJ·VPRGXODWRU(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
&DUHIXOO\DGMXVWWKH3KDVH6KLIWHUPRGXOH·V3KDVH$GMXVWFRQWUROWRREWDLQDOWHUQDWLQJ
SHDNVRQWKHXSSHURUORZHUHQYHORSHWKDWDUHWKHVDPHKHLJKWDVHDFKRWKHU
4XHVWLRQ
:KDWW\SHRIPRGXODWLRQLVWKHPRGXODWHGVLJQDODWWKLVVWDJH"
$VLQJOHFKDQQHOTXDGUDWXUHDPSOLWXGHPRGXODWHGVLJQDO
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJ
3DUW'²$GMXVWLQJWKHVHWXSIRUTXDGUDWXUHXVLQJ\RXUKHDULQJ
7KHUHLVDQDOWHUQDWLYHPHWKRGRIDGMXVWLQJIRUTXDGUDWXUHWKDWLQYROYHVXVLQJ\RXUKHDULQJ7R
H[SODLQLIWKHLQVHUWHGFDUULHULVLQSKDVHZLWKWKHVXSSUHVVHGFDUULHUDQ$0VLJQDOLV
JHQHUDWHG7KLVLVWKHEDVLVRIWKHVHFRQGPHWKRGIRUJHQHUDWLQJ$0DVLQWURGXFHGLQ
([SHULPHQWRIWKLVPDQXDO2EYLRXVO\WKHQDQHQYHORSHGHWHFWRUFDQEHXVHGWRUHSURGXFH
WKHPHVVDJHZKLFKLQRXUFDVHKHUHLVDN+]VLQHZDYH
5HFDOOIURPWKHGLVFXVVLRQRQWKHPDWKRI$0GHPRGXODWLRQLQ3DUW(RI([SHULPHQW9RO
WKDWHQYHORSHGHWHFWLRQDOVRSURGXFHVDYHU\PLQRUSURGXFWDWWZLFHWKHPHVVDJHIUHTXHQF\
N+]LQWKLVFDVH7KLVVLJQDOLVWKHSURGXFWRIWKH$0VLJQDO·VVLGHEDQGVDQGZRXOGQRWEH
JHQHUDWHGLISURGXFWGHWHFWLRQLVXVHG,PSRUWDQWO\DOWKRXJKWKHVLJQDOLVDXGLEOHLWVVPDOO
VL]HDQGVSHFWUDOSUR[LPLW\WRWKHN+]VLQHZDYHSUHYHQWXVIURPKHDULQJLWRQHRIWKH
HIIHFWVRISV\FKRDFRXVWLFV
,IWKHSKDVHRIWKHLQVHUWHGFDUULHULVYDULHGWKHSKDVHHUURUEHWZHHQLWDQGWKHVXSSUHVVHG
FDUULHUEHJLQVWRDWWHQXDWHWKHN+]VLQHZDYH+RZHYHUWKHN+]VLQHZDYHLVXQDIIHFWHG
GXHWRLWVRULJLQDQGVREHFRPHVDXGLEOH$WTXDGUDWXUHWKHUHFRYHUHGPHVVDJHLVFRPSOHWHO\
FDQFHOOHGDQGDOOWKDWFDQE\KHDUGLVWKHN+]VLQHZDYH
3DUW'RIWKHH[SHULPHQWJHWV\RXWRXVH\RXUKHDULQJWRREWDLQTXDGUDWXUH
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²$QLQWURGXFWLRQWR$UPVWURQJ·VPRGXODWRU
7XUQWKH3KDVH6KLIWHUPRGXOH·V3KDVH$GMXVWFRQWUROIXOO\DQWLFORFNZLVHVRWKDW
TXDGUDWXUHLVORVW
0RGLI\WKHVHWXSDVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHEHORZ
DC
X LO
AC
DC
Y
10 0kHz
AC PHASE
SINE
10 0kHz kXY G
COS O
MULTIPLIER 0
10 0kHz A
DIGITAL
O
8 kHz 18 0
DIGITAL
2 kHz X DC
DIGITAL
2 kHz IN OUT g
SINE
Y DC kXY B GA+gB
UTILITIES NOISE
GENERATOR
COMPARATOR
REF
0 dB
-6 dB
-2 0dB
IN OUT
RECTIFIER BUFFER
RC LPF
IN OUT
)LJXUH
([SHULPHQW²$QLQWURGXFWLRQWR$UPVWURQJ·VPRGXODWRU(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
7XUQWKH%XIIHUPRGXOH·V*DLQFRQWUROIXOO\DQWLFORFNZLVH
:LWKRXWZHDULQJWKHKHDGSKRQHVSOXJWKHPLQWRWKH%XIIHUPRGXOH·VKHDGSKRQHVRFNHW
3XWWKHKHDGSKRQHVRQ
,QFUHDVHWKH%XIIHUPRGXOH·VJDLQXQWLO\RXFDQFRPIRUWDEO\KHDUWKHUHFRYHUHGPHVVDJH
RQWKHHQYHORSHGHWHFWRU·VRXWSXW
6ORZO\LQFUHDVHWKH3KDVH6KLIWHUPRGXOH·VSKDVHVKLIWDQGVWRSZKHQ\RXFDQFOHDUO\
KHDUWZRWRQHVWKDWVRXQGDERXWWKHVDPHVL]HDVHDFKRWKHU
1RWH$WWKLVSRLQW\RXFDQKHDUWKHN+]UHFRYHUHGPHVVDJHDQGWKHN+]FRPSRQHQW
ZKLFKLVWKHSURGXFWRIWKHPRGXODWHGVLJQDO·VVLGHEDQGV
6ORZO\LQFUHDVHWKH3KDVH6KLIWHUPRGXOH·VSKDVHVKLIWDQGVWRSZKHQ\RXFDQRQO\KHDU
WKHKLJKHUIUHTXHQF\WRQH
1RWH$WWKLVSRLQWTXDGUDWXUHLVDFKLHYHGDQGVRWKHN+]WRQHLVFRPSOHWHO\
FDQFHOOHG
1RWH7KHIDFWWKDWTXDGUDWXUHKDVEHHQDFKLHYHGVKRXOGEHQRWLFHDEOHRQWKH
PRGXODWHGVLJQDO·VHQYHORSHVDVZHOO²7KH\·OOVDWLVI\WKHUHTXLUHPHQWVVSHFLILHGLQ6WHS
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJ
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²$QLQWURGXFWLRQWR$UPVWURQJ·VPRGXODWRU
3DUW(²&RQYHUWLQJWKHPRGXODWHGVLJQDOWR30
$VPHQWLRQHGLQWKHSUHOLPLQDU\GLVFXVVLRQWKHVLJQDORQWKH$GGHUPRGXOH·VRXWSXWKDV
DPSOLWXGHDVZHOODVSKDVHYDULDWLRQV)RUQDUURZEDQG30ZHQHHGRQO\WKHSKDVHYDULDWLRQV
DQGVRDOLPLWHULVXVHGWRUHPRYHWKHDPSOLWXGHYDULDWLRQV3DUW(JHWV\RXWRGRWKLV
'LVFRQQHFWWKHDGGLWLRQV\RXPDGHSHU)LJXUH
0RGLI\WKHVHWXSDVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHEHORZPDNLQJVXUHWKDW\RXFKDQJHERWKVFRSH
FRQQHFWLRQVDVLQGLFDWHG
DC
X LO
AC
DC
Y
10 0kHz
AC PHASE
SINE
10 0kHz kXY G
COS O
MULTIPLIER 0
10 0kHz A
DIGITAL
O
8 kHz 18 0
DIGITAL
2 kHz X DC
DIGITAL
2 kHz IN OUT g
SINE
Y DC kXY B GA+gB
UTILITIES CHANNEL
MODULE
COMPARATOR
REF
CHANNEL
BPF
IN OUT BASEBAND
LPF
RECTIFIER
ADDER
GND
DIODE & RC LPF
NOISE
RC LPF
SIGNAL CHANNEL
OUT
)LJXUH
([SHULPHQW²$QLQWURGXFWLRQWR$UPVWURQJ·VPRGXODWRU(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
7KHVHWXSLQ)LJXUHFDQEHUHSUHVHQWHGE\WKHEORFNGLDJUDPLQ)LJXUHEHORZ7KH
&RPSDUDWRURQWKH8WLOLWLHVPRGXOHLVXVHGWRUHPRYHWKHPRGXODWHGFDUULHU·VHQYHORSHV7KH
&KDQQHO%3)LVXVHGWRUHPRYHWKHDGGLWLRQDOVSHFWUDOFRPSRQHQWVWKDWWKLVOLPLWLQJLQHYLWDEO\
DGGV
8WLOLWLHV &KDQQHO%3)
< $
30VLJQDO
N+] 7R&+
; %
N+] ,QVHUWHG
FDUULHU FDUULHU
7R&+
)LJXUH
6HWWKHVFRSH·V7LPHEDVHWRVGLY
1RWH2QFHGRQH\RXVKRXOGVHHWKHLQVHUWHGFDUULHUDQGWKHSKDVHPRGXODWHGFDUULHU
5HGXFHWKHHIIHFWLYHVL]HRIWKHPHVVDJHVLJQDOWR]HURE\UHGXFLQJWKHVL]HRIWKH
'6%6&VLJQDORQWKH$GGHUPRGXOH·VRXWSXWWR]HUR
1RWH,QRWKHUZRUGVUHGXFHWKHJDLQRIWKH$GGHUPRGXOH·V$LQSXWE\WXUQLQJLWV*
FRQWUROIXOO\DQWLFORFNZLVH
2EVHUYHWKHHIIHFWWKDWWKLVKDVKDGRQWKH30VLJQDO
1RZLQFUHDVHWKHHIIHFWLYHVL]HRIWKHPHVVDJHZKLOHREVHUYLQJWKHHIIHFWWKDWWKLVKDV
RQWKH30VLJQDO
4XHVWLRQ
'HVFULEHZKDWKDSSHQVWRWKH30VLJQDO·VFDUULHULQUHVSRQVHWRWKHPHVVDJH
,WVSKDVHVZLQJVEHWZHHQODJJLQJDQGOHDGLQJLWVUHVWSRVLWLRQ
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²$QLQWURGXFWLRQWR$UPVWURQJ·VPRGXODWRU
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJ
4XHVWLRQ
7KH30VLJQDO·VFDUULHULVFKDQJLQJSKDVHZKLFKPHDQVLWPXVWDOVREHFKDQJLQJLQDQRWKHU
ZD\:KDWLVWKLVFKDQJH"7LS7KLVLVQ·WPHQWLRQHGLQWKHSUHOLPLQDU\GLVFXVVLRQ
,WVIUHTXHQF\FKDQJHV
4XHVWLRQ
([SODLQZK\WKLVKDSSHQV
3KDVHDQGIUHTXHQF\DUHFRGHSHQGHQWYDULDEOHV,W·VQRWSRVVLEOHWRFKDQJHIUHTXHQF\
ZLWKRXWFKDQJLQJSKDVHDQGYLFHYHUVD)UHTXHQF\LVWKHGHULYDWLYHRISKDVHFKDQJH
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHILQLVKLQJ
([SHULPHQW²$QLQWURGXFWLRQWR$UPVWURQJ·VPRGXODWRU(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²$QLQWURGXFWLRQWR$UPVWURQJ·VPRGXODWRU
1DPH
&ODVV
3KDVHGLYLVLRQPRGXODWLRQDQGGHPRGXODWLRQ
([SHULPHQW²3KDVHGLYLVLRQPRGXODWLRQDQGGHPRGXODWLRQ
3UHOLPLQDU\GLVFXVVLRQ
1RWWREHFRQIXVHGZLWKSKDVHPRGXODWLRQDOVRGLVFXVVHGLQWKLVPDQXDOSKDVHGLYLVLRQ
PRGXODWLRQ3'0DQGDOVRNQRZQDVSKDVHGLYLVLRQPXOWLSOH[LQJLVDFRPPXQLFDWLRQVWHFKQLTXH
WKDWDOORZVWKHDOORFDWHGEDQGZLGWKWREHPRUHGHQVHO\SDFNHGZLWKXVHUV2EYLRXVO\WKLVLV
LPSRUWDQWZKHQWKHUDGLRIUHTXHQF\VSHFWUXPLVILQLWHDQGPRUHDQGPRUHXVHUVGHPDQG
DFFHVVWRLW
$WLWVLPSOHVWSKDVHGLYLVLRQPRGXODWLRQLVDYDULDWLRQRIWKH'6%6&PRGXODWLRQVFKHPHWKDW
SURYLGHVIRUDGRXEOLQJRIWKHQXPEHURISRWHQWLDOXVHUV7KLVLVDFKLHYHGE\KDYLQJXVHUVVKDUH
DFDUULHUIUHTXHQF\7KLVPLJKWLPPHGLDWHO\FRQMXUHLPDJHVRIDV\VWHPRIFRPSOHWHFRQIXVLRQ
,IWZRXVHUVDUHVKDULQJDFDUULHUKRZFDQUHFHLYHUVGLVWLQJXLVKEHWZHHQWKHP"
7KHNH\WRWKHDQVZHULVWKHIDFWWKDWWKHXVHUV·FDUULHUVDUHRXWRISKDVHZLWKHDFK
RWKHURULQTXDGUDWXUH$QGDWHFKQLTXHFDOOHGSKDVHGLVFULPLQDWLRQLVXVHGE\UHFHLYHUVWR
VLQJOHRXWRQHFDUULHURYHUWKHRWKHU
,IWKLVUHPLQGV\RXRI436.WKHQ\RX·UHULJKW7KHGLIIHUHQFHKRZHYHULV436.LVXVHGWR
UHGXFHWKHEDQGZLGWKUHTXLUHPHQWVIRUVHQGLQJGLJLWDOGDWDZKHUHDV3'0LVXVHGWRDOORZ
PXOWLSOHXVHUVWRRFFXS\WKHVDPHSRUWLRQRIWKHUDGLRIUHTXHQF\VSHFWUXP
7RH[SODLQKRZ3'0ZRUNV)LJXUHEHORZVKRZVWKHEORFNGLDJUDPRILWVPDWKHPDWLFDO
LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ
'6%,
0HVVDJH,
&DUULHU 3'0
Π RXWSXW
0HVVDJH4
'6%4
)LJXUH
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²3KDVHGLYLVLRQPRGXODWLRQ GHPRGXODWLRQ
$V\RXFDQVHHWKHDUUDQJHPHQWLQYROYHVWZRPXOWLSOLHUVHDFKPXOWLSO\LQJDXQLTXHPHVVDJH
ZLWKWKHVDPHFDUULHUEXWSKDVHVHSDUDWHGE\$VDQDVLGHQRWLFHWKDWWKHRISKDVH
VKLIWLVLQWURGXFHGE\DEORFNODEHOOHG´PLQXVSLRQµ(QJLQHHUVXVHUDGLDQVZKHQSHUIRUPLQJ
FRPPXQLFDWLRQVPDWKDQG´PLQXVSLRQµLVWKHUDGLDQHTXLYDOHQWRIQLQHW\LQGHJUHHV$VORQJ
DVWKHPHVVDJHVFRQWDLQQR'&WKLVPXOWLSOLFDWLRQSURFHVVSURGXFHVWZR'6%6&VLJQDOV²RQHLV
ODEHOOHG'6%,7KHRWKHULVODEHOOHG'6%4EHFDXVHLWLVLQTXDGUDWXUHZLWK'6%,
,IWKHPHVVDJHVLJQDOVKDYHWKHVDPHEDQGZLGWKWKH\·OOEHEDQGZLGWKOLPLWHGXVLQJILOWHUVWR
HQVXUHWKLVWKHUHVXOWLQJ'6%6&VLJQDOVKDYHDQLGHQWLFDOEDQGZLGWKWRHDFKRWKHUDQGHTXDO
WRWZLFHWKHKLJKHVWIUHTXHQF\LQWKHPHVVDJH7KDWEHLQJWKHFDVHZKHQWKHVLJQDOVDUH
VLPSO\DGGHGWRJHWKHUDWWKHILQDOVWDJHWKH\RFFXS\WKHVDPHSRUWLRQRIWKHUDGLRIUHTXHQF\
VSHFWUXP'HVSLWHWKLVWKHWZRVHWVRIVLJQDOVDUHQRWLUUHWULHYDEO\PL[HG
)LJXUHEHORZVKRZVWKHEORFNGLDJUDPRIWKHPDWKHPDWLFDOLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRI3'0
GHPRGXODWLRQ
5HFRYHUHG
PHVVDJH,
3'0 Π
LQSXW
/RFDO
&DUULHU
5HFRYHUHG
PHVVDJH4
)LJXUH
1RWLFHWKDWWKHDUUDQJHPHQWXVHVWZRSURGXFWGHWHFWRUVWRVLPXOWDQHRXVO\GHPRGXODWHWKH
WZR'6%6&VLJQDOVWKDWPDNHXSWKH3'0LQSXW5HFDOOWKDWWKHPXOWLSOLFDWLRQRIDORFDOFDUULHU
ZLWKD'6%6&VLJQDOJHQHUDWHVDQXPEHURIIUHTXHQF\FRPSRQHQWVZLWKRQHLQSDUWLFXODUEHLQJ
DWWKHRULJLQDOPHVVDJHIUHTXHQF\RUIUHTXHQFLHV7KDWEHLQJWKHFDVHWKHPXOWLSOLHUV·
RXWSXWVDUHSDVVHGWKURXJKORZSDVVILOWHUVWRUHFRYHUWKHFRSLHVRIWKHRULJLQDOPHVVDJHV
([SHULPHQW²3KDVHGLYLVLRQPRGXODWLRQ GHPRGXODWLRQ(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
7RXQGHUVWDQGKRZRQHSURGXFWGHWHFWRUSLFNVRXWRQO\'6%,DQGWKHRWKHUSLFNVRXWRQO\
'6%4UHFDOOWKDWWKHSURGXFWGHWHFWLRQRI'6%6&VLJQDOVLVSKDVHVHQVLWLYH7KDWLVUHFRYHU\
RIWKHPHVVDJHLVRSWLPDOLIWKHWUDQVPLWWHGDQGORFDOFDUULHUVDUHLQSKDVHZLWKHDFKDQRWKHU
%XWWKHUHFRYHUHGPHVVDJHLVDWWHQXDWHGLIWKHWZRFDUULHUVDUHQRWH[DFWO\LQSKDVH
,PSRUWDQWO\LIWKHSKDVHHUURULVWKHDPSOLWXGHRIWKHUHFRYHUHGPHVVDJHLV]HUR,Q
RWKHUZRUGVWKHPHVVDJHLVFRPSOHWHO\UHMHFWHG
7KH3'0GHPRGXODWRUWDNHVDGYDQWDJHRIWKLVIDFW1RWLFHWKDWWKHSURGXFWGHWHFWRUVLQ
)LJXUHVKDUHWKHFDUULHUEXWRQHRIWKHPLVSKDVHVKLIWHG7KDWEHLQJWKHFDVHRQFHWKH
SKDVHRIWKHORFDOFDUULHUIRURQHRIWKHSURGXFWGHWHFWRUVPDWFKHVWKHSKDVHRIWKH
WUDQVPLVVLRQFDUULHURIRQHRIWKH'6%VLJQDOVWKHUHLVDXWRPDWLFDOO\DSKDVHHUURU
EHWZHHQWKDWGHWHFWRU·VORFDOFDUULHUDQGWKHWUDQVPLVVLRQFDUULHURIWKHRWKHU'6%VLJQDO6R
WKHGHWHFWRUUHFRYHUVWKHPHVVDJHIURPWKH'6%VLJQDOWKDWLW·VPDWFKHGWRDQGFDQFHOVWKH
PHVVDJHIURPWKHRWKHU'6%VLJQDO
7KHH[SHULPHQW
)RUWKLVH[SHULPHQW\RX·OOXVHWKH(PRQD7HOHFRPV7UDLQHUWRJHQHUDWHDUHDO3'0VLJQDO
XVLQJLQGHSHQGHQWPHVVDJHVE\LPSOHPHQWLQJLWVPDWKHPDWLFDOPRGHO2QFHJHQHUDWHG\RXPD\
EHDEOHWRH[DPLQHWKHHIIHFWRISKDVHGLYLVLRQPXOWLSOH[LQJRQEDQGZLGWK7KHQ\RX·OOH[DPLQH
KRZSKDVHGLVFULPLQDWLRQXVLQJDSURGXFWGHWHFWRUFDQEHXVHGWRSLFNRXWRQHPHVVDJHRUWKH
RWKHU)LQDOO\\RXUHSODFHRQHRIWKHPHVVDJHVZLWKVSHHFKDQGH[DPLQHWKHGLIIHUHQFHV
EHWZHHQDGMXVWLQJWKHUHFHLYHUWRUHFRYHULWE\YLVXDODQGDXUDOPHDQV
,WVKRXOGWDNH\RXDERXWPLQXWHVWRFRPSOHWHWKLVH[SHULPHQW,WVKRXOGWDNHDQDGGLWLRQDO
PLQXWHVWRFRPSOHWHWKH6XSSOHPHQWLIDVSHFWUXPDQDO\VHUZLWKDQDSSURSULDWHEDQGZLGWK
LVDYDLODEOH
3UHUHTXLVLWHV
([SHULPHQW9RO6HWWLQJXSDQRVFLOORVFRSH
([SHULPHQW9RO$QLQWURGXFWLRQWRWKH7HOHFRPV7UDLQHU
([SHULPHQW9RO0RGHOOLQJHTXDWLRQV
([SHULPHQW9RO'6%6&PRGXODWLRQ
([SHULPHQW9RO2EVHUYDWLRQVRI$0 '6%6&VLJQDOVLQWKHIUHTXHQF\GRPDLQ
GHVLUDEOH
([SHULPHQW9RO'6%6&GHPRGXODWLRQ
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²3KDVHGLYLVLRQPRGXODWLRQ GHPRGXODWLRQ
(TXLSPHQW
(PRQD7HOHFRPV7UDLQHUSOXVSRZHUSDFN
'XDO&KDQQHO0+]RVFLOORVFRSH
7ZR(PRQD7HOHFRPV7UDLQHURVFLOORVFRSHOHDGV
$VVRUWHG(PRQD7HOHFRPV7UDLQHUSDWFKOHDGV
2QHVHWRIKHDGSKRQHVVWHUHR
6XSSOHPHQW
6SHFWUXPDQDO\VHUVXFKDVWKH3LFR6FRSH
$QDGGLWLRQDORVFLOORVFRSHOHDG
3URFHGXUH
3DUW$²*HQHUDWLQJD3'0VLJQDO
*DWKHUDVHWRIWKHHTXLSPHQWOLVWHGRQWKHSUHYLRXVSDJH
/RFDWHWKH9&2PRGXOHDQGWXUQLWV*DLQFRQWUROIXOO\DQWLFORFNZLVH
7XUQWKH9&2PRGXOH·V)UHTXHQF\$GMXVWFRQWUROIXOO\DQWLFORFNZLVH
6HWWKH9&2PRGXOH·V5DQJHFRQWUROWRWKH/2SRVLWLRQ
&RQQHFWWKHVHWXSVKRZQLQ)LJXUHEHORZ
VCO
DIGITAL
GAIN
FREQ
HI
LO
VCO SINE
INPUT
)LJXUH
([SHULPHQW²3KDVHGLYLVLRQPRGXODWLRQ GHPRGXODWLRQ(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
6HWXSWKHVFRSHSHUWKHLQVWUXFWLRQVLQWKH$SSHQGL[
1RWH(QVXUHWKDWWKHVFRSH·V7ULJJHU6RXUFHFRQWUROLVVHWWRWKH&+RU,17
SRVLWLRQ
$GMXVWWKH9&2PRGXOH·V)UHTXHQF\$GMXVWFRQWUROWRREWDLQDN+]VLQHZDYH
7LS&DOFXODWHWKHSHULRGRIN+]DQGXVHWKHVFRSHWRKHOSVHWWKHSHULRGRIWKH9&2
PRGXOH·VRXWSXWWRWKHVDPHYDOXH
1RWH%HDVDFFXUDWHDVSRVVLEOHZKHQVHWWLQJWKH9&2PRGXOH·VRXWSXWWRN+]
&RQQHFWWKHVHWXSDVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHEHORZ
VCO MASTER MULTIPLIER
SIGNALS
DIGITAL
DC
X
AC
GAIN DC
Y
100 kHz
SINE AC
)LJXUH
7KLVVHWXSFDQEHUHSUHVHQWHGE\WKHEORFNGLDJUDPLQ)LJXUHRQWKHQH[WSDJH1RWLFHWKDW
WZRXQLTXHN+]PHVVDJHVLJQDOVDUHFRQQHFWHGWRWKHLQSXWRILQGLYLGXDO0XOWLSOLHUPRGXOHV
$OVRFRQQHFWHGWRWKH0XOWLSOLHUPRGXOHVDUHN+]VLQHZDYHVIRUWKHFDUULHUV+RZHYHUWKH
FDUULHUVDUHRXWRISKDVHZLWKHDFKRWKHUE\ZKLFKLVDUHTXLUHPHQWRI3'0
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²3KDVHGLYLVLRQPRGXODWLRQ GHPRGXODWLRQ
0HVVDJH,
7R&+
0XOWLSOLHU
<
'6%,
N+] 7R&+
0DVWHU ;
6LJQDOV N+]
6,1(
0DVWHU
6LJQDOV
N+]
9&2 &26
PRGXOH ;
N+]
'6%4
<
0XOWLSOLHU
)LJXUH
6HWWKHVFRSH·V&KDQQHO9HUWLFDO$WWHQXDWLRQFRQWUROWRWKH9GLYSRVLWLRQ
6HWWKHVFRSH·V0RGHFRQWUROWRWKH'8$/SRVLWLRQWRYLHZWKH'6%,VLJQDORXWRIWKH
0XOWLSOLHUPRGXOHDVZHOODV0HVVDJH,
6HOIFKHFN,IWKHVFRSH·V9HUWLFDO$WWHQXDWLRQFRQWUROLVVHWWR9GLYIRU&KDQQHO
DQG9GLYIRU&KDQQHODOWHUQDWLQJKDOYHVRIWKH'6%6&VLJQDOVKRXOGEHWKHVDPH
VKDSHDQGVL]HDVWKHPHVVDJH
([SHULPHQW²3KDVHGLYLVLRQPRGXODWLRQ GHPRGXODWLRQ(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
0RGLI\WKHVFRSH·VFRQQHFWLRQVWRWKHVHWXSDVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHEHORZ
VCO MASTER MULTIPLIER
SIGNALS
DIGITAL
DC
X
AC
GAIN DC
Y
10 0kHz
SINE AC
10 0kHz kXY
FREQ COS
MULTIPLIER
10 0kHz
DIGITAL
HI
8 kHz
LO DIGITAL
2 kHz X DC
DIGITAL
VCO SINE 2 kHz
INPUT SINE
Y DC kXY
)LJXUH
7KHQHZVFRSHFRQQHFWLRQVFDQEHVKRZQXVLQJWKHEORFNGLDJUDPLQ)LJXUHEHORZ
<
'6%,
N+]
;
N+]
6,1(
N+]
&26
;
N+]
'6%4
< 7R&+
0HVVDJH4
7R&+
)LJXUH
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²3KDVHGLYLVLRQPRGXODWLRQ GHPRGXODWLRQ
9HULI\WKDWWKH'6%4VLJQDOLV'6%6&E\FKHFNLQJWKDWDOWHUQDWLQJKDOYHVRILWVHQYHORSH
IRUPDFRS\RI0HVVDJH4
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJ
/RFDWHWKH$GGHUPRGXOHDQGVHWLWV*DQGJFRQWUROVWRDERXWWKHPLGGOHRIWKHLUWUDYHO
WKHH[DFWSRVLWLRQLVQ·WFULWLFDODWWKLVVWDJH
0RGLI\WKHVHWXSDVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHEHORZ
DIGITAL
DC
X
AC
GAIN DC
Y
100 kHz AC
SINE
100 kHz kXY G
FREQ
COS
MULTIPLIER
100 kHz A
DIGITAL
HI
8kHz
LO DIGITAL
2kHz X DC
DIGITAL
VCO SINE 2kHz g
INPUT SINE
Y DC kXY B GA+gB
)LJXUH
([SHULPHQW²3KDVHGLYLVLRQPRGXODWLRQ GHPRGXODWLRQ(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
7KHVHWXSLQ)LJXUHFDQEHUHSUHVHQWHGE\WKHEORFNGLDJUDPLQ)LJXUHEHORZ7KH$GGHU
PRGXOHLVXVHGWRDGGWKH'6%,DQG'6%4VLJQDOVWRJHWKHUDQGWXUQWKHVHWXSLQWRDFRPSOHWH
SKDVHGLYLVLRQPRGXODWRU3'0
0HVVDJH,
7R&+
<
N+] '6%,
;
N+]
6,1( $
$GGHU 3'0VLJQDO
7R&+
N+] %
&26
;
N+] '6%4
<
)LJXUH
7KHQH[WIHZVWHSVJHW\RXWRDGMXVWWKH$GGHUPRGXOHVRWKDWWKHSRZHUGHQVLWLHVRIWKHWZR
VLJQDOVWKDWPDNHXSLWVRXWSXWDUHHTXDO
'LVFRQQHFWWKHSDWFKOHDGWRWKH$GGHUPRGXOH·V$LQSXW
1RWH7KLVUHPRYHVWKH'6%,VLJQDOIURPWKHVLJQDORQWKH$GGHUPRGXOH·VRXWSXW
OHDYLQJRQO\WKH'6%4FRPSRQHQW
1RWH$VWKHVFRSHLVWULJJHULQJRQ0HVVDJH,WKH'6%4VLJQDORQWKHVFRSH·V&KDQQHO
WUDFHZRQ·WEHVWDEOH,JQRUHWKLV
$GMXVWWKH$GGHUPRGXOH·VJFRQWUROWRREWDLQD9SSRXWSXW
5HFRQQHFWWKHSDWFKOHDGWRWKH$GGHUPRGXOH·V$LQSXW
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²3KDVHGLYLVLRQPRGXODWLRQ GHPRGXODWLRQ
'LVFRQQHFWWKHSDWFKOHDGWRWKH$GGHUPRGXOH·V%LQSXW
1RWH7KLVUHPRYHVWKH'6%4VLJQDOIURPWKHVLJQDORQWKH$GGHUPRGXOH·VRXWSXW
$GMXVWWKH$GGHUPRGXOH·V*FRQWUROWRREWDLQD9SSRXWSXW
5HFRQQHFWWKHSDWFKOHDGWRWKH$GGHUPRGXOH·V%LQSXW
1RWH:KHQ\RXGRWKLVWKHVLJQDORQWKH$GGHUPRGXOH·VRXWSXWPD\ORRNDOLWWOH
XQXVXDO7KLVLVWKHLQWHUDFWLRQEHWZHHQWZRVHWVRI'6%6&VLJQDOVZKHUHWKHPHVVDJH
RIRQO\RQHRIWKHPLVV\QFKURQLVHGWRWKHFDUULHUV
4XHVWLRQ
$FFRUGLQJWRWKHWKHRU\ZKDWW\SHRIGLJLWDOVLJQDOWUDQVPLVVLRQLVQRZSUHVHQWRQWKH
$GGHUPRGXOH·VRXWSXW"
3KDVHGLYLVLRQPRGXODWLRQ3'0
4XHVWLRQ
:RXOG\RXUDQVZHUWR4XHVWLRQVWLOOEHWUXHLIWKH$GGHUPRGXOH·VWZRJDLQVZHUH
GLIIHUHQWYDOXHV"([SODLQ\RXUDQVZHU
<HV,WLVQ·WDFRQGLWLRQRI3'0WKDWWKHWZR'6%VLJQDOVKDYHWKHVDPHSRZHUGHQVLW\
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJ
*RWRWKH6XSSOHPHQWRQSDJHZLWK\RXULQVWUXFWRU·VSHUPLVVLRQ2WKHUZLVH
FRQWLQXHRQIURP3DUW%
([SHULPHQW²3KDVHGLYLVLRQPRGXODWLRQ GHPRGXODWLRQ(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
3DUW%²8VLQJSKDVHGLVFULPLQDWLRQWRGHPRGXODWH3'0VLJQDOV
3DUW%GHPRQVWUDWHVKRZSKDVHGLVFULPLQDWLRQLVXVHGE\DSKDVHGLYLVLRQGHPRGXODWRUWRSLFN
RXWRQHRURWKHURIWKHWZR'6%VLJQDOVWKDWPDNHXSWKH3'0VLJQDO
/RFDWHWKH3KDVH6KLIWHUPRGXOHDQGVHWLWV3KDVH&KDQJHFRQWUROWRWKHSRVLWLRQ
/RFDWHWKH7XQHDEOH/RZSDVV)LOWHUPRGXOHDQGVHWLWV*DLQFRQWUROWRDERXWWKHPLGGOH
RILWVWUDYHO
7XUQWKH7XQHDEOH/RZSDVV)LOWHUPRGXOH·V)UHTXHQF\$GMXVWFRQWUROIXOO\FORFNZLVH
0RGLI\WKHVHWXSDVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHEHORZ
DIGITAL
DC
X
AC
GAIN DC
Y
10 0kHz AC
SINE
10 0kHz kXY G
FREQ COS
MULTIPLIER
10 0kHz A
DIGITAL
HI
8kHz
LO DIGITAL
2kHz X DC
DIGITAL
VCO SINE 2kHz g
INPUT SINE
Y DC kXY B GA+gB
LO
X DC f Cx10 0
Y DC kXY
PHASE
SERIAL TO
PARALLEL
O fC
0
S/ P
O
1 80
SERIAL X1
GAIN
IN OUT
CLK X2 IN OUT
)LJXUH
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²3KDVHGLYLVLRQPRGXODWLRQ GHPRGXODWLRQ
7KHDGGLWLRQVWRWKHVHWXSLQ)LJXUHFDQEHUHSUHVHQWHGE\WKHEORFNGLDJUDPLQ)LJXUH
EHORZ,I\RXFRPSDUHWKHEORFNGLDJUDPWR)LJXUHLQWKHSUHOLPLQDU\GLVFXVVLRQ\RX·OOQRWLFH
WKDWLWLPSOHPHQWVRQHDUPRIDWZRFKDQQHOSKDVHGLYLVLRQGHPRGXODWRUWRGHPRGXODWHHLWKHU
,RU4
0XOWLSOLHU 7XQHDEOH
PRGXOH /RZSDVV)LOWHU
3'0 <
0HVVDJH,RU
LQSXW
PHVVDJH4
7R&+
;
6WROHQORFDO
FDUULHU
N+]
O
3KDVH 0DVWHU
6KLIWHU 6LJQDOV
)LJXUH
6HWWKH9&2PRGXOH·VRXWSXWIUHTXHQF\WRN+]
1RWH7KLVPDNHVWKHWZRPHVVDJHVLJQDOVGLIIHUHQWDQGLGHQWLILDEOHRQWKH
GHPRGXODWRU·VRXWSXW0HVVDJH,LVVWLOON+]EXW0HVVDJH4LVQRZN+]
&RPSDUH0HVVDJH4ZLWKWKH7XQHDEOH/RZSDVV)LOWHUPRGXOH·VRXWSXW
$GMXVWWKH3KDVH6KLIWHUPRGXOH·V3KDVH$GMXVWFRQWUROXQWLO\RXREWDLQDVWDEOHFRS\RI
0HVVDJH4LJQRULQJSKDVHVKLIW
4XHVWLRQ
:KDWLVWKHSUHVHQWSKDVHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQWKHORFDOFDUULHUDQGWKHFDUULHUVLJQDOV
XVHGWRJHQHUDWHWKH'6%,DQG'6%4VLJQDOV"
7KHORFDOO\JHQHUDWHGFDUULHULVLQSKDVHZLWKWKH'6%4VLJQDO·VFDUULHUDQGWKHUHIRUH
RXWRISKDVHZLWKWKH'6%,VLJQDO·VFDUULHU
([SHULPHQW²3KDVHGLYLVLRQPRGXODWLRQ GHPRGXODWLRQ(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
0RGLI\WKHVFRSH·V&KDQQHOFRQQHFWLRQWRVHWXSDVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHEHORZ
DIGITAL
DC
X
AC
GAIN DC
Y
10 0kHz AC
SINE
10 0kHz kXY G
FREQ COS
MULTIPLIER
10 0kHz A
DIGITAL
HI
8kHz
LO DIGITAL
2kHz X DC
DIGITAL
VCO SINE 2kHz g
INPUT SINE
Y DC kXY B GA+gB
LO
X DC f Cx10 0
Y DC kXY
PHASE
SERIAL TO
PARALLEL
O fC
0
S/ P
O
1 80
SERIAL X1
GAIN
IN OUT
CLK X2 IN OUT
)LJXUH
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²3KDVHGLYLVLRQPRGXODWLRQ GHPRGXODWLRQ
$GMXVWWKH3KDVH6KLIWHUPRGXOH·V3KDVH$GMXVWFRQWUROXQWLO\RXREWDLQDFRS\RI
0HVVDJH,
7LS,I\RXKDYHGLIILFXOW\ZLWKWKLVWU\FKDQJLQJWKH3KDVH6KLIWHUPRGXOH·V3KDVH
&KDQJHFRQWUROWRWKHSRVLWLRQ
4XHVWLRQ
:KDWLVWKHSUHVHQWSKDVHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQWKHORFDOFDUULHUDQGWKHFDUULHUVLJQDOV
XVHGWRJHQHUDWHWKH'6%,DQG'6%4VLJQDOV"
7KHORFDOO\JHQHUDWHGFDUULHULVLQQRZSKDVHZLWKWKH'6%,VLJQDO·VFDUULHUDQG
WKHUHIRUHRXWRISKDVHZLWKWKH'6%4VLJQDO·VFDUULHU
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJ
([SHULPHQW²3KDVHGLYLVLRQPRGXODWLRQ GHPRGXODWLRQ(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
<RX·YHMXVW´WXQHGµWKHUHFHLYHUWRVHOHFWHLWKHU0HVVDJH,RU0HVVDJH4E\YLVXDOPHDQV1RZ
OHW·VVHHZKDW\RX·UHKHDULQJWHOOV\RX
0RGLI\WKHVHWXSDVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHEHORZ
DIGITAL
DC
X
AC
GAIN DC
Y
10 0kHz
SINE AC
10 0kHz kXY G
FREQ
COS
MULTIPLIER
10 0kHz A
DIGITAL
HI
8 kHz
LO DIGITAL
2 kHz X DC
DIGITAL
VCO SINE 2 kHz g
INPUT SINE
Y DC kXY B GA+gB
0 dB
LO
X DC f Cx10 0
-6dB
-2 0dB
Y DC kXY
AMPLIFIER PHASE
SERIAL TO
PARALLEL
O fC
0
S/ P
O
1 80
GAIN
SERIAL X1
GAIN
IN OUT IN OUT
CLK X2 IN OUT
)LJXUH
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²3KDVHGLYLVLRQPRGXODWLRQ GHPRGXODWLRQ
/RFDWHWKH%XIIHUPRGXOHDQGWXUQLWV*DLQFRQWUROIXOO\DQWLFORFNZLVH
:LWKRXWZHDULQJWKHKHDGSKRQHVSOXJWKHPLQWRWKH%XIIHUPRGXOH·VKHDGSKRQHVRFNHW
3XWWKHKHDGSKRQHVRQ
,QFUHDVHWKH%XIIHUPRGXOH·VJDLQXQWLO\RXFDQFRPIRUWDEO\KHDU0HVVDJH,
8VHWKH3KDVH6KLIWHUPRGXOH·V3KDVH$GMXVWFRQWUROWRVHOHFW0HVVDJH4H[FOXVLYHO\
WKHQEDFNWR0HVVDJH,
4XHVWLRQ
:K\LVLWSRVVLEOHWRKHDUERWKPHVVDJHVZKHQ\RXUGHPRGXODWRULVQRWH[FOXVLYHO\
VHOHFWLQJMXVWRQHRIWKHP"
:KHQ\RX·UHQRWH[FOXVLYHO\VHOHFWLQJRQHRIWKHPHVVDJHVWKHUHLVDSKDVHHUURU
EHWZHHQWKHORFDOFDUULHUDQGERWKRIWKHRULJLQDOFDUULHUVEXWQHLWKHUDUHDW
1RWH)XOOFDQFHOODWLRQRQO\RFFXUVZKHQWKHHUURULV
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJ
([SHULPHQW²3KDVHGLYLVLRQPRGXODWLRQ GHPRGXODWLRQ(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
2XUKHDULQJLVKLJKO\VRSKLVWLFDWHGDQGRQHRIRXUPRUHVHQVLWLYHVHQVHV/HW·VSXWLWWRXVH
KHUHWRWXQHWKHGHPRGXODWRUWRZKHQRQHRIWKHPHVVDJHVLVDPRUHFRPSOH[VLJQDO
8VHWKH3KDVH6KLIWHUPRGXOH·V3KDVH$GMXVWFRQWUROWRVHOHFW0HVVDJH,WKDWLVWKH
N+]WRQH
6HWWKHVFRSH·V7LPHEDVHFRQWUROWRPVGLY
5HSODFH0HVVDJH4ZLWKWKHRXWSXWIURPWKH6SHHFKPRGXOHDVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHEHORZ
+5 V
VDC DC
X
GND AC
VDC DC
Y
10 0kHz
SINE AC
10 0kHz kXY G
COS
SPEECH MULTIPLIER
10 0kHz A
DIGITAL
8 kHz
A EXOR DIGITAL
2 kHz X DC
DIGITAL
2 kHz g
SINE
B A+B Y DC kXY B GA+gB
0dB
LO
X DC f Cx10 0
-6dB
-20 dB
Y DC kXY
AMPLIFIER PHASE
SERIAL TO
PARALLEL
O fC
0
S/ P
O
18 0
GAIN
SERIAL X1
GAIN
IN OUT IN OUT
CLK X2 IN OUT
)LJXUH
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²3KDVHGLYLVLRQPRGXODWLRQ GHPRGXODWLRQ
7DNHWKHKHDGSKRQHVRIIIRUDPRPHQW
7DONDQGKXPLQWRWKHPLFURSKRQHZKLOHWU\LQJWRUHFRYHU0HVVDJH4WKHVSHHFKXVLQJ
RQO\WKHVFRSH
3XWWKHKHDGSKRQHVEDFNRQDQGWU\WRUHFRYHU0HVVDJH4XVLQJ\RXUKHDULQJ
8VH\RXUKHDULQJILQGWKHRSWLPDOWXQLQJSRLQWRIWKHGHPRGXODWRUIRUUHFRYHU\RI
0HVVDJH4WKHVSHHFK
4XHVWLRQ
+RZGLG\RXUHFRJQLVHWKHRSWLPDOWXQLQJSRLQWRIWKHGHPRGXODWRUDW6WHS"
7KHVSHHFKFDQEHKHDUGEXWWKHN+]WRQHFDQQRW
4XHVWLRQ
:K\GR\RXWKLQNRXUKHDULQJLVVRPXFKPRUHHIIHFWLYHIRUWKLVSXUSRVHWKDQORRNLQJDW
WKHVFRSH·VGLVSOD\"
2XUKHDULQJUHVSRQGVWRVLJQDOVDVWKRXJKLW·VDVSHFWUXPDQDO\VHUZKHUHDVWKHVFRSH
VKRZVVLJQDOVLQWKHWLPHGRPDLQ7KHWLPHGRPDLQLVSUREOHPDWLFEHFDXVHZKHQWKH
PHVVDJHRUPHVVDJHVDUHFRPSOH[LW·VGLIILFXOWWRVHHZKHQRQHRIWKHPLVFRPSOHWHO\
QXOOHG
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHILQLVKLQJ
([SHULPHQW²3KDVHGLYLVLRQPRGXODWLRQ GHPRGXODWLRQ(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
6XSSOHPHQW²2EVHUYDWLRQVRI3'0EDQGZLGWKLQWKHIUHTXHQF\GRPDLQ
$VDOUHDG\PHQWLRQHGWKHDGYDQWDJHRISKDVHGLYLVLRQPRGXODWLRQLVWKHIDFWWKDWWZRXVHUV
FDQWUDQVPLWVLJQDOVLQWKHVDPHSRUWLRQRIWKHUDGLRIUHTXHQF\VSHFWUXP7KLVSDUWRIWKH
H[SHULPHQWOHWV\RXVHHWKLVIRU\RXUVHOIDQGFDQEHXQGHUWDNHQEHWZHHQ3DUWV$DQG%E\
VWXGHQWVZLWKDFFHVVWRDVSHFWUXPDQDO\VHUZLWKDQDSSURSULDWHEDQGZLGWK
0RGLI\WKHVHWXSWRLQFOXGHWKHVSHFWUXPDQDO\VHUDVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHEHORZ
1RWH7KHIROORZLQJLQVWUXFWLRQVUHODWHWRD3&EDVHGVSHFWUXPDQDO\VHUFDOOHGWKH
3LFR6FRSH2WKHUVSHFWUXPDQDO\VLVGHYLFHVFDQEHXVHGSURYLGHGWKHEDQGZLGWKLV
DWOHDVWN+]
DIGITAL
DC
X
AC
GAIN DC
Y
10 0kHz
SINE AC
10 0kHz kXY G
FREQ
COS
MULTIPLIER
10 0kHz A
DIGITAL
HI
8 kHz
LO DIGITAL
2 kHz X DC
DIGITAL
VCO SINE 2 kHz g
INPUT SINE
Y DC kXY B GA+gB
PC-based
Spectrum
Analyser
CH A
CH B
)LJXUH
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²3KDVHGLYLVLRQPRGXODWLRQ GHPRGXODWLRQ
/DXQFKWKH3LFR6FRSHVRIWZDUHDQGVHWLWVVSHFWUXPDQDO\VHUFRQWUROVDVIROORZV
*HQHUDO
6SHFWUXP5DQJHWRN+]
+RUL]RQWDO=RRPWRõ
&KDQQHO$,QSXW5DQJHWR$XWR
&KDQQHO%,QSXW5DQJHWR2II
6SHFWUXP2SWLRQV
6SHFWUXP%LQVWR
:LQGRZ)XQFWLRQWR%ODFNPDQ+DUULV
'LVSOD\0RGHWR0DJQLWXGH
6FDOHWR/RJDULWKPLF
/RJDULWKPLF8QLWWRG%9
1RWH,I\RX·UHXVLQJDVSHFWUXPDQDO\VHURWKHUWKDQWKH3LFR6FRSHVHH\RXU
LQVWUXFWRUIRUDOLVWRIWKHFRQWUROVWRDGMXVWDQGWKHLUDSSURSULDWHVHWWLQJV
1RWH,IWKHVSHFWUXPDQDO\VHUKDVEHHQVHWXSFRUUHFWO\LWVGLVSOD\ZLOOEHVLPLODUWR
)LJXUHEHORZ
)LJXUH
([SHULPHQW²3KDVHGLYLVLRQPRGXODWLRQ GHPRGXODWLRQ(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
$VWKHPHVVDJHVLJQDOVDUHERWKN+]WKHVSHFWUXPRIWKHWZR'6%VLJQDOVWKDWWKHPHVVDJHV
DUHXVHGWRJHQHUDWHPXVWRFFXS\WKHVDPHSRUWLRQRIVSHFWUXP7RSURYHWKLV«
9DU\WKHIUHTXHQF\RI0HVVDJH4E\YDU\LQJWKH9&2PRGXOH·V)UHTXHQF\$GMXVWFRQWURO
DOLWWOHOHIWDQGULJKWZKLOHZDWFKLQJWKHVSHFWUXPDQDO\VHU·VGLVSOD\
4XHVWLRQ
:KDWDUHWKHH[WUDVLQHZDYHVWKDWKDYHDSSHDUHG"
7KH\·UHWKHVLGHEDQGVRI'6%4
4XHVWLRQ
:K\ZHUHWKHVHVLQHZDYHVQRWYLVLEOHEHIRUH"
7KH\ZHUHVLWWLQJRQWRSRIWKHVLGHEDQGVIRU'6%4DQGVRFRXOGQRWEHVHHQ
7RYHULI\\RXUDQVZHUWR4XHVWLRQ«
8VHWKHVSHFWUXPDQDO\VHUWRVHW0HVVDJH4WRH[DFWO\WKHVDPHIUHTXHQF\DV0HVVDJH,
'LVFRQQHFWWKHSDWFKOHDGWRWKH$GGHUPRGXOH·V$LQSXWZKLOHZDWFKLQJWKHVSHFWUXP
DQDO\VHU·VGLVSOD\
5HFRQQHFWWKHSDWFKOHDGWRWKH$GGHUPRGXOH·V$LQSXW
'LVFRQQHFWWKHSDWFKOHDGWRWKH$GGHUPRGXOH·V%LQSXWZKLOHZDWFKLQJWKHVSHFWUXP
DQDO\VHU·VGLVSOD\
5HFRQQHFWWKHSDWFKOHDGWRWKH$GGHUPRGXOH·V%LQSXW
4XHVWLRQ
%DVHGRQ\RXUREVHUYDWLRQVZKDWFDQZHVD\DERXWWKH'6%,DQG'6%4VLJQDOVJHQHUDWHG
E\PHVVDJHVFRQVLVWLQJRIWKHVDPHUDQJHRIIUHTXHQFLHV"
7KH\KDYHWKHVDPHEDQGZLGWKVDQGPRUHLPSRUWDQWO\WKH\RFFXS\WKHVDPHSRUWLRQ
RIWKHVSHFWUXP
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²3KDVHGLYLVLRQPRGXODWLRQ GHPRGXODWLRQ
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJ
&ORVHWKH3LFR6FRSHVRIWZDUHDQGGLVFRQQHFWWKHGHYLFHIURP\RXUVHWXS
&RQWLQXHIURP3DUW%RIWKHH[SHULPHQW
([SHULPHQW²3KDVHGLYLVLRQPRGXODWLRQ GHPRGXODWLRQ(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²3KDVHGLYLVLRQPRGXODWLRQ GHPRGXODWLRQ
1DPH
&ODVV
3XOVHZLGWKPRGXODWLRQDQGGHPRGXODWLRQ
([SHULPHQW²3XOVHZLGWKPRGXODWLRQDQGGHPRGXODWLRQ
3UHOLPLQDU\GLVFXVVLRQ
$V\RXNQRZZKHQDQDQDORJVLJQDOLVSHULRGLFDOO\VDPSOHGWKHVDPSOHGVLJQDOLVDFRPSOH[
ZDYHIRUPWKDWFRQVLVWVRIWKHRULJLQDODQDORJVLJQDOSOXVDOLDVHVDOVRNQRZQDVLPDJHV7KLV
KDVEHHQFRPSUHKHQVLYHO\GHPRQVWUDWHGLQDQRWKHU7HOHFRPV7UDLQHUH[SHULPHQWXVLQJ
SXOVHDPSOLWXGHPRGXODWLRQ3$0EXWWKHIDFWLVWUXHIRUDOOSXOVHPRGXODWLRQVFKHPHV
$QRWKHUW\SHRISXOVHPRGXODWLRQLVFDOOHGSXOVHZLGWKPRGXODWLRQ3:0RUVRPHWLPHVSXOVH
GXUDWLRQPRGXODWLRQ3'07RXQGHUVWDQG3:0OHW·VFRQVLGHUDVLPSOHPHWKRGIRUJHQHUDWLQJ
LWWKDWLQYROYHVDFRPSDUDWRUZLWKDVDZWRRWKZDYHIRUPIRURQHRILWVLQSXWV7KLVLVVKRZQLQ
)LJXUHEHORZ
&RPSDUDWRU
$QDORJ
LQSXW
3:0VLJQDO
6DZWRRWK
JHQHUDWRU
)LJXUH
5HFDOOWKDWWKHFRPSDUDWRUDPSOLILHVWKHGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQWKHYROWDJHVRQLWVWZRLQSXWVE\
DQH[WUHPHO\ODUJHDPRXQW6RZKHQWKHLQVWDQWDQHRXVDQDORJYROWDJHLVVPDOOHUWKDQWKH
LQVWDQWDQHRXVVDZWRRWKYROWDJHWKHFRPSDUDWRU·VRXWSXWLVORJLF$QGZKHQWKHLQVWDQWDQHRXV
DQDORJYROWDJHLVODUJHUWKDQWKHLQVWDQWDQHRXVVDZWRRWKYROWDJHWKHFRPSDUDWRU·VRXWSXWLV
ORJLF7KDWEHLQJWKHFDVHWKHFRPSDUDWRU·VRXWSXWLVDSXOVHWUDLQZLWKDSXOVHZLGWKWKDWLV
DIXQFWLRQRIWKHVL]HRIWKHYROWDJHRQWKHDQDORJLQSXW)LJXUHRQWKHQH[WSDJH
GHPRQVWUDWHVWKLVE\FRPSDULQJWKHFRPSDUDWRU·VRXWSXWIRUWZR'&YROWDJHVRQWKHDQDORJ
LQSXW
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²3XOVHZLGWKPRGXODWLRQ GHPRGXODWLRQ
V Sawtooth V Sawtooth
input input Analog
input
Analog
input
t t
Vout Vout
t t
)LJXUH
$QH[DPSOHRIWKHHIIHFWRQWKHFRPSDUDWRU·VRXWSXWIRUDVLQHZDYHDQDORJLQSXWLVVKRZQLQ
)LJXUHEHORZ
Va
t
Vout
t
)LJXUH
$WWKLVSRLQWLW·VXVHIXOWRKLJKOLJKWWKHGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQ3:0DQG3$0VLJQDOVLQWKHWLPH
GRPDLQ5HFDOOWKDW3$0SURGXFHVDVHULHVRISXOVHVZLWKDIL[HGZLGWKEXWZLWKDQDPSOLWXGH
WKDWLVSURSRUWLRQDOWRWKHLQVWDQWDQHRXVDQDORJLQSXWYROWDJHIRUDQH[DPSOHVHH9ROXPH
([SHULPHQW)LJXUHE3:0RQWKHRWKHUKDQGSURGXFHVDVHULHVRISXOVHVDWRQO\RQH
([SHULPHQW²3XOVHZLGWKPRGXODWLRQ GHPRGXODWLRQ(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
YROWDJHRWKHUWKDQ]HUREXWZLWKDSXOVHZLGWKWKDWLVSURSRUWLRQDOWRWKHLQVWDQWDQHRXV
DQDORJLQSXWYROWDJH
$FRPSDULVRQRI3:0DQG3$0VLJQDOVLQWKHIUHTXHQF\GRPDLQVKRZVDQLQWHUHVWLQJVLPLODULW\
EHWZHHQWKHWZREXWDOVRDFULWLFDOGLIIHUHQFH%RWKVLJQDOVFRQWDLQDFRS\RIWKHRULJLQDO
PHVVDJHDQGWKH\ERWKFRQWDLQPRGXODWHGFDUULHUVDWHDFKRIWKHSXOVH·VKDUPRQLFV+RZHYHU
WKHPRGXODWLRQRIWKHVH´KDUPRQLFFDUULHUVµLVGLIIHUHQW7KHPDWKHPDWLFDODQDO\VLVRI3$0
VLJQDOVVKRZVWKDWWKHLUKDUPRQLFFDUULHUVDUH'6%6&PRGXODWHGIRUDQH[SODQDWLRQRIZK\
UHIHUWR9ROXPH([SHULPHQW:KHUHDVWKHPDWKHPDWLFDODQDO\VLVRI3:0VLJQDOVQRW
SURYLGHGKHUHVKRZVWKDWWKHLUKDUPRQLFFDUULHUVDUHSKDVHPRGXODWHG$VVXFKWKHVLJQDOV·
VSHFWUDDUHTXLWHGLIIHUHQWZKLFKH[SODLQVZK\WKHVLJQDOVORRNVRGLIIHUHQWLQWKHWLPH
GRPDLQ
'HVSLWHWKHGLIIHUHQFHVLQWKHVSHFWUDOFRPSRVLWLRQRI3:0DQG3$0VLJQDOVWKHIDFWWKDW
WKH\ERWKFRQWDLQDFRS\RIWKHPHVVDJHPHDQVWKDWWKHPHVVDJHFDQEHUHFRYHUHGLQWKHVDPH
ZD\WKDWLVE\XVLQJDORZSDVVILOWHU2IFRXUVHIRUWKLVGHPRGXODWLRQWHFKQLTXHWRZRUN
WKH1\TXLVW6DPSOH5DWHPXVWEHREVHUYHGLQWKHILUVWLQVWDQFH
7KHH[SHULPHQW
)RUWKLVH[SHULPHQW\RX·OOVHWXSDSXOVHZLGWKPRGXODWRU3:0XVLQJWKH(PRQD7HOHFRPV
7UDLQHUFRPSDUDWRUPRGXOH<RX·OOWKHQYHULI\LWVRSHUDWLRQDQGGHWHUPLQHLWVOLPLWVXVLQJD
'&LQSXWYROWDJH1H[W\RX·OOREVHUYHWKH3:0·VRSHUDWLRQIRUDQ$&PHVVDJHVLJQDOXVLQJD
N+]WRQHWKHQVSHHFK)LQDOO\\RX·OOLQYHVWLJDWHWKHHIIHFWVRIUHGXFLQJWKHHIIHFWLYHVDPSOH
UDWHEHORZWKH1\TXLVW6DPSOH5DWHIRUWKHPHVVDJH
,WVKRXOGWDNH\RXDERXWPLQXWHVWRFRPSOHWHWKLVH[SHULPHQW,WVKRXOGWDNHDQDGGLWLRQDO
PLQXWHVWRFRPSOHWHWKH6XSSOHPHQWLIDVSHFWUXPDQDO\VHUZLWKDQDSSURSULDWHEDQGZLGWK
LVDYDLODEOH
3UHUHTXLVLWHV
([SHULPHQW9RO6HWWLQJXSDQRVFLOORVFRSH
([SHULPHQW9RO$QLQWURGXFWLRQWRWKH7HOHFRPV7UDLQHU
([SHULPHQW9RO0RGHOOLQJHTXDWLRQV
([SHULPHQW9RO6DPSOLQJDQGUHFRQVWUXFWLRQ
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²3XOVHZLGWKPRGXODWLRQ GHPRGXODWLRQ
(TXLSPHQW
(PRQD7HOHFRPV7UDLQHUSOXVSRZHUSDFN
'XDO&KDQQHO0+]RVFLOORVFRSH
'LJLWDOPXOWLPHWHU
7ZR(PRQD7HOHFRPV7UDLQHURVFLOORVFRSHOHDGV
$VVRUWHG(PRQD7HOHFRPV7UDLQHUSDWFKOHDGV
2QHVHWRIKHDGSKRQHVVWHUHR
6XSSOHPHQW
6SHFWUXPDQDO\VHUVXFKDVWKH3LFR6FRSH
$QDGGLWLRQDORVFLOORVFRSHOHDG
3URFHGXUH
3DUW$*HQHUDWLQJWKHVDZWRRWKZDYHIRUP
$VDZWRRWKZDYHIRUPLVQHHGHGIRURQHRIWKHLQSXWVWRWKHFRPSDUDWRUWRWXUQLWLQWRDSXOVH
ZLGWKPRGXODWRU3DUW$JHWV\RXWRVHWRQHXS
*DWKHUDVHWRIWKHHTXLSPHQWOLVWHGRQWKHSUHYLRXVSDJH
/RFDWHWKH7ZLQ3XOVH*HQHUDWRUPRGXOHDQGWXUQLWV:LGWKFRQWUROIXOO\DQWLFORFNZLVH
7XUQWKH7ZLQ3XOVH*HQHUDWRUPRGXOH·V'HOD\FRQWUROIXOO\DQWLFORFNZLVH
&RQQHFWWKHVHWXSVKRZQLQ)LJXUHEHORZ
1 00 kHz IN OUT
SINE WIDTH
RECTIFIER
1 00 kHz
COS
1 00 kHz Q2
DIGITAL DIODE & RC LPF
8kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz
DIGITAL DELAY
RC LPF
2kHz
SINE
CLK Q1
)LJXUH
([SHULPHQW²3XOVHZLGWKPRGXODWLRQ GHPRGXODWLRQ(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
7KHVHWXSLQ)LJXUHFDQEHUHSUHVHQWHGE\WKHEORFNGLDJUDPLQ)LJXUHEHORZ
0DVWHU 7ZLQ3XOVH
6LJQDOV *HQHUDWRU
'LRGH N+]VDZWRRWK
5&/3) ZDYHIRUP
N+]
7R&+
)LJXUH
6HWXSWKHVFRSHSHUWKHLQVWUXFWLRQVLQWKH$SSHQGL[
1RWH(QVXUHWKDWWKHVFRSH·V7ULJJHU6RXUFHFRQWUROLVVHWWRWKH&+RU,17
SRVLWLRQ
6HWWKHVFRSH·V7LPHEDVHFRQWUROWRWKHVGLYSRVLWLRQ
6HWWKHVFRSH·V0RGHFRQWUROWRWKH'8$/SRVLWLRQWRYLHZWUDFHVIRUERWKFKDQQHOV
6HWWKHVFRSH·V,QSXW&RXSOLQJFRQWUROVIRUERWKFKDQQHOVWRWKH*URXQGSRVLWLRQ
$OLJQERWKWUDFHVZLWKRQHRIWKHKRUL]RQWDOOLQHVDWWKHERWWRPRIWKHJUDWLFXOH
1RWH7KLVDOLJQV9RIERWKLQSXWVZLWKWKHOLQHWKDW\RXKDYHFKRVHQ
1RWH&KHFNWKDWWKH9HUWLFDO$WWHQXDWLRQFRQWURORIERWKFKDQQHOVLVVHWWRWKH
9GLYSRVLWLRQ,IQRWFRUUHFWWKLVDQGUHSHDWWKLVVWHS
1RWH2QFHVHWXSGRQ·WPRYHWKH9HUWLFDO3RVLWLRQFRQWUROVRIERWKFKDQQHOVXQOHVV
LQVWUXFWHGWRGRVR
6HWWKHVFRSH·V,QSXW&RXSOLQJFRQWUROVIRUERWKFKDQQHOVWRWKH'&SRVLWLRQ
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJ
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²3XOVHZLGWKPRGXODWLRQ GHPRGXODWLRQ
3DUW%²9HULI\LQJWKHRSHUDWLRQRIWKH3:0XVLQJD'&DQDORJLQSXWYROWDJH
3DUW%JHWV\RXWRYHULI\WKHRSHUDWLRQRIWKHFRPSDUDWRUDVDSXOVHZLGWKPRGXODWRUXVLQJD
'&YROWDJHIRUWKHDQDORJLQSXW<RX·OODOVRH[SHULPHQWDOO\GHWHUPLQHWKHORZHUDQGXSSHU
WKUHVKROGYROWDJHVRIWKHDQDORJLQSXWWKDWWKH3:0FDQUHOLDEO\FRQYHUW
/RFDWHWKH9DULDEOH'&9PRGXOHDQGWXUQLWV'&9ROWDJHFRQWURODOPRVWIXOO\DQWL
FORFNZLVH
/RFDWHWKH$GGHUPRGXOHDQGVHWLWV*DQGJFRQWUROVWRDERXWWKHPLGGOHRIWKHLU
WUDYHO
0RGLI\WKHVHWXSDVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHEHORZ
VARIABLE
DCV
+5 V
VDC
GND
VDC
SPEECH
A EXOR
B A+B
1 00 kHz IN OUT
SINE WIDTH
RECTIFIER
G 1 00 kHz
COS
A 1 00 kHz Q2
DIGITAL DIODE & RC LPF
8kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz
DIGITAL DELAY
RC LPF
g 2kHz
SINE
B GA+gB CLK Q1
)LJXUH
([SHULPHQW²3XOVHZLGWKPRGXODWLRQ GHPRGXODWLRQ(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
7KHVHWXSLQ)LJXUHFDQEHUHSUHVHQWHGE\WKHEORFNGLDJUDPLQ)LJXUHEHORZ7KHUHDUHD
IHZWKLQJVWRQRWH)LUVWWKHHQWLUHVHWXSUHSUHVHQWHGE\)LJXUHKDVEHHQUHSODFHGE\WKH
EORFNIRUDVDZWRRWKJHQHUDWRU6HFRQGWKHDGGLWLRQVWRWKHVHWXSILQDOLVHWKH
LPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIWKH3:0LQWURGXFHGLQ)LJXUHRIWKHSUHOLPLQDU\GLVFXVVLRQ7KLUGWKH
DQDORJLQSXWWRWKH&RPSDUDWRULVDSRVLWLYH'&YROWDJHSURYLGHGE\9DULDEOH'&9PRGXOHYLD
WKH$GGHUPRGXOHVRWKDWLWVVL]HFDQEHYDULHGRYHUWKHUHTXLUHGUDQJH$'&YROWDJHLVXVHG
DWWKLVVWDJHIRUWHVWLQJ
$QDORJLQSXW9'&
$GGHU &RPSDUDWRU 7R&+
$ 5()
3:0VLJQDO
% ,1
N+]VDZWRRWK
ZDYHIRUP
7R&+
9DULDEOH
'&9
)LJXUH
9DU\WKH$GGHUPRGXOH·VJFRQWURORYHUWKHHQWLUHUDQJHRILWVWUDYHO
1RWH$V\RXGR\RXVKRXOGVHHWKH'&YROWDJHGLVSOD\HGRQWKHVFRSH·V&KDQQHOYDU\
EHWZHHQDQGEH\RQGWKHVDZWRRWKZDYHIRUP·VSHDNV
1RWH,IWKLVGRHVQ·WKDSSHQFKHFNWKDWWKHVFRSH·V&KDQQHO,QSXW&RXSOLQJFRQWURO
LVVHWWRWKH'&SRVLWLRQ
$GMXVWWKH$GGHUPRGXOH·VJFRQWUROVRWKDWLWV'&RXWSXWYROWDJHLVDOLJQHGZLWKWKH
VDZWRRWKZDYH·VORZHUSHDNV
6HWXSWKHGLJLWDOPXOWLPHWHU'00IRUPHDVXULQJ'&YROWDJHV
1RWH,I\RX·UHQRWVXUHKRZWKLVLVGRQHFDOOWKHLQVWUXFWRUIRUDVVLVWDQFH
&RQQHFWWKH'00EHWZHHQWKH$GGHUPRGXOH·VRXWSXWDQGWKHWUDLQHU·VJURXQG
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²3XOVHZLGWKPRGXODWLRQ GHPRGXODWLRQ
0HDVXUHWKH$GGHUPRGXOH·V'&RXWSXWYROWDJHDQGUHFRUGLWLQ7DEOHEHORZ
1RWH7KLVLVWKHPLQLPXPDOORZDEOHDQDORJLQSXWYROWDJHIRUWKHSXOVHZLGWKPRGXODWRU·V
UHOLDEOHRSHUDWLRQ
$GMXVWWKH$GGHUPRGXOH·VJFRQWUROVRWKDWLWV'&RXWSXWYROWDJHLVDOLJQHGZLWKWKH
VDZWRRWKZDYH·VXSSHUSHDNV
0HDVXUHDQGUHFRUGWKH$GGHUPRGXOH·V'&RXWSXWYROWDJH
1RWH7KLVLVWKHPD[LPXPDOORZDEOHDQDORJLQSXWYROWDJHIRUWKHSXOVHZLGWK
PRGXODWRU·VUHOLDEOHRSHUDWLRQ
7DEOH
0LQLPXPDQDORJ 0D[LPXPDQDORJ
LQSXWYROWDJH LQSXWYROWDJH
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJ
([SHULPHQW²3XOVHZLGWKPRGXODWLRQ GHPRGXODWLRQ(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
0RGLI\WKHVHWXSDVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHEHORZ
VARIABLE
DCV
+5 V
VDC
GND
VDC
SPEECH
A EXOR
B A+B
1 00 kHz IN OUT
SINE WIDTH
RECTIFIER
G 1 00 kHz
COS
A 1 00 kHz Q2
DIGITAL DIODE & RC LPF
8kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz
DIGITAL DELAY
RC LPF
g 2kHz
SINE
B GA+gB CLK Q1
)LJXUH
7KHQHZVFRSHFRQQHFWLRQFDQEHVKRZQXVLQJWKHEORFNGLDJUDPLQ)LJXUHEHORZ
$ 5()
3:0VLJQDO
7R&+
% ,1
N+]VDZWRRWK
ZDYHIRUP
7R&+
)LJXUH
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²3XOVHZLGWKPRGXODWLRQ GHPRGXODWLRQ
9DU\WKH$GGHUPRGXOH·VJFRQWUROEHWZHHQWKHUDQJHRIYROWDJHVVSHFLILHGLQ7DEOH
1RWH$V\RXGR\RXVKRXOGVHHWKHGXW\F\FOHRIWKHSXOVHWUDLQRQ&RPSDUDWRU·VRXWSXW
YDU\EHWZHHQPLQLPXPDQGPD[LPXP
4XHVWLRQ
:KDWLVWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQWKHDQDORJLQSXWYROWDJHDQGWKHPDUNVSDFHUDWLR
WKDWLVWKHGXW\F\FOHRIWKH3:0·VRXWSXW"
$VWKHDQDORJLQSXWYROWDJHLQFUHDVHVWKHPDUNVSDFHUDWLRLQFUHDVHV
9DU\WKH$GGHUPRGXOH·VJFRQWURODERYHDQGEHORZWKHYROWDJHVLQ7DEOHDQGQRWHWKH
HIIHFWRQWKHSXOVHZLGWKPRGXODWRU·VRXWSXW
4XHVWLRQ
:K\LVLWFULWLFDOWRHQVXUHWKDWWKHDQDORJLQSXWYROWDJHGRHVQ·WH[FHHGWKHVDZWRRWK
ZDYHIRUP·VSHDNYROWDJHV"
%HFDXVHYROWDJHVFKDQJHVRXWVLGHWKHSHDNVGRQ·WWUDQVODWHWRYDULDWLRQVLQWKH3:0
VLJQDO·VPDUNVSDFHUDWLRDQGVRFDQQRWEHUHFRYHUHG
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJ
([SHULPHQW²3XOVHZLGWKPRGXODWLRQ GHPRGXODWLRQ(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
3DUW&²3:0RSHUDWLRQZLWKDQ$&DQDORJLQSXWVLJQDOD´PHVVDJHµ
3DUW&JHWV\RXWRYHULI\WKHRSHUDWLRQRIWKHSXOVHZLGWKPRGXODWRUXVLQJDQ$&DQDORJLQSXW
YROWDJHIRUWKHPHVVDJH6SHFLILFDOO\\RX·OOXVHDN+]VLQHZDYH+RZHYHUEHIRUH\RXGRWKH
DQDORJLQSXWPXVWEHDGMXVWHGVRWKDWLWFKDQJHVRQO\RYHUWKHUDQJHRIWKHVDZWRRWK
ZDYHIRUP·VSHDNV
$GMXVWWKH$GGHUPRGXOH·VJFRQWUROWRREWDLQ'&RXWSXWWKDWLVH[DFWO\KDOIZD\
EHWZHHQWKHVDZWRRWKZDYHIRUP·VSHDNV
7LS8VHDOLWWOHPDWKKHUHUDWKHUWKDQGRLQJWKLVE\YLVXDOLQVSHFWLRQ7KHYDOXHVLQ
7DEOHVKRXOGKHOS
6HWWKH$GGHUPRGXOH·V*FRQWUROWRH[DFWO\KDOIRILWVWUDYHO
0RGLI\WKHVHWXSDVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHEHORZ
VARIABLE
DCV
+5 V
VDC
GND
VDC
SPEECH
A EXOR
B A+ B
1 00 kHz IN OUT
SINE WIDTH
RECTIFIER
G 1 00 kHz
COS
A 1 00 kHz Q2
DIGITAL DIODE & RC LPF
8kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz
DIGITAL DELAY
RC LPF
g 2kHz
SINE
B GA+gB CLK Q1
)LJXUH
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²3XOVHZLGWKPRGXODWLRQ GHPRGXODWLRQ
7KHFKDQJHWRWKHVHWXSLQ)LJXUHFDQEHUHSUHVHQWHGE\WKHEORFNGLDJUDPLQ)LJXUH
EHORZ7KH0DVWHU6LJQDOVPRGXOH·VN+]6,1(RXWSXWLVFRQQHFWHGWRWKHSXOVHZLGWK
PRGXODWRU·VLQSXWYLDWKH$GGHUPRGXOH7KH$GGHUPRGXOHLVQRZEHLQJXVHGWRDGGD'&
RIIVHWWRWKHVLQHZDYHWRSXVKLWXSEHWZHHQWKHVDZWRRWKZDYHIRUP·VSHDNV
0HVVDJH
0DVWHU6LJQDOV 7R&+
$ 5()
3:0VLJQDO
N+]
% ,1
N+]VDZWRRWK
ZDYHIRUP
7R&+
)LJXUH
&RPSDUHWKHWZRZDYHIRUPV
1RWH7KHVLQHZDYHPHVVDJHVKRXOGEHVLWWLQJLQVLGHWKHVDZWRRWKZDYH·VSHDNV,IQRW
UHGXFHWKH$GGHUPRGXOH·V$LQSXWJDLQE\WXUQLQJWKHPRGXOH·V*FRQWURODQWL
FORFNZLVHXQWLOLWLV
7RREVHUYHWKHHIIHFWRIWKH'&RIIVHWGLVFRQQHFWWKHOHDGEHWZHHQWKH9DULDEOH'&9
PRGXOHDQGWKH$GGHUPRGXOH·V%LQSXW
1RWH<RXVKRXOGVHHWKHVLQHZDYHGURSRQWKHVFRSH·VVFUHHQ
4XHVWLRQ
:KDWZRXOGEHWKHHIIHFWRQWKHSXOVHZLGWKPRGXODWRU·VRXWSXWLIWKHVHWXSZDVOHIW
OLNHWKLV"
3RUWLRQVRIWKHDQDORJLQSXWYROWDJHZRXOGQ·WFDXVHFKDQJHVLQWKH3:0RXWSXWVLJQDO·V
GXW\F\FOH
([SHULPHQW²3XOVHZLGWKPRGXODWLRQ GHPRGXODWLRQ(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJ
5HFRQQHFWWKHOHDGEHWZHHQWKH9DULDEOH'&9PRGXOHDQGWKH$GGHUPRGXOH·V%LQSXW
,QFUHDVHWKH$GGHUPRGXOH·V$LQSXWJDLQXVLQJWKH*FRQWUROXQWLOWKHVLQHZDYH·VSHDNV
DUHMXVWEHWZHHQWKHVDZWRRWKZDYH·VSHDNV
0DNHDQRWHRIWKHSRVLWLRQRIWKH$GGHUPRGXOH·V*FRQWURO
7LS7RKHOS\RXUHPHPEHUWKLVUHODWHWKHFRQWURO·VPDUNHUSRVLWLRQWRWKHQXPEHUVRQ
WKHIDFHRIDFORFN
0RGLI\WKHVFRSH·VFRQQHFWLRQVWRWKHVHWXSDVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHEHORZ
VARIABLE
DCV
+5 V
VDC
GND
VDC
SPEECH
A EXOR
B A+B
10 0kHz IN OUT
SINE WIDTH
RECTIFIER
G 10 0kHz
COS
A 10 0kHz Q2
DIGITAL DIODE & RC LPF
8 kHz
DIGITAL
2 kHz
DIGITAL DELAY
RC LPF
g 2 kHz
SINE
B GA+gB CLK Q1
)LJXUH
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²3XOVHZLGWKPRGXODWLRQ GHPRGXODWLRQ
7KHQHZVFRSHFRQQHFWLRQVLQ)LJXUHFDQEHVKRZQXVLQJWKHEORFNGLDJUDPLQ)LJXUH
EHORZ
0HVVDJH
7R&+
$ 5()
3:0VLJQDO
N+] 7R&+
% ,1
)LJXUH
2EVHUYHWKHSXOVHZLGWKPRGXODWRU·VRXWSXW3D\SDUWLFXODUDWWHQWLRQWRWKHVLJQDO·V
PDUNVSDFHUDWLRUHODWLYHWRWKHPHVVDJH
4XHVWLRQ
,QUHODWLRQWRWKHPHVVDJHZKHQLVWKH3:0VLJQDO·VPDUNVSDFHUDWLRELJJHVW"
:KHQWKHPHVVDJHYROWDJHLVPD[LPXP
9DU\WKH$GGHUPRGXOH·V*FRQWUROWRYDU\WKHDPSOLWXGHRIWKHPHVVDJHDQGREVHUYHWKH
HIIHFWRQWKHSXOVHZLGWKPRGXODWRU·VRXWSXW
1RWH7DNHFDUHQRWWRH[FHHGWKHJDLQVHWWLQJ\RXQRWHGIRU6WHS
([SHULPHQW²3XOVHZLGWKPRGXODWLRQ GHPRGXODWLRQ(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
4XHVWLRQ
:K\GRHVWKHPDUNVSDFHUDWLRRIWKH3:0·VRXWSXWVLJQDOEHFRPHPRUHXQLIRUPDVWKH
VL]HRIWKHPHVVDJHLVUHGXFHG"
7KHPDUNVSDFHUDWLRRIWKH3:0·VRXWSXWLVDIIHFWHGE\WKHVL]HRIWKHYDULDWLRQ
RQLWVLQSXW7KHVPDOOHUWKHLQSXWYDULDWLRQWKHOHVVFKDQJHLQWKH3:0RXWSXWVLJQDO·V
PDUNVSDFHUDWLRDFURVVWKHLQSXWVLJQDO·VF\FOH
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJ
*RWRWKH6XSSOHPHQWRQSDJHZLWK\RXULQVWUXFWRU·VSHUPLVVLRQ2WKHUZLVH
FRQWLQXHRQIURP3DUW'
3DUW'²5HFRYHULQJWKH$&DQDORJLQSXWYROWDJH
5HFDOOWKDWWKHSXOVHZLGWKPRGXODWRURXWSXWVLJQDO·VVSHFWUDOFRPSRVLWLRQLQFOXGHVDFRS\RI
WKHRULJLQDOPHVVDJH6RDVVXPLQJWKH1\TXLVW6DPSOH5DWHKDVEHHQREVHUYHGLWLVD
UHODWLYHO\VLPSOHPDWWHUWRUHFRYHUWKHPHVVDJHXVLQJDORZSDVVILOWHU3DUW'GHPRQVWUDWHV
WKLV
6HWWKH$GGHUPRGXOH·V*FRQWUROWRMXVWEHORZWKHVHWWLQJ\RXQRWHGIRU6WHS
/RFDWHWKH7XQHDEOH/RZSDVV)LOWHUPRGXOHDQGVHWLWV*DLQFRQWUROWRDERXWWKHPLGGOH
RILWVWUDYHO
7XUQWKH7XQHDEOH/RZSDVV)LOWHUPRGXOH·V&XWRII)UHTXHQF\$GMXVWFRQWUROIXOO\DQWL
FORFNZLVH
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²3XOVHZLGWKPRGXODWLRQ GHPRGXODWLRQ
0RGLI\WKHVHWXSDVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHEHORZ
VARIABLE
DCV
+5V
VDC
GND
VDC
SPEECH
A EXOR
B A+B
10 0kHz IN OUT
SINE WIDTH
RECTIFIER
G 10 0kHz
COS
A 10 0kHz Q2
DIGITAL DIODE & RC LPF
8 kHz
DIGITAL
2 kHz
DIGITAL DELAY
RC LPF
g 2 kHz
SINE
B GA+gB CLK Q1
TUNEABLE
LPF
f Cx10 0
fC
GAIN
IN OUT
)LJXUH
([SHULPHQW²3XOVHZLGWKPRGXODWLRQ GHPRGXODWLRQ(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
7KHVHWXSLQ)LJXUHFDQEHUHSUHVHQWHGE\WKHEORFNGLDJUDPLQ)LJXUHEHORZ7KH
7XQHDEOH/RZSDVV)LOWHUPRGXOHLVEHLQJXVHGWRSLFNRXWWKHFRS\RIWKHRULJLQDOPHVVDJH
WKDWPDNHVXSWKH3:0RXWSXWVLJQDO·VVSHFWUXP
0HVVDJH
7R&+
7XQHDEOH
/RZSDVV)LOWHU
$ 5()
5HFRYHUHG
N+] PHVVDJH
% ,1 7R&+
3XOVHZLGWKPRGXODWLRQ 'HPRGXODWLRQ
)LJXUH
,QFUHDVHWKH7XQHDEOH/RZSDVV)LOWHUPRGXOH·VFXWRIIIUHTXHQF\XQWLOWKHPHVVDJHLV
UHFRYHUHGLJQRULQJDQ\SKDVHVKLIW
1RWH,IWKHUHFRYHUHGVLJQDOLVFOLSSHGUHGXFHWKH7XQHDEOH/RZSDVV)LOWHUPRGXOH·V
JDLQ
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²3XOVHZLGWKPRGXODWLRQ GHPRGXODWLRQ
$GGWKH%XIIHUPRGXOHWRWKHVHWXSDVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHEHORZ
VARIABLE
DCV
+5 V
VDC
GND
VDC
SPEECH
A EXOR
B A+B
NOISE TUNEABLE
GENERATOR LPF
0dB
f Cx10 0
-6dB
-20 dB
BUFFER
fC
GAIN
GAIN
IN OUT
IN OUT
)LJXUH
([SHULPHQW²3XOVHZLGWKPRGXODWLRQ GHPRGXODWLRQ(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
/RFDWHWKH%XIIHUPRGXOHDQGWXUQLWV*DLQFRQWUROIXOO\DQWLFORFNZLVH
:LWKRXWZHDULQJWKHKHDGSKRQHVSOXJWKHPLQWRWKH%XIIHUPRGXOH·VKHDGSKRQHVRFNHW
3XWWKHKHDGSKRQHVRQ
,QFUHDVHWKH%XIIHUPRGXOH·VJDLQXQWLO\RXFDQFRPIRUWDEO\KHDUWKHUHFRYHUHG
PHVVDJH
&RPPLWWKHPHVVDJH·VVRXQGWRPHPRU\
'LVFRQQHFWWKH%XIIHUPRGXOH·VOHDGZKHUHLWSOXJVWRWKH7XQHDEOH/RZSDVV)LOWHU
PRGXOH·VRXWSXWDQGFRQQHFWLWWRWKH0DVWHU6LJQDOVPRGXOH·VN+]6,1(RXWSXW
&RPSDUHWKHVRXQGRIWKHWZRVLJQDOVWKH\VKRXOGEHYHU\VLPLODU
5HFRQQHFWWKH%XIIHUPRGXOHWRWKH7XQHDEOH/RZSDVV)LOWHUPRGXOH·VRXWSXWDQGXVH
\RXUKHDULQJWRDGMXVWWKHPRGXOH·VFXWRIIIUHTXHQF\IRUWKHPRVWIDLWKIXO
UHSURGXFWLRQRIWKHRULJLQDOPHVVDJH
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJ
9DU\WKH$GGHUPRGXOH·V*FRQWUROWRYDU\WKHDPSOLWXGHRIWKHRULJLQDOPHVVDJHZKLOH
ZDWFKLQJWKHVFRSH·VGLVSOD\DQGOLVWHQLQJZLWKWKHKHDGSKRQHV
1RWH7DNHFDUHQRWWRH[FHHGWKHJDLQVHWWLQJ\RXQRWHGIRU6WHS
1RWH<RXVKRXOGKHDUWKHYROXPHRIWKHUHFRYHUHGPHVVDJHYDU\DV\RXSHUIRUPWKLV
VWHS
7XUQWKH$GGHUPRGXOH·V*FRQWUROVRWKDW\RXH[FHHGWKHJDLQVHWWLQJ\RXQRWHGIRU
6WHS
4XHVWLRQ
:K\GRHVQ·WWKHYROXPHFKDQJHZKHQ\RXH[FHHGWKHVHWWLQJ\RXQRWHGIRU6WHS"
2QFHWKHVHWWLQJKDVEHHQH[FHHGHGFKDQJHVLQPHVVDJHVL]HGRQ·WFDXVHDQ\IXUWKHU
FKDQJHVLQGXW\F\FOH6RWKHUHFDQEHQRFKDQJHDWWKHRXWSXWRIWKHGHPRGXODWRU
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²3XOVHZLGWKPRGXODWLRQ GHPRGXODWLRQ
6RIDUWKLVH[SHULPHQWKDVJHQHUDWHGD3:0VLJQDOXVLQJDVLQHZDYHIRUWKHPHVVDJHDQGKDV
XVHGDORZSDVVILOWHUWRUHFRYHULW+RZHYHUWKHPHVVDJHLQFRPPHUFLDOFRPPXQLFDWLRQV
V\VWHPVLVPXFKPRUHOLNHO\WREHVSHHFKDQGPXVLF7KHQH[WSDUWRIWKHH[SHULPHQWOHWV\RX
PRGLI\WKHVHWXSWRPRGXODWHDQGGHPRGXODWHVSHHFK
7XUQWKH$GGHUPRGXOH·V*FRQWUROWRUHWXUQWKHJDLQWRDOHYHOMXVWEHORZWKHJDLQ
VHWWLQJ\RXQRWHGIRU6WHS
'LVFRQQHFWWKHSOXJRQWKH0DVWHU6LJQDOVPRGXOH·VN+]6,1(RXWSXWWKDWFRQQHFWVWR
WKH$GGHUPRGXOH·V$LQSXW
&RQQHFWLWWRWKH6SHHFKPRGXOH·VRXWSXW
6HWWKHVFRSH·V7LPHEDVHFRQWUROWRWKHPVGLYSRVLWLRQ
+XPDQGWDONLQWRWKHPLFURSKRQHZKLOHZDWFKLQJWKHVFRSH·VGLVSOD\DQGOLVWHQLQJZLWK
WKHKHDGSKRQHV
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJ
3DUW(²7KHHIIHFWRIQRWVDWLVI\LQJWKH1\TXLVW6DPSOH5DWH
7KH1\TXLVW6DPSOH5DWHGLFWDWHVWKDWWKHVDZWRRWKZDYHIRUP·VIUHTXHQF\PXVWEHDWOHDVW
WZLFHWKHPHVVDJHIUHTXHQF\3DUW(JHWV\RXWRVHHZKDWKDSSHQVZKHQWKLVFRQGLWLRQLVQRW
VDWLVILHG
/RFDWHWKH9&2PRGXOHDQGWXUQLWV*DLQFRQWUROIXOO\DQWLFORFNZLVH
7XUQWKH9&2PRGXOH·V)UHTXHQF\$GMXVWFRQWUROIXOO\FORFNZLVH
6HWWKH9&2PRGXOH·V5DQJHFRQWUROWRWKH/2SRVLWLRQ
([SHULPHQW²3XOVHZLGWKPRGXODWLRQ GHPRGXODWLRQ(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
0RGLI\WKHVHWXSDVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHEHORZ
VARIABLE
DCV
+5V
VDC
GND
VDC
SPEECH
A EXOR
B A+B
10 0kHz IN OUT
SINE WIDTH
RECTIFIER
G 10 0kHz
COS
A 10 0kHz Q2
DIGITAL DIODE & RC LPF
8 kHz
DIGITAL
2 kHz
DIGITAL DELAY
RC LPF
g 2 kHz
SINE
B GA+gB CLK Q1
DIGITAL
0 dB
f Cx10 0
-6 dB
GAIN -2 0dB
BUFFER
FREQ fC
HI
GAIN
LO
GAIN
VCO SINE IN OUT
INPUT
IN OUT
)LJXUH
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²3XOVHZLGWKPRGXODWLRQ GHPRGXODWLRQ
7KHVHWXSLQ)LJXUHFDQEHUHSUHVHQWHGE\WKHEORFNGLDJUDPLQ)LJXUHEHORZ7KH9&2
PRGXOHLVEHLQJXVHGWRJHQHUDWHWKHVDZWRRWKZDYHIRUPVRWKDWLWVIUHTXHQF\FDQEHYDULHG
DQGWKHHIIHFWVRIWKLVREVHUYHGDQGKHDUG
0HVVDJH
7R&+
$ 5()
5HFRYHUHG
N+] PHVVDJH
% ,1 7R&+
9DULDEOH
IUHTXHQF\
3XOVHZLGWKPRGXODWLRQ 'HPRGXODWLRQ
)LJXUH
5HWXUQWKHVFRSH·V7LPHEDVHFRQWUROWRWKHVGLYSRVLWLRQ
1RWH7KHVFRSH·VGLVSOD\VKRXOGQRZEHVKRZLQJWKHRULJLQDOVLQHZDYHPHVVDJHDQGWKH
UHFRYHUHGYHUVLRQRILW<RXVKRXOGDOVREHDEOHWRKHDUWKHUHFRYHUHGPHVVDJHRQWKH
KHDGSKRQHV
,IWKHUHFRYHUHGPHVVDJHVRXQGVGLVWRUWHGILQHWXQHWKH7XQHDEOH/RZSDVV)LOWHU
PRGXOH·VFXWRIIIUHTXHQF\WRREWDLQWKHPRVWIDLWKIXOUHSURGXFWLRQRIWKHRULJLQDO
PHVVDJHWKDW\RXFDQ
6ORZO\UHGXFHWKH9&2PRGXOH·VRXWSXWIUHTXHQF\UHSHDWLQJ6WHSZKHQHYHU
QHFHVVDU\
1RWH$V\RXGR\RX·OOILQGLWKDUGHUDQGKDUGHUWRREWDLQDFOHDUUHSURGXFWLRQRIWKH
RULJLQDOPHVVDJH
6WRSUHGXFLQJWKH9&2PRGXOH·VRXWSXWIUHTXHQF\ZKHQ\RXFDQQRORQJHUREWDLQDFOHDU
UHSURGXFWLRQRIWKHRULJLQDOPHVVDJH
([SHULPHQW²3XOVHZLGWKPRGXODWLRQ GHPRGXODWLRQ(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
4XHVWLRQ
%DVHGRQZKDW\RX·UHKHDULQJDQGZKDW\RXFDQVHHRQWKHVFRSH·VGLVSOD\ZKDWLVWKH
QDPHRIWKHGLVWRUWLRQRIWKHUHFRYHUHGPHVVDJH"
$OLDVLQJ
4XHVWLRQ
'HVFULEHWKHVSHFWUDOFRPSRVLWLRQRI7XQHDEOH/RZSDVV)LOWHUPRGXOH·VRXWSXW
7KH7/3)·VRXWSXWFRQVLVWVRIWKHN+]UHFRYHUHGPHVVDJHDQGRWKHUVLQHZDYHV
7KHVHRWKHUVLQHZDYHVDUHWKH3:0VLJQDO·VDOLDVHVWKDWDUHQRZLQVLGHWKH7/3)·V
SDVVEDQG
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHILQLVKLQJ
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²3XOVHZLGWKPRGXODWLRQ GHPRGXODWLRQ
6XSSOHPHQW²,QYHVWLJDWLQJWKH3:0VLJQDOLQWKHIUHTXHQF\GRPDLQ
3:0LVDFRPSOH[ZDYHIRUPFRQVLVWLQJRIPDQ\VLQHZDYHV2QHRIWKRVHVLQHZDYHVLVDWWKH
VDPHIUHTXHQF\DVWKHPHVVDJHDQGLWFDQEHVHHQZKHQORRNLQJDWWKH3:0VLJQDOLQWKH
IUHTXHQF\GRPDLQ7KLVSDUWRIWKHH[SHULPHQWJHWV\RXWRGRWKLVDQGFDQEHXQGHUWDNHQ
EHWZHHQ3DUWV&DQG'E\VWXGHQWVZLWKDFFHVVWRDVSHFWUXPDQDO\VHUZLWKDQDSSURSULDWH
EDQGZLGWK
6HWWKH$GGHUPRGXOH·V*FRQWUROWRMXVWEHORZWKHVHWWLQJ\RXQRWHGIRU6WHS
0RGLI\WKHVHWXSWRLQFOXGHWKHVSHFWUXPDQDO\VHUDVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHEHORZ
1RWH7KHIROORZLQJLQVWUXFWLRQVUHODWHWRD3&EDVHGVSHFWUXPDQDO\VHUFDOOHGWKH
3LFR6FRSH2WKHUVSHFWUXPDQDO\VLVGHYLFHVFDQEHXVHGSURYLGHGWKHEDQGZLGWKLV
DWOHDVWN+]
VARIABLE
DCV
+5 V
VDC
GND
VDC
SPEECH
A EXOR
B A+B
1 00 kHz IN OUT
SINE WIDTH
RECTIFIER
G 1 00 kHz
COS
A 1 00 kHz Q2
DIGITAL DIODE & RC LPF
8kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz
DIGITAL DELAY
RC LPF
g
2kHz
SINE
B GA+gB CLK Q1
PC-based
Spectrum
Ana lyser
CH A
CH B
)LJXUH
([SHULPHQW²3XOVHZLGWKPRGXODWLRQ GHPRGXODWLRQ(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
/DXQFKWKH3LFR6FRSHVRIWZDUHDQGVHWLWVVSHFWUXPDQDO\VHUFRQWUROVDVIROORZV
*HQHUDO
6SHFWUXP5DQJHWRN+]
+RUL]RQWDO=RRPWRõ
&KDQQHO$,QSXW5DQJHWR$XWR
&KDQQHO%,QSXW5DQJHWR2II
6SHFWUXP2SWLRQV
6SHFWUXP%LQVWR
:LQGRZ)XQFWLRQWR%ODFNPDQ+DUULV
'LVSOD\0RGHWR0DJQLWXGH
6FDOHWR/RJDULWKPLF
/RJDULWKPLF8QLWWRG%9
1RWH,I\RX·UHXVLQJDVSHFWUXPDQDO\VHURWKHUWKDQWKH3LFR6FRSHVHH\RXU
LQVWUXFWRUIRUDOLVWRIWKHFRQWUROVWRDGMXVWDQGWKHLUDSSURSULDWHVHWWLQJV
1RWH,IWKHVSHFWUXPDQDO\VHUKDVEHHQVHWXSFRUUHFWO\LWVGLVSOD\ZLOOEHVLPLODUWR
)LJXUHEHORZ
)LJXUH
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²3XOVHZLGWKPRGXODWLRQ GHPRGXODWLRQ
1RWLFHWKDWWKH3:0VLJQDOLVDVSHFWUDOO\FRPSOH[ZDYHIRUPHYHQLQMXVWWKHVPDOOVHFWLRQRI
LWVVSHFWUXP\RX·UHYLHZLQJQRZ
7KH3LFR6FRSHVSHFWUXPDQDO\VHUKDVUXOHUVWKDWDOORZ\RXWRGHWHUPLQHWKHDEVROXWH
IUHTXHQF\RIWKHVLQHZDYHVLQDVLJQDO·VVSHFWUDOFRPSRVLWLRQ7KHQH[WSDUWRIWKLVH[SHULPHQW
JHWV\RXWRXVHWKHUXOHUVWRLGHQWLI\WKHVLQHZDYHLQWKH3:0VLJQDODWWKHVDPHIUHTXHQF\DV
WKHPHVVDJH
0RYHWKHPRXVHWRWKHMXQFWLRQRIWKHGLVSOD\·V;DQG<D[HV
1RWH:KHQ\RXGRWKHPRXVHFXUVRUZLOOFKDQJHVKDSHDQGDODEHOZLOOSRSXSGHFODULQJ
´,QDFWLYHµ
&OLFNDQGKROGWKHOHIWPRXVHEXWWRQDQGWKHQPRYHLWOHIWDQGULJKW
1RWH:KHQ\RXGRWKLVDGDVKHGOLQHUHSUHVHQWLQJIUHTXHQF\UXOHUDSSHDUV
1RWH$UXOHUOHJHQGDOVRDSSHDUVLQGLFDWLQJWKHDEVROXWHIUHTXHQF\DWWKHUXOHU
8VHWKHVSHFWUXPDQDO\VHU·VUXOHUWRLGHQWLI\WKHVSHFWUDOFRPSRQHQWLQWKH3:0VLJQDO
WKDWLVDFRS\RIWKHPHVVDJH
9DU\WKH$GGHUPRGXOH·V*FRQWUROWRYDU\WKHDPSOLWXGHRIWKHPHVVDJHDQGREVHUYHWKH
HIIHFWRQWKHVLQHZDYH\RXLGHQWLILHGLQWKHSUHYLRXVVWHS
1RWH$JDLQWDNHFDUHQRWWRH[FHHGWKHJDLQVHWWLQJ\RXQRWHGIRU6WHS
4XHVWLRQ
:K\GRHVYDU\LQJWKHVL]HRIWKHPHVVDJHDIIHFWWKHVL]HRILWVFRS\LQWKH3:0VLJQDO"
7LS7KLVLVDGLIILFXOWTXHVWLRQ²WKLQNDERXWLW
7KHUHDUHDQXPEHURIZD\VRIDQVZHULQJWKLVTXHVWLRQ7U\7KH3:0VLJQDOKDVD'&
FRPSRQHQWWKDWFKDQJHVVL]HLQUHVSRQVHWRFKDQJHVLQWKH3:0·VGXW\F\FOH7KLV
´FKDQJLQJ'&µLVWKHFRS\RIWKHPHVVDJH1RZLWIROORZVWKDWWKHELJJHUWKHYDULDWLRQ
RIWKHRULJLQDOPHVVDJHWKHELJJHUWKHYDULDWLRQRIWKH3:0VLJQDO·VGXW\F\FOHDQG
KHQFHWKHELJJHUWKHFKDQJHLQWKLVFKDQJLQJ'&FRPSRQHQWWKHFRS\RIWKHPHVVDJH
([SHULPHQW²3XOVHZLGWKPRGXODWLRQ GHPRGXODWLRQ(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJ
&ORVHWKH3LFR6FRSHVRIWZDUHDQGGLVFRQQHFWWKHGHYLFHIURP\RXUVHWXS
&RQWLQXHIURP3DUW'RIWKHH[SHULPHQW
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²3XOVHZLGWKPRGXODWLRQ GHPRGXODWLRQ
1DPH
&ODVV
0HVVDJHWUDQVODWLRQDQGLQYHUVLRQ
([SHULPHQW²0HVVDJHWUDQVODWLRQDQGLQYHUVLRQ
3UHOLPLQDU\GLVFXVVLRQ
0HVVDJHWUDQVODWLRQRUIUHTXHQF\WUDQVODWLRQLVWKHQDPHIRUWKHHIIHFWZKHUHPRGXODWLRQ
VFKHPHVUHSURGXFHDFRS\RIWKHPHVVDJHVLJQDOEXWVKLIWHGXSRUGRZQWKHIUHTXHQF\
VSHFWUXP7RHODERUDWH)LJXUHEHORZVKRZVWKHVSHFWUDOFRPSRVLWLRQRIDPHVVDJHVLJQDOVXFK
DVVSHHFK
f
300Hz 3000Hz
)LJXUH
)LJXUHVDEFDQGGEHORZVKRZWKHVSHFWUDOFRPSRVLWLRQREWDLQHGZKHQWKHPHVVDJHLQ
)LJXUHLVXVHGWR$0'6%6&DQG66%6&PRGXODWHDN+]FDUULHU
)LJXUHD$0 )LJXUHE'6%6&
f (kHz) f (kHz)
97 99.7 100.3 103 97 99.7 100.3 103
100
)LJXUHF²66%6&86% )LJXUHG²66%6&/6%
f (kHz) f (kHz)
100.3 103 97 99.7
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²0HVVDJHWUDQVODWLRQ LQYHUVLRQ
$V\RXFDQVHH)LJXUHVDEDQGFVKRZWKDWDOOWKUHHV\VWHPVSURGXFHDVHWRIVLQHZDYHV
ZLWKWKHVDPHHQHUJ\GLVWULEXWLRQSDWWHUQDVWKHPHVVDJHEXWEHWZHHQN+]DQGN+]
,QRWKHUZRUGVWKHPHVVDJHKDVEHHQWUDQVODWHGXSWKHIUHTXHQF\VSHFWUXPE\N+]LQ
WKLVH[DPSOH)UHTXHQF\WUDQVODWLRQFDQDOVREHXVHGWRVKLIWVLJQDOVGRZQWKHIUHTXHQF\
VSHFWUXPDQGWKLVLVGRQHLQ$0DQG)0UHFHLYHUVWRWUDQVODWHWKHUHFHLYHGVLJQDO·VFDUULHUDQG
VLGHEDQGVGRZQWRWKHUHFHLYHU·VLQWHUPHGLDWHIUHTXHQF\WKH,)IUHTXHQF\
,I\RXORRNDJDLQDW)LJXUHVDEDQGG\RX·OOQRWLFHWKDWWKHWKUHHPRGXODWLRQVFKHPHVDOVR
SURGXFHDVHWRIVLQHZDYHVEHWZHHQN+]DQGN+]IRUWKHPHVVDJHDQGFDUULHU
IUHTXHQFLHVPHQWLRQHGSUHYLRXVO\,QWHUHVWLQJO\WKHVHDUHIUHTXHQF\WUDQVODWHGFRSLHVRIWKH
PHVVDJHDOVREXWZLWKDQLPSRUWDQWGLIIHUHQFH²WKH\KDYHDQHQHUJ\GLVWULEXWLRQSDWWHUQWKDW
LVWKHPLUURULPDJHRIWKHPHVVDJHVLJQDO·VHQHUJ\GLVWULEXWLRQSDWWHUQ7KDWLVWKHORZHVW
VLQHZDYHKDVWKHVDPHHQHUJ\DVWKHKLJKHVWIUHTXHQF\LQWKHPHVVDJHDQGWKHKLJKHVW
VLQHZDYHKDVWKHVDPHHQHUJ\DVWKHORZHVWIUHTXHQF\LQWKHVLQHZDYH7KLVLVPHVVDJH
LQYHUVLRQRUIUHTXHQF\LQYHUVLRQ
0HVVDJHLQYHUVLRQLVDSRSXODUPHWKRGRIPHVVDJH´VFUDPEOLQJµWKDWLVXVHGWRSURWHFWUDGLR
DQGWHOHSKRQHFRPPXQLFDWLRQVIURPEHLQJXQGHUVWRRGLQWKHHYHQWWKDWWKH\DUHDFFLGHQWDOO\
UHFHLYHGE\DFDVXDOOLVWHQHU7KHSURFHVVLVLGHQWLFDOWRWKDWGHVFULEHGDERYHH[FHSWWKDWWKH
PHVVDJHLVXVHGWRPRGXODWHDORZIUHTXHQF\FDUULHUWRNHHSWKHLQYHUWHGPHVVDJHLQWKH
EDVHEDQG
7KLVLVLOOXVWUDWHGLQ)LJXUHVDDQGE7KH\VKRZWKHVSHFWUDOFRPSRVLWLRQRI'6%6&DQG
66%6&PRGXODWLQJDN+]FDUULHUZLWKWKHPHVVDJHLQ)LJXUH,QERWKFDVHVWKHUHLVD
VLJQDORFFXS\LQJWKHVDPHSRUWLRQDVWKHRULJLQDOPHVVDJHEXWZLWKWKHLQYHUWHGHQHUJ\
GLVWULEXWLRQSDWWHUQ
f (kHz) f (kHz)
0.3 3 3.6 6.3 0.3 3
)LJXUHD'6%6& )LJXUHE²66%6&/6%
2QFHWKHPHVVDJHLVLQYHUWHGLWLVILOWHUHGWRUHPRYHWKHXSSHUVLGHEDQGLIWKHVLJQDOLV
JHQHUDWHGXVLQJ'6%6&DQGDOWKRXJKDXGLEOHLVXQLQWHOOLJLEOH7KHVLJQDOLVWKHQXVHGWR
PRGXODWHWKHWUDQVPLVVLRQFDUULHUXVLQJDQ\RIWKHPRGXODWLRQVFKHPHV
([SHULPHQW²0HVVDJHWUDQVODWLRQ LQYHUVLRQ(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
,PSRUWDQWO\LIDFDVXDOOLVWHQHUWXQHVLQWRWKHWUDQVPLVVLRQWKHLUUHFHLYHURQO\UHFRYHUVWKH
XQLQWHOOLJLEOHLQYHUWHGPHVVDJHSURWHFWLQJLWIURPEHLQJRYHUKHDUG5HFHLYHUVGHVLJQHGWR
XQVFUDPEOHWKHPHVVDJHPXVWIUHTXHQF\LQYHUWLWDIWHUGHPRGXODWLRQWRPDNHLWPHDQLQJIXO
7KLVLVDIDLUO\EDVLFIRUPRIVFUDPEOLQJDQGVRLWFDQQRWSURYLGHPXFKSURWHFWLRQDJDLQVWD
GHWHUPLQHGDWWHPSWWRHDYHVGURS+RZHYHUVHFXULW\FDQEHLPSURYHGE\UDQGRPO\FKDQJLQJ
WKHVFUDPEOHFDUULHU·VIUHTXHQF\RUE\FDXVLQJLWWRVZHHSEHWZHHQWZRIUHTXHQFLHV$VORQJ
DVWKHUHFHLYHU·VXQVFUDPEOLQJFDUULHULVV\QFKURQLVHGWRWKHVFUDPEOHU·VFDUULHUWKHPHVVDJH
FDQEHUHFRYHUHG
7KHH[SHULPHQW
)RUWKLVH[SHULPHQW\RX·OOXVHWKH(PRQD7HOHFRPV7UDLQHUWRJHQHUDWHD'6%6&VLJQDO
XVLQJDN+]VLQHZDYHIRUWKHPHVVDJHDQGDN+]VLQHZDYHIRUWKHFDUULHU<RX·OOWKHQDGMXVW
DORZSDVVILOWHUWRUHPRYHWKH'6%6&VLJQDO·VXSSHUVLGHEDQGOHDYLQJRQO\WKHLQYHUWHG
PHVVDJH)LQDOO\\RX·OOOLVWHQWRWKHRXWSXWDQGQRWHWKHHIIHFWRIVFUDPEOLQJRQDVLQJOH
VLQHZDYHPHVVDJHDQGDVSHHFKPHVVDJH
,WVKRXOGWDNH\RXDERXWPLQXWHVWRFRPSOHWHWKHH[SHULPHQW,WVKRXOGWDNHDQDGGLWLRQDO
PLQXWHVWRFRPSOHWHWKH6XSSOHPHQWLIDVSHFWUXPDQDO\VHUZLWKDQDSSURSULDWHEDQGZLGWK
LVDYDLODEOH
3UHUHTXLVLWHV
([SHULPHQW9RO6HWWLQJXSDQRVFLOORVFRSH
([SHULPHQW9RO$QLQWURGXFWLRQWRWKH7HOHFRPV7UDLQHU
([SHULPHQW9RO0RGHOOLQJHTXDWLRQV
([SHULPHQW9RO'6%6&PRGXODWLRQ
([SHULPHQW9RO2EVHUYDWLRQVRI$0 '6%6&VLJQDOVLQWKHIUHTXHQF\GRPDLQ
GHVLUDEOH
(TXLSPHQW
(PRQD7HOHFRPV7UDLQHUSOXVSRZHUSDFN
'XDO&KDQQHO0+]RVFLOORVFRSH
7ZR(PRQD7HOHFRPV7UDLQHURVFLOORVFRSHOHDGV
$VVRUWHG(PRQD7HOHFRPV7UDLQHUSDWFKOHDGV
2QHVHWRIKHDGSKRQHVVWHUHR
6XSSOHPHQW
6SHFWUXPDQDO\VHUVXFKDVWKH3LFR6FRSH
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²0HVVDJHWUDQVODWLRQ LQYHUVLRQ
3URFHGXUH
3DUW$²6HWWLQJXSWKHVFUDPEOHU
0HVVDJHLQYHUVLRQIRUVFUDPEOLQJFDQEHLPSOHPHQWHGRQWKH(PRQD7HOHFRPV7UDLQHUXVLQJ
HLWKHU'6%RU66%PRGXODWLRQ)RUVLPSOLFLW\RIZLULQJ\RX·OOXVH'6%3DUW$JHWV\RXWRVHW
XSWKHVFUDPEOHU
*DWKHUDVHWRIWKHHTXLSPHQWOLVWHGRQWKHSUHYLRXVSDJH
/RFDWHWKH9&2PRGXOHDQGWXUQLWV*DLQFRQWUROIXOO\DQWLFORFNZLVH
7XUQWKH9&2PRGXOH·V)UHTXHQF\$GMXVWFRQWUROIXOO\DQWLFORFNZLVH
6HWWKH9&2PRGXOH·V5DQJHFRQWUROWRWKH/2SRVLWLRQ
&RQQHFWWKHVHWXSVKRZQLQ)LJXUHEHORZ
VCO
DIGITAL
GAIN
FREQ
HI
LO
VCO SINE
INPUT
)LJXUH
6HWXSWKHVFRSHSHUWKHLQVWUXFWLRQVLQWKH$SSHQGL[
1RWH(QVXUHWKDWWKHVFRSH·V7ULJJHU6RXUFHFRQWUROLVVHWWRWKH&+RU,17
SRVLWLRQ
$GMXVWWKH9&2PRGXOH·V)UHTXHQF\$GMXVWFRQWUROWRREWDLQDN+]VLQHZDYH
7LS&DOFXODWHWKHSHULRGRIN+]DQGXVHWKHVFRSHWRKHOSVHWWKHSHULRGRIWKH9&2
PRGXOH·VRXWSXWWRWKHVDPHYDOXH
/RFDWHWKH7XQHDEOH/RZSDVV)LOWHUPRGXOHDQGVHWLWV*DLQFRQWUROWRDERXWWKHPLGGOH
RILWVWUDYHO
6HWWKH7XQHDEOH/RZSDVV)LOWHUPRGXOH·V&XWRII)UHTXHQF\$GMXVWFRQWUROWRDERXW
WKHPLGGOHRILWVWUDYHO
([SHULPHQW²0HVVDJHWUDQVODWLRQ LQYHUVLRQ(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
&RQQHFWWKHVHWXSVKRZQLQ)LJXUHEHORZ
MASTER MULTIPLIER TUNEABLE
SIGNALS LPF
DC
X f Cx10 0
AC
DC
Y
10 0kHz
SINE AC
10 0kHz kXY
COS fC
MULTIPLIER
10 0kHz
DIGITAL
8 kHz
DIGITAL
2 kHz X DC
DIGITAL GAIN
2 kHz
SINE
Y DC kXY IN OUT
DIGITAL
0dB
CHANNEL
BPF -6 dB
GAIN -20 dB
BASEBAND
LPF
BUFFER
FREQ
ADDER
HI NOISE
GAIN
LO
)LJXUH
7KLVVHWXSFDQEHUHSUHVHQWHGE\WKHEORFNGLDJUDPLQ)LJXUHRQWKHQH[WSDJH7KH9&2
PRGXOHLVXVHGWRJHQHUDWHDN+]WHVWPHVVDJH7KH%DVHEDQG/3)LVQRWQHHGHGIRUWKHWHVW
PHVVDJHEXWZLOOEHQHFHVVDU\ODWHUIRUEDQGOLPLWLQJDVSHHFKPHVVDJHWRN+]7KH0XOWLSOLHU
PRGXOHLVXVHGWRJHQHUDWHD'6%6&VLJQDODQGWKH7XQHDEOH/RZSDVV)LOWHUPRGXOHLVXVHGWR
UHPRYHWKH'6%6&VLJQDO·VXSSHUVLGHEDQGWROHDYHRQO\WKHLQYHUWHGFRS\RIWKHPHVVDJH7KH
%XIIHUPRGXOHLVQRWVKRZQLQ)LJXUHDVLWVIXQFWLRQLVWRGULYHWKHORZLPSHGDQFH
KHDGSKRQHVVRWKDW\RXFDQDGMXVWWKHVFUDPEOHU
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²0HVVDJHWUDQVODWLRQ LQYHUVLRQ
9&2 %DVHEDQG 0XOWLSOLHU 7XQHDEOH
PRGXOH /3) PRGXOH /RZSDVV)LOWHU
<
'6%6&VLJQDO
N+] 7R&+
;
N+]
VFUDPEOHFDUULHU
0DVWHU
6LJQDOV
)LJXUH
4XHVWLRQ
:KDWLVWKHIUHTXHQF\RIWKHWZRVLQHZDYHVRQWKHPXOWLSOLHU·VRXWSXWJLYHQWKHVHWXS
PXOWLSOLHVDN+]PHVVDJHZLWKDN+]FDUULHU"7LS,I\RX·UHQRWVXUHWKLQNRIWKH
PDWKLQYROYHGLQPXOWLSO\LQJVLQHZDYHV
N+]DQGN+]²7KHVXPDQGGLIIHUHQFHIUHTXHQFLHV1RWH7KHUHLVOLNHO\WREHD
VPDOOFDUULHUFRPSRQHQWSUHVHQWDOVR
4XHVWLRQ
7KHVLPSOHPXOWLSOLFDWLRQRIVLQHZDYHVOLNHWKLVSURGXFHVD'6%6&VLJQDO:K\GRHVQ·W
WKHVFRSH·VGLVSOD\VKRZDFODVVLF'6%6&ZDYHIRUP"1RWH7KLVLVDWULFN\TXHVWLRQWKDW
KDVVRPHWKLQJWRGRZLWKWKHVFRSH
7KHVFRSH·VWULJJHULQJFLUFXLWLVFRQIXVHGE\WKHWZRVLQHZDYHVEHLQJVRFORVHWRJHWKHU
7KLVKDVQRWEHHQWKHFDVHZLWK'6%6&VLJQDOVJHQHUDWHGLQRWKHUH[SHULPHQWV
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJ
([SHULPHQW²0HVVDJHWUDQVODWLRQ LQYHUVLRQ(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
7RYHULI\\RXUDQVZHUWR4XHVWLRQ«
&RQQHFWDOHDGEHWZHHQWKHVFRSH·V(;7WULJJHULQSXWDQGWKH9&2PRGXOH·VRXWSXWDV
VKRZQLQ)LJXUHEHORZ
MASTER MULTIPLIER TUNEABLE
SIGNALS LPF
DC
X f Cx10 0
AC
DC
Y
10 0kHz
AC
SINE
10 0kHz kXY
COS fC
MULTIPLIER
10 0kHz
DIGITAL
8kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz X DC
DIGITAL GAIN
2kHz
SINE
Y DC kXY IN OUT
DIGITAL
0dB
CHANNEL
BPF -6 dB
GAIN -20 dB
BASEBAND
LPF
BUFFER
FREQ
ADDER
HI NOISE
GAIN
LO
)LJXUH
6HWWKHVFRSH·V7ULJJHU6RXUFHFRQWUROWRWKH(;7SRVLWLRQ
1RWH2QFHGRQH\RXUVLJQDOVKRXOGORRNOLNHDFODVVLF'6%6&ZDYHIRUP
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJ
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²0HVVDJHWUDQVODWLRQ LQYHUVLRQ
3DUW%²$GMXVWLQJWKHVFUDPEOHUXVLQJWKHVFRSHDQG\RXUKHDULQJ
3DUW%JHWV\RXWRPDNHWKHQHFHVVDU\DGMXVWPHQWVWRUHPRYHWKH'6%PRGXODWRU·VXSSHU
VLGHEDQGDQGWKHVPDOOFDUULHUFRPSRQHQWWKDWLVDOVRSUHVHQWWRFRPSOHWHWKHVFUDPEOHU
7KLVFDQEHGRQHXVLQJ\RXUKHDULQJDVFRSHRUDVSHFWUXPDQDO\VHU<RX·OOEHLQJXVLQJWKH
VFRSHDQG\RXUKHDULQJ
'LVFRQQHFWWKHVFRSHOHDGWKDW\RXDGGHGIRU6WHS
5HWXUQWKHVFRSH·V7ULJJHU6RXUFHFRQWUROWRWKH&+RU,17SRVLWLRQ
/RFDWHWKH%XIIHUPRGXOHDQGWXUQLWV*DLQFRQWUROIXOO\DQWLFORFNZLVH
:LWKRXWZHDULQJWKHKHDGSKRQHVSOXJWKHPLQWRWKH%XIIHUPRGXOH·VKHDGSKRQHVRFNHW
3XWWKHKHDGSKRQHVRQ
,QFUHDVHWKH%XIIHUPRGXOH·VJDLQXQWLO\RXFDQFRPIRUWDEO\KHDUWKH7XQHDEOH/RZSDVV
)LOWHUPRGXOH·VRXWSXW
1RWH7KHVLJQDOZRQ·WVRXQGSDUWLFXODUO\SOHDVDQWEXWLI\RXOLVWHQFORVHO\\RXVKRXOG
EHDEOHWRKHDUWZRWRQHV
6ORZO\UHGXFHWKH7XQHDEOH/RZSDVV)LOWHUPRGXOH·VFXWRIIIUHTXHQF\WRPLQLPXPZKLOH
OLVWHQLQJWRLWVRXWSXWDQGZDWFKLQJWKHVFRSH·VVFUHHQ
1RWH$V\RXGRWKLV\RX·OOVHHWKDW\RX·OOREWDLQDQDOPRVWSXUHVLQHZDYHZKLFKLV
VXEVHTXHQWO\DWWHQXDWHGXQWLOWKHUHLVQRWKLQJRQWKHILOWHU·VRXWSXW
5HWXUQWKH7XQHDEOH/RZSDVV)LOWHUPRGXOH·V&XWRII)UHTXHQF\$GMXVWFRQWUROWRDERXW
WKHPLGGOHRILWVWUDYHO
5HSHDW6WHSWKLVWLPHVWRSSLQJWKHPRPHQWWKHVLQHZDYHMXVWEHJLQVWRDWWHQXDWH
1RWH2QFHGRQHWKHILOWHU·VFXWRIIIUHTXHQF\LVYHU\FORVHWRN+]
&RPPLWWKHVLJQDO·VVRXQGWRPHPRU\
'LVFRQQHFWWKH%XIIHUPRGXOH·VSDWFKOHDGZKHUHLWSOXJVWRWKH7XQHDEOH/RZSDVV
)LOWHUPRGXOH·VRXWSXWDQGFRQQHFWLWWRWKH9&2PRGXOH·VRXWSXWWROLVWHQWRWKHRULJLQDO
PHVVDJH
&RPSDUHWKHVRXQGRIWKHWZRVLJQDOVWKH\VKRXOGEHVLPLODU
5HFRQQHFWWKH%XIIHUPRGXOH·VLQSXWWRWKH7XQHDEOH/RZSDVV)LOWHUPRGXOH·VRXWSXWWR
OLVWHQWRWKHUHFRYHUHGPHVVDJHDJDLQ
([SHULPHQW²0HVVDJHWUDQVODWLRQ LQYHUVLRQ(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
4XHVWLRQ
:K\LVQ·WWKHVRXQGRIWKHN+]VLQHZDYH´VFUDPEOHGµ"
6FUDPEOLQJLVQ·WHQFU\SWLRQ,WVLPSO\LQYHUWVWKHHQHUJ\GLVWULEXWLRQSDWWHUQRID
FRPSOH[PHVVDJHFKDQJLQJKRZLWVRXQGV$VWKHPHVVDJHLQWKLVFDVHLVDVLQJOHVLQHZDYH
WKHUHLVQRLQYHUVLRQWDNLQJSODFHWRKHDU
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJ
*RWRWKH6XSSOHPHQWRQSDJHZLWK\RXULQVWUXFWRU·VSHUPLVVLRQ2WKHUZLVH
FRQWLQXHRQIURP3DUW&
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²0HVVDJHWUDQVODWLRQ LQYHUVLRQ
3DUW&²/LVWHQLQJWRWKHHIIHFWVRIVFUDPEOLQJRQVSHHFK
3DUW&JHWV\RXWROLVWHQWRWKHHIIHFWRIWKHVFUDPEOHURQDFRPSOH[PHVVDJHOLNHVSHHFK
0RGLI\WKHVHWXSDVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHEHORZ
DC
X f Cx10 0
AC
DC
Y
10 0 kHz
SINE AC
10 0 kHz kXY
COS fC
MULTIPLIER
10 0 kHz
DIGITAL
8 kHz
DIGITAL
2 kHz X DC
DIGITAL GAIN
2 kHz
SINE
Y DC kXY IN OUT
+5V
VDC 0 dB
CHANNEL
GND BPF -6 dB
VDC -2 0dB
BASEBAND
LPF
BUFFER
SPEECH ADDER
NOISE
GAIN
A EXOR
)LJXUH
7KLVPRGLILFDWLRQVXEVWLWXWHVWKH6SHHFKPRGXOH·VRXWSXWIRUWKHN+]WHVWVLJQDOIURPWKH
9&2PRGXOH,WDOVRUHWXUQVWKH%XIIHUPRGXOH·VLQSXWWRWKH7XQHDEOH/RZSDVV)LOWHU
PRGXOH·VRXWSXWVR\RXFDQKHDUWKHVFUDPEOHGPHVVDJHDJDLQ
([SHULPHQW²0HVVDJHWUDQVODWLRQ LQYHUVLRQ(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
+DYHWKHSHUVRQZHDULQJWKHKHDGSKRQHVVWDQGDVIDUDZD\IURPWKHVHWXSDVLWVOHDG
DOORZV
1RWH,I\RXKDYHDVHWRIVWHUHRHDUEXGVIURPDQPSSOD\HUIRUH[DPSOHWKH\PD\
EHEHWWHUWRXVHIRUWKLVSDUWRIWKHH[SHULPHQWDVWKH\DUHPRUHOLNHO\WRUHPRYH
H[WUDQHRXVURRPVRXQGV
+DYHDSHUVRQQRWZHDULQJWKHKHDGSKRQHVWDONTXLHWO\LQWRWKHPLFURSKRQH
6ZDSSODFHVVRWKHRWKHUSHUVRQFDQOLVWHQWRWKHVFUDPEOHGPHVVDJH
4XHVWLRQ
:KDWWZRPHWKRGVFDQEHXVHGWRLPSURYHWKLVW\SHRIPHVVDJHVFUDPEOLQJ"
+DYHWKHVFUDPEOHU·VFDUULHUIUHTXHQF\FKDQJHUDQGRPO\RUKDYHWKHVFUDPEOHU·VFDUULHU
IUHTXHQF\FRQWLQXRXVO\VZHHSEHWZHHQWZRIUHTXHQFLHV
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHILQLVKLQJ
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²0HVVDJHWUDQVODWLRQ LQYHUVLRQ
6XSSOHPHQW$GMXVWLQJWKHVFUDPEOHUXVLQJDVSHFWUXPDQDO\VHU
7KLVSDUWRIWKHH[SHULPHQWFDQEHXQGHUWDNHQEHWZHHQ3DUWV%DQG&E\VWXGHQWVZLWKDFFHVV
WRDVSHFWUXPDQDO\VHUZLWKDQDSSURSULDWHEDQGZLGWK
7XUQWKH7XQHDEOH/RZSDVV)LOWHUPRGXOH·V&XWRII)UHTXHQF\$GMXVWFRQWUROIXOO\
FORFNZLVH
0RGLI\WKHVHWXSWRLQFOXGHWKHVSHFWUXPDQDO\VHUDVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHEHORZ
1RWH7KHIROORZLQJLQVWUXFWLRQVUHODWHWRD3&EDVHGVSHFWUXPDQDO\VHUFDOOHGWKH
3LFR6FRSH2WKHUVSHFWUXPDQDO\VLVGHYLFHVFDQEHXVHGSURYLGHGWKHEDQGZLGWKLV
DWOHDVWN+]
DC
X f Cx10 0
AC
DC
Y
1 00 kHz
SINE AC
1 00 kHz kXY
COS fC
MULTIPLIER
1 00 kHz
DIGITAL
8kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz X DC
DIGITAL GAIN
2kHz
SINE
Y DC kXY IN OUT
PC-ba sed
VCO CHANNEL NOISE
MODULE GENERATOR Spectrum
Ana lyser
DIGITAL
0 dB CH A
CHANNEL
BPF -6dB
GAIN -2 0dB CH B
BASEBAND
LPF
BUFFER
FREQ
ADDER
HI NOISE
GAIN
LO
)LJXUH
([SHULPHQW²0HVVDJHWUDQVODWLRQ LQYHUVLRQ(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
/DXQFKWKH3LFR6FRSHVRIWZDUHDQGVHWLWVVSHFWUXPDQDO\VHUFRQWUROVDVIROORZV
*HQHUDO
6SHFWUXP5DQJHWRN+]
+RUL]RQWDO=RRPWRõ
&KDQQHO$,QSXW5DQJHWR9
&KDQQHO%,QSXW5DQJHWR2II
6SHFWUXP2SWLRQV
6SHFWUXP%LQVWR
:LQGRZ)XQFWLRQWR%ODFNPDQ+DUULV
'LVSOD\0RGHWR0DJQLWXGH
6FDOHWR/LQHDU
1RWH,I\RX·UHXVLQJD3&EDVHGVFRSHDQDO\VHURWKHUWKDQ3LFR6FRSHVHH\RXU
LQVWUXFWRUIRUDOLVWRIWKHFRQWUROVWRDGMXVWDQGWKHLUDSSURSULDWHVHWWLQJV
1RWH,IWKHVSHFWUXPDQDO\VHUKDVEHHQVHWXSFRUUHFWO\LWVGLVSOD\ZLOOEHVLPLODUWR
)LJXUHEHORZ
)LJXUH
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²0HVVDJHWUDQVODWLRQ LQYHUVLRQ
7KH3LFR6FRSHVSHFWUXPDQDO\VHUKDVUXOHUVWKDWDOORZ\RXWRGHWHUPLQHWKHDEVROXWH
IUHTXHQF\RIWKHVLQHZDYHVLQDVLJQDO·VVSHFWUDOFRPSRVLWLRQ7KHQH[WSDUWRIWKLVH[SHULPHQW
JHWV\RXWRXVHRQHRIWKHUXOHUVWRH[DPLQHWKHVLQHZDYHVLQ'6%6&VLJQDO
0RYHWKHPRXVHWRWKHMXQFWLRQRIWKHGLVSOD\·V;DQG<D[HV
1RWH:KHQ\RXGRWKHPRXVHFXUVRUZLOOFKDQJHVKDSHDQGDODEHOZLOOSRSXSGHFODULQJ
´,QDFWLYHµ
&OLFNDQGKROGWKHOHIWPRXVHEXWWRQDQGWKHQPRYHLWOHIWDQGULJKW
1RWH:KHQ\RXGRWKLVDGDVKHGOLQHUHSUHVHQWLQJIUHTXHQF\UXOHUDSSHDUV
1RWH$UXOHUOHJHQGDOVRDSSHDUVLQGLFDWLQJWKHDEVROXWHIUHTXHQF\DWWKHUXOHU
8VHWKHDQDO\VHU·VIUHTXHQF\UXOHUWRORFDWHWKH'6%6&VLJQDO·VORZHUDQGXSSHU
VLGHEDQGVWKH/6%DQG86%DQGYHULI\\RXUDQVZHUWR4XHVWLRQ
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJ
([DPLQHWKH'6%6&VLJQDO·VVSHFWUXPFDUHIXOO\7KHUHVKRXOGEHDYHU\VPDOOVLQHZDYHDW
N+]
4XHVWLRQ
:KDWLVWKLVVLQHZDYH"
,W·VWKHVXSSUHVVHGFDUULHU
4XHVWLRQ
:K\LVWKLVVLQHZDYHSUHVHQW"
7KH´6&µLQ'6%6&VWDQGVIRUVXSSUHVVHGFDUULHU7KHSUDFWLFDOLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRI
FRPPXQLFDWLRQVLVQHYHULGHDODQGVRWKHUHPXVWDOZD\VEHDVPDOOFDUULHUFRPSRQHQW
([SHULPHQW²0HVVDJHWUDQVODWLRQ LQYHUVLRQ(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJ
0DNHDQRWHRIWKHPDJQLWXGHRIWKH'6%6&VLJQDO·VORZHUVLGHEDQG
1RWH<RXFDQGRWKLVE\SURMHFWLQJWKHORZHUVLGHEDQG·VWLSDFURVVWRWKHOHIWRIWKH
GLVSOD\DQGUHDGLQJWKHQXPEHURIIWKH<D[LV
6ORZO\UHGXFHWKH7XQHDEOH/RZSDVV)LOWHUPRGXOH·VFXWRIIIUHTXHQF\DOLWWOHZKLOH
ZDWFKLQJWKHDQDO\VHU·VGLVSOD\
1RWH*LYHWKHDQDO\VHUDFRXSOHRIVHFRQGVWRXSGDWHEHWZHHQHDFKDGMXVWPHQW
1RWH$VWKHILOWHU·VFXWRIIIUHTXHQF\JHWVORZHU\RX·OOQRWLFHWKDWWKHKLJKHU
IUHTXHQF\FRPSRQHQWVLQWKH'6%6&VLJQDODUHDWWHQXDWHGRQHE\RQH
&RQWLQXHWRUHGXFHWKH7XQHDEOH/RZSDVV)LOWHUPRGXOH·VFXWRIIIUHTXHQF\XQWLO\RX
DFKLHYHWKHEHVWFRPSURPLVHEHWZHHQUHPRYLQJWKHVXSSUHVVHGFDUULHUDQGNHHSLQJWKH
/6%DVODUJHDVSRVVLEOH
1RWH2QFHGRQHWKHVLJQDORQWKH7XQHDEOH/RZSDVV)LOWHUPRGXOH·VRXWSXWLVD
IUHTXHQF\LQYHUWHGFRS\RIWKHPHVVDJH
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJ
&ORVHWKH3LFR6FRSHVRIWZDUHDQGGLVFRQQHFWWKHGHYLFHIURP\RXUVHWXS
&RQWLQXHIURP3DUW&RIWKHH[SHULPHQW
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²0HVVDJHWUDQVODWLRQ LQYHUVLRQ
1DPH
&ODVV
&DUULHUDFTXLVLWLRQXVLQJWKHSKDVHORFNHGORRS
([SHULPHQW²&DUULHUDFTXLVLWLRQXVLQJWKHSKDVHORFNHGORRS
3UHOLPLQDU\GLVFXVVLRQ
3URGXFWGHWHFWLRQLVDORQJVWDQGLQJFRPPHUFLDOPHWKRGXVHGIRUGHPRGXODWLQJ66%VLJQDOV
WKDWFDQDOVREHXVHGWRGHPRGXODWH'6%DQG$0VLJQDOV5HFDOOWKRXJKWKDWFUXFLDOWRWKH
FRUUHFWRSHUDWLRQRIWKHSURGXFWGHWHFWRULVWKHV\QFKURQLVDWLRQRIWKHPRGXODWRU·VFDUULHU
VLJQDODQGWKHSURGXFWGHWHFWRU·VORFDOFDUULHU$VPDOOIUHTXHQF\HUURUEHWZHHQWKHFDUULHUV
FDXVHVWKHPHVVDJHVLJQDO·VDPSOLWXGHWRYDU\FRQWLQXRXVO\DWWKHUDWHRIWKHHUURU/DUJHU
IUHTXHQF\HUURUVFDQUHQGHUWKHUHFRYHUHGPHVVDJHFRPSOHWHO\XQLQWHOOLJLEOH3KDVHHUURUV
EHWZHHQWKHWZRVLJQDOVUHVXOWLQDUHGXFHGRXWSXWIURPWKHUHFHLYHUDQGSRVVLEO\HYHQQR
RXWSXWDWDOOIRUDSKDVHHUURURI
:KHQLPSOHPHQWLQJSURGXFWGHWHFWLRQRI66%'6%DQG$0VLJQDOVIRURWKHU(PRQD7HOHFRPV
7UDLQHUH[SHULPHQWVWKHVHV\QFKURQLVDWLRQHUURUVDUHDYRLGHGE\VLPSO\´VWHDOLQJµWKH
PRGXODWRU·VFDUULHUZLWKDSDWFKOHDGIRUXVHDVWKHSURGXFWGHWHFWRU·VORFDOFDUULHU7KLVLV
REYLRXVO\QRWSRVVLEOHLQSUDFWLFHIRUZLUHOHVVFRPPXQLFDWLRQV$VVXFKDPHWKRGRIUHPRWHO\
V\QFKURQLVLQJWKHWZRVLJQDOVLVQHFHVVDU\
8QWLOUHODWLYHO\UHFHQWO\WKHPRVWFRPPRQPHWKRGRIDFKLHYLQJFDUULHUV\QFKURQLVDWLRQIRU
66%UHFHLYHUVLQYROYHGLQVHUWLQJWKHWUDQVPLWWHU·VRULJLQDOFDUULHULQWRWKH66%VLJQDODIWHULW
KDVEHHQJHQHUDWHG7KLVVLJQDOLVFDOOHGDSLORWFDUULHUDQGLVDWDPXFKORZHUOHYHOWKDQWKH
VLGHEDQGVW\SLFDOO\G%7KHORZOHYHOFDUULHUFDQWKHQEHDFTXLUHGE\WKHUHFHLYHUDQG
XVHGIRUWKHSURGXFWGHWHFWRU·VORFDOFDUULHU
$QREYLRXVPHWKRGRIDFTXLULQJWKHSLORWLVWRXVHDEDQGSDVVILOWHU+RZHYHUWKLVLV
LPSUDFWLFDOGXHWRWKHFRPSOH[LW\RIEDODQFLQJWKHFRQWUDGLFWRU\QHHGVRIILOWHULQJRXWWKH
QHDUE\VLGHEDQGRUVLGHEDQGVLIWKHVLJQDOLV'6%RU$0ZKLOHPDLQWDLQLQJDZLGHHQRXJK
SDVVEDQGWRFDWHUIRUDQ\FDUULHULQVWDELOLW\WKDWLVGULIWVLQWKHWUDQVPLWWHU·VFDUULHU
IUHTXHQF\
$EHWWHUVROXWLRQLQYROYHVXVLQJWKHSKDVHORFNHGORRS3//7KH3//HIIHFWLYHO\DFTXLUHVWKH
SLORWFDUULHUE\JHQHUDWLQJLWVRZQFDUULHUVLJQDOWKDWLVV\QFKURQLVHGWRWKHSLORW7KHEORFN
GLDJUDPRID3//LVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHEHORZWKH9&2LVWKHGHPRGXODWRU·VORFDORVFLOODWRU
,QSXW 2XWSXW
)LJXUH
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²&DUULHUDFTXLVLWLRQXVLQJWKH3//
$PDWKHPDWLFDODQDO\VLVRI3//RSHUDWLRQLVFRPSOLFDWHG)RURXUSXUSRVHVKHUHLW·VEHWWHUWR
WKLQNRILWVRSHUDWLRQWKLVZD\,PDJLQHWKHFRQQHFWLRQEHWZHHQWKHORZSDVVILOWHUDQGWKH
9&2LVEURNHQ,IWKLVLVWKHFDVHWKHDUUDQJHPHQWLVEDVLFDOO\WKHSURGXFWGHWHFWRUVKRZQLQ
)LJXUHEHORZ
0XOWLSOLHU /RZSDVV)LOWHU
&RQWURO
,QSXW
YROWDJH
/RFDOFDUULHU
9&2
)LJXUH
6XSSRVHWKH3//·VLQSXWLVDQXQPRGXODWHGFDUULHUDQGWKH9&2·VRXWSXWLVDVLQHZDYHZLWKDQ
LGHQWLFDOIUHTXHQF\7KHPDWKSUHGLFWVWKDWWKHPXOWLSOLHU·VRXWSXWLVD'&FRPSRQHQWDQGD
VLQHZDYHHTXDOWRWKHVXPRIWKHLQSXWV·IUHTXHQFLHV,PSRUWDQWO\WKHPDJQLWXGHRIWKH'&
FRPSRQHQWLVDIXQFWLRQRIWKHSKDVHGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQWKHWZRFDUULHUV$SKDVHGLIIHUHQFH
RISURGXFHVWKHPD[LPXP'&RXWSXWYROWDJHDQGDSKDVHGLIIHUHQFHRISURGXFHV9
'&3XWDQRWKHUZD\DQ\SKDVHGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQWKHPXOWLSOLHU·VLQSXWVHLWKHUVLGHRI
SURGXFHVD'&YROWDJH
1RZVXSSRVHWKDWWKH9&2·VRXWSXWFKDQJHVWRDVOLJKWO\GLIIHUHQWIUHTXHQF\7KLVKDVWZR
HIIHFWVRQWKHPXOWLSOLHU·VRXWSXW)LUVWWKHIUHTXHQF\RIWKHVLQHZDYHRQLWVRXWSXWFKDQJHV
6HFRQGDQGPRUHLPSRUWDQWO\WKHUHVXOWLQJFRQWLQXRXVFKDQJHLQSKDVHGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQWKH
FDUULHUVFDXVHVWKHPDJQLWXGHRIWKH'&FRPSRQHQWWRFKDQJHFRQWLQXRXVO\LQV\PSDWK\VRLW·V
QRWUHDOO\'&DQ\PRUH
7KHORZSDVVILOWHULVXVHGWRUHPRYHWKHPXOWLSOLHU·VVLQHZDYHEXWOHWWKH´FKDQJLQJ'&µSDVV
6RZKHQLWVRXWSXWLVFRQQHFWHGWRWKH9&2·VLQSXWWKLVFKDQJLQJ'&FRPSRQHQWFDXVHVWKH
9&2·VRXWSXWIUHTXHQF\WRFKDQJHDVZHOO,QHYLWDEO\DWVRPHSRLQWWKHWZRVLJQDOVZLOOKDYH
WKHVDPHIUHTXHQF\DQGKDYHRISKDVHVKLIW:KHQWKLVKDSSHQVWKHPXOWLSOLHU·V'&
FRPSRQHQWLV9DQGWKH3//DFKLHYHV´ORFNµ2QFHORFNLVDFKLHYHGFKDQJHVLQWKH9&2·V
RXWSXWIUHTXHQF\DXWRPDWLFDOO\SURGXFHD'&YROWDJHWKDWFRUUHFWVLWDQGIRUFHVLWWRUHWXUQ
WRWKHIUHTXHQF\RIWKHFDUULHU
,QWHUPVRIFDUULHUDFTXLVLWLRQWKH9&2·VRXWSXWLVQRZDVLQHZDYHZLWKDQLGHQWLFDOIUHTXHQF\
WRWKHFDUULHUZLWKDIL[HGSKDVHVKLIW2IFRXUVHIRUWKH9&2·VRXWSXWWREHXVHIXODVD
ORFDOFDUULHUWKHSKDVHVKLIWEHWZHHQWKHPRGXODWHGFDUULHUDQGWKHORFDOFDUULHUPXVWEH
FRUUHFWHG
([SHULPHQW²&DUULHUDFTXLVLWLRQXVLQJWKH3//(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
7KHH[SHULPHQW
)RUWKLVH[SHULPHQW\RX·OOXVHWKH(PRQD7HOHFRPV7UDLQHUWRJHQHUDWHDQ$0VLJQDO<RX·OO
WKHQLPSOHPHQWDSKDVHORFNHGORRS3//WRJHQHUDWHDORFDOFDUULHUWKDWLVV\QFKURQLVHGWR
WKH$0VLJQDO·VFDUULHU
,WVKRXOGWDNH\RXDERXWPLQXWHVWRFRPSOHWHWKLVH[SHULPHQW
3UHUHTXLVLWHV
([SHULPHQW9RO6HWWLQJXSDQRVFLOORVFRSH
([SHULPHQW9RO$QLQWURGXFWLRQWRWKH7HOHFRPV7UDLQHU
([SHULPHQW9RO0RGHOOLQJHTXDWLRQV
([SHULPHQW9RO'6%6&PRGXODWLRQ
([SHULPHQW9RO'6%6&GHPRGXODWLRQ
([SHULPHQW9RO$0PHWKRGDQGSURGXFWGHWHFWLRQRI$0VLJQDOVGHVLUDEOH
(TXLSPHQW
(PRQD7HOHFRPV7UDLQHUSOXVSRZHUSDFN
'XDO&KDQQHO0+]RVFLOORVFRSH
7ZR(PRQD7HOHFRPV7UDLQHURVFLOORVFRSHOHDGV
$VVRUWHG(PRQD7HOHFRPV7UDLQHUSDWFKOHDGV
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²&DUULHUDFTXLVLWLRQXVLQJWKH3//
3URFHGXUH
3DUW$*HQHUDWLQJDPRGXODWHGVLJQDO
7RH[SHULPHQWZLWKFDUULHUDFTXLVLWLRQ\RX·OOQHHGDPRGXODWHGFDUULHUVLJQDODQGHLWKHUDQ
$0'6%RU66%VLJQDOFDQEHXVHGIRUWKLVSXUSRVH<RX·OOXVHDQ$0VLJQDOEHFDXVHLWDYRLGV
KDYLQJWRUHLQVHUWDSLORWFDUULHUZKLFK\RXZRXOGKDYHWRGRIRUD'6%RU66%VLJQDODQGVR
NHHSVWKHZLULQJUHODWLYHO\VLPSOH3DUW$RIWKLVH[SHULPHQWJHWV\RXWRVHWXSD
PRGXODWHG$0VLJQDOXVLQJDQN+]PHVVDJH
*DWKHUDVHWRIWKHHTXLSPHQWOLVWHGRQWKHSUHYLRXVSDJH
/RFDWHWKH7XQHDEOH/RZSDVV)LOWHUPRGXOHDQGVHWLWV*DLQFRQWUROWRDERXWWKHPLGGOH
RILWVWUDYHO
7XUQWKH7XQHDEOH/RZSDVV)LOWHUPRGXOH·V&XWRII)UHTXHQF\$GMXVWFRQWUROIXOO\
FORFNZLVH
&RQQHFWWKHVHWXSVKRZQLQ)LJXUHEHORZ
MASTER TUNEABLE
SIGNALS LPF
f Cx10 0
1 00 kHz
SINE
1 00 kHz
COS fC
1 00 kHz
DIGITAL
8kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz
DIGITAL GAIN
2kHz
SINE
IN OUT
)LJXUH
7KLVVHWXSFDQEHUHSUHVHQWHGE\WKHEORFNGLDJUDPLQ)LJXUHEHORZ,WXVHVWKH7XQHDEOH
/RZSDVV)LOWHUPRGXOHWRILOWHUWKHN+]IXQGDPHQWDOIURPDQN+]GLJLWDOVLJQDO
7XQHDEOH
0DVWHU6LJQDOV /RZSDVV)LOWHU
N+]VLQHZDYH
N+] 7R&+
)LJXUH
([SHULPHQW²&DUULHUDFTXLVLWLRQXVLQJWKH3//(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
6HWXSWKHVFRSHSHUWKHLQVWUXFWLRQVLQWKH$SSHQGL[
1RWH(QVXUHWKDWWKHVFRSH·V7ULJJHU6RXUFHFRQWUROLVVHWWRWKH&+RU,17
SRVLWLRQ
$GMXVWWKHIROORZLQJVFRSHFRQWUROVDVLQGLFDWHG
7LPHEDVHFRQWUROWRWKHVGLYSRVLWLRQ
&KDQQHO9HUWLFDO$WWHQXDWLRQWRWKH9GLYSRVLWLRQ
9HULI\WKDWWKH7XQHDEOH/RZSDVV)LOWHUPRGXOH·VRXWSXWLVDQN+]VLQHZDYH
7LS0HDVXUHWKHVLJQDO·VSHULRGDQGXVHWKDWWRGHWHUPLQHLWVIUHTXHQF\
$GMXVWWKH7XQHDEOH/RZSDVV)LOWHUPRGXOH·V*DLQFRQWUROVRWKDWLWVRXWSXWLV9SS
0RGLI\WKHVHWXSDVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHEHORZ
MASTER TUNEABLE MULTIPLIER
SIGNALS LPF
f Cx10 0 X DC
10 0kHz Y DC kXY
SINE
SERIAL TO
10 0kHz PARALLEL
COS fC
10 0kHz S/ P
DIGITAL
8 kHz
DIGITAL
2 kHz SERIAL X1
DIGITAL GAIN
2 kHz
SINE
IN OUT CLK X2
)LJXUH
7KLVVHWXSFDQEHUHSUHVHQWHGE\WKHEORFNGLDJUDPLQ)LJXUHRQWKHQH[WSDJH,WXVHVWKH
9SSN+]VLQHZDYHDVWKHPHVVDJHWRDPSOLWXGHPRGXODWHDN+]FDUULHU$VWKH
N+]VLQHZDYHDOVRFRQVLVWVRID9'&RIIVHWWKHPRGXODWLRQOHYHOLV
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²&DUULHUDFTXLVLWLRQXVLQJWKH3//
N+]
VLQHZDYHPHVVDJH
0XOWLSOLHU 7R&+
PRGXOH
; PRGXODWHG
$0VLJQDO
N+]
7R&+
<
N+]
FDUULHU
0DVWHU
6LJQDOV
)LJXUH
$GMXVWWKHVFRSHWRYLHZWKH0XOWLSOLHUPRGXOH·VRXWSXWDVZHOODVWKHPHVVDJHVLJQDO
9HULI\WKDWWKH0XOWLSOLHUPRGXOH·VRXWSXWLVDQ$0VLJQDOE\FKHFNLQJWKDWLWVHQYHORSHV
DUHDFRS\RIWKHPHVVDJH
1RWH7KHPRGXODWLRQLQGH[RIWKH$0VLJQDOLVQRWFUXFLDOWRWKLVH[SHULPHQW$
PRGXODWHG$0VLJQDOLVXVHGSXUHO\IRUVLPSOLFLW\RIZLULQJ
1RWH,IWKH$0VLJQDODSSHDUVRYHUPRGXODWHGUHGXFHWKH7XQHDEOH/RZSDVV)LOWHU
PRGXOH·VFXWRIIIUHTXHQF\XQWLOPRGXODWLRQLVDFKLHYHG
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJ
([SHULPHQW²&DUULHUDFTXLVLWLRQXVLQJWKH3//(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
3DUW%²$FTXLULQJWKHFDUULHUXVLQJWKHSKDVHORFNHGORRS
3DUW%XVHVDSKDVHGORFNORRS3//WRJHQHUDWHDORFDOFDUULHUVLJQDOWKDWLVV\QFKURQLVHGWR
WKH$0VLJQDO·VFDUULHU7KLVVLJQDOFDQEHXVHGE\DSURGXFWGHWHFWRUWRGHPRGXODWHWKH$0
VLJQDOWKRXJKWKDW·VQRWSRVVLEOHWRGRIRUWKLVH[SHULPHQWEHFDXVHWKH7XQHDEOH/RZSDVV
)LOWHUPRGXOHLVUHTXLUHGEXWLWLVXVHGKHUHWRFUHDWHWKHN+]PHVVDJH
/RFDWHWKH9&2PRGXOHDQGVHWLWV*DLQFRQWUROWRDERXWWKHPLGGOHRILWVWUDYHO
6HWWKH9&2PRGXOH·V)UHTXHQF\$GMXVWFRQWUROWRDERXWWKHPLGGOHRILWVWUDYHO
6HWWKH9&2PRGXOH·V5DQJHFRQWUROWRWKH+,SRVLWLRQ
0RGLI\WKHVFRSH·VFRQQHFWLRQVDVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHEHORZ
f Cx10 0 X DC
10 0kHz Y DC kXY
SINE
SERIAL TO
10 0kHz PARALLEL
COS fC
10 0kHz S/ P
DIGITAL
8 kHz
DIGITAL
2 kHz SERIAL X1
DIGITAL GAIN
2 kHz
SINE
IN OUT CLK X2
VCO
DIGITAL
GAIN
FREQ
HI
LO
VCO SINE
INPUT
)LJXUH
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²&DUULHUDFTXLVLWLRQXVLQJWKH3//
6HWWKHVFRSH·V7LPHEDVHFRQWUROWRWKHVGLYSRVLWLRQ
1RWH7KHVFRSH·V&KDQQHOLQSXWZLOOQRWEHDVWDEOHGLVSOD\DWWKLVVWDJHEHFDXVHWKH
WZRVLJQDOVDUHQ·WV\QFKURQLVHG<RXFDQLJQRUHWKLVIRUWKHPRPHQW
0HDVXUHWKHSHULRGRIWKH0DVWHU6LJQDOVPRGXOH·VN+]6,1(RXWSXWDQGQRWHWKH
YDOXH
6HWWKHVFRSH·V7ULJJHU6RXUFHFRQWUROWRWKH&+SRVLWLRQ
1RWH7KLVWULJJHUVWKHVFRSHRQWKH9&2PRGXOH·VRXWSXWLQVWHDGRIWKH0DVWHU6LJQDOV
PRGXOH·VN+]6,1(RXWSXW
$GMXVWWKH9&2PRGXOH·V)UHTXHQF\$GMXVWFRQWUROWRVLQHZDYHDWH[DFWO\WKHVDPH
IUHTXHQF\DVWKH0DVWHU6LJQDOVPRGXOH·VN+]6,1(RXWSXW
7LS6HWLWVSHULRGWRH[DFWO\WKHVDPHYDOXHWKDW\RXPHDVXUHGDW6WHS
6ZLWFKWKHVFRSH·V7ULJJHU6RXUFHFRQWUROEHWZHHQWKH&+DQG&+SRVLWLRQVDQG
FRPSDUHWKHWZRVLJQDOV
4XHVWLRQ
:K\FDQ·WWKHVFRSHVKRZWKHWZRVLJQDOVDVVWDEOHGLVSOD\VDWWKHVDPHWLPH"
'HVSLWHWKHVWXGHQWV·EHVWHIIRUWVWKHWZRVLJQDOVDUHQRWH[DFWO\WKHVDPH
IUHTXHQF\
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJ
([SHULPHQW²&DUULHUDFTXLVLWLRQXVLQJWKH3//(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
6HWWKHVFRSH·V7ULJJHU6RXUFHFRQWUROWRWKH&+SRVLWLRQ
6HWWKHVFRSH·V7LPHEDVHFRQWUROWRWKHVGLYSRVLWLRQ
0RGLI\WKHVHWXSDVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHEHORZ
MASTER TUNEABLE MULTIPLIER
SIGNALS LPF
f Cx10 0 X DC
1 00 kHz Y DC kXY
SINE
SERIAL TO
1 00 kHz PARALLEL
COS fC
1 00 kHz S/ P
DIGITAL
8kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz SERIAL X1
DIGITAL GAIN
2kHz
SINE
IN OUT CLK X2
COMPARATOR
REF
DIGITAL
DC
X
AC
DC GAIN
Y IN OUT
AC
RECTIFIER
kXY
FREQ
MULTIPLIER
LO
X DC
RC LPF
VCO SINE
INPUT
Y DC kXY
)LJXUH
7KHDGGLWLRQVWRWKLVVHWXSFDQEHUHSUHVHQWHGE\WKHEORFNGLDJUDPLQ)LJXUHRQWKHQH[W
SDJH7KHDUUDQJHPHQWLPSOHPHQWVD3//WKDWJHQHUDWHVDORFDOFDUULHUV\QFKURQLVHGWRWKH$0
VLJQDO·VFDUULHU
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²&DUULHUDFTXLVLWLRQXVLQJWKH3//
9&2
0XOWLSOLHU 5&/3) PRGXOH
$0 $FTXLUHGFDUULHU
7R&+
)LJXUH
7KHHQWLUHVHWXSFDQEHUHSUHVHQWHGE\WKHEORFNGLDJUDPLQ)LJXUHEHORZ
;
$FTXLUHG
N+] FDUULHU
< 7R&+
N+]FDUULHU
7R&+
$0JHQHUDWLRQXVLQJDN+]FDUULHU &DUULHUDFTXLVLWLRQXVLQJD3//
)LJXUH
&RPSDUHWKHWZRVLJQDOV
1RWH<RXVKRXOGQRZKDYH´ORFNµ7KDWLVWKH3//·VRXWSXWLVH[DFWO\WKHVDPH
IUHTXHQF\DVWKH0DVWHU6LJQDOVPRGXOH·VN+]6,1(RXWSXW
1RWH,I´ORFNµKDVQ·WEHHQDFKLHYHGWZHDNWKH9&2PRGXOH·V)UHTXHQF\$GMXVW
FRQWUROOHIWDQGULJKW
7RSURYHWKDW\RXU3//KDVORFNGLVFRQQHFWDQGUHFRQQHFWWKHSDWFKOHDGWRWKH9&2
PRGXOH·VLQSXWDFRXSOHRIWLPHVDQGREVHUYHWKHHIIHFWRQLWVRXWSXW
([SHULPHQW²&DUULHUDFTXLVLWLRQXVLQJWKH3//(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
4XHVWLRQ
2QFHORFNLVDFKLHYHGZKDW·VWKHSKDVHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQWKH$0VLJQDO·VFDUULHUDQG
WKH3//·VRXWSXW"
4XHVWLRQ
:KDWSUREOHPZRXOGWKLVSDUWLFXODUDPRXQWRISKDVHVKLIWFDXVHLIWKHVLJQDOLVXVHGIRU
SURGXFWGHPRGXODWLRQRI$0DQG'6%6&"
7KHUHFRYHUHGPHVVDJHZRXOGEHFRPSOHWHO\FDQFHOOHGEHFDXVHWKHWZRVLGHEDQGVZRXOG
KDYHDWRWDOSKDVHHUURURI
4XHVWLRQ
+RZFDQWKLVSUREOHPEHUHVROYHG"
3KDVHVKLIWWKH3//·VRXWSXWXQWLOWKHPHVVDJHVLJQDOKDVPD[LPXPDPSOLWXGH²DWZKLFK
SRLQWWKHWZRFDUULHUVDUHLQSKDVH
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHILQLVKLQJ
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²&DUULHUDFTXLVLWLRQXVLQJWKH3//
1DPH
&ODVV
6LJQDOWRQRLVHUDWLRDQGH\HGLDJUDPV
([SHULPHQW²6LJQDOWRQRLVHUDWLRDQGH\HGLDJUDPV
3UHOLPLQDU\GLVFXVVLRQ
<RXUVWXGLHVRIFRPPXQLFDWLRQVDQGWHOHFRPPXQLFDWLRQVVRIDUZLOOKDYHLQHYLWDEO\LQFOXGHGWKH
LVVXHRIQRLVH1RLVHLVLPSRUWDQWEHFDXVHLWLQWHUIHUHVZLWKWKHUHSURGXFWLRQRIWKHPHVVDJH
DWWKHUHFHLYHU)RUDQDODJPHVVDJHVVXFKDVVSHHFKDQGPXVLFQRLVHFDQEHKHDUGDVKLVV
FUDFNOHDQGSRSVWKDWDUHVXSHULPSRVHGRQWKHUHFRYHUHGPHVVDJH)RUGLJLWDOPHVVDJHVVXFK
DVGDWDQRLVHUHVXOWVLQFRUUXSWHGELWVWKDWLVELWVUHDGLQFRUUHFWO\,QERWKFDVHV
LQIRUPDWLRQLVORVW
,W·VQRWDVXUSULVHWKHQWKDWWKHQRLVHSHUIRUPDQFHRIPRGXODWLRQVFKHPHVDQGV\VWHPVLV
TXDQWLILHGHVSHFLDOO\ZKHQZHZDQWWRFRPSDUHEHWZHHQWKHP$ZLGHO\XVHGPHWKRGIRUGRLQJ
VRLVVLJQDOWRQRLVHUDWLR615$VLWVQDPHLPSOLHV615LVVLPSO\WKHUDWLRRIVLJQDOYROWDJH
RUSRZHUWRQRLVHYROWDJHRUSRZHU7KHHTXDWLRQIRUFDOFXODWLQJ615LV
6 :KHUH6 VLJQDOYROWDJHRUSRZHUDQG
615 =
1 1 QRLVHYROWDJHRUSRZHU
7KHJUHDWHUWKHVLJQDOUHODWLYHWRWKHQRLVHZKLFKLVGHVLUDEOHWKHJUHDWHUWKH6157KDW
VDLGVLPSOHUDWLRVFDQEHPLVOHDGLQJZKHQGHDOLQJZLWKVLJQDOVDQGVRGHFLEHOVDUHRIWHQ
SUHIHUUHG7KHHTXDWLRQIRUFDOFXODWLQJ615DVDGHFLEHOLVHLWKHU
9 3
615G% = /RJ 6 RU 615G% = /RJ 6
91 31
7RSHUIRUPWKHVHFDOFXODWLRQVDPHDVXUHPHQWRIWKHVLJQDO·VYROWDJHRUSRZHUDQGWKHQRLVH·V
YROWDJHRUSRZHUPXVWEHPDGH,QPRVWODERUDWRU\HQYLURQPHQWVWKHQRLVHLVFRQWUROOHGDQG
FDQEHUHPRYHGIURPWKHVLJQDO7KLVPDNHVVHSDUDWHPHDVXUHPHQWVRIVLJQDODQGQRLVHD
UHODWLYHO\VLPSOHPDWWHU+RZHYHULQWKHILHOGWKHVLJQDOPD\QRWEHDYDLODEOHDORQHDQGVRDQ
DOWHUQDWLYHFDOFXODWLRQPXVWEHXVHG
6 +1
615 =
1
2EYLRXVO\WKHWZR615UDWLRHTXDWLRQVSURGXFHGLIIHUHQWQXPEHUV+RZHYHUWKHJUHDWHUWKH
615RIWKHV\VWHPWKHVPDOOHUWKHGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQWKHYDOXHV
,PSRUWDQWO\WKHVSHFWUDOFRPSRVLWLRQRIQRLVHXVXDOO\UHVXOWVLQSHDNDQGSHDNWRSHDN
YROWDJHVWKDWYDU\UDQGRPO\DQGVRLW·VGLIILFXOWWRREWDLQDSUHFLVHPHDVXUHPHQWRIWKHVH
$QGXQOHVVDWHVWVLJQDOVXFKDVDVLQHZDYHLVXVHGWKHSHDNDQGSHDNWRSHDNYROWDJHRI
PHVVDJHVLJQDOVFDQYDU\DOVR7KDWEHLQJWKHFDVHLW·VEHWWHUWRPHDVXUHWKH506YDOXHRI
VLJQDODQGQRLVHYROWDJHVIRU615FDOFXODWLRQV
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²6LJQDOWRQRLVHUDWLR H\HGLDJUDPV
7KHH[SHULPHQW
)RUWKLVH[SHULPHQW\RX·OOXVHWKH(PRQD7HOHFRPV7UDLQHUWRDGGQRLVHWRDPHVVDJHD
GLJLWDOGDWDVLJQDO7KLVVLJQDOZLOOWKHQEHEDQGOLPLWHGWRPRGHOWKHW\SHRIQRLVHDIIHFWHG
VLJQDOWKDWLVSRVVLEOHDWWKHRXWSXWRIDUHFHLYHU<RX·OOWKHQXVHWKLVVLJQDOIRUGHWHUPLQLQJ
VLJQDOWRQRLVHUDWLRILJXUHVIRUDYDULHW\RIQRLVHOHYHOV)LQDOO\\RXREVHUYHWKHHIIHFWVRI
QRLVHDQGEDQGOLPLWLQJRQGLJLWDOGDWDVLJQDOVXVLQJ(\H'LDJUDPV
,WVKRXOGWDNH\RXDERXWPLQXWHVWRFRPSOHWHWKLVH[SHULPHQW
3UHUHTXLVLWHV
([SHULPHQW9RO6HWWLQJXSDQRVFLOORVFRSH
([SHULPHQW9RO$QLQWURGXFWLRQWRWKH7HOHFRPV7UDLQHU
([SHULPHQW9RO0RGHOOLQJHTXDWLRQV
([SHULPHQW9RO31VHTXHQFHVSHFWUDDQGQRLVHJHQHUDWLRQGHVLUDEOH
(TXLSPHQW
(PRQD7HOHFRPV7UDLQHUSOXVSRZHUSDFN
'XDO&KDQQHO0+]RVFLOORVFRSH
7ZR(PRQD7HOHFRPV7UDLQHURVFLOORVFRSHOHDGV
$VVRUWHG(PRQD7HOHFRPV7UDLQHUSDWFKOHDGV
)RU3DUW&RQO\
7UXH506GLJLWDOPXOWLPHWHU
([SHULPHQW²6LJQDOWRQRLVHUDWLR H\HGLDJUDPV(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
3URFHGXUH
3DUW$²$GGLQJQRLVHWRDVLJQDO
7RGHWHUPLQHVLJQDOWRQRLVHUDWLR\RXQHHGDPRGHOPHVVDJHVLJQDOZLWKQRLVHDGGHGWRLW
3DUW$JHWV\RXWRVHWRQHXS)RUWKLVSXUSRVHDQ\VLJQDOFDQEHXVHGWRPRGHODPHVVDJH
LQFOXGLQJDVLQHZDYHVSHHFKRUDGLJLWDOGDWDVLJQDO<RX·OOEHXVLQJDGLJLWDOGDWDVLJQDODVPRVW
QHZFRPPXQLFDWLRQVV\VWHPVWKHVHGD\VDUHGLJLWDO<RX·OODOVREHDEOHWRXVHWKHVLJQDOZKHQ
\RXLQYHVWLJDWH(\H'LDJUDPVODWHULQWKHH[SHULPHQW
*DWKHUDVHWRIWKHHTXLSPHQWOLVWHGRQWKHSUHYLRXVSDJH
/RFDWHWKH6HTXHQFH*HQHUDWRUPRGXOHDQGVHWLWV',3VZLWFKHVWR
&RQQHFWWKHVHWXSVKRZQLQ)LJXUHEHORZ
1RWH,QVHUWWKHEODFNSOXJVRIWKHRVFLOORVFRSHOHDGVLQWRDJURXQG*1'VRFNHW
-20dB 1O RZ-AMI
11 NRZ-M
100 kHz BASEBAND
SINE X LPF
BUFFER
100 kHz Y
COS
ADDER
100 kHz CLK
DIGITAL
DIVIDER
8kHz NOISE
GAIN
DIGITAL
2kHz
DIGITAL
IN OUT 2kHz SIGNAL CHANNEL
SINE OUT
IN OUT
)LJXUH
7KLVVHWXSFDQEHUHSUHVHQWHGE\WKHEORFNGLDJUDPLQ)LJXUHRQWKHQH[WSDJH7KH
6HTXHQFH*HQHUDWRUPRGXOHLVXVHGWRPRGHODGLJLWDOGDWDVLJQDOIRUDPHVVDJHDQGWKH$GGHU
PRGXOHLVXVHGWRDGGQRLVHIURPWKH1RLVH*HQHUDWRUPRGXOH·VRXWSXWWRLW
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²6LJQDOWRQRLVHUDWLR H\HGLDJUDPV
0DVWHU 6HTXHQFH $GGHU
6LJQDOV *HQHUDWRU PRGXOH
&/. 1RLV\GLJLWDO
GDWDVLJQDO
N+] 7R&+
6<1& 1RLVH
7R(;7 *HQHUDWRU
'LJLWDOVLJQDOPRGHOOLQJ 1RLVHDGGLWLRQ
)LJXUH
6HWXSWKHVFRSHSHUWKHLQVWUXFWLRQVLQWKH$SSHQGL[
$GMXVWWKHIROORZLQJVFRSHFRQWUROVDVLQGLFDWHG
7LPHEDVHWRWKHPVGLYSRVLWLRQ
7ULJJHU6RXUFHWRWKH(;7SRVLWLRQ
2EVHUYHWKH$GGHUPRGXOH·VRXWSXWVLJQDO
1RWH<RXVKRXOGVHHWKHPRGHORIDGLJLWDOGDWDVLJQDOZLWKZLGHEDQGHOHFWULFDOQRLVH
VXSHULPSRVHGRQLW
'LVFRQQHFWWKHSDWFKOHDGWRWKH1RLVH*HQHUDWRUPRGXOH·VG%RXWSXWDQGFRQQHFWLW
WRLWVG%RXWSXW
2EVHUYHWKH$GGHUPRGXOH·VRXWSXWVLJQDO
1RWH<RXVKRXOGREVHUYHDVLJQLILFDQWLQFUHDVHLQQRLVHOHYHORQWKHGLJLWDOGDWDVLJQDO
1RWH<RXPD\QHHGWRDGMXVWWKHVFRSH·V&KDQQHO9HUWLFDO$WWHQXDWLRQFRQWUROWR
VHHWKHWRSVDQGERWWRPVRIWKHVLJQDO
([SHULPHQW²6LJQDOWRQRLVHUDWLR H\HGLDJUDPV(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
'LVFRQQHFWWKHSDWFKOHDGWRWKH1RLVH*HQHUDWRUPRGXOH·VG%RXWSXWDQGFRQQHFWLW
WRLWVG%RXWSXW
2EVHUYHWKH$GGHUPRGXOH·VRXWSXWVLJQDO
1RWH<RXVKRXOGREVHUYHDQRWKHUVLJQLILFDQWLQFUHDVHLQQRLVHOHYHORQWKHGLJLWDOGDWD
VLJQDO,QIDFWLW·VSUREDEO\YHU\GLIILFXOWWRVHHWKHGDWDDWDOO
4XHVWLRQ
%DVHGRQLWVDSSHDUDQFHZKDWW\SHRIQRLVHLVWKH1RLVH*HQHUDWRUPRGXOHPRGHOOLQJ"
7LS7KLVLVQRWGLVFXVVHGLQWKHSUHOLPLQDU\GLVFXVVLRQEXW\RXKDYHSUREDEO\EHHQ
WDXJKWWKLV
:KLWHQRLVH
4XHVWLRQ
:KLFKRIWKH1RLVH*HQHUDWRU·VRXWSXWVSURYLGHVWKHPRVWDPRXQWRIQRLVH"
G%
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJ
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²6LJQDOWRQRLVHUDWLR H\HGLDJUDPV
3DUW%²%DQGOLPLWLQJWKHQRLV\VLJQDO
615PHDVXUHPHQWVRIFRPPXQLFDWLRQV\VWHPVDUHW\SLFDOO\PDGHDWWKHRXWSXWRIWKHUHFHLYHU
DQGWKLVKDVDQLPSRUWDQWLPSOLFDWLRQIRUWKLVH[SHULPHQW7RH[SODLQQRLVHFDQHQWHUD
FRPPXQLFDWLRQVV\VWHPDWDQ\VWDJHLQWKHFRPPXQLFDWLRQVPRGHO+RZHYHUWKHFKDQQHOLV
XVXDOO\WKHPRVWOLNHO\SRLQWRIHQWU\EHFDXVHRILWVVXVFHSWLELOLW\DQGRXUOLPLWHGDELOLW\WR
FRQWUROLW7KLVPHDQVWKDWWKHQRLVHWKDWHQWHUVWKHV\VWHPLVDOZD\VEDQGOLPLWHGE\WKH
FKDQQHO·VUHVSRQVHLQWKHVDPHZD\WKDWWKHVLJQDOLWVHOILV7KDWEHLQJWKHFDVHIRUWKH615
PHDVXUHPHQWVWKDW\RX·OOPDNHKHUHWRDFFXUDWHO\PRGHOUHDO615PHDVXUHPHQWV\RXPXVW
EDQGOLPLWERWKWKHVLJQDODQGWKHQRLVH3DUW%RIWKHH[SHULPHQWJHWV\RXWRGRWKLV
5HWXUQWKHVFRSH·V&KDQQHO9HUWLFDO$WWHQXDWLRQFRQWUROWRWKH9GLYSRVLWLRQ
0RGLI\WKHVHWXSDVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHEHORZ
1RWH5HPHPEHUWKDWWKHGRWWHGOLQHVVKRZOHDGVDOUHDG\LQSODFH
)LJXUH
([SHULPHQW²6LJQDOWRQRLVHUDWLR H\HGLDJUDPV(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
7KHVHWXSLQ)LJXUHFDQEHUHSUHVHQWHGE\WKHEORFNGLDJUDPLQ)LJXUHEHORZ7KH
%DVHEDQG/3)RQWKH&KDQQHO0RGXOHLVEHLQJXVHGWRPRGHODFKDQQHOZLWKDORZSDVV
IUHTXHQF\UHVSRQVH
%DVHEDQG
/3)
&/. %DQGZLGWKOLPLWHG
QRLV\GLJLWDOVLJQDO
N+] 7R&+
6<1&
7R(;7
'LJLWDOVLJQDOPRGHOOLQJ 1RLVHDGGLWLRQDQGEDQGZLGWKOLPLWLQJ
)LJXUH
2EVHUYHWKH%DVHEDQG/3)·VRXWSXWVLJQDO
1RWH<RXVKRXOGVHHDEDQGOLPLWHGGLJLWDOGDWDVLJQDOWKDWLVDIIHFWHGE\EDQG
OLPLWHGQRLVH1RWLFHWKDWLW·VTXLWHGLIIHUHQWWRWKHGLJLWDOVLJQDO\RXKDGEHIRUH
,PSRUWDQWO\WKLVDEHWWHUPRGHORIDQRLV\GLJLWDOGDWDVLJQDO
1RWH$V\RXORRNDWWKHVLJQDOSD\FORVHDWWHQWLRQWRWKHDPSOLWXGHYDULDWLRQVGXULQJ
WKHWLPHWKDWLW·VDORJLFDQGORJLF
'LVFRQQHFWWKHSDWFKOHDGWRWKH1RLVH*HQHUDWRUPRGXOH·VG%RXWSXWDQGFRQQHFWLW
WRLWVG%RXWSXW
2EVHUYHWKH$GGHUPRGXOH·VRXWSXWVLJQDO
'LVFRQQHFWWKHSDWFKOHDGWRWKH1RLVH*HQHUDWRUPRGXOH·VG%RXWSXWDQGFRQQHFWLW
WRLWVG%RXWSXW
2EVHUYHWKH$GGHUPRGXOH·VRXWSXWVLJQDO
1RWH1RWLFHWKDWWKHGLJLWDOGDWDVLJQDOEHFRPHVLQFUHDVLQJO\GLVWRUWHGDVWKHQRLVH
LQFUHDVHV
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²6LJQDOWRQRLVHUDWLR H\HGLDJUDPV
4XHVWLRQ
:K\GRHVQ·WWKHGLJLWDOGDWDVLJQDOORRNDV´QRLV\µQRZDVLWGLGEHIRUH"
7KHFKDQQHOEHLQJPRGHOOHGE\WKH%DVHEDQG/3)KDVDIUHTXHQF\UHVSRQVHWKDWLV
UHPRYLQJPDQ\RIWKHVLQHZDYHVRQWKH1RLVH*HQHUDWRUPRGXOH·VRXWSXW
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJ
([SHULPHQW²6LJQDOWRQRLVHUDWLR H\HGLDJUDPV(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
3DUW&²'HWHUPLQLQJVLJQDOWRQRLVHUDWLR615
5HFDOOWKDWVLJQDOWRQRLVHUDWLR615FDQEHFDOFXODWHGLQRQHRIWZRZD\VERWKRIZKLFKFDQ
EHH[SUHVVHGLQGHFLEHOV3DUW&JHWV\RXWRGRWKLV
'LVFRQQHFWWKHSDWFKOHDGWRWKH1RLVH*HQHUDWRUPRGXOH·VG%RXWSXWDQGOHDYHLW
GLVFRQQHFWHGIRUWKHPRPHQW
1RWH7KH$GGHUPRGXOH·VRXWSXWQRZFRQVLVWVRIRQO\WKHVLJQDO
6HWXSWKH7UXH506GLJLWDOPXOWLPHWHU'00IRUPHDVXULQJ$&YROWDJHV
1RWH,I\RX·UHQRWVXUHKRZWKLVLVGRQHFDOOWKHLQVWUXFWRUIRUDVVLVWDQFH
&RQQHFWWKH7UXH506'00EHWZHHQWKH%DVHEDQG/3)·VRXWSXWDQGWKHWUDLQHU·V
JURXQG
0HDVXUHWKHGLJLWDOGDWDVLJQDO·V506YROWDJHDQGUHFRUGWKLVYDOXHLQ7DEOHRQWKH
QH[WSDJH
5HFRQQHFWWKHSDWFKOHDGIURPWKH$GGHUPRGXOH·V12,6(LQSXWWRWKH1RLVH*HQHUDWRU
PRGXOH·VG%RXWSXW
'LVFRQQHFWWKHSDWFKOHDGEHWZHHQWKH6HTXHQFH*HQHUDWRUPRGXOH·V/,1(&2'(RXWSXW
DQGWKH$GGHUPRGXOH·V6,*1$/LQSXW
1RWH7KH$GGHUPRGXOH·VRXWSXWQRZFRQVLVWVRIRQO\WKHEDQGOLPLWHGQRLVH
0HDVXUHDQGUHFRUGWKHQRLVH·V506YROWDJHLQ7DEOHDOVR
8VHWKHVLJQDODQGQRLVHYROWDJHVWRFDOFXODWHWKHVLJQDOWRQRLVHUDWLRRIWKHVLJQDORQ
WKH$GGHUPRGXOH·VRXWSXW5HFRUG\RXUFDOFXODWLRQLQ7DEOH
7LS7KHHTXDWLRQIRUWKLVLVLQWKHSUHOLPLQDU\GLVFXVVLRQ
&RQYHUW\RXU615WRGHFLEHOVDQGUHFRUGWKLVWRR
5HFRQQHFWWKHSDWFKOHDGEHWZHHQWKH6HTXHQFH*HQHUDWRUPRGXOH·V/,1(&2'(RXWSXW
DQGWKH$GGHUPRGXOH·V6,*1$/LQSXW
0HDVXUHDQGUHFRUGWKH´VLJQDOSOXVQRLVHµ506YROWDJH
8VHWKH´VLJQDOSOXVQRLVHµDQGQRLVHYROWDJHVWRFDOFXODWHDQGUHFRUGWKHDOWHUQDWH
VLJQDOWRQRLVHUDWLRRIWKHVLJQDORQWKH$GGHUPRGXOH·VRXWSXW
&RQYHUW\RXUDOWHUQDWH615WRGHFLEHOV
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²6LJQDOWRQRLVHUDWLR H\HGLDJUDPV
7DEOH
6LJQDOYROWDJH
1RLVHYROWDJH
6LJQDOWR
QRLVH
UDWLR615
615
LQGHFLEHOV
6LJQDOSOXV
QRLVHYROWDJH
$OWHUQDWH615
$OWHUQDWH615
LQGHFLEHOV
,PSRUWDQWQRWH
<RX·OOQRWLFHWKDWQHLWKHURIWKH615VWKDW\RXFDOFXODWHGLQGHFLEHOVLVG%<HW
WKH1RLVH*HQHUDWRUPRGXOH·VRXWSXWVWKDW\RX·YHEHHQDVNHGWRXVHIRUWKLVSDUWRI
WKHH[SHULPHQWLVGHQRWHG´G%µ,VWKHUHVRPHWKLQJZURQJ"
1R7KHGHFLEHOILJXUHTXRWHGIRUWKH1RLVH*HQHUDWRUPRGXOH·VWKUHHRXWSXWVDUH
UHODWLYHWRHDFKRWKHU6RWKHG%RXWSXWLVDSDUWLFXODUOHYHORIQRLVH7KHG%
RXWSXWLVKDOIWKDWOHYHODQGWKHG%RXWSXWLVRQHWHQWKRIWKDW
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJ
([SHULPHQW²6LJQDOWRQRLVHUDWLR H\HGLDJUDPV(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
4XHVWLRQ
:KDWLVWKHVLJQDOWRQRLVHUDWLRWKHUDWLRQRWWKHGHFLEHODFWXDOO\WHOOLQJ\RX"
+RZPDQ\WLPHVELJJHUWKHVLJQDO·V506YROWDJHLVFRPSDUHGWRWKHQRLVH·V506
YROWDJH
4XHVWLRQ
:K\DUHWKHWZRVLJQDOWRQRLVHUDWLRVDOPRVWLGHQWLFDOHYHQWKRXJKWKH\·YHEHHQ
FDOFXODWHGLQDGLIIHUHQWZD\"
%HFDXVHWKHVLJQDOWRQRLVHUDWLRLVVRKLJK
4XHVWLRQ
:KDWZRXOG\RXH[SHFWWRKDSSHQWRWKHVLJQDOWRQRLVHUDWLRILJXUHVLIWKH1RLVH
*HQHUDWRUPRGXOH·VG%RUG%RXWSXWVDUHXVHG"
7KH615ZRXOGJRGRZQ
4XHVWLRQ
:KDWRWKHUFKDQJHWRWKHVLJQDOWRQRLVHILJXUHVZRXOG\RXH[SHFWWRVHHLI\RXXVHG
WKH1RLVH*HQHUDWRUPRGXOH·VRWKHURXWSXWV"
7KHHUURUEHWZHHQWKH615DQGDOWHUQDWH615ILJXUHVZRXOGLQFUHDVH
9HULI\\RXUDQVZHUWR4XHVWLRQVDQGE\IROORZLQJWKHQH[WIHZVWHSV
'LVFRQQHFWWKHSDWFKOHDGEHWZHHQWKH6HTXHQFH*HQHUDWRUPRGXOH·V/,1(&2'(RXWSXW
DQGWKH$GGHUPRGXOH·V6,*1$/LQSXW
'LVFRQQHFWWKHSDWFKOHDGWRWKH1RLVH*HQHUDWRUPRGXOH·VG%RXWSXWDQGFRQQHFWLW
WRLWVG%RXWSXW
0HDVXUHDQGUHFRUGWKHQRLVH·V506YROWDJHLQ7DEOHRQWKHQH[WSDJH
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²6LJQDOWRQRLVHUDWLR H\HGLDJUDPV
8VHWKHVLJQDODQGQRLVHYROWDJHVWRFDOFXODWHDQGUHFRUGWKHVLJQDOWRQRLVHUDWLRRIWKH
VLJQDORQWKH$GGHUPRGXOH·VRXWSXW
&RQYHUW\RXU615WRGHFLEHOVDQGUHFRUGWKLVWRR
5HFRQQHFWWKHSDWFKOHDGEHWZHHQWKH6HTXHQFH*HQHUDWRUPRGXOH·V/,1(&2'(RXWSXW
DQGWKH$GGHUPRGXOH·V6,*1$/LQSXW
0HDVXUHDQGUHFRUGWKH´VLJQDOSOXVQRLVHµ506YROWDJH
8VHWKH´VLJQDOSOXVQRLVHµDQGQRLVHYROWDJHVWRFDOFXODWHDQGUHFRUGWKHDOWHUQDWH
VLJQDOWRQRLVHUDWLRRIWKHVLJQDORQWKH$GGHUPRGXOH·VRXWSXW
&RQYHUW\RXUDOWHUQDWH615WRGHFLEHOV
&RPSDUHWKH615ILJXUHVLQ7DEOHVDQGWRVHHLI\RXUDQVZHUVWR4XHVWLRQVDQG
DUHFRUUHFW
7DEOH
6LJQDOYROWDJH 6HH7DEOH
1RLVHYROWDJH
6LJQDOWR
QRLVH
UDWLR615
615
LQGHFLEHOV
6LJQDOSOXV
QRLVHYROWDJH
$OWHUQDWH615
$OWHUQDWH615
LQGHFLEHOV
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJ
([SHULPHQW²6LJQDOWRQRLVHUDWLR H\HGLDJUDPV(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
3DUW'²(\H'LDJUDPV
7KHSUHYLRXVSDUWRIWKHH[SHULPHQWGHPRQVWUDWHVWKDWGLJLWDOVLJQDOVDIIHFWHGE\QRLVH
EHFRPHGLVWRUWHG0RUHRYHUWKHH[SHULPHQWKDVVKRZQWKDWWKHJUHDWHUWKHQRLVHWKH
JUHDWHUWKHGLVWRUWLRQDQGWKLVLQFUHDVHVWKHULVNRIHUURUVDWWKHUHFHLYHU$VVXFKLW·V
LPSRUWDQWWREHDEOHWRLQVSHFWDQGWHVWGLJLWDOGDWDVLJQDOVWRPLQLPLVHWKLVSUREOHP
&RQYHQWLRQDOYLVXDOLQVSHFWLRQRIWKHQRLV\GLJLWDOGDWDVLJQDOZLWKDVFRSHLVQRWJRRGHQRXJK
IRUWKLVSXUSRVHEHFDXVH\RX·OORQO\VHHWKHVLJQDO·VYROWDJHVIRUDUHODWLYHO\VPDOOQXPEHURI
ELWV0RUHRYHUWKHUDQGRPQDWXUHRIQRLVHFDQSURGXFHVSXULRXVORJLFOHYHOVZKHQ\RX·UHQRW
ORRNLQJDWWKHVFRSH·VGLVSOD\
$VROXWLRQWRWKLVSUREOHPLVWRXVHWKHGLJLWDOGDWDVLJQDOWRIRUFHWKHVFRSHWRGHYHORSDQ(\H
'LDJUDP(\H'LDJUDPVDUHVRFDOOHGEHFDXVHRIWKHSLFWXUHWKDWWKH\SURGXFHRQWKHVFRSH·V
GLVSOD\$QH[DPSOHRIRQHLVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHEHORZ
)LJXUH
(\HGLDJUDPVDUHDFKLHYHGE\VLPSO\ORRNLQJDWWKHGLJLWDOGDWDVLJQDOXVLQJRQHRIWKHVFRSH·V
FKDQQHOVEXWWULJJHULQJWKHVFRSHXVLQJWKHGLJLWDOGDWDVLJQDO·VELWFORFN7KLVFDXVHVWKH
VFRSH·VGLVSOD\WREHFRPHXQVWDEOHWKDWLVXQWULJJHUHGDVLWXDWLRQWKDWZH·GQRUPDOO\DYRLG
+RZHYHULQWKLVFDVHLWFDXVHVDOOZDYHIRUPFRPELQDWLRQVWKDWWKHGLJLWDOGDWDVLJQDOFDQ
SURGXFHWREHZULWWHQRYHUHDFKRWKHUDSSHDULQJDVWKRXJKWKH\·UHDOORQWKHVFUHHQDWWKH
VDPHWLPHEXWWKLVLVRQO\DIXQFWLRQRIWKH&57GLVSOD\·VSHUVLVWHQFH
,QWKHSURFHVVDV)LJXUHVKRZVWKHVSDFHVEHWZHHQWKHORJLFVDQGORJLFVSURGXFH´H\HVµ
DFURVVWKHFHQWUHRIWKHGLVSOD\,PSRUWDQWO\WKHJUHDWHUWKHQRLVHWKHOHVVLGHDOWKHVLJQDO·V
ORJLFOHYHOVEHFRPHDQGVRWKHH\HVEHJLQWR´FORVHµ3DUW'RIWKHH[SHULPHQWJHWV\RXWR
REVHUYHWKHHIIHFWVRIQRLVHRQGLJLWDOGDWDVLJQDOVXVLQJDQ(\H'LDJUDP
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²6LJQDOWRQRLVHUDWLR H\HGLDJUDPV
/RFDWHWKH9&2PRGXOHDQGWXUQLWV*DLQFRQWUROIXOO\DQWLFORFNZLVH
6HWWKH9&2PRGXOH·V5DQJHFRQWUROWRWKH/2SRVLWLRQ
6HWWKH9&2PRGXOH·V)UHTXHQF\$GMXVWFRQWUROWRWKHR·FORFNSRVLWLRQ
1RWH7KHVHODVWWZRVWHSVVHWWKH9&2PRGXOH·VRXWSXWWRDSSUR[LPDWHO\N+]$VWKH
H[DFWIUHTXHQF\LVQ·WFULWLFDOWKHUHLVQRQHHGWREHPRUHSUHFLVHWKDQWKLV
0RGLI\WKHVHWXSDVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHEHORZ
HI DIVIDER
NOISE
GAIN
LO
)LJXUH
7KLVVHWXSFDQEHUHSUHVHQWHGE\WKHEORFNGLDJUDPLQ)LJXUHRQWKHQH[WSDJH
([SHULPHQW²6LJQDOWRQRLVHUDWLR H\HGLDJUDPV(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
9&2
PRGXOH
&/. %DQGZLGWKOLPLWHG
QRLV\GLJLWDOVLJQDO
7R&+
%LWFORFN
7R(;7
'LJLWDOVLJQDOPRGHOOLQJ 1RLVHDGGLWLRQDQGEDQGZLGWKOLPLWLQJ
)LJXUH
7KH6HTXHQFH*HQHUDWRUPRGXOH·VFORFNLVQRZSURYLGHGE\WKH9&2PRGXOHVRWKDWWKHGDWD
UDWHFDQEHYDULHGPRUHODWHU,PSRUWDQWO\WKHFORFNLVXVHGWRWULJJHUWKHVFRSHWRSURGXFH
WKHXQVWDEOHGLVSOD\PHQWLRQHGRQWKHSUHYLRXVSDJH
6HWWKHIXQFWLRQVFRSH·V7LPHEDVHFRQWUROWRWKHPVGLYSRVLWLRQ
,PSRUWDQWO\DV\RX·UHQRZWULJJHULQJWKHVFRSHIURPWKH6HTXHQFH*HQHUDWRUPRGXOH·VELW
FORFNLQVWHDGRILWV6<1&VLJQDOWKHGLJLWDOGDWDVLJQDOLVXQVWDEOHRQWKHVFUHHQDQGWKLV
SURGXFHVDQ(\H'LDJUDPVLPLODUWR)LJXUHZKHQWKHFRUUHFW7LPHEDVHVHWWLQJLVXVHG
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJ
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²6LJQDOWRQRLVHUDWLR H\HGLDJUDPV
,QFUHDVHGLJLWDOVLJQDO·VQRLVHFRPSRQHQWWRG%DQGREVHUYHWKHHIIHFWRQWKH(\H
'LDJUDP
,QFUHDVHGLJLWDOVLJQDO·VQRLVHFRPSRQHQWWRG%DQGREVHUYHWKHHIIHFWRQWKH(\H
'LDJUDP
4XHVWLRQ
:KDWLVWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQWKHOHYHORIQRLVHWKDWWKHFKDQQHOLQWURGXFHVWRWKH
GLJLWDOGDWDVLJQDODQGWKHVL]HRIWKH(\H'LDJUDP·VH\HV"
7KHJUHDWHUWKHQRLVHWKDW·VLQWURGXFHGWKHPRUHFORVHGWKHH\HV
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJ
([SHULPHQW²6LJQDOWRQRLVHUDWLR H\HGLDJUDPV(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
,PSRUWDQWO\QRLVHLVQ·WWKHRQO\IDFWRUGLVWRUWLQJWKHGLJLWDOGDWDVLJQDO7KHFKDQQHO·V
IUHTXHQF\UHVSRQVHDOVRSOD\VDSDUW7KLVLVEHFDXVHGLJLWDOGDWDVLJQDOVDUHPDGHXSRIPDQ\
VLQHZDYHVWKHIXQGDPHQWDODQGKDUPRQLFVDQGPDQ\RIWKHPDUHRXWVLGHWKHFKDQQHO·VSDVV
EDQGDQGVRDUHDWWHQXDWHG7KLVLQHYLWDEO\FKDQJHVWKHGLJLWDOVLJQDO·VVKDSH
7KHDPRXQWRIGLVWRUWLRQLVDIXQFWLRQRIWKHGLJLWDOGDWDVLJQDO·VELWFORFNDQGWKHFKDQQHO·V
EDQGZLGWK7KHJUHDWHUWKHIUHTXHQF\RIWKHELWFORFNRUWKHORZHUWKHFKDQQHO·VEDQGZLGWK
WKHJUHDWHUWKHGLVWRUWLRQ7KHQH[WSDUWRIWKHH[SHULPHQWOHWV\RXVHHWKLVIRU\RXUVHOI
5HGXFHWKHGLJLWDOVLJQDO·VQRLVHFRPSRQHQWWRG%
6HWWKHIXQFWLRQVFRSH·V7LPHEDVHFRQWUROWRWKHPVGLYSRVLWLRQ
9HU\VORZO\LQFUHDVHWKHGLJLWDOGDWDVLJQDO·VELWFORFNE\LQFUHDVLQJWKH9&2PRGXOH·V
RXWSXWIUHTXHQF\
1RWH6WRSZKHQ\RXKDYHDERXWILYHH\HVLQWKH(\H'LDJUDP²7KH9&2PRGXOH·V
)UHTXHQF\$GMXVWFRQWUROZLOOEHDWDERXWWKHR·FORFNSRVLWLRQ
4XHVWLRQ
:KDWLVWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQWKHGLJLWDOGDWDVLJQDO·VELWFORFNDQGWKHVL]HRIWKH
(\H'LDJUDP·VH\HV"
7KHKLJKHUWKHIUHTXHQF\RIWKHELWFORFNWKHJUHDWHUWKDQEDQGOLPLWLQJDQGWKH
PRUHFORVHGWKHH\HV
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHILQLVKLQJ
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²6LJQDOWRQRLVHUDWLR H\HGLDJUDPV
1DPH
&ODVV
3XOVHFRGHPRGXODWLRQDQGVLJQDOWRQRLVHGLVWRUWLRQUDWLR
([SHULPHQW²3XOVHFRGHPRGXODWLRQDQGVLJQDOWRQRLVH
GLVWRUWLRQUDWLR61'5
3UHOLPLQDU\GLVFXVVLRQ
3&0HQFRGLQJDQGGHFRGLQJRQWKH(PRQD7HOHFRPV7UDLQHULVOLNHDOORWKHUGLJLWLVDWLRQ
VFKHPHVLQWKDWLWVXIIHUVIURPTXDQWLVDWLRQHUURU7RH[SODLQDQDORJWRGLJLWDOFRQYHUVLRQ
LQYROYHVVDPSOLQJWKHLQSXWYROWDJHZKLFKZLOOEHRQHRIDQLQILQLWHQXPEHURIYDOXHVEHWZHHQ
WKHUDQJHDQGFRPSDULQJLWWRDVHWRITXDQWLVDWLRQOHYHOV$VWKHQXPEHURITXDQWLVDWLRQOHYHOV
LVILQLWHWKHFRQYHUVLRQSURFHVVPXVWDOORFDWHWKHTXDQWLVDWLRQOHYHOWKDWLVWKHFORVHVWWRWKH
VDPSOHDQGJHQHUDWHWKHQXPEHUWKDWUHSUHVHQWVLW,PPHGLDWHO\XSRQGRLQJVRWKHDFWXDOVL]H
RIWKHVDPSOHLVORVWDQGWKLVLVTXDQWLVDWLRQHUURU$VLW·VLPSRVVLEOHIRUWKH3&0GHFRGHUWR
GHWHUPLQHWKHGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQWKHDFWXDOVL]HRIWKHVDPSOHDQGYDOXHWKDWWKH3&0
HQFRGHULQIHUUHGLWWREHWKH3&0GHFRGHUUHSURGXFHVWKHHUURURQLWVRXWSXW
,PSRUWDQWO\WKHUHLVDJUHDWHUFKDQFHRIDVDPSOHGDQDORJYROWDJHEHLQJGLIIHUHQWWRRQHRI
WKHTXDQWLVDWLRQOHYHOVWKDQWKHVDPH,QRWKHUZRUGVWKLVHUURULVDOPRVWDOZD\VSUHVHQWDQG
GLVWRUWVWKHUHSURGXFWLRQRIWKHRULJLQDOVLJQDORQWKH3&0GHFRGHU·VRXWSXW0RUHRYHUWKH
VSHFWUDOFRPSRVLWLRQRIWKLVGLVWRUWLRQLVVLPLODUWRWKHVSHFWUDOFRPSRVLWLRQRIZKLWHQRLVHDQG
VRTXDQWLVDWLRQHUURULVVDLGWRFDXVHTXDQWLVDWLRQQRLVH,QIDFWZKHQDXGLEOHTXDQWLVDWLRQ
QRLVHFDQEHKHDUGDVKLVVSURYLGHGWKHTXDQWLVDWLRQHUURULVQ·WWRRODUJH
5HFDOOWKDWLPSURYLQJDGLJLWLVDWLRQVFKHPH·VUHVROXWLRQLQYROYHVLQFUHDVLQJWKHQXPEHURIELWV
LQWKHELQDU\QXPEHU7KLVLQWXUQLQFUHDVHVWKHQXPEHURITXDQWLVDWLRQOHYHOVSHUPLVVLEOHDQG
VRWKHTXDQWLVDWLRQHUURULQYROYHGLQHYHU\VDPSOHPXVWEHVPDOOHU&OHDUO\WKHQTXDQWLVDWLRQ
QRLVHLVDIXQFWLRQRIWKHVFKHPH·VUHVROXWLRQ7KLVJLYHVXVDSRWHQWLDORSSRUWXQLW\WRFDOFXODWH
WKHWKHRUHWLFDOVL]HRIWKHTXDQWLVDWLRQQRLVHDQGH[SUHVVLWDVDVLJQDOWRQRLVHGLVWRUWLRQ
UDWLR61'5
+RZHYHUWKHUHDUHWKUHHSUREOHPVZLWKGRLQJVR)LUVWDVWKHTXDQWLVDWLRQHUURULVIL[HGDW
ñELWDQ\FDOFXODWHG61'5ILJXUHLVDIXQFWLRQRIWKHVL]HRIWKHDQDORJVLJQDO7KHELJJHU
WKHDQDORJVLJQDOWKHELJJHUWKHODUJHVWELQDU\QXPEHULWSURGXFHVDQGVRWKHEHWWHUWKH
61'5WKDWLVñELWLVDPXFKVPDOOHUSURSRUWLRQRIWKDQLWLVRI:KLOH
WKLVLVQ·WSUREOHPDWLFLQLWVHOILWLVZKHQWKHPHVVDJHLVVSHHFKZKLFKGRHVQ·WKDYHIL[HG
DPSOLWXGH6HFRQG61'5LVDIIHFWHGE\RWKHUIDFWRUVOLNHWLPLQJHUURUVEHWZHHQWKHFORFNV
RIWKHDQDORJWRGLJLWDODQGGLJLWDOWRDQDORJFRQYHUWHUV7KHVHFDQEHGLIILFXOWWRSUHGLFWDQG
LQFRUSRUDWHLQWRDQ\WKHRUHWLFDOFDOFXODWLRQVRI61'57KLUG3&0V\VWHPVLQYDULDEO\XVHD
UHFRQVWUXFWLRQILOWHUWRUHPRYHWKHDOLDVHVRULPDJHVIURPWKHGHFRGHG3&0GDWDVLJQDO7KLV
ILOWHULQJLQHYLWDEO\UHPRYHVVRPHRIWKHQRLVHDOVRZLWKWKHDPRXQWRIQRLVHUHMHFWLRQEHLQJD
IXQFWLRQRIWKHILOWHU·VSHUIRUPDQFH
7KHVHIDFWRUVFRPELQHWRPDNHPHDVXUHPHQWRI61'5DQLPSRUWDQWSDUWRIGHWHUPLQLQJWKH
TXDOLW\RIDGLJLWLVDWLRQVFKHPHIRUDVSHFLILFGHVLJQ
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²3XOVHFRGHPRGXODWLRQDQG61'5
'HWHUPLQLQJ61'5E\PHDVXUHPHQWLVVLPLODUWRGHWHUPLQLQJFRQYHQWLRQDOVLJQDOWRQRLVHUDWLR
615E\PHDVXUHPHQW7KLVW\SLFDOO\LQYROYHVPHDVXULQJWKH506QRLVHYROWDJH1
LQGHSHQGHQWO\RIWKHVLJQDOWKHQPHDVXULQJHLWKHUWKH506YDOXHRIWKHUHFRYHUHGPHVVDJH
VLJQDOYROWDJH6RUWKH506YDOXHRIWKHUHFRYHUHGPHVVDJHVLJQDOSOXVQRLVHYROWDJH61
506YDOXHVDUHXVHGVRWKDWWKH615ILJXUHLVDQDYHUDJHIRUWKHFKDQJLQJVL]HRIWKH
PHVVDJH7KH615LVWKHQFDOFXODWHGXVLQJHLWKHU
6 6 +1
615 = RU 615 =
1 1
+RZHYHUWKHUHDUHFRXSOHRIVPDOOFDWFKHVZKHQGRLQJWKLVIRU61'5)LUVWLW·VQRWSRVVLEOH
WRPHDVXUHWKHUHFRYHUHGPHVVDJHVLJQDOZLWKRXWTXDQWLVDWLRQQRLVHEHFDXVHTXDQWLVDWLRQQRLVH
LVDOZD\VSUHVHQW²LW·VDSURSHUW\RIGLJLWLVDWLRQ7KLVPHDQVWKDWWKHVHFRQGRIWKHWZR
HTXDWLRQVDERYHPXVWEHXVHG
6HFRQGLWQRWSRVVLEOHWRPHDVXUHWKHTXDQWLVDWLRQQRLVHLQGHSHQGHQWRIWKHVLJQDOLQWKHVDPH
ZD\DVIRUFRQYHQWLRQDO615:KHQ\RXWKLQNDERXWWKLVLWPDNHVVHQVH:LWKRXWDQDQDORJ
LQSXWVLJQDOWKHUHDUHQRTXDQWLVDWLRQHUURUVWRFDXVHWKHTXDQWLVDWLRQQRLVHLQWKHILUVW
LQVWDQFH7KLVPHDQVWKDWDGGLWLRQDOSURFHVVLQJLVQHHGHGSULRUWRPHDVXUHPHQWWRLVRODWHWKH
QRLVHIURPWKHVLJQDO
$PHWKRGIRUGRLQJWKLVLQYROYHVDWHFKQLTXHRIQXOOLQJVLJQDOVWKDWZDVLQWURGXFHGWR\RXLQ
([SHULPHQWRI9ROXPH)LJXUHEHORZVKRZVWKHEORFNGLDJUDPRIKRZWKLVLVLPSOHPHQWHG
0HVVDJHSOXV
2XWSXW
TXDQWLVDWLRQQRLVH
6WROHQPHVVDJH
O
)LJXUH
7KHVLJQDOZLWKLWVTXDQWLVDWLRQQRLVHLVIHGWRRQHLQSXWRIDQDGGHU$FRS\RIWKHRULJLQDO
PHVVDJHVWROHQIURPWKHVRXUFHLVFRQQHFWHGWRWKHDGGHU·VRWKHULQSXWYLDDSKDVHVKLIWHU
7KHSKDVHVKLIWHULVWKHQDGMXVWHGVRWKDWWKHVWROHQPHVVDJHLVRXWRISKDVHZLWKWKH
UHFRYHUHGPHVVDJH2QFHGRQHWKHDGGLQJSURFHVVFDQFHOVWKHWZRPHVVDJHVFRPSOHWHO\
LGHDOO\OHDYLQJRQO\TXDQWLVDWLRQQRLVHWREHPHDVXUHG
([SHULPHQW²3XOVHFRGHPRGXODWLRQDQG61'5(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
7KHH[SHULPHQW
)RUWKLVH[SHULPHQW\RX·OOXVHWKH(PRQD7HOHFRPV7UDLQHUWRVHWXSD3&0FRPPXQLFDWLRQV
V\VWHP<RX·OOWKHQXVHLWWRGHWHUPLQHWKH61'5RIWKHVLJQDORQWKH3&0GHFRGHU·VRXWSXW
WKDWLVWKHVLJQDOSULRUWRUHFRQVWUXFWLRQILOWHULQJ1H[W\RX·OOFRPSOHWHWKH3&0V\VWHPE\
DGGLQJDUHFRQVWUXFWLRQILOWHUXVLQJDVLPSOH5&ORZSDVVILOWHUDQGPHDVXUHLWV61'5)LQDOO\
\RX·OOVXEVWLWXWHWKH5&/3)IRUDPRUHVRSKLVWLFDWHGILOWHUDQGH[DPLQHWKHHIIHFWWKLVKDVRQ
61'5
,WVKRXOGWDNH\RXDERXWPLQXWHVWRFRPSOHWHWKLVH[SHULPHQW
3UHUHTXLVLWHV
([SHULPHQW9RO6HWWLQJXSDQRVFLOORVFRSH
([SHULPHQW9RO$QLQWURGXFWLRQWRWKH7HOHFRPV7UDLQHU
([SHULPHQW9RO0RGHOOLQJHTXDWLRQV
([SHULPHQW9RO6DPSOLQJDQGUHFRQVWUXFWLRQ
([SHULPHQW9RO3&0HQFRGLQJ
([SHULPHQW9RO3&0GHFRGLQJ
([SHULPHQW9RO6LJQDOWRQRLVHUDWLRDQGH\HGLDJUDPVRSWLRQDO
(TXLSPHQW
(PRQD7HOHFRPV7UDLQHUSOXVSRZHUSDFN
'XDO&KDQQHO0+]RVFLOORVFRSH
7UXH506GLJLWDOPXOWLPHWHU
7ZR(PRQD7HOHFRPV7UDLQHURVFLOORVFRSHOHDGV
$VVRUWHG(PRQD7HOHFRPV7UDLQHUSDWFKOHDGV
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²3XOVHFRGHPRGXODWLRQDQG61'5
3URFHGXUH
3DUW$²6HWWLQJXSWKH3&0HQFRGLQJGHFRGLQJVFKHPH
7RPHDVXUHWKHVLJQDOWRQRLVHGLVWRUWLRQUDWLR61'5RID3&0HQFRGLQJGHFRGLQJVFKHPH
\RXPXVWILUVWVHWRQHXS3DUW$JHWV\RXWRGRWKLV
*DWKHUDVHWRIWKHHTXLSPHQWOLVWHGRQWKHSUHYLRXVSDJH
6HWWKH3&0(QFRGHUPRGXOH·V0RGHVZLWFKWRWKH3&0SRVLWLRQ
&RQQHFWWKHVHWXSVKRZQLQ)LJXUHEHORZ
PCM TDM
TDM
1 00kHz
SINE
1 00kHz INPUT 2 FS FS
COS
1 00kHz
DIGITAL
8kHz INPUT 1 PCM OUTPUT2
DIGITAL DATA
2kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz CLK PCM CLK OUTPUT
SINE DATA
)LJXUH
7KHVHWXSLQ)LJXUHFDQEHUHSUHVHQWHGE\WKHEORFNGLDJUDPLQ)LJXUHRQWKHQH[WSDJH
7KH0DVWHU6LJQDOVPRGXOH·VN+]6,1(RXWSXWLVWKHPHVVDJH7KH3&0(QFRGHUPRGXOH
FRQYHUWVWKHPHVVDJHWRDGLJLWDOVLJQDOZKLFKLQHYLWDEO\FRQWDLQVTXDQWLVDWLRQHUURUV7KH3&0
'HFRGHUPRGXOHUHWXUQVWKHGLJLWDOVLJQDOWRDVDPSOHGYHUVLRQRIWKHRULJLQDOVLJQDOFRQVLVWLQJ
RITXDQWLVDWLRQQRLVHDQGDOLDVHV
([SHULPHQW²3XOVHFRGHPRGXODWLRQDQG61'5(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
0HVVDJH
7R&+
0DVWHU
6LJQDOV )6
'HFRGHG
3&0GDWD
N+] ,1
3&0 7R&+
&/. '$7$ &/.
N+]
0DVWHU
6LJQDOV
3&0(QFRGLQJ 3&0'HFRGLQJ
)LJXUH
6HWXSWKHVFRSHSHUWKHLQVWUXFWLRQVLQWKH$SSHQGL[
1RWH(QVXUHWKDWWKHVFRSH·V7ULJJHU6RXUFHFRQWUROLVVHWWRWKH&+RU,17
SRVLWLRQ
$GMXVWWKHVFRSH·V7LPHEDVHFRQWUROWRYLHZWZRRUVRF\FOHVRIWKHPHVVDJH
6HWWKHVFRSH·V0RGHFRQWUROWRWKH'8$/SRVLWLRQWRREVHUYHWKHVLJQDORQWKH3&0
'HFRGHUPRGXOH·VRXWSXWDVZHOODVWKHPHVVDJH
1RWH7KH3&0'HFRGHUPRGXOH·VRXWSXWVKRXOGEHDVDPSOHGYHUVLRQRIWKHPHVVDJH
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJ
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²3XOVHFRGHPRGXODWLRQDQG61'5
3DUW%²0HDVXULQJWKH61'5RIWKHVLJQDORQWKH3&0GHFRGHU·VRXWSXW
7RGHWHUPLQHWKHVLJQDOWRQRLVHGLVWRUWLRQUDWLR61'5RIWKHVLJQDORQWKH3&0GHFRGHU·V
RXWSXWE\PHDVXUHPHQW\RXPXVWILUVWPHDVXUHLWV506YROWDJH
6HWXSWKH7UXH506GLJLWDOPXOWLPHWHU'00IRUPHDVXULQJ$&YROWDJHV
1RWH,I\RX·UHQRWVXUHKRZWKLVLVGRQHFDOOWKHLQVWUXFWRUIRUDVVLVWDQFH
&RQQHFWWKH7UXH506'00EHWZHHQWKH3&0'HFRGHUPRGXOH·VRXWSXWDQGWKH
WUDLQHU·VJURXQG
0HDVXUHWKH506YROWDJHRIWKH3&0'HFRGHUPRGXOH·VRXWSXWDQGUHFRUGWKLVYDOXHLQ
7DEOHRQSDJH
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJ
1H[W\RXPXVWPHDVXUHWKH506YDOXHRIWKHQRLVHRQLWVRZQ7KLVLQYROYHVQXOOLQJWKH
PHVVDJHFRPSRQHQWLQWKHVLJQDORQWKH3&0GHFRGHU·VRXWSXWDQGWKHQH[WSDUWRIWKH
H[SHULPHQWJHWV\RXWRGRWKLV
/RFDWHWKH$GGHUPRGXOHDQGVHWLWV*DQGJFRQWUROVWRDERXWWKHPLGGOHRIWKHLU
WUDYHO
/RFDWHWKH3KDVH6KLIWHUPRGXOHDQGVHWLWV3KDVH&KDQJHFRQWUROWRWKHSRVLWLRQ
6HWWKH3KDVH6KLIWHUPRGXOH·V3KDVH$GMXVWFRQWURODERXWWKHPLGGOHRILWVWUDYHO
0RGLI\WKHVHWXSDVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHRQWKHQH[WSDJH
([SHULPHQW²3XOVHFRGHPRGXODWLRQDQG61'5(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
MASTER PCM PCM
SIGNALS ENCODER DECODER
PCM TDM
TDM
10 0kHz
SINE
10 0kHz INPUT 2 FS FS
COS
10 0kHz
DIGITAL
8 kHz INPUT 1 PCM OUTPUT2
DIGITAL DATA
2 kHz
DIGITAL
2 kHz CLK PCM CLK OUTPUT
SINE DATA
PHASE ADDER
SHIFTER
LO
PHASE
G
O
0
A
O
1 80
IN OUT g
B GA+gB
)LJXUH
7KHDGGLWLRQVWRWKLVVHWXSFDQEHUHSUHVHQWHGE\WKHEORFNGLDJUDPLQ)LJXUHRQWKHQH[W
SDJH7KHN+]PHVVDJHLVVWROHQIURPWKH0DVWHU6LJQDOVPRGXOHDQGSKDVHVKLIWHGXVLQJWKH
3KDVH6KLIWHUPRGXOH7KHVLJQDOLVWKHQDGGHGWRWKHVLJQDORQWKH3&0'HFRGHUPRGXOH·V
RXWSXWXVLQJWKH$GGHUPRGXOH
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²3XOVHFRGHPRGXODWLRQDQG61'5
$GGHU
$
'HFRGHG3&0VLJQDO 1RLVH
7R&+
%
3KDVH
O 6KLIWHU
6WROHQN+]
PHVVDJH
)LJXUH
7KHHQWLUHVHWXSFDQEHUHSUHVHQWHGE\WKHEORFNGLDJUDPLQ)LJXUHEHORZ
0HVVDJH
7R&+
)6
$
1RLVH
N+] ,1 7R&+
3&0
&/. '$7$ &/. %
N+]
O
3&0(QFRGLQJ 3&0'HFRGLQJ
6WROHQN+]
PHVVDJH
)LJXUH
([SHULPHQW²3XOVHFRGHPRGXODWLRQDQG61'5(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
'LVFRQQHFWWKHOHDGWRWKH$GGHUPRGXOH·V%LQSXW
$GMXVWWKH$GGHUPRGXOH·V*FRQWUROXQWLOLWVRXWSXWLVDVFORVHWR9SSDV\RXFDQ
DFKLHYH
5HFRQQHFWWKHOHDGWRWKH$GGHUPRGXOH·V%LQSXW
'LVFRQQHFWWKHOHDGWRWKH$GGHUPRGXOH·V$LQSXW
$GMXVWWKH$GGHUPRGXOH·VJFRQWUROXQWLOLWVRXWSXWLVDVFORVHWR9SSDV\RXFDQ
DFKLHYH
1RWH2QFHGRQHWKHJDLQRIWKH$GGHUPRGXOH·VWZRLQSXWVDUHFORVHWRHTXDO
5HFRQQHFWWKHOHDGWRWKH$GGHUPRGXOH·V$LQSXW
9DU\WKH3KDVH6KLIWHUPRGXOH·V3KDVH$GMXVWFRQWUROOHIWDQGULJKW
1RWH$V\RXGRWKLV\RX·OOYDU\WKHSKDVHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQWKHVLJQDORQWKH3&0
GHFRGHU·VRXWSXWDQGWKHVWROHQPHVVDJH,PSRUWDQWO\ZKHQWKHSKDVHUHODWLRQVKLS
EHWZHHQWKHVWROHQPHVVDJHDQGWKHPHVVDJHFRPSRQHQWRIWKHGHFRGHG3&0VLJQDOLV
WKH\FDQFHOHDFKRWKHUOHDYLQJRQO\QRLVH
&RQQHFWWKH7UXH506'00EHWZHHQWKH$GGHURXWSXWDQGWKHWUDLQHU·VJURXQG
$GMXVWWKH3KDVH6KLIWHUPRGXOH·V3KDVH$GMXVWFRQWUROXQWLO\RXREWDLQWKHVPDOOHVW
506RXWSXWYROWDJHIURPWKH$GGHUPRGXOH
7RREWDLQWKHPRVWDFFXUDWHPHDVXUHPHQWRIQRLVHWKHUHFRYHUHGPHVVDJHPXVWEHQXOOHGDV
PXFKDVWKHVHWXSZLOODOORZ7KLVUHTXLUHVDOLWWOHILQHWXQLQJRIWKHFXUUHQW$GGHUDQG3KDVH
6KLIWHUPRGXOHVHWWLQJV7KHQH[WIHZVWHSVJHW\RXWRGRWKLV
9DU\WKH$GGHUPRGXOH·V*FRQWUROMXVWDOLWWOHWRVHHLI\RXFDQPDNHLWVRXWSXWVPDOOHU
$GMXVWWKH3KDVH6KLIWHUPRGXOH·V3KDVH$GMXVWFRQWUROMXVWDOLWWOHWRVHHLI\RXFDQ
PDNHWKH$GGHUPRGXOH·VRXWSXWVPDOOHU
5HSHDW6WHSVDQGXQWLO\RXREWDLQWKHVPDOOHVWSRVVLEOHRXWSXWIURPWKH$GGHU
PRGXOH
2QFH\RXKDYHQXOOHGWKHPHVVDJHFRPSRQHQWRQWKH3&0GHFRGHU·VRXWSXWDVPXFKDV
SRVVLEOHUHFRUGWKH506´QRLVHµYROWDJHLQ7DEOHRQWKHQH[WSDJH
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²3XOVHFRGHPRGXODWLRQDQG61'5
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJ
7KHQH[WSDUWRIWKHH[SHULPHQWJHWV\RXWRFDOFXODWHWKH61'5RIDQELW3&0HQFRGLQJ
GHFRGLQJVFKHPH
&DOFXODWHDQGUHFRUGWKH61'5ILJXUHXVLQJWKHHTXDWLRQ
6 +1
61'5 =
1
&RQYHUWWKH61'5ILJXUHWRGHFLEHOVDQGUHFRUGWKLVDOVR
7DEOH
6LJQDORQWKH3&0
GHFRGHU·VRXWSXW
1RLVH
61'5
61'5
LQGHFLEHOV
4XHVWLRQ
:KDWIDFWRUOLPLWVWKHDFFXUDF\RIWKLVPHDVXUHPHQW"
:KHWKHUWKHPHVVDJHKDVEHHQFRPSOHWHO\QXOOHG²WKLVDIIHFWVWKHDFFXUDF\RIWKH
QRLVHPHDVXUHPHQW
4XHVWLRQ
:KDWWZRIDFWRUVFRQWULEXWHWRWKHQRLVHFRPSRQHQWWKDW\RXPHDVXUHG"
4XDQWLVDWLRQQRLVHDQGWKHDOLDVHVLPDJHV
([SHULPHQW²3XOVHFRGHPRGXODWLRQDQG61'5(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJ
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²3XOVHFRGHPRGXODWLRQDQG61'5
3DUW&²0HDVXULQJWKH61'5RIDFRPSOHWH3&0V\VWHP
3&0HQFRGLQJGHFRGLQJV\VWHPVDUHXQOLNHO\WRXVHWKHVLJQDORQWKH3&0GHFRGHU·VRXWSXW
ZLWKRXWIXUWKHUFRQGLWLRQLQJEHFDXVHDSDUWIURPWKHTXDQWLVDWLRQQRLVHLWFRQWDLQV
FRPSRQHQWVQRWLQWKHRULJLQDOPHVVDJHWKHDOLDVHVRULPDJHV7KHVHPD\EHDXGLEOHDQGVR
ILOWHULQJLVXVXDOO\XVHGWRUHFRQVWUXFWWKHPHVVDJHE\UHMHFWLQJWKHDOLDVHV8VHIXOO\WKH
ILOWHULQJSURFHVVDOVRILOWHUVRXWVRPHRIWKHTXDQWLVDWLRQQRLVH3DUW&RIWKHH[SHULPHQWJHWV
\RXWRFRPSOHWHWKH3&0V\VWHPE\DGGLQJILOWHUVRIGLIIHULQJJUDGHVDQGPHDVXULQJWKHLU
HIIHFWRQ61'5
0RGLI\WKHVHWXSDVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHEHORZ
1RWH'LVFRQQHFWWKHSDWFKOHDGWRWKH$GGHUPRGXOH·V$LQSXWDQGOHDYHLWIORDWLQJIRU
DPRPHQW
PCM TDM
TDM
1 00kHz IN OUT
SINE RECTIFIER
1 00kHz INPUT 2 FS FS
COS
1 00kHz
DIGITAL DIODE & RC LPF
8kHz INPUT 1 PCM OUTPUT2
DIGITAL DATA
2kHz
DIGITAL RC LPF
2kHz CLK PCM CLK OUTPUT
SINE DATA
PHASE ADDER
SHIFTER
LO
PHASE
G
O
0
A
O
180
IN OUT g
B GA+gB
)LJXUH
([SHULPHQW²3XOVHFRGHPRGXODWLRQDQG61'5(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
7KHVHWXSLQ)LJXUHFDQEHUHSUHVHQWHGE\WKHEORFNGLDJUDPLQ)LJXUHEHORZ7KH5&/3)
PRGXOHLVXVHGWRUHFRQVWUXFWWKHPHVVDJHE\ILOWHULQJ
0HVVDJH
7R&+
)6 5&/3)
5HFRYHUHG
PHVVDJH
N+] ,1
3&0 7R&+
&/. '$7$ &/.
N+]
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²3XOVHFRGHPRGXODWLRQDQG61'5
0RGLI\WKHVHWXSDVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHEHORZ
PCM TDM
TDM
1 00kHz IN OUT
SINE RECTIFIER
1 00kHz INPUT 2 FS FS
COS
1 00kHz
DIGITAL DIODE & RC LPF
8kHz INPUT 1 PCM OUTPUT2
DIGITAL DATA
2kHz
DIGITAL RC LPF
2kHz CLK PCM CLK OUTPUT
SINE DATA
PHASE ADDER
SHIFTER
LO
PHASE
G
O
0
A
O
1 80
IN OUT g
B GA+gB
)LJXUH
7KLVVHWXSFDQEHUHSUHVHQWHGE\WKHEORFNGLDJUDPLQ)LJXUHRQWKHQH[WSDJH7KHQXOOLQJ
FLUFXLWKDVEHHQUHLQWURGXFHGWRUHPRYHWKHFRPSRQHQWRQWKHILOWHU·VRXWSXWWKDWLVDWWKH
PHVVDJHIUHTXHQF\OHDYLQJRQO\WKHQRLVHLGHDOO\
([SHULPHQW²3XOVHFRGHPRGXODWLRQDQG61'5(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
0HVVDJH
7R&+
)6
$
1RLVH
N+] ,1 7R&+
3&0
&/. '$7$ &/. %
N+]
O
3&0(QFRGLQJ 3&0'HFRGLQJ 5HFRQVWUXFWLRQ
6WROHQN+]
PHVVDJH
)LJXUH
&RQQHFWWKH7UXH506'00EHWZHHQWKH$GGHURXWSXWDQGWKHWUDLQHU·VJURXQG
$GMXVWWKH3KDVH6KLIWHUPRGXOH·V3KDVH$GMXVWFRQWUROXQWLO\RXREWDLQWKHVPDOOHVW
RXWSXWIURPWKH$GGHUPRGXOH
7ZHDNWKH$GGHUPRGXOH·V*FRQWUROWRVHHLI\RXFDQPDNHLWVRXWSXWVPDOOHU
7ZHDNWKH3KDVH6KLIWHUPRGXOH·V3KDVH$GMXVWFRQWUROWRVHHLI\RXFDQPDNHWKH
$GGHUPRGXOH·VRXWSXWHYHQVPDOOHU
2QFH\RXKDYHQXOOHGWKHPHVVDJHFRPSRQHQWRQWKHUHFRQVWUXFWLRQILOWHU·VRXWSXWDV
PXFKDVSRVVLEOHUHFRUGWKH506´QRLVHµYROWDJHLQ7DEOHEHORZ
&DOFXODWHDQGUHFRUGWKH61'5ILJXUHDVDUDWLRDQGLQGHFLEHOV
7DEOH
6LJQDOSOXV
QRLVH
1RLVH
61'5
61'5
LQGHFLEHOV
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²3XOVHFRGHPRGXODWLRQDQG61'5
4XHVWLRQ
+RZGRHVWKLV61'5ILJXUHFRPSDUHWRWKDWIRUWKH3&0V\VWHPZLWKRXWUHFRQVWUXFWLRQ
ILOWHULQJ"
,W·VEHWWHU
4XHVWLRQ
([SODLQZK\WKLVFKDQJHLQ61'5KDVRFFXUUHG
7KHUHFRQVWUXFWLRQILOWHULVDWWHQXDWLQJWKHDOLDVHVDQGWKHTXDQWLVDWLRQQRLVH
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJ
,PSRUWDQWO\DQ5&/3)LVDUHODWLYHO\VLPSOHILOWHUWRLPSOHPHQWDQGDVVXFKGRHVQ·WKDYHWKH
SHUIRUPDQFHFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIPRUHVRSKLVWLFDWHGILOWHUGHVLJQV7KLVW\SHRIILOWHUZRXOGEH
XVHGIRUPHVVDJHUHFRQVWUXFWLRQRI3&0V\VWHPVLQSURGXFWVIRUVDOHLQSULFHVHQVLWLYH
PDUNHWVVXFKDVLQWHUFRPV+RZHYHUWKHGRPHVWLFDXGLRDQGSURDXGLRPDUNHWVDUHQRWTXLWH
DVSULFHVHQVLWLYHDQGVRPRUHVRSKLVWLFDWHGDQGH[SHQVLYHILOWHULQJFDQEHXVHG7KHQH[WSDUW
RIWKHH[SHULPHQWJHWV\RXWRPHDVXUHWKHHIIHFWRQ61'5RIEHWWHUILOWHULQJ
/RFDWHWKH7XQHDEOH/RZSDVV)LOWHUPRGXOHDQGDGMXVWLWV*DLQFRQWUROIRUPD[LPXP
JDLQ
$GMXVWWKH7XQHDEOH/RZSDVV)LOWHUPRGXOH·V&XWRII)UHTXHQF\$GMXVWFRQWUROIRUWKH
KLJKHVWFXWRIIIUHTXHQF\
0RGLI\WKHVHWXSDVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHRQWKHQH[WSDJH
([SHULPHQW²3XOVHFRGHPRGXODWLRQDQG61'5(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
PCM f Cx10 0
TDM
TDM
1 00kHz
SINE
1 00kHz INPUT 2 FS FS
COS fC
1 00kHz
DIGITAL
8kHz INPUT 1 PCM OUTPUT2
DIGITAL DATA
2kHz
DIGITAL GAIN
2kHz CLK PCM CLK OUTPUT
SINE DATA
IN OUT
PHASE ADDER
SHIFTER
LO
PHASE
G
O
0
A
O
1 80
IN OUT g
B GA+gB
)LJXUH
7KLVVHWXSFDQEHUHSUHVHQWHGE\WKHEORFNGLDJUDPLQ)LJXUHRQWKHQH[WSDJH7KH
7XQHDEOH/RZSDVV)LOWHUPRGXOHLVQRZEHLQJXVHGWRUHFRQVWUXFWWKHPHVVDJH
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²3XOVHFRGHPRGXODWLRQDQG61'5
0HVVDJH
7R&+
7XQHDEOH
)6 /RZSDVV)LOWHU
5HFRYHUHG
PHVVDJH
N+] ,1
3&0 7R&+
&/. '$7$ &/.
N+]
([SHULPHQW²3XOVHFRGHPRGXODWLRQDQG61'5(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
0RGLI\WKHVHWXSDVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHEHORZ
PCM f Cx10 0
TDM
TDM
1 00kHz
SINE
1 00kHz INPUT 2 FS FS
COS fC
1 00kHz
DIGITAL
8kHz INPUT 1 PCM OUTPUT2
DIGITAL DATA
2kHz
DIGITAL GAIN
2kHz CLK PCM CLK OUTPUT
SINE DATA
IN OUT
PHASE ADDER
SHIFTER
LO
PHASE
G
O
0
A
O
1 80
IN OUT g
B GA+gB
)LJXUH
7KLVVHWXSFDQEHUHSUHVHQWHGE\WKHEORFNGLDJUDPLQ)LJXUHRQWKHQH[WSDJH7KHQXOOLQJ
FLUFXLWKDVEHHQUHLQWURGXFHGWRUHPRYHWKHFRPSRQHQWRQWKHILOWHU·VRXWSXWWKDWLVDWWKH
PHVVDJHIUHTXHQF\OHDYLQJRQO\WKHQRLVHLGHDOO\
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²3XOVHFRGHPRGXODWLRQDQG61'5
0HVVDJH
7R&+
)6
$
1RLVH
N+] ,1 7R&+
3&0
&/. '$7$ &/. %
N+]
O
3&0(QFRGLQJ 3&0'HFRGLQJ 5HFRQVWUXFWLRQ
6WROHQN+]
PHVVDJH
)LJXUH
&RQQHFWWKH7UXH506'00EHWZHHQWKH$GGHURXWSXWDQGWKHWUDLQHU·VJURXQG
$GMXVWWKH3KDVH6KLIWHUPRGXOH·V3KDVH$GMXVWFRQWUROWKHQWKH$GGHUPRGXOH·V*
FRQWUROWRREWDLQDVPDOORXWSXWIURPWKH$GGHUPRGXOH
1RWH<RXPD\ILQGLWPRUHFRQYHQLHQWWRVHWWKH3KDVH6KLIWHUPRGXOH·V3KDVH&KDQJH
FRQWUROWRWKHSRVLWLRQ
7ZHDNWKH3KDVH6KLIWHUPRGXOH·V3KDVH$GMXVWFRQWURODQGWKH$GGHUPRGXOH·V*
FRQWUROWRVHHLI\RXFDQPDNHWKH$GGHUPRGXOH·VRXWSXWHYHQVPDOOHU
2QFH\RXKDYHQXOOHGWKHPHVVDJHFRPSRQHQWLQWKHUHFRQVWUXFWLRQILOWHU·VRXWSXWDV
PXFKDVSRVVLEOHUHFRUGWKH506´QRLVHµYROWDJHLQ7DEOHEHORZ
&DOFXODWHDQGUHFRUGWKH61'5ILJXUHDVDUDWLRDQGLQGHFLEHOV
7DEOH
6LJQDOSOXV
QRLVH
1RLVH
61'5
61'5
LQGHFLEHOV
([SHULPHQW²3XOVHFRGHPRGXODWLRQDQG61'5(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
4XHVWLRQ
+RZGRHVWKLV61'5ILJXUHFRPSDUHWRWKH61'5ZKHQWKHUHFRQVWUXFWLRQILOWHUZDV
LPSOHPHQWHGXVLQJDQ5&/3)"
,W·VEHWWHU
4XHVWLRQ
:KDWVSHFLILFFKDUDFWHULVWLFRIWKH7XQHDEOH/RZSDVV)LOWHUPRGXOH·VIUHTXHQF\
UHVSRQVHLVPXFKEHWWHUWKDQWKDWRIWKHVLPSOH5&/3)"
7KHVORSHRILWVUROORII
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHILQLVKLQJ
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²3XOVHFRGHPRGXODWLRQDQG61'5
1DPH
&ODVV
$6.GHPRGXODWLRQXVLQJSURGXFWGHWHFWLRQ
([SHULPHQW²$6.GHPRGXODWLRQXVLQJSURGXFWGHWHFWLRQ
3UHOLPLQDU\GLVFXVVLRQ
$PSOLWXGHVKLIWNH\LQJ$6.LVRQHRIVHYHUDOGLJLWDOPRGXODWLRQWHFKQLTXHVXVHGIRU
IUHTXHQF\GLYLVLRQPXOWLSOH[LQJRIFRPPXQLFDWLRQVFKDQQHOV'HVSLWHLWVJUDQGQDPH$6.LV
EDVLFDOO\DPSOLWXGHPRGXODWLRQ$0ZLWKGLJLWDOGDWDIRUWKHPHVVDJHLQVWHDGRIVSHHFK
DQGRUPXVLF7KDWEHLQJWKHFDVHPHWKRGVRIGHPRGXODWLQJ$0VLJQDOVVXFKDVWKHHQYHORSH
GHWHFWRUFDQDOVREHXVHGWRGHPRGXODWH$6.VLJQDOV,QIDFWWKHHQYHORSHGHWHFWRULVXVHGWR
GHPRGXODWH$6.VLJQDOVLQDQRWKHU(PRQD7HOHFRPV7UDLQHUH[SHULPHQWVHH([SHULPHQW
LQ9ROXPH
7KHSURGXFWGHWHFWRULVDQRWKHUPHWKRGRIGHPRGXODWLQJ$0DQG$6.VLJQDOVDVZHOODV
RWKHUV)LJXUHEHORZVKRZVWKHSURGXFWGHWHFWRUXVHGDVDQ$6.GHPRGXODWRU
0XOWLSOLHU /RZSDVVILOWHU
$6. 'HPRGXODWHG
VLJQDO GLJLWDOGDWD
/RFDO
FDUULHU
/RFDO
RVFLOODWRU
)LJXUH
$V\RXFDQVHHWKHLQFRPLQJ$6.VLJQDOLVRQHLQSXWWRDIXQFWLRQDOEORFNFDOOHGDPXOWLSOLHU
7KHPXOWLSOLHU·VRWKHULQSXWLVDSXUHVLQHZDYHFDOOHGWKHORFDOFDUULHUWKDWLVJHQHUDWHGE\
WKHUHFHLYHUDQGPXVWEHWKHVDPHIUHTXHQF\DVWKH$6.VLJQDO·VFDUULHUIRUGHPRGXODWLRQWR
EHVXFFHVVIXO7KHPXOWLSOLHU·VQDPHIXOO\H[SODLQVLWVIXQFWLRQDQGVRDOLWWOHPDWKLVQHFHVVDU\
WRH[SODLQLWVRSHUDWLRQ
0DWKHPDWLFDOO\WKHPXOWLSOLFDWLRQRIWKHPXOWLSOLHU·VLQSXWVFDQEHGHVFULEHGDV
3URGXFWGHWHFWRU·VRXWSXW WKH$6.VLJQDOõWKHORFDOFDUULHU
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²$6.GHPRGXODWLRQXVLQJSURGXFWGHWHFWLRQ
,IWKH$6.FRPSRQHQWLQWKHHTXDWLRQLVUHSODFHGE\LWVVSHFWUDOFRPSRVLWLRQLWFDQEH
UHZULWWHQDV
2XWSXW >$6.FDUULHU$6.FDUULHUPHVVDJH$6.FDUULHUPHVVDJH@õWKHORFDOFDUULHU
7KH86% 7KH/6%
7RSUHGLFWWKHRXWFRPHRIWKLVPXOWLSOLFDWLRQSURFHVVLW·VLPSRUWDQWWRXQGHUVWDQGWKDW
ZKHQHYHUWZRVLQHZDYHVDUHPXOWLSOLHGWRJHWKHUWKHUHVXOWLVDQRWKHUVHWRIVLQHZDYHVZLWK
IUHTXHQFLHVHTXDOWRWKHVXPDQGGLIIHUHQFHRIWKHRULJLQDOLQSXWVLJQDOV7KDWEHLQJWKHFDVH
WKHPXOWLSOLHU·VRXWSXWLQFOXGHVVLQHZDYHVZLWKWKHIROORZLQJIUHTXHQFLHV
/RFDOFDUULHU$6.FDUULHU
/RFDOFDUULHU²$6.FDUULHU
/RFDOFDUULHU$6.FDUULHUPHVVDJH
/RFDOFDUULHU$6.FDUULHUPHVVDJH
/RFDOFDUULHU$6.FDUULHUPHVVDJHZKLFKVLPSOLILHVWRMXVWWKHPHVVDJH
([SHULPHQW²$6.GHPRGXODWLRQXVLQJSURGXFWGHWHFWLRQ(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
7KHH[SHULPHQW
)RUWKLVH[SHULPHQW\RX·OOXVHWKH(PRQD7HOHFRPV7UDLQHUWRJHQHUDWHDQ$6.VLJQDOXVLQJ
WKHVZLWFKLQJPHWKRG'LJLWDOGDWDIRUWKHPHVVDJHLVPRGHOOHGE\WKH6HTXHQFH*HQHUDWRU
PRGXOH<RX·OOWKHQUHFRYHUWKHGDWDXVLQJDSURGXFWGHWHFWRU)LQDOO\\RX·OOLQYHVWLJDWHWKH
LPSRUWDQFHRIFDUULHUV\QFKURQLVDWLRQLQSURGXFWGHWHFWLRQ
,WVKRXOGWDNH\RXDERXWPLQXWHVWRFRPSOHWHWKLVH[SHULPHQW
3UHUHTXLVLWHV
([SHULPHQW9RO6HWWLQJXSDQRVFLOORVFRSH
([SHULPHQW9RO$QLQWURGXFWLRQWRWKH7HOHFRPV7UDLQHU
([SHULPHQW9RO0RGHOOLQJHTXDWLRQV
([SHULPHQW9RO6DPSOLQJDQGUHFRQVWUXFWLRQGHVLUDEOH
([SHULPHQW9RO$PSOLWXGH6KLIW.H\LQJ
(TXLSPHQW
(PRQD7HOHFRPV7UDLQHUSOXVSRZHUSDFN
'XDO&KDQQHO0+]RVFLOORVFRSH
7KUHH(PRQD7HOHFRPV7UDLQHURVFLOORVFRSHOHDGV
$VVRUWHG(PRQD7HOHFRPV7UDLQHUSDWFKOHDGV
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²$6.GHPRGXODWLRQXVLQJSURGXFWGHWHFWLRQ
3URFHGXUH
3DUW$²*HQHUDWLQJDQ$6.VLJQDO
7RH[SHULPHQWZLWKSURGXFWGHWHFWLRQRI$6.VLJQDOV\RXQHHGDQ$6.VLJQDO3DUW$JHWV\RX
WRVHWRQHXS
*DWKHUDVHWRIWKHHTXLSPHQWOLVWHGRQWKHSUHYLRXVSDJH
&RQQHFWWKHVHWXSVKRZQLQ)LJXUHEHORZ
1RWH,QVHUWWKHEODFNSOXJVRIWKHRVFLOORVFRSHOHDGVLQWRDJURXQG*1'VRFNHW
1
S&H S&H
OO NRZ-L IN OUT
O1 Bi-O SYNC
1O RZ-AMI
11 NRZ-M
1 00kHz IN 1
SINE X
1 00kHz
COS Y
)LJXUH
7KLVVHWXSFDQEHUHSUHVHQWHGE\WKHEORFNGLDJUDPLQ)LJXUHRQWKHQH[WSDJH7KH
6HTXHQFH*HQHUDWRUPRGXOHLVXVHGWRPRGHODGLJLWDOVLJQDODQGLWV6<1&RXWSXWLVXVHGWR
WULJJHUWKHVFRSHWRSURYLGHDVWDEOHGLVSOD\7KH'XDO$QDORJ6ZLWFKPRGXOHLVXVHGWR
JHQHUDWHWKH$6.VLJQDOZLWKDN+]FDUULHU
([SHULPHQW²$6.GHPRGXODWLRQXVLQJSURGXFWGHWHFWLRQ(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
0DVWHU 'XDO$QDORJ
6LJQDOV 6ZLWFK
,1
$6.JHQHUDWLRQ $6.VLJQDO
N+] 7R&+
FDUULHU &21
'LJLWDOVLJQDO
7R&+
;
&/. 6<1&
'LJLWDOVLJQDOPRGHOOLQJ 6<1&
N+] 7R(;7
&ORFN
0DVWHU 6HTXHQFH
6LJQDOV *HQHUDWRU
)LJXUH
6HWXSWKHVFRSHSHUWKHLQVWUXFWLRQVLQWKH$SSHQGL[
$GMXVWWKHIROORZLQJVFRSHFRQWUROVDVLQGLFDWHG
9HUWLFDO$WWHQXDWLRQFRQWUROIRU&KDQQHOWR9GLY
,QSXW&RXSOLQJFRQWUROVIRUERWKFKDQQHOVWR'&
7LPHEDVHFRQWUROWRWKHPVGLYSRVLWLRQ
7ULJJHU6RXUFHFRQWUROWRWKH(;7SRVLWLRQ
6HWWKHVFRSH·V0RGHFRQWUROWRWKH'8$/SRVLWLRQWRREVHUYHWKHVLJQDORQWKH'XDO
$QDORJ6ZLWFKPRGXOH·VRXWSXWDVZHOODVWKHGLJLWDOGDWDPHVVDJH
1RWH9HULI\WKDWWKH'XDO$QDORJ6ZLWFKPRGXOH·VRXWSXWLVDQ$6.VLJQDOE\FKHFNLQJ
WKDWLWVXSSHUHQYHORSHLVDFRS\RIWKHPHVVDJHDQGLWVORZHUHQYHORSHLVDQLQYHUWHG
FRS\RIWKHPHVVDJH
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJ
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²$6.GHPRGXODWLRQXVLQJSURGXFWGHWHFWLRQ
3DUW%²'HPRGXODWLQJDQ$6.VLJQDOXVLQJSURGXFWGHWHFWLRQ
3DUW%JHWV\RXWRLPSOHPHQWDSURGXFWGHWHFWRUDQGXVHLWWRGHPRGXODWHWKH$6.VLJQDODQG
UHFRYHUWKHPHVVDJH
/RFDWHWKH7XQHDEOH/RZSDVV)LOWHUPRGXOHDQGWXUQLWV*DLQFRQWUROIXOO\FORFNZLVH
7XUQWKH7XQHDEOH/RZSDVV)LOWHUPRGXOH·V&XWRII)UHTXHQF\$GMXVWFRQWUROIXOO\
FORFNZLVH
0RGLI\WKHVHWXSDVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHEHORZ
MASTER SEQUENCE DUAL ANALOG MULTIPLIER TUNEABLE
SIGNALS GENERATOR SWITCH LPF
LINE S/ H
CODE
O
1
S&H S&H X DC f Cx10 0
OO NRZ-L IN OUT
O1 Bi-O SYNC
1 O RZ-AM I
1 1 NRZ-M
10 0kHz IN 1 Y DC kXY
X
SINE
SERIAL TO
10 0kHz Y PARALLEL
COS fC
10 0kHz CLK CONTROL 1 S/ P
DIGITAL CONTROL 2
DIVIDER
8 kHz
DIGITAL
2 kHz SERIAL X1
DIGITAL GAIN
2 kHz
SINE
IN OUT IN 2 OUT CLK X2 IN OUT
)LJXUH
7KH$6.JHQHUDWLRQDQGGHPRGXODWLRQSDUWVRIWKHVHWXSFDQEHUHSUHVHQWHGE\WKHEORFN
GLDJUDPLQ)LJXUHRQWKHQH[WSDJH7KH0XOWLSOLHUDQG7XQHDEOH/RZSDVV)LOWHUPRGXOHVDUH
XVHGWRLPSOHPHQWDSURGXFWGHWHFWRU7KHSURGXFWGHWHFWRU·VORFDOFDUULHULV´VWROHQµIURP
WKHPRGXODWRUWRHQVXUHFDUULHUV\QFKURQLVDWLRQEHWZHHQWKHPRGXODWRUDQGGHPRGXODWRU
([SHULPHQW²$6.GHPRGXODWLRQXVLQJSURGXFWGHWHFWLRQ(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
0XOWLSOLHU 7XQHDEOH
PRGXOH /RZSDVV)LOWHU
,1 ; 'HPRGXODWHG
N+]
FDUULHU $6.VLJQDO
7R&+
&21 <
6WROHQ
7R&+ ORFDOFDUULHU
'LJLWDO 0DVWHU
VLJQDO 6LJQDOV
$6.JHQHUDWLRQ 3URGXFWGHWHFWLRQ
)LJXUH
&RPSDUHWKHRULJLQDODQGUHFRYHUHGGLJLWDOVLJQDOV
4XHVWLRQ
:K\LVWKHUHFRYHUHGGLJLWDOVLJQDOQRWDSHUIHFWFRS\RIWKHRULJLQDO"
$GLJLWDOVLJQDOLVDFRPSOH[PHVVDJHFRQVLVWLQJRIWKHIXQGDPHQWDODQGERWKHYHQDQG
RGGKDUPRQLFV7KHSURGXFWGHWHFWRU·VORZSDVVILOWHULVUHPRYLQJVRPHRIWKH
UHFRYHUHGPHVVDJH·VKLJKHUIUHTXHQF\KDUPRQLFVDQGGLVWRUWLQJWKHVLJQDO
4XHVWLRQ
:KDWFDQEHXVHGWR´FOHDQXSµWKHUHFRYHUHGGLJLWDOVLJQDO"
$FRPSDUDWRURUDGHFLVLRQPDNHU
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJ
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²$6.GHPRGXODWLRQXVLQJSURGXFWGHWHFWLRQ
3DUW&²&DUULHUV\QFKURQLVDWLRQ
&UXFLDOWRWKHFRUUHFWRSHUDWLRQRISURGXFWGHWHFWLRQLVV\QFKURQLVDWLRQEHWZHHQWKH$6.
VLJQDO·VFDUULHUDQGWKHSURGXFWGHWHFWRU·VORFDOFDUULHU$Q\SKDVHRUIUHTXHQF\GLIIHUHQFH
EHWZHHQWKHWZRVLJQDOVDGYHUVHO\DIIHFWVWKHV\VWHP·VSHUIRUPDQFH
7KHHIIHFWRISKDVHHUURUV
5HFDOOWKDWWKHSURGXFWGHWHFWRUJHQHUDWHVWZRFRSLHVRIWKHPHVVDJH3URYLGHGWKHSKDVHRI
WKHPRGXODWRUDQGGHPRGXODWRUFDUULHUVDUHLGHQWLFDOWKHFRSLHVRIWKHPHVVDJHDUHLQSKDVH
ZLWKHDFKRWKHUDQGVRWKH\VLPSO\DGGWRJHWKHUWRIRUPRQHELJJHUPHVVDJH+RZHYHULI
WKHUH·VDSKDVHHUURUEHWZHHQWKHFDUULHUVWKHSURGXFWGHWHFWRU·VWZRPHVVDJHVKDYHDSKDVH
HUURUDOVR2QHRIWKHPKDVWKHVXPRIWKHSKDVHHUURUVDQGWKHRWKHUWKHGLIIHUHQFH,Q
RWKHUZRUGVWKHWZRPHVVDJHVDUHRXWRISKDVHZLWKHDFKRWKHU
,IWKHFDUULHUV·SKDVHHUURULVVPDOOVD\DERXWWKHWZRPHVVDJHVVWLOODGGWRJHWKHUWR
IRUPRQHELJJHUVLJQDOEXWQRWDVELJDVZKHQWKHFDUULHUVDUHLQSKDVH$VWKHFDUULHUV·SKDVH
HUURULQFUHDVHVWKHUHFRYHUHGPHVVDJHJHWVVPDOOHU2QFHWKHSKDVHHUURUH[FHHGVWKH
WZRPHVVDJHVEHJLQWRVXEWUDFWIURPHDFKRWKHU:KHQWKHFDUULHUV·SKDVHHUURULVWKH
WZRPHVVDJHVHQGXSRXWRISKDVHDQGFRPSOHWHO\FDQFHOHDFKRWKHURXW
,QWHUHVWLQJO\DVWKHFDUULHUV·SKDVHHUURUH[FHHGVWKHSKDVHHUURUPRYHVEH\RQG
FDQFHOODWLRQWRSURYLGHDQRXWSXWVLJQDOZKRVHVL]HLQFUHDVHVWRPD[LPXPRQFHWKHHUURU
UHDFKHV+RZHYHUWKHRXWSXWVLJQDOLVDQLQYHUWHGFRS\RIWKHPHVVDJH7KLVLVQRWD
SUREOHPZKHQWKHPHVVDJHLVVSHHFKDQGRUPXVLFEXWKDVREYLRXVLPSOLFDWLRQVIRUGLJLWDOGDWD
VLJQDOV
7KHQH[WSDUWRIWKHH[SHULPHQWOHWV\RXREVHUYHWKHHIIHFWVRIFDUULHUSKDVHHUURU
/RFDWHWKH3KDVH6KLIWHUPRGXOHDQGVHWLWV3KDVH&KDQJHFRQWUROWRWKHSRVLWLRQ
6HWWKH3KDVH6KLIWHUPRGXOH·V3KDVH$GMXVWFRQWUROWRDERXWWKHPLGGOHRILWVWUDYHO
0RGLI\WKHVHWXSDVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHRQWKHQH[WSDJH
([SHULPHQW²$6.GHPRGXODWLRQXVLQJSURGXFWGHWHFWLRQ(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
MASTER SEQUENCE DUAL ANALOG MULTIPLIER TUNEABLE
SIGNALS GENERATOR SWITCH LPF
LINE S/ H
CODE
O
1
S&H S&H X DC f Cx10 0
OO NRZ-L IN OUT
O1 Bi-O SYNC
1 O RZ-AMI
1 1 NRZ-M
1 00 kHz IN 1 Y DC kXY
SINE X
SERIAL TO
1 00 kHz
Y PARALLEL
COS fC
1 00 kHz CLK CONTROL 1 S/ P
DIGITAL CONTROL 2
DIVIDER
8kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz SERIAL X1
DIGITAL GAIN
2kHz
SINE
IN OUT IN 2 OUT CLK X2 IN OUT
PHASE
SHIFTER
LO
PHASE
O
0
O
1 80
IN OUT
)LJXUH
7KLVVHWXSFDQEHUHSUHVHQWHGE\WKHEORFNGLDJUDPLQ)LJXUHEHORZ7KH3KDVH6KLIWHU
PRGXOHDOORZVDSKDVHHUURUWREHLQWURGXFHGEHWZHHQWKH$6.PRGXODWRU·VFDUULHUDQGWKH
SURGXFWGHWHFWRU·VORFDOFDUULHU
,1 ; 'HPRGXODWHG
N+]
FDUULHU $6.VLJQDO
7R&+
&21 <
6WROHQORFDOFDUULHU
7R&+ ZLWKSKDVHHUURU
'LJLWDO 3KDVH
VLJQDO 6KLIWHU
$6.JHQHUDWLRQ 3URGXFWGHWHFWLRQ
)LJXUH
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²$6.GHPRGXODWLRQXVLQJSURGXFWGHWHFWLRQ
9DU\WKH3KDVH6KLIWHUPRGXOH·V3KDVH$GMXVWFRQWUROIXOO\OHIWDQGULJKWZKLOHZDWFKLQJ
WKHHIIHFWRQWKHUHFRYHUHGGLJLWDOVLJQDO
$GMXVWWKH3KDVH6KLIWHUPRGXOH·V3KDVH$GMXVWFRQWUROXQWLOWKHUHFRYHUHGPHVVDJHLV
ODUJHVWDQGLQYHUWHG
4XHVWLRQ
*LYHQWKHVL]HDQGVKDSHRIWKHUHFRYHUHGPHVVDJH·VDPSOLWXGHZKDWLVWKHSKDVH
GLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQWKHWZRFDUULHUV"7LS,I\RX·UHQRWVXUHUHUHDGWKHQRWHVRQSDJH
RUYHU\FORVHWRLW
$GMXVWWKH3KDVH6KLIWHUPRGXOH·V3KDVH$GMXVWFRQWUROXQWLOWKHUHFRYHUHGPHVVDJHLV
VPDOOHVW
4XHVWLRQ
*LYHQWKHVL]HRIWKHUHFRYHUHGPHVVDJH·VDPSOLWXGHZKDWLVWKHSKDVHGLIIHUHQFH
EHWZHHQWKHWZRFDUULHUVQRZ"
RUYHU\FORVHWRLWZKLFKUHVXOWVLQDSKDVHGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQWKHWZR
PHVVDJHVDQGWKHLUWRWDOFDQFHOODWLRQ
$GMXVWWKH3KDVH6KLIWHUPRGXOH·V3KDVH$GMXVWFRQWUROXQWLOWKHUHFRYHUHGPHVVDJHLV
ODUJHVWDQGQRWLQYHUWHG
4XHVWLRQ
*LYHQWKHUHFRYHUHGGLJLWDOVLJQDO·VPHVVDJH·VDPSOLWXGHZKDWLVWKHSKDVHGLIIHUHQFH
EHWZHHQWKHWZRFDUULHUVQRZ"
RUYHU\FORVHWRLW
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJ
([SHULPHQW²$6.GHPRGXODWLRQXVLQJSURGXFWGHWHFWLRQ(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
7KHHIIHFWRIIUHTXHQF\HUURUV
:KHQWKHUH·VDIUHTXHQF\HUURUEHWZHHQWKHPRGXODWRU·VFDUULHUDQGWKHSURGXFWGHWHFWRU·V
ORFDOFDUULHUWKHUHLVDFRUUHVSRQGLQJIUHTXHQF\HUURULQDOORIWKHVLQHZDYHVRQWKH
PXOWLSOLHU·VRXWSXW,PSRUWDQWO\WKHWZRFRSLHVRIWKHRULJLQDOPHVVDJHWKDWWKHSURGXFW
GHWHFWRUSURGXFHVDUHDIIHFWHGGLIIHUHQWO\GXHWRWKHPXOWLSOLFDWLRQSURFHVV2QHFRS\RIWKH
PHVVDJHFRQWDLQVDOORIWKHVLQHZDYHVLQWKHRULJLQDOEXWRIIVHWEHORZWKHLUFRUUHFWIUHTXHQF\
E\WKHHUURUEHWZHHQWKHFDUULHUV7KHRWKHUFRQWDLQVDOORIWKHVLQHZDYHVLQWKHRULJLQDOEXW
RIIVHWDERYHWKHLUFRUUHFWIUHTXHQF\E\WKHHUURUEHWZHHQWKHFDUULHUV
:KHQWKHVHUHFRYHUHGYHUVLRQVRIPHVVDJHVFRPELQHWKH\SURGXFHDVLJQDOWKDWLVREYLRXVO\
QRWDFRS\RIWKHRULJLQDOPHVVDJH9HU\VPDOOIUHTXHQF\HUURUVEHWZHHQWKHWZRFDUULHUVKDV
WKHVDPHHIIHFWDVUROOLQJSKDVHVKLIWEHWZHHQWKHPDQGVRWKHWZRUHFRYHUHGPHVVDJHV
DOWHUQDWHO\UHLQIRUFHDQGFDQFHOHDFK7KHUHVXOWLVDILQDOGLJLWDOGDWDVLJQDOZLWKD
FRQWLQXRXVO\FKDQJLQJDPSOLWXGHWKDWLVSHULRGLFDOO\LQYHUWHGDQGVRFDQ·WVLPSO\EHFOHDQHGXS
XVLQJDFRPSDUDWRU
/DUJHUIUHTXHQF\HUURUVLQWURGXFHHQRXJKIUHTXHQF\RIIVHWWRRQHRIWKHUHFRYHUHGGLJLWDO
GDWDVLJQDO·VIXQGDPHQWDODQGKDUPRQLFVWRSXVKWKHPRXWVLGHWKHORZSDVVILOWHU·VSDVVEDQG
DQGFKDQJHWKHVKDSHRIWKHILQDOGLJLWDOVLJQDOLQDGGLWLRQWRFRQWLQXRXVO\FKDQJLQJLWV
DPSOLWXGH
7KHQH[WSDUWRIWKHH[SHULPHQWOHWV\RXREVHUYHWKHHIIHFWVRIFDUULHUIUHTXHQF\HUURU
'LVFRQQHFWWKH3KDVH6KLIWHUPRGXOHIURPWKHVHWXS
1RWH7KLVZLOOPRPHQWDULO\OHDYHWKHSURGXFWGHWHFWRUZLWKRXWLWVVWROHQORFDOFDUULHU
/RFDWHWKH9&2PRGXOHDQGWXUQLWV*DLQFRQWUROIXOO\DQWLFORFNZLVH
6HWWKH9&2PRGXOH·V5DQJHFRQWUROWRWKH+,SRVLWLRQ
6HWWKH9&2PRGXOH·V)UHTXHQF\$GMXVWFRQWUROWRWKHR·FORFNSRVLWLRQ
1RWH7KHVHODVWWZRVWHSVVHWWKH9&2PRGXOH·VRXWSXWWRDSSUR[LPDWHO\N+]
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²$6.GHPRGXODWLRQXVLQJSURGXFWGHWHFWLRQ
&RQQHFWWKHVFRSHWRWKH9&2PRGXOHDVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHEHORZ
MASTER SEQUENCE DUAL ANALOG MULTIPLIER TUNEABLE
SIGNALS GENERATOR SWITCH LPF
LINE S/ H
CODE
O
1
S&H S&H X DC f Cx10 0
OO NRZ-L IN OUT
O1 Bi-O SYNC
1 O RZ-AMI
1 1 NRZ-M
1 00kHz IN 1 Y DC kXY
X
SINE
SERIAL TO
1 00kHz Y PARALLEL
COS fC
1 00kHz CLK CONTROL 1 S/ P
DIGITAL CONTROL 2
DIVIDER
8kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz SERIAL X1
DIGITAL GAIN
2kHz
SINE
IN OUT IN 2 OUT CLK X2 IN OUT
VCO
DIGITAL
GAIN
FREQ
HI
LO
VCO SINE
INPUT
)LJXUH
$GMXVWWKHIROORZLQJVFRSHFRQWUROVDVLQGLFDWHG
7LPHEDVHWRWKHVGLYSRVLWLRQ
7ULJJHU6RXUFHWRWKH&+SRVLWLRQ
$GMXVWWKH9&2PRGXOH·V)UHTXHQF\$GMXVWFRQWUROWRREWDLQDN+]VLQHZDYH
7LS&DOFXODWHWKHSHULRGRIN+]DQGXVHWKHVFRSHWRKHOSVHWWKHSHULRGRIWKH9&2
PRGXOH·VRXWSXWWRWKHVDPHYDOXH
1RWH%HDVDFFXUDWHZLWKWKLVDGMXVWPHQWDVSRVVLEOH
([SHULPHQW²$6.GHPRGXODWLRQXVLQJSURGXFWGHWHFWLRQ(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
$GMXVWWKHIROORZLQJVFRSHFRQWUROVDVLQGLFDWHG
7LPHEDVHWRWKHPVGLYSRVLWLRQ
7ULJJHU6RXUFHWRWKH(;7SRVLWLRQ
0RGLI\WKHVHWXSDVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHEHORZ
MASTER SEQUENCE DUAL ANALOG MULTIPLIER TUNEABLE
SIGNALS GENERATOR SWITCH LPF
LINE S/ H
CODE
O
1
S&H S&H X DC f Cx10 0
OO NRZ-L IN OUT
O1 Bi-O SYNC
1 O RZ-AMI
1 1 NRZ-M
1 00kHz IN 1 Y DC kXY
X
SINE
SERIAL TO
1 00kHz
Y PARALLEL
COS fC
1 00kHz CLK CONTROL 1 S/ P
DIGITAL CONTROL 2
DIVIDER
8kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz SERIAL X1
DIGITAL GAIN
2kHz
SINE
IN OUT IN 2 OUT CLK X2 IN OUT
VCO
DIGITAL
GAIN
FREQ
HI
LO
VCO SINE
INPUT
)LJXUH
7KLVFKDQJHWRWKHVHWXSFDQEHUHSUHVHQWHGE\WKHEORFNGLDJUDPLQ)LJXUHRQWKHQH[W
SDJH
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²$6.GHPRGXODWLRQXVLQJSURGXFWGHWHFWLRQ
0XOWLSOLHU 7XQHDEOH
PRGXOH /RZSDVV)LOWHU
,1 ; 'HPRGXODWHG
N+]
FDUULHU $6.VLJQDO
7R&+
&21 <
,QGHSHQGHQW
7R&+ N+]ORFDOFDUULHU
'LJLWDO 9&2
VLJQDO PRGXOH
$6.JHQHUDWLRQ 3URGXFWGHWHFWLRQ
)LJXUH
&RPSDUHWKHRULJLQDODQGUHFRYHUHGGLJLWDOGDWDVLJQDOV
'HSHQGLQJRQKRZDFFXUDWHO\\RXSHUIRUPHG6WHS\RX·OOVHHRQHRIWZRWKLQJV,IWKHHUURU
LVVPDOOWKHUHFRYHUHGGLJLWDOGDWDVLJQDOZLOOKDYHDUHODWLYHO\ORZIUHTXHQF\VLQHZDYH
VXSHULPSRVHGRQLW,IWKHHUURULVYHU\VPDOOWKHUHFRYHUHGGLJLWDOGDWDVLJQDOLQYHUWV
SHULRGLFDOO\
7ZHDNWKH9&2PRGXOH·V)UHTXHQF\$GMXVWFRQWUROXQWLO\RXREWDLQDFRS\RIWKHGLJLWDO
GDWDVLJQDOZLWKDFKDQJLQJDPSOLWXGHWKDWSHULRGLFDOO\LQYHUWV
1RWH7KLVPD\WDNHDOLWWOHWU\LQJEXWLWVKRXOGEHSRVVLEOH
4XHVWLRQ
:K\FDQ·W\RXHOLPLQDWHWKHIUHTXHQF\HUURUEHWZHHQWKHFDUULHUVDOWRJHWKHUWRSURGXFH
DVWDEOHFRS\RIWKHRULJLQDOGLJLWDOGDWDVLJQDO"
YDOXHVFDXVHGE\WKLQJVOLNHWHPSHUDWXUHFKDQJHV
([SHULPHQW²$6.GHPRGXODWLRQXVLQJSURGXFWGHWHFWLRQ(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJ
,IWKHIUHTXHQF\HUURUEHWZHHQWKHFDUULHUVLVODUJHUVD\DFRXSOHRINLOR+HUW]WKHHIIHFWLV
TXLWHGLIIHUHQW
7XUQWKH9&2PRGXOH·V)UHTXHQF\$GMXVWFRQWUROWRMXVWHLWKHUVLGHRIWKHR·FORFN
SRVLWLRQ
4XHVWLRQ
:KDWGRHVWKHUHFRYHUHGPHVVDJHQRZORRNOLNH"7LS,I\RX·UHQRWVXUHWHPSRUDULO\
GLVDEOH&+VR\RXFDQVHHWKHUHFRYHUHGPHVVDJHRQLWVRZQ
,WORRNVOLNHDQ$6.VLJQDOEXWJHQHUDWHGXVLQJDORZIUHTXHQF\FDUULHU1RWHWKLV
´FDUULHUVµIUHTXHQF\LVWKHVDPHDVWKHHUURUEHWZHHQWKHWZRFDUULHUV
4XHVWLRQ
:K\LVWKHUHQRWKLQJRXWRIWKHSURGXFWGHWHFWRUGXULQJWKHWLPHWKDWWKHRULJLQDO
GLJLWDOGDWDLVORJLF"
:KHQWKHRULJLQDOGLJLWDOGDWDLVORJLFWKHUHLVDQXOOLQWKH$6.VLJQDO'XULQJWKLV
WLPHWKHUHLVQRWKLQJEHLQJPXOWLSOLHGZLWKWKHORFDOFDUULHUVRWKHSURGXFWGHWHFWRU·V
RXWSXWLVQXOODOVR
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHILQLVKLQJ
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²$6.GHPRGXODWLRQXVLQJSURGXFWGHWHFWLRQ
1DPH
&ODVV
3UHOLPLQDU\GLVFXVVLRQ
$WLWVVLPSOHVWIUHTXHQF\VKLIWNH\LQJ)6.LVWKHIUHTXHQF\PRGXODWLRQ)0VFKHPHZLWKD
GLJLWDOGDWDVLJQDOIRUWKHPHVVDJHLQVWHDGRIVSHHFKDQGRUPXVLF$VVXFKWKHDGYDQWDJHRI
)6.RYHU$6.LVWKHVDPHDVWKHDGYDQWDJHRI)0RYHU$0²QRLVHLPPXQLW\
5HFDOOWKDWQRLVHPDQLIHVWVLWVHOIDVYDULDWLRQVLQWKHWUDQVPLWWHGVLJQDO·VDPSOLWXGH$V
$0$6.GHPRGXODWLRQLVGHVLJQHGWRUHVSRQGWRWKHVLJQDO·VDPSOLWXGHYDULDWLRQVWKH
GHPRGXODWLRQSURFHVVDOVRUHVSRQGVWRWKHQRLVHDGGLQJLWWRWKHUHFRYHUHGPHVVDJH)RU$0
WUDQVPLVVLRQVWKHDGGHGQRLVHLVKHDUGDVKLVVFUDFNOHVDQGSRSV)RU$6.WUDQVPLVVLRQVWKH
DGGHGQRLVHFDQFKDQJHWKHORJLFVWDWHRIELWVDQGFRUUXSWWKHGDWD
)0)6.UHVLVWVWKLVSUREOHPWKRXJKLVQRWFRPSOHWHO\LPPXQHIURPLWEHFDXVHGHPRGXODWLRQ
LVGHVLJQHGWRUHVSRQGWRWKHVLJQDO·VIUHTXHQF\YDULDWLRQV7KDWEHLQJWKHFDVHDQ\YDULDWLRQV
LQWKHVLJQDO·VDPSOLWXGHGXHWRQRLVHFDQEHUHPRYHGE\DOLPLWHU
)LJXUHEHORZVKRZVZKDWDQ)6.VLJQDOORRNVOLNHWLPHFRLQFLGHQWZLWKWKHGLJLWDOGDWDVLJQDO
WKDWKDVEHHQXVHGWRJHQHUDWHLW
)LJXUH
1RWLFHWKDWWKH)6.VLJQDOVZLWFKHVEHWZHHQWZRVLQHZDYHV7KHVLQHZDYHWKDWFRUUHVSRQGV
ZLWKORJLFVLQWKHGLJLWDOGDWDLVFDOOHGWKHVSDFHIUHTXHQF\7KHVLQHZDYHWKDWFRUUHVSRQGV
ZLWKORJLFVLQWKHGLJLWDOGDWDLVFDOOHGWKHPDUNIUHTXHQF\,Q)LJXUHWKHPDUNIUHTXHQF\
LVKLJKHUWKDQWKHVSDFHIUHTXHQF\EXWWKLVLVQRWDQHFHVVDU\UHTXLUHPHQWRI)6.²WKH
UHODWLYHIUHTXHQF\FDQEHUHYHUVHG
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²)6.JHQHUDWLRQVZLWFKLQJPHWKRG GHPRGXODWLRQ
)6.JHQHUDWLRQFDQEHKDQGOHGE\FRQYHQWLRQDO)0PRGXODWRUFLUFXLWVLQFOXGLQJWKHYROWDJH
FRQWUROOHGRVFLOODWRU9&2,QIDFWWKH9&2LVXVHGIRUDQRWKHU(PRQD7HOHFRPV7UDLQHU
)6.JHQHUDWLRQH[SHULPHQWVHH([SHULPHQW9ROXPH
$QDOWHUQDWLYHPHWKRGLVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHEHORZ
I
'LJLWDO )6.
GDWD VLJQDO
I
)LJXUH
$V\RXFDQVHHWKLVDUUDQJHPHQWXVHVWZRRVFLOODWRUVRQHIRUWKH)6.VLJQDO·VPDUNIUHTXHQF\
DQGWKHRWKHULWVVSDFHIUHTXHQF\7KHRVFLOODWRUVDUHFRQQHFWHGWRDQ$GGHUYLDHOHFWURQLF
VZLWFKHVRIVRPHVRUWWKHUHDUHPDQ\PHWKRGVRILPSOHPHQWLQJWKHVZLWFKVRZH·OOQRWZRUU\
DERXWH[DFWO\KRZWKLVLVDFKLHYHGKHUH,PSRUWDQWO\RQHRIWKHVZLWFKHVLVFRQWUROOHGE\WKH
GLJLWDOGDWDGLUHFWO\ZKLOHWKHRWKHULVFRQWUROOHGE\DQLQYHUWHGFRS\RIWKHGDWD
1RZVXSSRVHWKDWWKHORJLFVZLWFKHVDUHDFWLYHKLJKDQGVRDUHFORVHGZKHQWKHLULQSXWLVD
ORJLF:KHQWKHGLJLWDOGDWDLVORJLFWKH$GGHU·VLQSXWVDUHFRQQHFWHGWRIEXWQRWI
7KHQZKHQWKHGLJLWDOGDWDVLJQDOLVORJLFWKH$GGHU·VLQSXWVDUHFRQQHFWHGWRIEXWQRWI
7KDWEHLQJWKHFDVHWKH$GGHU·VRXWSXWLVRQHIUHTXHQF\IRURQHRIWKHGLJLWDOGDWDVLJQDO·V
ORJLFVWDWHVDQGDGLIIHUHQWIUHTXHQF\IRUWKHRWKHU,QRWKHUZRUGVWKH$GGHU·VRXWSXWLVDQ
)6.VLJQDOWKDWFRUUHVSRQGVZLWKWKHGLJLWDOGDWD
([SHULPHQW²)6.JHQHUDWLRQVZLWFKLQJPHWKRG GHPRGXODWLRQ(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
)6.GHPRGXODWLRQFDQEHKDQGOHGE\FRQYHQWLRQDO)0GHPRGXODWRUVVXFKDVWKH]HURFURVVLQJ
GHWHFWRUUHIHUWRWKHSUHOLPLQDU\GLVFXVVLRQRI([SHULPHQWLQ9ROXPHIRUDQH[SODQDWLRQ
RIWKLVFLUFXLW·VRSHUDWLRQDQGWKHSKDVHORFNHGORRS$OWHUQDWLYHO\LIWKH)6.VLJQDOLVSDVVHG
WKURXJKDVXIILFLHQWO\VHOHFWLYHILOWHUWKHWZRVLQHZDYHVWKDWPDNHLWXSFDQEHLQGLYLGXDOO\
SLFNHGRXW&RQVLGHUHGRQWKHLURZQHDFKVLJQDOLVDQ$6.VLJQDODQGVRWKHGDWDFDQEH
UHFRYHUHGE\SDVVLQJHLWKHURQHRIWKHPWKURXJKDQHQYHORSHGHWHFWRUUHIHUWRWKH
SUHOLPLQDU\GLVFXVVLRQRI([SHULPHQWIRUDQH[SODQDWLRQRIWKHHQYHORSHGHWHFWRU·V
RSHUDWLRQ
7KHH[SHULPHQW
)RUWKLVH[SHULPHQW\RX·OOXVHWKH(PRQD7HOHFRPV7UDLQHUWRLPSOHPHQWWKHVZLWFKLQJ
PHWKRGRIJHQHUDWLQJDQ)6.VLJQDO'LJLWDOGDWDIRUWKHPHVVDJHLVPRGHOOHGE\WKH6HTXHQFH
*HQHUDWRUPRGXOH<RX·OOWKHQUHFRYHUWKHGDWDE\XVLQJDILOWHUWRSLFNRXWRQHRIWKH
VLQHZDYHVLQWKH)6.VLJQDODQGGHPRGXODWHLWXVLQJDQHQYHORSHGHWHFWRU
,WVKRXOGWDNH\RXDERXWPLQXWHVWRFRPSOHWHWKLVH[SHULPHQW,WVKRXOGWDNHDQDGGLWLRQDO
PLQXWHVWRFRPSOHWHWKH6XSSOHPHQWLIDVSHFWUXPDQDO\VHUZLWKDQDSSURSULDWHEDQGZLGWK
LVDYDLODEOH
3UHUHTXLVLWHV
([SHULPHQW9RO6HWWLQJXSDQRVFLOORVFRSH
([SHULPHQW9RO$QLQWURGXFWLRQWRWKH7HOHFRPV7UDLQHU
([SHULPHQW9RO0RGHOOLQJHTXDWLRQV
([SHULPHQW9RO)UHTXHQF\6KLIW.H\LQJRSWLRQDO
(TXLSPHQW
(PRQD7HOHFRPV7UDLQHUSOXVSRZHUSDFN
'XDO&KDQQHO0+]RVFLOORVFRSH
7KUHH(PRQD7HOHFRPV7UDLQHURVFLOORVFRSHOHDGV
$VVRUWHG(PRQD7HOHFRPV7UDLQHUSDWFKOHDGV
6XSSOHPHQW
6SHFWUXPDQDO\VHUVXFKDVWKH3LFR6FRSH
$QDGGLWLRQDORVFLOORVFRSHOHDG
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²)6.JHQHUDWLRQVZLWFKLQJPHWKRG GHPRGXODWLRQ
3URFHGXUH
3DUW$²6HWWLQJXSWKHVZLWFKFRQWUROVLJQDOV
7RLPSOHPHQW)6.XVLQJWKHVZLWFKLQJPHWKRGDVDPSOHGLJLWDOGDWDVLJQDODQGDQLQYHUWHGFRS\
RILWDUHQHHGHG3DUW$JHWV\RXWRVHWWKHVHXS
*DWKHUDVHWRIWKHHTXLSPHQWOLVWHGRQWKHSUHYLRXVSDJH
6HWXSWKHVFRSHSHUWKHLQVWUXFWLRQVLQWKH$SSHQGL[
1RWH(QVXUHWKDWWKHVFRSH·V7ULJJHU6RXUFHFRQWUROLVVHWWRWKH&+RU,17
SRVLWLRQ
6HWWKHVFRSH·V&KDQQHO,QSXW&RXSOLQJFRQWUROWRWKH*1'SRVLWLRQ
8VHWKHVFRSH·V&KDQQHO9HUWLFDO3RVLWLRQFRQWUROWRPRYHWKHWUDFHVRWKDWLWOLQHVXS
ZLWKWKHKRUL]RQWDOOLQHLQWKHPLGGOHRIWKHVFRSH·VVFUHHQ
6HWWKHVFRSH·V,QSXW&RXSOLQJFRQWUROIRUERWKFKDQQHOVWRWKH'&SRVLWLRQ
&RQQHFWWKHVHWXSVKRZQLQ)LJXUHEHORZ
1RWH,QVHUWWKHEODFNSOXJVRIWKHRVFLOORVFRSHOHDGVLQWRDJURXQG*1'VRFNHW
VARIABLE
DCV
+5 V
VDC
GND
VDC
SPEECH
A EXOR
B A+B
)LJXUH
:KLOHZDWFKLQJWKH9DULDEOH'&9PRGXOH·VRXWSXWRQWKHVFRSHWXUQLWV9'&FRQWUROXQWLO
WKH'&OHYHOLV9
1RWH2QFHGRQHGRQRWFKDQJHWKH9DULDEOH'&9PRGXOH·V9'&FRQWUROXQOHVVRWKHUZLVH
LQVWUXFWHG
([SHULPHQW²)6.JHQHUDWLRQVZLWFKLQJPHWKRG GHPRGXODWLRQ(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
/RFDWHWKH9&2PRGXOHDQGWXUQLWV*DLQFRQWUROIXOO\DQWLFORFNZLVH
7XUQWKH9&2PRGXOH·V)UHTXHQF\$GMXVWFRQWUROIXOO\DQWLFORFNZLVH
6HWWKH9&2PRGXOH·V5DQJHFRQWUROWRWKH/2SRVLWLRQ
'LVFRQQHFWWKHVFRSHIURPWKH9DULDEOH'&9PRGXOHDQGFRQQHFWWKHVHWXSVKRZQLQ
)LJXUHEHORZ
VCO
DIGITAL
GAIN
FREQ
HI
LO
VCO SINE
INPUT
)LJXUH
$GMXVWWKH9&2PRGXOH·V)UHTXHQF\$GMXVWFRQWUROWRREWDLQDN+]VLQHZDYH
7LS&DOFXODWHWKHSHULRGRIN+]DQGXVHWKHVFRSHWRKHOSVHWWKHSHULRGRIWKH9&2
PRGXOH·VRXWSXWWRWKHVDPHYDOXH
1RWH2QFHGRQHGRQRWFKDQJHWKH9&2PRGXOH·V)UHTXHQF\$GMXVWFRQWUROXQOHVV
RWKHUZLVHLQVWUXFWHG
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²)6.JHQHUDWLRQVZLWFKLQJPHWKRG GHPRGXODWLRQ
&RQQHFWWKHVHWXSVKRZQLQ)LJXUHEHORZ
MASTER SEQUENCE VARIABLE UTILITIES
SIGNALS GENERATOR DCV
COMPARATOR
LINE +5 V
CODE REF
O
VDC
1
OO NRZ-L GND
O1 Bi-O SYNC
1O RZ-AMI VDC
11 NRZ-M
100 kHz IN OUT
X
SINE RECTIFIER
100 kHz Y
COS
SPEECH
100 kHz CLK
DIGITAL DIODE & RC LPF
DIVIDER
8 kHz
DIGITAL A EXOR
2 kHz
DIGITAL RC LPF
2 kHz
SINE
IN OUT B A+B
)LJXUH
7KLVVHWXSFDQEHUHSUHVHQWHGE\WKHEORFNGLDJUDPLQ)LJXUHRQWKHQH[WSDJH7KH
6HTXHQFH*HQHUDWRUPRGXOHLVXVHGWRPRGHODGLJLWDOGDWDVLJQDODQGLWV6<1&RXWSXWLVXVHG
WRWULJJHUWKHVFRSHWRSURYLGHDVWDEOHGLVSOD\7KH&RPSDUDWRURQWKH8WLOLWLHVPRGXOH
WRJHWKHUZLWKD'&YROWDJHIURPWKH9DULDEOH'&9PRGXOHLVXVHGWRLQYHUWWKHGLJLWDOGDWD
VLJQDO
([SHULPHQW²)6.JHQHUDWLRQVZLWFKLQJPHWKRG GHPRGXODWLRQ(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
'LJLWDOVLJQDO
7R&+
0DVWHU 6HTXHQFH
6LJQDOV *HQHUDWRU &RPSDUDWRU
&/. ,1
,QYHUWHG
N+] GLJLWDOVLJQDO
&ORFN 7R&+
6<1& 5()
9'&
9DULDEOH
6<1&
7R(;7 '&9
'LJLWDOVLJQDOPRGHOOLQJ ,QYHUVLRQ
)LJXUH
6HWWKHVFRSH·V0RGHFRQWUROWRWKH'8$/SRVLWLRQWRYLHZWKHGLJLWDOGDWDVLJQDODQG
WKH&RPSDUDWRU·VRXWSXW
$GMXVWWKHIROORZLQJVFRSHFRQWUROVDVLQGLFDWHG
9HUWLFDO$WWHQXDWLRQIRUERWKFKDQQHOVWR9GLY
7LPHEDVHWRPVGLY
7ULJJHU6RXUFHWR(;7
&RPSDUHWKHVLJQDOV
1RWH<RXPD\QHHGWRDGMXVWWKHVFRSH·V7ULJJHU/HYHOFRQWUROLI\RXGRQ·WKDYHD
VWDEOHGLVSOD\
1RWH2QFHWKHGLVSOD\LVVWDEOH\RXVKRXOGVHHWKHGLJLWDOGDWDEHLQJPRGHOOHGE\WKH
6HTXHQFH*HQHUDWRUPRGXOHDQGDQLQYHUWHGFRS\RILWRQWKH&RPSDUDWRU·VRXWSXW
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJ
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²)6.JHQHUDWLRQVZLWFKLQJPHWKRG GHPRGXODWLRQ
3DUW%²,PSOHPHQWLQJWKHVZLWFKLQJPHWKRGRI)6.JHQHUDWLRQ
1RZWKDWWKHUHTXLUHGGLJLWDOGDWDVLJQDOVKDYHEHHQVHWXSWKH\FDQEHXVHGWRFRQWUROWKH
HOHFWURQLFVZLWFKHVWKDWDUHSDUWRIWKHVZLWFKLQJPHWKRGRIJHQHUDWLQJ)6.GHVFULEHGLQWKH
SUHOLPLQDU\GLVFXVVLRQ
0RGLI\WKHVHWXSDVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHEHORZ
1RWH5HPHPEHUWKDWWKHGRWWHGOLQHVVKRZOHDGVDOUHDG\LQSODFH
MASTER SEQUENCE VARIABLE UTILITIES
SIGNALS GENERATOR DCV
COMPARATOR
LINE +5V
CODE REF
O
VDC
1
OO NRZ-L GND
O1 Bi-O SYNC
1 O RZ-AMI VDC
1 1 NRZ-M
100 kHz IN OUT
X
SINE RECTIFIER
100 kHz Y
COS
SPEECH
100 kHz CLK
DIGITAL
DIVIDER DIODE & RC LPF
8kHz
DIGITAL A EXOR
2kHz
DIGITAL RC LPF
2kHz
SINE
IN OUT B A+B
DIGITAL
S&H S&H
IN OUT
GAIN
IN 1
FREQ
CONTROL 1
CONTROL 2
HI
LO
VCO SINE
INPUT
IN 2 OUT
)LJXUH
([SHULPHQW²)6.JHQHUDWLRQVZLWFKLQJPHWKRG GHPRGXODWLRQ(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
7KHVHWXSLQ)LJXUHFDQEHUHSUHVHQWHGE\WKHEORFNGLDJUDPLQ)LJXUHEHORZ7KH'XDO
$QDORJ6ZLWFKPRGXOHLPSOHPHQWVWKHHQWLUHVZLWFKLQJSURFHVVQHFHVVDU\IRU)6.JHQHUDWLRQ
0DVWHU
6LJQDOV
N+] ,1
&21
'LJLWDO
GDWDVLJQDO
7R&+
6<1& )6.VLJQDO
7R(;7 7R&+
9&2
PRGXOH
&21
N+] ,1
)LJXUH
&RPSDUHWKHGLJLWDOGDWDVLJQDOZLWKWKH)6.VLJQDORQWKH'XDO$QDORJ6ZLWFKPRGXOH·V
RXWSXW
4XHVWLRQ
:KDW·VWKHQDPHIRUWKH'XDO$QDORJ6ZLWFKPRGXOH·VRXWSXWIUHTXHQF\WKDW
FRUUHVSRQGVZLWKORJLFVLQWKHGLJLWDOGDWD"7LS,I\RX·UHQRWVXUHVHHWKHSUHOLPLQDU\
GLVFXVVLRQ
7KHPDUNIUHTXHQF\
4XHVWLRQ
:KDW·VWKHQDPHIRUWKH'XDO$QDORJ6ZLWFKPRGXOH·VRXWSXWIUHTXHQF\WKDW
FRUUHVSRQGVZLWKORJLFVLQWKHGLJLWDOGDWD"
7KHVSDFHIUHTXHQF\
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²)6.JHQHUDWLRQVZLWFKLQJPHWKRG GHPRGXODWLRQ
4XHVWLRQ
%DVHGRQ\RXUREVHUYDWLRQVRIWKH)6.VLJQDOZKLFKRIWKHWZRLVWKHKLJKHUIUHTXHQF\"
([SODLQ\RXUDQVZHU
7KHVSDFHIUHTXHQF\7KHSHULRGRILWVF\FOHVLVVKRUWHUWKDQWKHSHULRGRIWKHVSDFH
IUHTXHQF\
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJ
*RWRWKH6XSSOHPHQWRQSDJHZLWK\RXULQVWUXFWRU·VSHUPLVVLRQ2WKHUZLVH
FRQWLQXHRQIURP3DUW&
([SHULPHQW²)6.JHQHUDWLRQVZLWFKLQJPHWKRG GHPRGXODWLRQ(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
3DUW&²'HPRGXODWLQJDQ)6.VLJQDOXVLQJILOWHULQJDQGDQHQYHORSHGHWHFWRU
$V)6.LVUHDOO\MXVW)0ZLWKDGLJLWDOPHVVDJHLQVWHDGRIVSHHFKDQGRUPXVLFLWFDQEH
UHFRYHUHGXVLQJDQ\RIWKH)0GHPRGXODWLRQVFKHPHV+RZHYHUEHFDXVHWKH)6.VLJQDO
VZLWFKHVEDFNDQGIRUWKEHWZHHQMXVWWZRIUHTXHQFLHVZHFDQXVHDPHWKRGRIGHPRGXODWLQJ
LWWKDWFDQQRWEHXVHGWRGHPRGXODWHVSHHFKHQFRGHG)0VLJQDOV3DUW&OHWV\RXGRWKLV
/RFDWHWKH7XQHDEOH/RZSDVV)LOWHUPRGXOHDQGWXUQLWV&XWRII)UHTXHQF\$GMXVW
FRQWUROIXOO\FORFNZLVH
7XUQWKH7XQHDEOH/RZSDVV)LOWHUPRGXOH·V*DLQFRQWUROIXOO\FORFNZLVH
0RGLI\WKHVHWXSDVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHEHORZ
MASTER SEQUENCE VARIABLE UTILITIES
SIGNALS GENERATOR DCV
COMPARATOR
LINE +5 V
CODE REF
O
VDC
1
OO NRZ-L GND
O1 Bi-O SYNC
1 O RZ-AMI VDC
1 1 NRZ-M
10 0kHz IN OUT
SINE X
RECTIFIER
10 0kHz
Y
COS
SPEECH
10 0kHz CLK
DIGITAL
DIVIDER DIODE & RC LPF
8 kHz
DIGITAL A EXOR
2 kHz
DIGITAL RC LPF
2 kHz
SINE
IN OUT B A+B
DIGITAL
GAIN
IN 1
FREQ fC
CONTROL 1
CONTROL 2
HI
LO
GAIN
VCO SINE
INPUT
IN 2 OUT IN OUT
)LJXUH
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²)6.JHQHUDWLRQVZLWFKLQJPHWKRG GHPRGXODWLRQ
7KHDGGLWLRQVWRWKHVHWXSLQ)LJXUHWKDWGHPRGXODWHWKH)6.VLJQDOFDQEHUHSUHVHQWHGE\
WKHEORFNGLDJUDPLQ)LJXUHEHORZ7KH7XQHDEOH/RZSDVV)LOWHUPRGXOHLVXVHGWRSLFNRXW
WKHORZHUIUHTXHQF\RIWKH)6.VLJQDO·V´WZRµVLQHZDYHVDQGWKH',2'(DQG5&/3)RQWKH
8WLOLWLHVPRGXOHIRUPWKHHQYHORSHGHWHFWRUWRFRPSOHWHWKH)6.VLJQDO·VGHPRGXODWLRQ
7XQHDEOH 8WLOLWLHV
/RZSDVV)LOWHU PRGXOH
7R&+
)LJXUH
6ORZO\UHGXFHWKH7XQHDEOH/RZSDVV)LOWHUPRGXOH·VFXWRIIIUHTXHQF\XQWLOWKH)6.
VLJQDO·VKLJKHUIUHTXHQF\FRPSRQHQWKDVEHHQUHPRYHGRUDWOHDVWPLQLPLVHGZKLOH
NHHSLQJDVPXFKRIWKHORZHUIUHTXHQF\FRPSRQHQWDVSRVVLEOH
&RPSDUHWKHGLJLWDOGDWDVLJQDODQGWKHILOWHU·VRXWSXW
4XHVWLRQ
:KLFKRIWKH)6.VLJQDO·VWZRVLQHZDYHVLVWKHILOWHUOHWWLQJWKURXJK"
7KHPDUNIUHTXHQF\
4XHVWLRQ
:KDWGRHVWKHILOWHUHG)6.VLJQDOQRZORRNOLNH"
$Q$6.VLJQDO
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJ
([SHULPHQW²)6.JHQHUDWLRQVZLWFKLQJPHWKRG GHPRGXODWLRQ(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
&KDQJHWKHVFRSH·V&KDQQHOFRQQHFWLRQDVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHEHORZ
MASTER SEQUENCE VARIABLE UTILITIES
SIGNALS GENERATOR DCV
COMPARATOR
LINE +5V
CODE REF
O
VDC
1
OO NRZ-L GND
O1 Bi-O SYNC
1O RZ-AMI VDC
11 NRZ-M
1 00kHz IN OUT
SINE X
RECTIFIER
1 00kHz
COS Y
SPEECH
1 00kHz CLK
DIGITAL
DIVIDER DIODE & RC LPF
8kHz
DIGITAL A EXOR
2kHz
DIGITAL RC LPF
2kHz
SINE
IN OUT B A+B
DIGITAL
GAIN
IN 1
FREQ fC
CONTROL 1
CONTROL 2
HI
LO
GAIN
VCO SINE
INPUT
IN 2 OUT IN OUT
)LJXUH
7KHFKDQJHWRWKHVFRSH·V&KDQQHOFRQQHFWLRQFDQEHUHSUHVHQWHGE\WKHEORFNGLDJUDPLQ
)LJXUHRQWKHQH[WSDJH
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²)6.JHQHUDWLRQVZLWFKLQJPHWKRG GHPRGXODWLRQ
)6. (QYHORSH 'HPRGXODWHG
VLJQDO GHWHFWRU )6.VLJQDO
7R&+
)LJXUH
&RPSDUHWKHRULJLQDOGLJLWDOGDWDVLJQDOZLWKWKHUHFRYHUHGGLJLWDOGDWDVLJQDO
4XHVWLRQ
7KHWZRVLJQDOVDUHQRWDJUHDWOLNHQHVV:K\LVWKHUHFRYHUHGGDWDVLJQDOVRGLVWRUWHG"
7KHPDUNIUHTXHQF\LVQRWKLJKHQRXJKWRGHYHORSDQHQYHORSHWKDWWKH'LRGHDQG5&/3)
FRPELQDWLRQFDQFDSWXUHHIIHFWLYHO\
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHILQLVKLQJ
([SHULPHQW²)6.JHQHUDWLRQVZLWFKLQJPHWKRG GHPRGXODWLRQ(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
6XSSOHPHQW²$ORRNDWWKHVSHFWUDOFRPSRVLWLRQRI)6.VLJQDOV
:KHQORRNLQJDWWKH)6.VLJQDOLQWKHWLPHGRPDLQLW·VSUHWW\FOHDUWKDWWKHVLJQDOLVPDGHXS
RIMXVWWZRVLQHZDYHV2ULVLW"7KLVSDUWRIWKHH[SHULPHQWOHWV\RXLQYHVWLJDWHWKH)6.VLJQDO
LQWKHIUHTXHQF\GRPDLQE\XVLQJDVSHFWUXPDQDO\VHU,WFDQEHXQGHUWDNHQEHWZHHQ3DUWV%
DQG&E\VWXGHQWVZLWKDFFHVVWRDVSHFWUXPDQDO\VHUZLWKDQDSSURSULDWHEDQGZLGWK
0RGLI\WKHVHWXSWRLQFOXGHWKHVSHFWUXPDQDO\VHUDVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHEHORZ
1RWH7KHIROORZLQJLQVWUXFWLRQVUHODWHWRD3&EDVHGVSHFWUXPDQDO\VHUFDOOHGWKH
3LFR6FRSH2WKHUVSHFWUXPDQDO\VLVGHYLFHVFDQEHXVHGSURYLGHGWKHEDQGZLGWKLV
DWOHDVWN+]
MASTER SEQUENCE VARIABLE UTILITIES
SIGNALS GENERATOR DCV
COMPARATOR
LINE +5V
CODE REF
O
VDC
1
OO NRZ-L GND
O1 Bi-O SYNC
1O RZ-AMI VDC
11 NRZ-M
IN OUT
10 0kHz X PC-based
SINE RECTIFIER Spectrum
10 0kHz
COS Y Analyser
SPEECH
10 0kHz CLK
DIGITAL CH A
DIVIDER DIODE & RC LPF
8 kHz
DIGITAL A EXOR
2 kHz
DIGITAL RC LPF CH B
2 kHz
SINE
IN OUT B A+B
DIGITAL
S&H S& H
IN OUT
GAIN
IN 1
FREQ
CONTROL 1
CONTROL 2
HI
LO
VCO SINE
INPUT
IN 2 OUT
)LJXUH
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²)6.JHQHUDWLRQVZLWFKLQJPHWKRG GHPRGXODWLRQ
/DXQFKWKH3LFR6FRSHVRIWZDUHDQGVHWLWVVSHFWUXPDQDO\VHUFRQWUROVDVIROORZV
*HQHUDO
6SHFWUXP5DQJHWRN+]
+RUL]RQWDO=RRPWRõ
&KDQQHO$,QSXW5DQJHWR$XWR
&KDQQHO%,QSXW5DQJHWR2II
6SHFWUXP2SWLRQV
6SHFWUXP%LQVWR
:LQGRZ)XQFWLRQWR%ODFNPDQ+DUULV
'LVSOD\0RGHWR0DJQLWXGH
6FDOHWR/RJDULWKPLF
/RJDULWKPLF8QLWWRG%9
1RWH,I\RX·UHXVLQJDVSHFWUXPDQDO\VHURWKHUWKDQWKH3LFR6FRSHVHH\RXU
LQVWUXFWRUIRUDOLVWRIWKHFRQWUROVWRDGMXVWDQGWKHLUDSSURSULDWHVHWWLQJV
1RWH,IWKHVSHFWUXPDQDO\VHUKDVEHHQVHWXSFRUUHFWO\LWVGLVSOD\ZLOOEHVLPLODUWR
)LJXUHEHORZ
)LJXUH
([SHULPHQW²)6.JHQHUDWLRQVZLWFKLQJPHWKRG GHPRGXODWLRQ(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
7KH3LFR6FRSHVSHFWUXPDQDO\VHUKDVUXOHUVWKDWDOORZ\RXWRGHWHUPLQHWKHDEVROXWH
IUHTXHQF\RIWKHVLQHZDYHVLQDVLJQDO·VVSHFWUDOFRPSRVLWLRQ7KHQH[WSDUWRIWKLVH[SHULPHQW
JHWV\RXWRXVHDUXOHUWRH[DPLQHWKH)6.VLJQDO·VVSHFWUXP
0RYHWKHPRXVHWRWKHMXQFWLRQRIWKHGLVSOD\·V;DQG<D[HV
1RWH:KHQ\RXGRWKHPRXVHFXUVRUZLOOFKDQJHVKDSHDQGDODEHOZLOOSRSXSGHFODULQJ
´,QDFWLYHµ
&OLFNDQGKROGWKHOHIWPRXVHEXWWRQDQGWKHQPRYHLWOHIWDQGULJKW
1RWH:KHQ\RXGRWKLVDGDVKHGOLQHUHSUHVHQWLQJIUHTXHQF\UXOHUDSSHDUV
1RWH$UXOHUOHJHQGDOVRDSSHDUVLQGLFDWLQJWKHDEVROXWHIUHTXHQF\DWWKHUXOHU
8VHWKHUXOHUWRLGHQWLI\WKHN+]DQGN+]VLQHZDYHVLQWKH)6.VLJQDO
1RWLFHWKDWWKHUHDUHPDQ\VLJQLILFDQWVLQHZDYHVDWIUHTXHQFLHVHLWKHUVLGHRIWKHN+]
DQGN+]VLQHZDYHV8VHUWKHUXOHUWRLGHQWLI\WKHIUHTXHQF\RIVRPHRIWKHVH
VLQHZDYHV
'LVFRQQHFWWKHSDWFKOHDGWRWKH9&2PRGXOH·VRXWSXWZKLOHZDWFKLQJWKHFKDQJHLQWKH
)6.VLJQDO·VVSHFWUXP
1RWH'RLQJWKLVGLVFRQQHFWVWKHN+]VLQHZDYHIURPWKH)6.PRGXODWRU
5HFRQQHFWWKHSDWFKOHDGWRWKH9&2PRGXOH·VRXWSXW
'LVFRQQHFWWKHSDWFKOHDGWRWKH0DVWHU6LJQDOVPRGXOH·VN+]6,1(RXWSXWZKLOH
ZDWFKLQJWKHFKDQJHLQWKH)6.VLJQDO·VVSHFWUXP
1RWH'RLQJWKLVGLVFRQQHFWVWKHN+]VLQHZDYHIURPWKH)6.PRGXODWRU
4XHVWLRQ
:KDWGRHVWKLVLQYHVWLJDWLRQRIWKH)6.VLJQDO·VVSHFWUDOFRPSRVLWLRQWHOO\RX"
7KH)6.VLJQDOLVPDGHXSRIPDQ\PRUHWKDQMXVWWZRVLQHZDYHV
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJ
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²)6.JHQHUDWLRQVZLWFKLQJPHWKRG GHPRGXODWLRQ
)LJXUHLQWKHSUHOLPLQDU\GLVFXVVLRQLVVRPHZKDWPLVOHDGLQJLQWKDWWKHWUDQVLWLRQEHWZHHQ
WKHVSDFHDQGPDUNIUHTXHQFLHVRFFXUVDWWKH]HURFURVVLQJSRLQWRIWKHWZRVLQHZDYHV
+RZHYHUWKLVLVQRWWKHFDVHZLWKWKH)6.VLJQDOWKDW\RXKDYHJHQHUDWHG$VDUHVXOWWKHUH
DUHVKDUSWUDQVLWLRQVFDOOHGGLVFRQWLQXLWLHVEHWZHHQWKHWZR7KHVHGLVFRQWLQXLWLHVFRQWULEXWH
WRPDNLQJWKHVSHFWUXPRI)6.PXFKPRUHFRPSOH[WKDQRQHPLJKWILUVWH[SHFW
,QYHVWLJDWHWKHGLVFRQWLQXLWLHVLQWKH)6.VLJQDOIRU\RXUVHOIE\IROORZLQJWKHQH[WVHWRI
LQVWUXFWLRQV
'LVFRQQHFWWKHVSHFWUXPDQDO\VHUIURPWKHVHWXS
$FWLYDWHWKHVFRSH·V6ZHHS0DJQLILFDWLRQFRQWURO
8VHWKHVFRSH·V+RUL]RQWDO3RVLWLRQFRQWUROWRGLVSOD\ERWKDPDUNWRVSDFHWUDQVLWLRQ
DQGDVSDFHWRPDUNWUDQVLWLRQLQWKHGLJLWDOGDWD
&RPSDUH\RXU)6.VLJQDOZLWKWKH)6.VLJQDOLQ)LJXUHSD\LQJSDUWLFXODUDWWHQWLRQWR
WKHWUDQVLWLRQSRLQWVEHWZHHQWKHVSDFHDQGPDUNIUHTXHQFLHV
4XHVWLRQ
/RRNFORVHO\DWWKH)6.VLJQDOZKHUHLWVZLWFKHVIURPDPDUNIUHTXHQF\WRDVSDFH
IUHTXHQF\:KDW·VKDSSHQLQJDQGZK\"
7KHVSDFHIUHTXHQF\DSSHDUVWRUROOEHFDXVHLWVWDUWVDWDGLIIHUHQWSRLQWLQLWV
VLQHZDYHRQHDFKWUDQVLWLRQIURPPDUNWRVSDFH
4XHVWLRQ
+DYLQJWKHPDUNVVSDFHWUDQVLWLRQVRFFXUDWWKHVDPHSRLQWLQERWKVLQHZDYHVHYHU\WLPH
ZRXOGUHGXFHWKHVHYHULW\RIWKHVHGLVFRQWLQXLWLHVZKLFKLQWXUQZRXOGUHGXFHWKH
FRPSOH[LW\DQGEDQGZLGWKRIWKH)6.VLJQDO
&DQ\RXWKLQNRIDZD\RIDFKLHYLQJWKLV"7LS7KH)6.VLJQDO·VPDUNIUHTXHQF\DOUHDG\
VDWLVILHVSDUWRIWKLVVROXWLRQ
RIWKHGLJLWDOGDWDVLJQDO·VELWFORFN
([SHULPHQW²)6.JHQHUDWLRQVZLWFKLQJPHWKRG GHPRGXODWLRQ(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJ
'HDFWLYDWHWKHVFRSH·V6ZHHS0DJQLILFDWLRQFRQWURO
&ORVHWKH3LFR6FRSHVRIWZDUHDQGGLVFRQQHFWWKHGHYLFHIURP\RXUVHWXS
&RQWLQXHIURP3DUW&RIWKHH[SHULPHQW
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²)6.JHQHUDWLRQVZLWFKLQJPHWKRG GHPRGXODWLRQ
1DPH
&ODVV
3ULQFLSOHVRI*DXVVLDQ)6.*)6.
([SHULPHQW²3ULQFLSOHVRI*DXVVLDQ)6.*)6.
3UHOLPLQDU\GLVFXVVLRQ
)LJXUHEHORZVKRZVDQH[DPSOHRIDSRVVLEOH)6.VLJQDO
)6.
I I
)LJXUH
2QWKHIDFHRILWWKH)6.VLJQDOORRNVOLNHLWFRQVLVWVRIMXVWWZRVLQHZDYHV²IDQGI7KLV
DOVRVXJJHVWVWKDWLQWKHIUHTXHQF\GRPDLQWKH)6.VLJQDOORRNVOLNH)LJXUHDEHORZ
+RZHYHUQHLWKHURIWKHVHSURSRVLWLRQVLVFRUUHFW
:KHQWKHGLJLWDOGDWDFKDQJHVVWDWHWKHDFWRIVZLWFKLQJEHWZHHQIDQGIPDNHVWKH)6.
VLJQDOPXFKPRUHFRPSOH[WKDQVLPSO\FRQVLVWLQJRIMXVWWZRVLQHZDYHV0RUHRYHUWKH)6.
VLJQDO·VEDQGZLGWKLVPXFKZLGHUWKDQWKHVLPSOHGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQIDQGI3UHGLFWLQJWKH
VSHFWUDOFRPSRVLWLRQRIDQ)6.VLJQDOLVQRVPDOOWDVNDQGLVQRWDWWHPSWHGKHUH+RZHYHUD
VLPSOLILHGYHUVLRQRIDQ)6.VLJQDO·VDFWXDOVSHFWUXPLVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHEEHORZ
V V
f f
I I I I
)LJXUHD )LJXUHE
$QRYHUDUFKLQJFRQFHUQRISUREDEO\DOOPRGXODWLRQVFKHPHVLVWKHPRGXODWHGVLJQDO·V
EDQGZLGWK$SSOLFDWLRQVDUHEHLQJGHYHORSHGHYHU\GD\WKDWUHTXLUHDFFHVVWRWKHUDGLR
IUHTXHQF\VSHFWUXPEXWLW·VDILQLWHUHVRXUFH$VVXFKLW·VLPSRUWDQWWRNHHSWKHEDQGZLGWKRI
PRGXODWHGVLJQDOVWRDPLQLPXPZKLOHPDLQWDLQLQJWKHDJUHHGTXDOLW\RIWKHFRPPXQLFDWLRQOLQN
'RLQJVRDOORZVIRUWKHPD[LPXPQXPEHURISRVVLEOHXVHUV
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²3ULQFLSOHVRI*)6.
$YDULDWLRQRI)6.WKDWKDVEHHQGHVLJQHGVSHFLILFDOO\WRUHGXFHWKH)6.VLJQDO·VVSHFWUXP
UHTXLUHPHQWVLV*DXVVLDQ)UHTXHQF\6KLIW.H\LQJ*)6.*)6.LVXVHGZLWK%OXHWRRWK
FRPPXQLFDWLRQVDPRQJRWKHUVDQGLVWKHVDPHDV)6.EXWZLWKRQHH[FHSWLRQ²WKHGLJLWDO
GDWDVLJQDOLVSDVVHGWKURXJKD*DXVVLDQORZSDVVILOWHUSULRUWRPRGXODWLRQ
*DXVVLDQILOWHUVDUHSRSXODUIRUSXOVHVKDSLQJRISXOVHWUDLQVVXFKDVGLJLWDOGDWDVLJQDOV
EHFDXVHWKH\HOLPLQDWHRYHUVKRRWZKLOHPLQLPLVLQJWKHLQHYLWDEOHUHGXFWLRQRIWKHVLJQDO·VULVH
DQGIDOOWLPHVDVVRFLDWHGZLWKORZSDVVILOWHULQJ7KLVPDLQWDLQVWKHLQWHJULW\RIWKHSXOVH
WUDLQ·VVKDSHZKLOHPLQLPLVLQJLWVVSHFWUDOFRPSRVLWLRQ,QWXUQWKLVUHGXFHVWKHVSHFWUDO
FRPSRVLWLRQRIWKH*)6.VLJQDOWKDWWKH*DXVVLDQOLPLWHGGDWDVLJQDOLVXVHGWRJHQHUDWH
7KHH[SHULPHQW
)RUWKLVH[SHULPHQW\RX·OOXVHWKH(PRQD7HOHFRPV7UDLQHUWRJHQHUDWH)6.DQGDPRGHORI
*)6.WRFRPSDUHWKHGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQWKHWZRVLJQDOVLQERWKWKHWLPHDQGIUHTXHQF\
GRPDLQV<RX·OOWKHQGHPRGXODWH*)6.XVLQJDQ)6.GHPRGXODWRUDQGREVHUYHWKHHIIHFWVRQ
WKHGHPRGXODWRU·VRXWSXW
,WVKRXOGWDNH\RXDERXWPLQXWHVWRFRPSOHWHWKLVH[SHULPHQW
3UHUHTXLVLWHV
([SHULPHQW9RO6HWWLQJXSDQRVFLOORVFRSH
([SHULPHQW9RO$QLQWURGXFWLRQWRWKH7HOHFRPV7UDLQHU
([SHULPHQW9RO0RGHOOLQJHTXDWLRQV
([SHULPHQW9RO)UHTXHQF\6KLIW.H\LQJ
(TXLSPHQW
(PRQD7HOHFRPV7UDLQHUSOXVSRZHUSDFN
'XDO&KDQQHO0+]RVFLOORVFRSH
6SHFWUXPDQDO\VHUVXFKDVWKH3LFR6FRSH
)RXU(PRQD7HOHFRPV7UDLQHURVFLOORVFRSHOHDGV
$VVRUWHG(PRQD7HOHFRPV7UDLQHUSDWFKOHDGV
([SHULPHQW²3ULQFLSOHVRI*)6.(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
3URFHGXUH
3DUW$²*HQHUDWLQJDFRQYHQWLRQDO)6.VLJQDODQGH[DPLQLQJLWVVSHFWUDOFRPSRVLWLRQ
7RDSSUHFLDWHWKHEDQGZLGWKLPSURYHPHQWVRI*)6.LW·VXVHIXOWRILUVWFRQVLGHUWKHVSHFWUDO
FRPSRVLWLRQRIDFRQYHQWLRQDO)6.VLJQDOZLWKNQRZQPDUNDQGVSDFHIUHTXHQFLHV3DUW$JHWV
\RXWRGRWKLV
*DWKHUDVHWRIWKHHTXLSPHQWOLVWHGRQWKHSUHYLRXVSDJH
/RFDWHWKH9DULDEOH'&9PRGXOHDQGVHWLWV9'&FRQWUROWRDERXWWKHPLGGOHRILWV
WUDYHO
/RFDWHWKH9&2PRGXOHDQGWXUQLWV*DLQFRQWUROIXOO\DQWLFORFNZLVH
6HWWKH9&2PRGXOH·V)UHTXHQF\$GMXVWFRQWUROWRDERXWWKHPLGGOHRILWVWUDYHO
6HWWKH9&2PRGXOH·V5DQJHFRQWUROWRWKH/2SRVLWLRQ
&RQQHFWWKHVHWXSVKRZQLQ)LJXUHEHORZ
VARIABLE VCO
DCV
+5 V
DIGITAL
VDC
GND
VDC GAIN
FREQ
SPEECH
HI
A EXOR LO
VCO SINE
INPUT
B A+B
)LJXUH
6HWXSWKHVFRSHSHUWKHLQVWUXFWLRQVLQWKH$SSHQGL[
1RWH(QVXUHWKDWWKHVFRSH·V7ULJJHU6RXUFHFRQWUROLVVHWWRWKH&+RU,17
SRVLWLRQ
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²3ULQFLSOHVRI*)6.
6HWWKHVFRSH·V7LPHEDVHFRQWUROWRWKHVGLYSRVLWLRQ
$GMXVWWKH9&2PRGXOH·V)UHTXHQF\$GMXVWFRQWUROWRREWDLQDN+]VLQHZDYH
7LS&DOFXODWHWKHSHULRGRIN+]DQGXVHWKHVFRSHWRKHOSVHWWKHSHULRGRIWKH9&2
PRGXOH·VRXWSXWWRWKHVDPHYDOXH
7XUQWKH9&2PRGXOH·V*DLQFRQWUROIXOO\FORFNZLVH
1RWH7KLVLQFUHDVHVWKH9&2PRGXOH·VLQSXWVHQVLWLYLW\WRPD[LPXP
1RWH$V\RXSHUIRUPWKLVVWHSWKH9&2PRGXOH·VRXWSXWIUHTXHQF\PD\FKDQJHD
OLWWOH7KLVLVQRUPDO
6HWWKHVFRSH·V&KDQQHO,QSXW&RXSOLQJFRQWUROWRWKH'&SRVLWLRQ
6HWWKHVFRSH·V0RGHFRQWUROWRWKH'8$/SRVLWLRQ
9DU\WKH9DULDEOH'&9PRGXOH·V9'&FRQWUROOHIWDQGULJKW
1RWH$V\RXSHUIRUPWKLVVWHS\RXVKRXOGVHHWKHVFRSH·V&KDQQHOWUDFHPRYHXSDQG
GRZQWKHVFRSH·VVFUHHQ<RXVKRXOGDOVRVHHWKH9&2PRGXOH·VRXWSXWIUHTXHQF\YDU\XS
DQGGRZQDVZHOO
6HWWKHVFRSH·V&KDQQHO,QSXW&RXSOLQJFRQWUROWRWKH*1'SRVLWLRQ
$OLJQWKHVFRSH·V&KDQQHOWUDFHZLWKWKHKRUL]RQWDOOLQHLQWKHPLGGOHRIWKHVFRSH·V
JUDWLFXOH
5HWXUQWKHVFRSH·V&KDQQHO,QSXW&RXSOLQJFRQWUROWRWKH'&SRVLWLRQ
6HWWKH9DULDEOH'&9PRGXOH·V9'&FRQWUROIRUD9'&RXWSXW
0HDVXUHWKHSHULRGRIWKH9&2PRGXOH·VQHZRXWSXWDQGUHFRUGWKLVYDOXHLQ7DEOHRQ
WKHQH[WSDJH
([SHULPHQW²3ULQFLSOHVRI*)6.(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
&DOFXODWHDQGUHFRUGWKH9&2PRGXOH·VQHZRXWSXWIUHTXHQF\
1RWH7KLVIUHTXHQF\ZLOOEHWKHPDUNIUHTXHQF\RIWKH)6.VLJQDOWKDWWKH9&2PRGXOH
ZLOOEHXVHGWRJHQHUDWH
6HWWKH9DULDEOH'&9PRGXOH·V9'&FRQWUROIRUD9'&RXWSXW
0HDVXUHDQGUHFRUGWKHSHULRGRIWKH9&2PRGXOH·VQHZRXWSXW
7LS<RX·OOQHHGWRDGMXVWWKHVFRSH·V7LPHEDVHFRQWUROWRGRWKLV
&DOFXODWHDQGUHFRUGWKH9&2PRGXOH·VQHZRXWSXWIUHTXHQF\
1RWH7KLVIUHTXHQF\ZLOOEHWKHVSDFHIUHTXHQF\RIWKH)6.VLJQDOWKDWWKH9&2
PRGXOHZLOOEHXVHGWRJHQHUDWH
7DEOH
7KHSHULRGRIWKH 7KHSHULRGRIWKH
)6.VLJQDO·V )6.VLJQDO·V
9&2·VRXWSXWIRU 9&2·VRXWSXWIRU
PDUNIUHTXHQF\ VSDFHIUHTXHQF\
D9'&LQSXW D9'&LQSXW
&DOFXODWHWKHGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQWKH9&2PRGXOH·VUHVWIUHTXHQF\N+]DQGWKH
PDUNIUHTXHQF\7KHQFDOFXODWHWKHGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQWKHUHVWDQGVSDFHIUHTXHQFLHV
1RWH$VWKH9&2PRGXOH·VSHUIRUPDQFHLVOLQHDUWKHVHWZRFDOFXODWLRQVVKRXOGSURGXFH
DOPRVWLGHQWLFDOQXPEHUV
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJ
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²3ULQFLSOHVRI*)6.
$GMXVWWKHIROORZLQJVFRSHFRQWUROVDVLQGLFDWHG
7LPHEDVHWRVGLY
7ULJJHU6RXUFHWR(;7
/RFDWHWKH6HTXHQFH*HQHUDWRUPRGXOHDQGVHWLWV',3VZLWFKHVWR
&RQQHFWWKHVHWXSVKRZQLQ)LJXUHEHORZ
1RWH,QVHUWWKHEODFNSOXJVRIWKHRVFLOORVFRSHOHDGVLQWRDJURXQG*1'VRFNHW
MASTER SEQUENCE VCO
SIGNALS GENERATOR
LINE
CODE
O
DIGITAL
1
OO NRZ-L
O1 Bi-O SYNC
1 O RZ-AMI
GAIN
1 1 NRZ-M
1 00kHz
SINE X
1 00kHz
COS Y FREQ
1 00kHz CLK
DIGITAL
DIVIDER HI
8kHz
DIGITAL LO
2kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz VCO SINE
SINE INPUT
IN OUT
)LJXUH
7KLVVHWXSFDQEHUHSUHVHQWHGE\WKHEORFNGLDJUDPLQ)LJXUHRQWKHQH[WSDJH7KH
6HTXHQFH*HQHUDWRUPRGXOHLVXVHGWRPRGHODGLJLWDOVLJQDODQGLWV6<1&RXWSXWLVXVHGWR
WULJJHUWKHVFRSHWRSURYLGHDVWDEOHGLVSOD\7KH9&2PRGXOHLVXVHGWRJHQHUDWHDQ)6.
VLJQDOZLWKDQRPLQDOFDUULHURUUHVWIUHTXHQF\RIN+]ZLWKWKHPDUNDQGVSDFHIUHTXHQFLHV
\RXHVWDEOLVKHGHDUOLHUVHH7DEOH
([SHULPHQW²3ULQFLSOHVRI*)6.(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
'LJLWDOVLJQDO
7R&+
0DVWHU 6HTXHQFH 9&2
6LJQDOV *HQHUDWRU PRGXOH
&/.
)6.VLJQDO
N+] 7R&+
&ORFN
6<1& N+]UHVW
IUHTXHQF\
6<1&
7R(;7
'LJLWDOVLJQDOPRGHOOLQJ )6.JHQHUDWLRQ
)LJXUH
&RPSDUHWKHVLJQDOV
1RWH<RXVKRXOGKDYHDVWDEOHGLVSOD\RIWKHGLJLWDOGDWDEHLQJPRGHOOHGE\WKH
6HTXHQFH*HQHUDWRUPRGXOHDQGWKH)6.VLJQDOWKDWLW·VEHLQJXVHGWRJHQHUDWH
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJ
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²3ULQFLSOHVRI*)6.
3DUW%²$FRQVLGHUDWLRQRIWKH)6.VLJQDO·VVSHFWUXP
3DUW%RIWKHH[SHULPHQWOHWV\RXH[DPLQHWKHWKHVSHWUDOFRPSRVLWLRQRIWKH)6.VLJQDODQG
FDSWXUHLWIRUFRPSDULVRQZLWKWKHVSHFWUDOFRPSRVLWLRQRI*)6.
0RGLI\WKHVHWXSWRLQFOXGHWKHVSHFWUXPDQDO\VHUDVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHEHORZ
1RWH5HPHPEHUWKDWWKHGRWWHGOLQHVVKRZOHDGVDOUHDG\LQSODFH
1RWH7KHIROORZLQJLQVWUXFWLRQVUHODWHWRD3&EDVHGVSHFWUXPDQDO\VHUFDOOHGWKH
3LFR6FRSH2WKHUVSHFWUXPDQDO\VLVGHYLFHVFDQEHXVHGSURYLGHGWKHEDQGZLGWKLV
DWOHDVWN+]
MASTER SEQUENCE VCO
SIGNALS GENERATOR
LINE
CODE
O
DIGITAL
1
OO NRZ-L
O1 Bi-O SYNC
1 O RZ-AMI
GAIN
1 1 NRZ-M
10 0 kHz
X
SINE
10 0 kHz Y FREQ
COS
10 0 kHz CLK
DIGITAL
DIVIDER HI
8 kHz
DIGITAL LO
2 kHz
DIGITAL
2 kHz VCO SINE
SINE INPUT
IN OUT
PC-based
Spectrum
Ana lyser
CH A
CH B
)LJXUH
([SHULPHQW²3ULQFLSOHVRI*)6.(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
/DXQFKWKH3LFR6FRSHVRIWZDUHDQGVHWLWVVSHFWUXPDQDO\VHUFRQWUROVDVIROORZV
*HQHUDO
6SHFWUXP5DQJHWRN+]
+RUL]RQWDO=RRPWRõ
&KDQQHO$,QSXW5DQJHWR$XWR
&KDQQHO%,QSXW5DQJHWR2II
6SHFWUXP2SWLRQV
6SHFWUXP%LQVWR
:LQGRZ)XQFWLRQWR%ODFNPDQ+DUULV
'LVSOD\0RGHWR0DJQLWXGH
6FDOHWR/RJDULWKPLF
/RJDULWKPLF8QLWWRG%9
1RWH,I\RX·UHXVLQJDVSHFWUXPDQDO\VHURWKHUWKDQWKH3LFR6FRSHVHH\RXU
LQVWUXFWRUIRUDOLVWRIWKHFRQWUROVWRDGMXVWDQGWKHLUDSSURSULDWHVHWWLQJV
1RWH,IWKHVSHFWUXPDQDO\VHUKDVEHHQVHWXSFRUUHFWO\LWVGLVSOD\ZLOOEHVLPLODUWR
)LJXUHEHORZ
)LJXUH
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²3ULQFLSOHVRI*)6.
4XHVWLRQ
1RWLFHWKDWWKH)6.VLJQDO·VVSHFWUXPPRUHFORVHO\UHVHPEOHV)LJXUHEWKDQDLQWKH
SUHOLPLQDU\GLVFXVVLRQ:KDWLVWKLVWHOOLQJ\RXDERXWWKH)6.VLJQDO"
,W·VDFRPSOH[ZDYHIRUPFRQVLVWLQJRIKXQGUHGVDQGSRVVLEO\WKRXVDQGVRIRWKHU
VLQHZDYHVPRVWRIZKLFKKDYHDPSOLWXGHVVPDOOHUWKDQWKHPDUNDQGVSDFHIUHTXHQFLHV
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJ
7KH3LFR6FRSHVSHFWUXPDQDO\VHUKDVUXOHUVWKDWDOORZ\RXWRGHWHUPLQHWKHDEVROXWH
IUHTXHQF\RIWKHVLQHZDYHVLQDVLJQDO·VVSHFWUDOFRPSRVLWLRQ7KHQH[WSDUWRIWKLVH[SHULPHQW
JHWV\RXWRXVHWKHUXOHUVWRLGHQWLI\WKHVLQHZDYHVLQWKH)6.VLJQDODWWKHPDUNDQGVSDFH
IUHTXHQFLHVWKDW\RXSUHGLFWHGHDUOLHU
6HWWKHVSHFWUXPDQDO\VHU·V6SHFWUXP5DQJHWRN+]
0RYHWKHPRXVHWRWKHMXQFWLRQRIWKHGLVSOD\·V;DQG<D[HV
1RWH:KHQ\RXGRWKHPRXVHFXUVRUZLOOFKDQJHVKDSHDQGDODEHOZLOOSRSXSGHFODULQJ
´,QDFWLYHµ
&OLFNDQGKROGWKHOHIWPRXVHEXWWRQDQGWKHQPRYHLWOHIWDQGULJKW
1RWH:KHQ\RXGRWKLVDGDVKHGOLQHUHSUHVHQWLQJIUHTXHQF\UXOHUDSSHDUV
1RWH$UXOHUOHJHQGDOVRDSSHDUVLQGLFDWLQJWKHDEVROXWHIUHTXHQF\DWWKHUXOHU
8VHWKHVSHFWUXPDQDO\VHU·VUXOHUWRORFDWHWKHVSHFWUDOFRPSRQHQWLQWKH)6.VLJQDO
WKDWLVDWWKHVSDFHIUHTXHQF\
1RWH6HH7DEOHLI\RX·UHQRWVXUHZKDWWKHVSDFHIUHTXHQF\VKRXOGEH
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJ
([SHULPHQW²3ULQFLSOHVRI*)6.(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
5HWXUQWKHVSHFWUXPDQDO\VHU·V6SHFWUXP5DQJHWRN+]
6HWWKHVSHFWUXPDQDO\VHU·V=RRPWRõ
8VHWKHVSHFWUXPDQDO\VHU·VUXOHUWRORFDWHWKHVSHFWUDOFRPSRQHQWLQWKH)6.VLJQDO
WKDWLVDWWKHPDUNIUHTXHQF\
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJ
'HWHUPLQLQJWKHWKHRUHWLFDOEDQGZLGWKRI)0)6.VLJQDOVLVQRVPDOOWDVN1HLWKHULVLWD
VLPSOHPDWWHUWRGRVRZKHQH[DPLQLQJWKHVLJQDOLQWKHIUHTXHQF\GRPDLQXVLQJDVSHFWUXP
DQDO\VHU7RDSSUHFLDWHWKLVSRLQWIROORZWKHQH[WFRXSOHRIVWHSV
5HWXUQWKHVSHFWUXPDQDO\VHU·V=RRPWRõ
6HWWKHVSHFWUXPDQDO\VHU·V)UHTXHQF\6SDQWRN+]DQGYLHZWKHVLJQDO·VVSHFWUXP
1RWH$V\RXFDQVHHWKHVLJQDO·VVSHFWUXPLVZLGHDVZHOODVFRPSOH[
7RDYRLGWKHFRPSOH[LVVXHRIGHWHUPLQHWKHH[DFWEDQGZLGWKRI)0)6.VLJQDOVZH·OOUHVWULFW
RXUVHOYHVWRDTXDOLWDWLYHVSHFWUXPFRPSDULVRQEHWZHHQ)6.DQG*)6.7RWKDWHQG«
&OLFN)LOHRQWKH3LFR6FRSHVRIWZDUH·VPHQXWRROEDUDQGVHOHFW6DYH&XUUHQW:DYHIRUP
$V
6HOHFW'HVNWRSLQWKH6DYH,QOLQHRIWKHZLQGRZWKDWDSSHDUV
1RWH7KLVZLOOVDYHWKHILOHRQWKHGHVNWRSPDNLQJLWHDVLHUWRILQGODWHU
&KDQJHWKHILOHQDPHWR)6.DQGFOLFNRQ6DYH
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJ
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²3ULQFLSOHVRI*)6.
3DUW&²*HQHUDWLQJD*)6.VLJQDODQGFRPSDULQJLWVVSHFWUDOFRPSRVLWLRQWRWKDWRI)6.
5HFDOOWKDW*)6.LVEDVLFDOO\)6.JHQHUDWHGXVLQJDEDQGOLPLWHGGLJLWDOGDWDVLJQDO7UXH
*)6.EDQGOLPLWVWKHGLJLWDOGDWDVLJQDOXVLQJD*DXVVLDQORZSDVVILOWHU7KLVW\SHRIILOWHULV
WKHRSWLPDOW\SHRIORZSDVVILOWHUWRXVHDVLWPLQLPLVHVWKHVSHFWUDOFRPSRVLWLRQRIWKH
GLJLWDOGDWDVLJQDOZKLOHPDLQWDLQLQJWKHLQWHJULW\RILWVVKDSH+RZHYHUD*DXVVLDQILOWHULVQRW
DYDLODEOHRQWKH(PRQD7HOHFRPV7UDLQHU7KDWEHLQJWKHFDVH3DUW&RIWKHH[SHULPHQW
EDQGOLPLWVWKHGLJLWDOGDWDVLJQDOXVLQJWKH%DVHEDQG/3)RQWKH&KDQQHOPRGXOH7KLVLV
VXIILFLHQWIRURXUSXUSRVHVKHUH
0RGLI\WKHVHWXSDVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHEHORZ
PC-ba sed
Spectrum
Ana lyser
CH A
CH B
)LJXUH
([SHULPHQW²3ULQFLSOHVRI*)6.(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
7KHPRGLILFDWLRQWRWKHVHWXSLQ)LJXUHFDQEHUHSUHVHQWHGE\WKHEORFNGLDJUDPLQ)LJXUH
EHORZ1RWLFHWKDWWKH&KDQQHOPRGXOH·V%DVHEDQG/3)LVXVHGWREDQGOLPLWWKHGLJLWDOGDWD
VLJQDOWRFUHDWHDPRGHORID*)6.VLJQDO
'LJLWDOVLJQDO
7R&+
%DVHEDQG/3) 9&2
&/.
*)6.VLJQDO
N+] 7R&+
&ORFN
6<1& N+]UHVW
IUHTXHQF\
6<1&
7R(;7
'LJLWDOVLJQDOPRGHOOLQJ *)6.PRGHOOLQJ
)LJXUH
([DPLQHWKH*)6.VLJQDORQWKH9&2PRGXOH·VRXWSXW
)RUDUHDG\FRPSDULVRQEHWZHHQWKH)6.VLJQDOJHQHUDWHGHDUOLHUDQGWKLVPRGHORID
*)6.VLJQDOXQSOXJWKHSDWFKOHDGRQWKH%DVHEDQG/3)·VRXWSXWDQGFRQQHFWLWEDFNDQG
IRUWKEHWZHHQWKHILOWHU·VLQSXWDQGRXWSXW
4XHVWLRQ
,VWKHUHDQREVHUYDEOHGLIIHUHQFHLQWKHWLPHGRPDLQEHWZHHQWKH)6.DQG*)6.
VLJQDOV"
1R
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJ
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²3ULQFLSOHVRI*)6.
&KHFNWKDWWKHVSHFWUXPDQDO\VHU·V6SHFWUXP5DQJHLVVWLOOVHWWRN+]
1RWH<RXVKRXOGQRZEHREVHUYLQJWKHVSHFWUXPRIWKH*)6.VLJQDORQWKHVSHFWUXP
DQDO\VHU·VGLVSOD\
7RFRPSDUHWKH*)6.DQG)6.VLJQDOV·VSHFWUDORFDWHWKHILOHFDOOHG)6.WKDW\RXVDYHG
RQWKHGHVNWRSHDUOLHUDQGGRXEOHFOLFNRQLW
1RWH7KLVZLOORSHQWKH´VQDSVKRWµRIWKH)6.VLJQDOVSHFWUXPWKDW\RXWRRNHDUOLHU,I
QHFHVVDU\UHSRVLWLRQLWVR\RXFDQFRPSDUHWKHWZRVSHFWUDVLGHE\VLGH
4XHVWLRQ
,VWKHUHDGLIIHUHQFHLQWKHIUHTXHQF\GRPDLQEHWZHHQWKH)6.VLJQDOJHQHUDWHGHDUOLHU
DQGWKH*)6.VLJQDOSUHVHQWO\EHLQJPRGHOOHG",IVRLQZKDWZD\"
<HV7KH*)6.VLJQDO·VVSHFWUXPLVFRQVLGHUDEO\OHVVFRPSOH[WKDQ)6.EH\RQG
DERXWN+]
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJ
3DUW'²7KHHIIHFWVRIEDQGOLPLWLQJWKHRULJLQDOGLJLWDOGDWDRQWKHUHFRYHUHGGLJLWDO
GDWD
*)6.GRHVQ·WDSSHDUWRFKDQJHWKH)6.VLJQDOVLJQLILFDQWO\LQWKHWLPHGRPDLQEXWDVL]HDEOH
FKXQNRIWKHVSHFWUXPLVUHPRYHG6RZKDWLVWKHLPSDFWRIWKLVLIDQ\RQWKHRXWSXWRIDQ
)6.GHPRGXODWRU"7RGLVFRYHUWKHDQVZHUWRWKLVTXHVWLRQ3DUW'RIWKHH[SHULPHQWJHWV\RX
WRLPSOHPHQWWKH)6.GHPRGXODWRULQWURGXFHGLQDQRWKHU7HOHFRPV7UDLQHUH[SHULPHQW²
WKHHQYHORSHGHWHFWRUZLWKSUHILOWHULQJ
&ORVHWKH3LFR6FRSHVRIWZDUHDQGGLVFRQQHFWLWVKDUGZDUHIURPWKHVHWXS
6HWWKH9DULDEOH'&9PRGXOH·V9'&FRQWUROWRDERXWWKHPLGGOHRILWVWUDYHO
1RWH7KLVVHWVWKH9DULDEOH'&9PRGXOH·VRXWSXWWRDERXW9
/RFDWHWKH7XQHDEOH/RZSDVV)LOWHUPRGXOHDQGWXUQLWV&XWRII)UHTXHQF\$GMXVW
FRQWUROIXOO\FORFNZLVH
6HWWKH7XQHDEOH/RZSDVV)LOWHUPRGXOH·V*DLQFRQWUROWRDERXWWKHPLGGOHRILWVWUDYHO
([SHULPHQW²3ULQFLSOHVRI*)6.(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
0RGLI\WKHVHWXSDVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHEHORZ
VDC
f Cx10 0
GND
VDC
IN OUT
RECTIFIER
fC
SPEECH
A EXOR
GAIN
RC LPF
B A+B IN OUT
)LJXUH
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²3ULQFLSOHVRI*)6.
7KH)6.GHPRGXODWRUWKDW\RX·YHMXVWDGGHGWRWKHVHWXSLQ)LJXUHFDQEHUHSUHVHQWHGE\
WKHEORFNGLDJUDPLQ)LJXUHEHORZ7KH7XQHDEOH/RZSDVV)LOWHUPRGXOHLVXVHGWRSLFNRXW
WKHORZHURIWKH*)6.VLJQDO·V´WZRµVLQHZDYHVHIIHFWLYHO\WXUQLQJWKHVLJQDOLQWR$6.7KH
',2'( 5&/3)WRJHWKHUZLWKWKH5&/3)RQWKH8WLOLWLHVPRGXOHIRUPDQHQYHORSHGHWHFWRU
WRUHFRYHUWKHRULJLQDOGDWD+RZHYHUDV)6.*)6.PRGXODWLRQDGGVRWKHUVLQHZDYHVWRWKH
VLJQDOWKHVHDUHGHPRGXODWHGDORQJZLWKWKHVLQHZDYHVWKDWPDNHXSDFRS\RIWKHRULJLQDO
GLJLWDOGDWDVLJQDO&RQVHTXHQWO\WKHUHFRYHUHGGLJLWDOGDWDVLJQDOQHHGVFOHDQLQJXSDQGD
FRPSDUDWRUFDQEHXVHGIRUWKLVSXUSRVH
7XQHDEOH 8WLOLWLHV
/RZSDVV)LOWHU PRGXOH &RPSDUDWRU
*)6. ,1 'HPRGXODWHG
(QYHORSH
VLJQDO GHWHFWRU *)6.VLJQDO
5()
7R&+
9DULDEOH
'&9
)LJXUH
)RUWKLVW\SHRI)6.*)6.GHPRGXODWLRQWRZRUNWKHFXWRIIIUHTXHQF\RIWKHORZSDVVILOWHU
DWWKHIURQWHQGRIWKHDUUDQJHPHQWPXVWEHDGMXVWHGWRILOWHURXWWKHKLJKHURIWKH*)6.
VLJQDO·V´WZRµVLQHZDYHV7KHQH[WVWHSVJHW\RXWRGRWKLVEHIRUHORRNLQJDWWKHUHFRYHUHG
GDWD
6ORZO\UHGXFHWKH7XQHDEOH/RZSDVV)LOWHUPRGXOH·VFXWRIIIUHTXHQF\XQWLOWKH*)6.
VLJQDO·VKLJKHUIUHTXHQF\FRPSRQHQWKDVEHHQUHPRYHGZKLOHNHHSLQJDVPXFKRIWKH
ORZHUIUHTXHQF\FRPSRQHQWDVSRVVLEOH
4XHVWLRQ
:KLFKRIWKH*)6.VLJQDO·V´WZRµVLQHZDYHVLVWKHILOWHUOHWWLQJWKURXJK"
7KHVSDFHIUHTXHQF\
4XHVWLRQ
:KDWGRHVWKHILOWHUHG*)6.VLJQDOQRZORRNOLNH"
$Q$6.VLJQDO
([SHULPHQW²3ULQFLSOHVRI*)6.(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJ
&KDQJHWKHVFRSH·V&KDQQHOFRQQHFWLRQWRWKHVHWXSDVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHEHORZ
1 00 kHz
Y FREQ
COS
ADDER
1 00 kHz CLK
DIGITAL
DIVIDER HI
8kHz NOISE
DIGITAL LO
2kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz SIGNAL CHANNEL VCO SINE
SINE OUT INPUT
IN OUT
VDC
f Cx10 0
GND
VDC
IN OUT
RECTIFIER
fC
SPEECH
A EXOR
GAIN
RC LPF
B A+B IN OUT
)LJXUH
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²3ULQFLSOHVRI*)6.
7KHFKDQJHWRWKHVFRSH·V&KDQQHOFRQQHFWLRQLQ)LJXUHFDQEHUHSUHVHQWHGE\WKHEORFN
GLDJUDPLQ)LJXUHEHORZ
)LJXUH
6HWWKHVFRSH·V7LPHEDVHWRPVGLY
&RPSDUHWKHWZRGLJLWDOGDWDVLJQDOV,IWKH\·UHQRWWKHVDPHDGMXVWWKH9DULDEOH'&9
PRGXOH·V9'&FRQWUROXQWLOWKH\DUHLJQRULQJDQ\SKDVHVKLIW
1RWH7KLVZLOOUHTXLUHILQHDGMXVWPHQWRIWKHUHIHUHQFHYROWDJHFORVHWR]HURYROWV
1RWH<RXPD\DOVROLNHWRILQHWXQHWKH7XQHDEOH/RZSDVV)LOWHUPRGXOHWRREWDLQ
WKHPRVWGLVWLQFWLYHVLJQDOWRFRQYHUWWRGLJLWDO
1RWH<RXPD\DOVRILQGWKDWWKHVFRSH·V7ULJJHU/HYHOFRQWUROPD\QHHGDGMXVWLQJWR
REWDLQDVWDEOHGLVSOD\
4XHVWLRQ
+RZLVLWSRVVLEOHWRUHPRYHDODUJHSDUWRIDQ)6.VLJQDO·VVSHFWUXPWRWXUQLWLQWR
*)6.\HWVWLOOUHFRYHUWKHRULJLQDOGLJLWDOGDWDVLJQDO"
7KHILOWHULQJPXVWEHDSSURSULDWH7KHFXWRIIIUHTXHQF\FDQQRWEHWRRORZDQGD
*DXVVLDQ/3)VKRXOGEHXVHG7KLVW\SHRI/3)PLQLPLVHVWKHVSHFWUDOFRPSRVLWLRQRI
WKHVLJQDOZKLOHPDLQWDLQLQJWKHLQWHJULW\RILWVVKDSH
([SHULPHQW²3ULQFLSOHVRI*)6.(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHILQLVKLQJ
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²3ULQFLSOHVRI*)6.
1DPH
&ODVV
31VHTXHQFHVSHFWUDDQGQRLVHJHQHUDWLRQ
([SHULPHQW²31VHTXHQFHVSHFWUDDQGQRLVHJHQHUDWLRQ
3UHOLPLQDU\GLVFXVVLRQ
3VHXGRQRLVHVHTXHQFHVRUMXVW31VHTXHQFHVDUHYHU\XVHIXOVLJQDOVLQFRPPXQLFDWLRQVDQG
WHOHFRPPXQLFDWLRQVHVSHFLDOO\IRULPSOHPHQWLQJPRGXODWLRQVFKHPHVVXFKDV'666DQG&'0$
DPRQJRWKHUV7KH\FDQDOVREHXVHGWRJHQHUDWHQRLVHIRUH[SHULPHQWDOSXUSRVHVZKHQ
PRGHOOLQJUHDOZRUOGFRPPXQLFDWLRQVV\VWHPV%XWZKDWH[DFWO\LVD31VHTXHQFH"
7RXQGHUVWDQGWKHDQVZHUWRWKLVTXHVWLRQ\RXPXVWUHWXUQWRWKHVSHFWUDOFRPSRVLWLRQRI
SXOVHWUDLQV5HFDOOWKDWDSXOVHWUDLQLVPDGHXSRIDWKHRUHWLFDOO\LQILQLWHQXPEHURIVLQHZDYHV
²WKHIXQGDPHQWDODQGLWVKDUPRQLFV5HFDOODOVRWKDWWKHIUHTXHQF\DQGDPSOLWXGHRIDSXOVH
WUDLQ·VVLQXVRLGDOFRPSRQHQWVDIIHFWVLWVIUHTXHQF\DQGPDUNVSDFHUDWLRRUGXW\F\FOH
'HVSLWHWKLVWKHVSHFWUDOFRPSRVLWLRQRIDOOSXOVHWUDLQVIROORZVWKHSDWWHUQRIWKHWUXQFDWHG
6LQF)XQFWLRQVKRZQLQ)LJXUHEHORZ
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
1 2 3 4
-0.2
-0.4
)LJXUH
)LJXUHEHORZLOOXVWUDWHVWKLVZLWKDQH[DPSOHRIDN+]VTXDUHZDYHDSXOVHWUDLQZLWKD
PDUNVSDFHUDWLRRIRUDGXW\F\FOH7KLVLVDVSHFWUXPWKDWZRXOGEHIDPLOLDUWR\RX
1 500µs
0.8 1kHz
(1:1)
0.6
1ms
0.4
0.2
3kHz 7kHz and so on...
0
1kHz 5kHz
-0.2
-0.4
)LJXUH
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²31VHTXHQFHVSHFWUD QRLVHJHQHUDWLRQ
)LJXUHEHORZVKRZVWKHVSHFWUDOFRPSRVLWLRQRIDN+]SXOVHWUDLQSXOVHKDYLQJDPDUNVSDFH
UDWLRRIRUDGXW\F\FOH1RWLFHWKDWLWWRRIROORZVWKHSDWWHUQRIWKH6LQF)XQFWLRQ
250µs
1
0.8
1kHz
(1:3)
0.6
1ms
0.4
0.2
5kHz 6k 7kHz
0
1kHz 2k 3kHz 9kHz and so on...
-0.2
-0.4
)LJXUH
7KHH[DPSOHVLQ)LJXUHVDQGDUHLQVWUXFWLYH7RJHWKHUWKH\VKRZXVWKDWVRPHKDUPRQLFV
RIWKHSXOVHWUDLQVKDYHDQDPSOLWXGHRI]HURRUDUH´QXOOHGµDQGWKLVLVWUXHRIDOOSXOVH
WUDLQV6HFRQGDFRPSDULVRQRI)LJXUHVDQGVKRZVXVWKDWDVWKHSXOVHWUDLQ·VPDUNVSDFH
UDWLRGHFUHDVHVWKHQXPEHURIVLJQLILFDQWKDUPRQLFVWKDWPDNHLWXSLQFUHDVHV2USXW
DQRWKHUZD\DVWKHPDUNVSDFHUDWLRGHFUHDVHVWKHQXPEHURIKDUPRQLFVWKDWDUHSUHVHQWLQ
HDFKRIWKH6LQF)XQFWLRQ·VOREHVLQFUHDVHV
1RZVXSSRVHDVHTXHQFHJHQHUDWRUFRQWLQXRXVO\RXWSXWVWKHVHTXHQWLDOELWELQDU\QXPEHU
ZLWKHDFKELWEHLQJVZLGHUHTXLULQJDELWFORFNRIN+],QWKHWLPHGRPDLQWKH
UHVXOWLQJGLJLWDOGDWDVLJQDOLVLGHQWLFDOWRWKHSXOVHWUDLQLQ)LJXUH7KLVPHDQVWKDWWKH
VHTXHQFH·VVSHFWUDOFRPSRVLWLRQPXVWEHLGHQWLFDOWRWKHVSHFWUXPLQ)LJXUHDOVR
7KLVIDFWKDVDFRXSOHRILPSRUWDQWLPSOLFDWLRQV)LUVWZHFDQHVWDEOLVKDJHQHUDOUXOHIRU
GHWHUPLQLQJWKHQXOOHGKDUPRQLFVLQUHSHDWHGVHTXHQWLDOELQDU\QXPEHUVHTXHQFHV7KH\
FRUUHVSRQGZLWKZKROHQXPEHUPXOWLSOHVRIWKHGLJLWDOVLJQDO·VELWFORFNWKDWLVIELWIELWIELW
DQGVRRQ,QWKHFDVHRIRXUUHSHDWHGVHTXHQWLDOELWELQDU\QXPEHUJHQHUDWHGXVLQJD
N+]ELWFORFNWKHQXOOVRFFXUDWN+]N+]N+]DQGVRRQWRLQILQLW\WKHRUHWLFDOO\
6HFRQGLIWKHVHTXHQFHJHQHUDWRU·VFRQWLQXRXVO\UHSHDWHGRXWSXWLVFKDQJHGWRWKHELW
ELQDU\QXPEHUVHTXHQFHWKHPDUNVSDFHUDWLRRIWKHUHVXOWLQJGLJLWDOGDWDVLJQDO
GHFUHDVHVDQGVRPRUHKDUPRQLFVDUHSUHVHQWEHWZHHQWKHQXOOV,PSRUWDQWO\WKRXJKLIDN+]
ELWFORFNLVXVHGWRJHQHUDWHWKHELWVHTXHQFHWKHQXOOVRFFXUDWWKHVDPHIUHTXHQFLHVDV
RXUH[DPSOHLQ)LJXUH6RZLWKWKHQXOOVRFFXUULQJDWWKHVDPHIUHTXHQFLHVEXWZLWKPRUH
KDUPRQLFVEHWZHHQWKHPWKHVSHFWUDOFRPSRVLWLRQRIWKHELWVHTXHQFHPXVWEHULFKHUWKDQ
WKDWRILWVELWFRXQWHUSDUW7KLVJLYHVXVDVHFRQGJHQHUDOUXOH7KHJUHDWHUWKHQXPEHURI
ELWVLQDUHSHDWHGVHTXHQFHIRUDJLYHQELWFORFNWKHJUHDWHUWKHVHTXHQFH·VVSHFWUDO
FRPSRVLWLRQWKRXJKWKLVGRHVQ·WDSSO\WR31VHTXHQFHVZLWKLQWHUQDOO\UHSHDWHGVHTXHQFHVOLNH
«DQG«
([SHULPHQW²31VHTXHQFHVSHFWUD QRLVHJHQHUDWLRQ(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
8VLQJWKH6LQF)XQFWLRQWRDQDO\VHWKHVSHFWUDOFRPSRVLWLRQRIVHYHUDOELQDU\QXPEHU
VHTXHQFHVOLNHDQGVRRQZRXOGTXLFNO\VKRZWKDWWKHQXPEHURI
KDUPRQLFVLQHDFKOREHLVWKHVDPHQXPEHUDVWKHVHTXHQFH·VOHQJWKWKRXJKWKHODVWRQHLV
QXOOHG
)LQDOO\ZHFDQQRZUHWXUQWRWKHTXHVWLRQRIZKDWLVDSVHXGRQRLVHVHTXHQFH,IWKHOHQJWKRI
FHUWDLQELQDU\QXPEHUVHTXHQFHVLVORQJHQRXJKWKHLUVSHFWUDOFRPSRVLWLRQEHFRPHVVRGHQVH
WKDWLWFDQEHXVHGWRPRGHOEDQGZLGWKOLPLWHGZKLWHQRLVH7KDWVDLGWKHUHZRXOGVWLOOEHD
UHSHWLWLYHHOHPHQWWRWKH´QRLVHVLJQDOµDQGVRWKH\·UHFDOOHGSVHXGRRU´DSSDUHQWµQRLVH
VHTXHQFHV
7KHH[SHULPHQW
)RUWKLVH[SHULPHQW\RX·OOXVHWKH(PRQD7HOHFRPV7UDLQHUWRFRQVLGHUDELWDQG
ELWELQDU\QXPEHUVHTXHQFHLQWKHWLPHGRPDLQ<RX·OOWKHQORRNDWWKHGDWDVLJQDOV·VSHFWUDLQ
WKHIUHTXHQF\GRPDLQWRFRQILUPWKHLUVSHFWUDOFRPSRVLWLRQ)LQDOO\\RX·OOXVHWKHVHTXHQFHVWR
JHQHUDWHHOHFWULFDOQRLVHDQGFRPSDUHWKHLUHIIHFWLYHQHVV
,WVKRXOGWDNH\RXDERXWPLQXWHVWRFRPSOHWHWKLVH[SHULPHQW
3UHUHTXLVLWHV
([SHULPHQW9RO6HWWLQJXSDQRVFLOORVFRSH
([SHULPHQW9RO$QLQWURGXFWLRQWRWKH7HOHFRPV7UDLQHU
([SHULPHQW9RO0RGHOOLQJHTXDWLRQV
(TXLSPHQW
(PRQD7HOHFRPV7UDLQHUSOXVSRZHUSDFN
'XDO&KDQQHO0+]RVFLOORVFRSH
6SHFWUXPDQDO\VHUVXFKDVWKH3LFR6FRSH
)RXU(PRQD7HOHFRPV7UDLQHURVFLOORVFRSHOHDGV
$VVRUWHG(PRQD7HOHFRPV7UDLQHUSDWFKOHDGV
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²31VHTXHQFHVSHFWUD QRLVHJHQHUDWLRQ
3URFHGXUH
3DUW$²2EVHUYDWLRQVRI31VHTXHQFHVLQWKHWLPHGRPDLQ
3DUW$JHWV\RXWRVHWXSDELWDQGDELWELQDU\QXPEHUVHTXHQFHDQGFRQVLGHUWKHPLQ
WKHWLPHGRPDLQLQSUHSDUDWLRQIRUORRNLQJDWWKHLUVSHFWUD
*DWKHUDVHWRIWKHHTXLSPHQWOLVWHGRQWKHSUHYLRXVSDJH
&RQQHFWWKHVHWXSVKRZQLQ)LJXUHEHORZ
1RWH,QVHUWWKHEODFNSOXJVRIWKHRVFLOORVFRSHOHDGVLQWRDJURXQG*1'VRFNHW
MASTER SEQUENCE
SIGNALS GENERATOR
LINE
CODE
O
OO NRZ-L
O1 Bi-O SYNC
1 O RZ-AMI
1 1 NRZ-M
1 00 kHz
SINE X
1 00 kHz
COS Y
1 00 kHz CLK
DIGITAL
DIVIDER
8kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz
SINE
IN OUT
)LJXUH
7KLVVHWXSFDQEHUHSUHVHQWHGE\WKHEORFNGLDJUDPLQ)LJXUHEHORZ7KH0DVWHU6LJQDOV
PRGXOH·VN+]',*,7$/RXWSXWLVXVHGWRSURYLGHWKH6HTXHQFH*HQHUDWRUPRGXOH·VELWFORFN
7KH6HTXHQFH*HQHUDWRUPRGXOH·V;RXWSXWLVDFRQWLQXRXVELWVHTXHQWLDOELQDU\QXPEHU
7KHPRGXOH·V6<1&RXWSXWLVDSXOVHWKDWFRUUHVSRQGVZLWKWKHVDPHELWRIWKHVHTXHQFHRQ
HYHU\UHSHWLWLRQ
;VHTXHQFH
7R&+
;
&/. 6<1&
6<1&
N+] 7R&+ (;7
&ORFN
0DVWHU 6HTXHQFH
6LJQDOV *HQHUDWRU
)LJXUH
([SHULPHQW²31VHTXHQFHVSHFWUD QRLVHJHQHUDWLRQ(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
6HWXSWKHVFRSHSHUWKHLQVWUXFWLRQVLQWKH$SSHQGL[
$GMXVWWKHIROORZLQJVFRSHFRQWUROVDVLQGLFDWHG
9HUWLFDO$WWHQXDWLRQFRQWUROIRUERWKFKDQQHOVWRWKH9GLYSRVLWLRQ
,QSXW&RXSOLQJFRQWUROVIRUERWKFKDQQHOVWRWKH'&SRVLWLRQ
7LPHEDVHFRQWUROWRWKHPVGLYSRVLWLRQ
7ULJJHU6RXUFHFRQWUROWRWKH(;7SRVLWLRQ
6HWWKHVFRSH·V0RGHFRQWUROWRWKH'8$/SRVLWLRQWRYLHZERWKWKH6HTXHQFH*HQHUDWRU
PRGXOH·V;DQG6<1&RXWSXWV
1RWH<RXPD\QHHGWRDGMXVWWKHVFRSH·V7ULJJHU/HYHOFRQWUROWRREWDLQDVWDEOH
GLVSOD\
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJ
4XHVWLRQ
&DOFXODWHWKHZLGWKRIHDFKELWLQWKH6HTXHQFH*HQHUDWRUPRGXOH·V;VHTXHQFHIRUWKH
ELWFORFNXVHG1RWH)RUDFFXUDF\KHUH\RXQHHGWREHDZDUHWKDWWKH0DVWHU6LJQDOV
PRGXOH·VN+]RXWSXWVDUHDFWXDOO\N+]
%LWZLGWK V
IELW N+]
4XHVWLRQ
&DOFXODWHWKHGXUDWLRQRIWKHHQWLUHELWVHTXHQFH
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²31VHTXHQFHVSHFWUD QRLVHJHQHUDWLRQ
7RYHULI\\RXUDQVZHUWR4XHVWLRQ«
$FFXUDWHO\PHDVXUHWKHSHULRGRIWKH6HTXHQFH*HQHUDWRU·VPRGXOH·V6<1&VLJQDO
5HFRUG\RXUPHDVXUHPHQWLQ7DEOHEHORZ
1RWH7KH6<1&VLJQDOFRQVLVWVRIDSXOVHWKDWFRUUHVSRQGVZLWKWKHVDPHELWRIHYHU\
VHTXHQFHRQWKH6HTXHQFH*HQHUDWRUPRGXOH·V;RXWSXW6RLWVSHULRGPXVWEHWKHVDPH
DVWKHSHULRGRIWKHELWVHTXHQFHRQWKH6HTXHQFH*HQHUDWRUPRGXOH·V;RXWSXW
7DEOH
6<1&SXOVH
SHULRG
4XHVWLRQ
([SODLQWKHGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQ\RXUPHDVXUHPHQWLQ7DEOHDQG\RXUFDOFXODWHGYDOXH
IRU4XHVWLRQ
$VFRSH·VUHVROXWLRQLVQ·WJRRGHQRXJKWRDFFXUDWHO\UHVROYHEHWZHHQPVDQGPV
7KHUHPD\EHVRPHPHDVXUHPHQWHUURUWRRLIWKHVWXGHQWLVDQLQH[SHULHQFHGVFRSH
XVHU
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJ
([SHULPHQW²31VHTXHQFHVSHFWUD QRLVHJHQHUDWLRQ(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
0RGLI\WKHVHWXSDVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHEHORZ
1RWH5HPHPEHUWKDWWKHGRWWHGOLQHVVKRZOHDGVDOUHDG\LQSODFH
MASTER SEQUENCE
SIGNALS GENERATOR
LINE
CODE
O
OO NRZ-L
O1 Bi-O SYNC
1 O RZ-AMI
1 1 NRZ-M
100 kHz
X
SINE
100 kHz Y
COS
100 kHz CLK
DIGITAL
DIVIDER
8kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz
SINE
IN OUT
)LJXUH
7KLVVHWXSFDQEHUHSUHVHQWHGE\WKHEORFNGLDJUDPLQ)LJXUHEHORZ
;VHTXHQFHELW
7R&+
;
&/. 6<1&
6<1&
N+] 7R(;7
&ORFN <
<VHTXHQFHELW
7R&+
)LJXUH
7KHVFRSHZLOOQRZEHVKRZLQJWKH6HTXHQFH*HQHUDWRUPRGXOH·VWZRVHTXHQFHV+RZHYHU\RX·OO
QRWLFHWKDWWKHVFRSHFDQQRWWULJJHURQWKH< VHTXHQFH7KLVLVEHFDXVHWKHVFRSHWULJJHUVRQ
WKHVDPHELWRIWKH;VHTXHQFHRQHYHU\UHSHWLWLRQXVLQJWKH6HTXHQFH*HQHUDWRUPRGXOH·V
6<1&VLJQDO$VWKH<VHTXHQFHLVELWVORQJDQGDV¸LVQRWDZKROHQXPEHUHYHU\
VZHHSRIWKHVFRSH·VGLVSOD\VWDUWVDWDGLIIHUHQWSRLQWLQWKH< VHTXHQFHUHVXOWLQJLQD
GLIIHUHQWSDWWHUQIRULWRQHYHU\VZHHS
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²31VHTXHQFHVSHFWUD QRLVHJHQHUDWLRQ
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJ
([SHULPHQW²31VHTXHQFHVSHFWUD QRLVHJHQHUDWLRQ(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
3DUW%²2EVHUYDWLRQVRI31VHTXHQFHVLQWKHIUHTXHQF\GRPDLQ
3DUW%JHWV\RXWRH[DPLQHWKHVSHFWUDOFRPSRVLWLRQRIWKHELWDQGDELW6HTXHQFH
*HQHUDWRUPRGXOH·V;DQG< RXWSXWV<RX·OOVWDUWZLWKWKHELWVHTXHQFHEXWDOLWWOH
SUHSDUDWLRQLVQHFHVVDU\ILUVW
4XHVWLRQ
&DOFXODWHWKHIUHTXHQF\RIWKHILUVWIRXUQXOOHGKDUPRQLFVLQWKH6HTXHQFH*HQHUDWRU
PRGXOH·V;VHTXHQFH"7LS,I\RX·UHQRWVXUHKRZWRFDOFXODWHWKLVUHUHDGWKH
SUHOLPLQDU\GLVFXVVLRQ
$VWKHELWFORFNLVN+]WKHILUVWIRXUQXOOVRFFXUDWN+]N+]
N+]DQGN+]
/HW·VYHULI\\RXUDQVZHUXVLQJDVSHFWUXPDQDO\VHU
0RGLI\WKHVHWXSWRLQFOXGHWKHVSHFWUXPDQDO\VHUDVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHEHORZ
1RWH7KHIROORZLQJLQVWUXFWLRQVUHODWHWRD3&EDVHGVSHFWUXPDQDO\VHUFDOOHGWKH
3LFR6FRSH2WKHUVSHFWUXPDQDO\VLVGHYLFHVFDQEHXVHGSURYLGHGWKHEDQGZLGWKLV
DWOHDVWN+]
MASTER SEQUENCE
SIGNALS GENERATOR
LINE
CODE
O
OO NRZ-L
O1 Bi-O SYNC
1O RZ-AMI
11 NRZ-M
10 0 kHz
X
SINE
10 0 kHz Y
COS
10 0 kHz CLK
DIGITAL
DIVIDER
8 kHz
DIGITAL
2 kHz
DIGITAL
2 kHz
SINE
IN OUT
PC-based
Spectrum
Analyser
CH A
CH B
)LJXUH
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²31VHTXHQFHVSHFWUD QRLVHJHQHUDWLRQ
/DXQFKWKH3LFR6FRSHVRIWZDUHDQGVHWLWVVSHFWUXPDQDO\VHUFRQWUROVDVIROORZV
*HQHUDO
6SHFWUXP5DQJHWRN+]
+RUL]RQWDO=RRPWRõ
&KDQQHO$,QSXW5DQJHWR$XWR
&KDQQHO%,QSXW5DQJHWR2II
6SHFWUXP2SWLRQV
6SHFWUXP%LQVWR
:LQGRZ)XQFWLRQWR%ODFNPDQ+DUULV
'LVSOD\0RGHWR0DJQLWXGH
6FDOHWR/RJDULWKPLF
/RJDULWKPLF8QLWWRG%9
1RWH,I\RX·UHXVLQJDVSHFWUXPDQDO\VHURWKHUWKDQWKH3LFR6FRSHVHH\RXU
LQVWUXFWRUIRUDOLVWRIWKHFRQWUROVWRDGMXVWDQGWKHLUDSSURSULDWHVHWWLQJV
1RWH,IWKHVSHFWUXPDQDO\VHUKDVEHHQVHWXSFRUUHFWO\LWVGLVSOD\ZLOOEHVLPLODUWR
)LJXUHEHORZ
)LJXUH
([SHULPHQW²31VHTXHQFHVSHFWUD QRLVHJHQHUDWLRQ(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
4XHVWLRQ
:K\DUHWKHUHPDQ\PRUHOREHVLQWKH;VHTXHQFH·VVSHFWUXPWKDQVXJJHVWHGLQ)LJXUHV
DQGRIWKHSUHOLPLQDU\GLVFXVVLRQ"
%HFDXVH)LJXUHVDQGDUHWUXQFDWHGIRUGLVFXVVLRQSXUSRVHV7KHRUHWLFDOO\WKH
JUDSKV·[D[HVDQGWKH6,1&IXQFWLRQVFRQWLQXHWRLQILQLW\
7KH3LFR6FRSHVSHFWUXPDQDO\VHUKDVUXOHUVWKDWDOORZ\RXWRGHWHUPLQHWKHDEVROXWH
IUHTXHQF\RIWKHVLQHZDYHVLQDVLJQDO·VVSHFWUDOFRPSRVLWLRQ7KHQH[WSDUWRIWKLVH[SHULPHQW
JHWV\RXWRXVHWKHUXOHUVWRFKHFN\RXUDQVZHUWR4XHVWLRQ
6HWWKHVSHFWUXPDQDO\VHU·V6SHFWUXP5DQJHWRN+]
0RYHWKHPRXVHWRWKHMXQFWLRQRIWKHGLVSOD\·V;DQG<D[HV
1RWH:KHQ\RXGRWKHPRXVHFXUVRUZLOOFKDQJHVKDSHDQGDODEHOZLOOSRSXSGHFODULQJ
´,QDFWLYHµ
&OLFNDQGKROGWKHOHIWPRXVHEXWWRQDQGWKHQPRYHLWOHIWDQGULJKW
1RWH:KHQ\RXGRWKLVDGDVKHGOLQHUHSUHVHQWLQJIUHTXHQF\UXOHUDSSHDUV
1RWH$UXOHUOHJHQGDOVRDSSHDUVLQGLFDWLQJWKHDEVROXWHIUHTXHQF\DWWKHUXOHU
8VHWKHVSHFWUXPDQDO\VHU·VUXOHUWRFKHFNWKDWWKHIUHTXHQFLHV\RXOLVWHGLQ\RXU
DQVZHUWR4XHVWLRQDUHQXOOHGDV\RXSUHGLFWHG
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJ
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²31VHTXHQFHVSHFWUD QRLVHJHQHUDWLRQ
4XHVWLRQ
7KHRUHWLFDOO\KRZPDQ\KDUPRQLFVPDNHXSHDFKOREHLQWKHVSHFWUXPRIWKH6HTXHQFH
*HQHUDWRUPRGXOH·V;RXWSXW"
6HTXHQFHOHQJWK ELWVVRKDUPRQLFV7KDWVDLGWKHODVWRQHLVQXOOHG
7RYHULI\\RXUDQVZHUWR4XHVWLRQ«
6HWWKHVSHFWUXPDQDO\VHU·V6SHFWUXP5DQJHWRN+]
1RWH7KHVFUHHQZRQ·WXSGDWHDVTXLFNO\DVEHIRUHVR\RX·OOKDYHWRZDLWDIHZVHFRQGV
WRVHHFKDQJHV
8VHWKHVSHFWUXPDQDO\VHU·VUXOHUWRORFDWHWKHQXOODWN+]
&RXQWWKHQXPEHURIVLJQLILFDQWKDUPRQLFVLQWKHVLJQDO·VILUVWOREH
1RWH<RXUFRXQWVKRXOGPDWFK\RXUDQVZHUWR4XHVWLRQ,IQRWLQYHVWLJDWHZKLFKRQH
LVZURQJ
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJ
([SHULPHQW²31VHTXHQFHVSHFWUD QRLVHJHQHUDWLRQ(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
1RZOHW·VFRPSDUHWKH6HTXHQFH*HQHUDWRUPRGXOH·V;DQG< VHTXHQFHV
5HWXUQWKHVSHFWUXPDQDO\VHU·V6SHFWUXP5DQJHWRN+]
&OLFN)LOHRQWKH3LFR6FRSHVRIWZDUH·VPHQXWRROEDUDQGVHOHFW6DYH&XUUHQW:DYHIRUP
$V
6HOHFW'HVNWRSLQWKH6DYH,QOLQHRIWKHZLQGRZWKDWDSSHDUV
1RWH7KLVZLOOVDYHWKHILOHRQWKHGHVNWRSPDNLQJLWHDVLHUWRILQGODWHU
&KDQJHWKHILOHQDPHWRELW6HTXHQFHDQGFOLFNRQ6DYH
0RGLI\WKHVSHFWUXPDQDO\VHU·VFRQQHFWLRQWRWKHVHWXSDVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHEHORZ
MASTER SEQUENCE
SIGNALS GENERATOR
LINE
CODE
O
OO NRZ-L
O1 Bi-O SYNC
1 O RZ-AMI
1 1 NRZ-M
10 0kHz
SINE X
10 0kHz Y
COS
10 0kHz CLK
DIGITAL
DIVIDER
8 kHz
DIGITAL
2 kHz
DIGITAL
2 kHz
SINE
IN OUT
PC-ba sed
Spectrum
Ana lyser
CH A
CH B
)LJXUH
7RFRPSDUHWKHELWDQGELWVHTXHQFHVSHFWUDORFDWHWKHILOHFDOOHGELW
6HTXHQFHWKDW\RXVDYHGRQWKHGHVNWRSHDUOLHUDQGGRXEOHFOLFNRQLW
1RWH7KLVZLOORSHQWKH´VQDSVKRWµRIWKHELWVHTXHQFHVSHFWUXPWKDW\RXWRRN
HDUOLHU,IQHFHVVDU\UHSRVLWLRQLWVR\RXFDQFRPSDUHWKHWZRVSHFWUDVLGHE\VLGH
&RXQWWKHQXPEHURIOREHVLQERWKVSHFWUD
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²31VHTXHQFHVSHFWUD QRLVHJHQHUDWLRQ
4XHVWLRQ
:K\GRWKHVSHFWUDKDYHWKHVDPHQXPEHURIOREHVZKHQWKHVHTXHQFHVDUHGLIIHUHQFH
OHQJWKV"
7KHQXPEHURIOREHVLQDVSHFWUXPUDQJHLVDIXQFWLRQRIWKHVHTXHQFHJHQHUDWRU·V
ELWFORFN,QWKLVFDVHWKHELWFORFNLVWKHVDPHIRUWKH;DQG< VHTXHQFHV
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJ
1RZOHW·VFRQVLGHUWKHELWVHTXHQFHPRUHFORVHO\%XWILUVWDOLWWOHPRUHSUHSDUDWLRQ
&ORVHWKHILOHRIWKHELWVHTXHQFHVSHFWUXP
4XHVWLRQ
&DOFXODWHWKHIUHTXHQF\RIWKHILUVWIRXUQXOOHGKDUPRQLFVLQWKH6HTXHQFH*HQHUDWRU
PRGXOH·V< VHTXHQFH"
7KHELWFORFNLVVWLOON+]VRWKHILUVWIRXUQXOOVRFFXUDWWKHVDPHIUHTXHQFLHV
DVEHIRUH7KDWLVN+]N+]N+]DQGN+]
7RYHULI\\RXUDQVZHUWR4XHVWLRQ«
6HWWKHVSHFWUXPDQDO\VHU·V6SHFWUXP5DQJHWRN+]
8VHWKHVSHFWUXPDQDO\VHU·VUXOHUWRFKHFNWKDWWKHIUHTXHQFLHV\RXOLVWHGLQ\RXU
DQVZHUWR4XHVWLRQDUHQXOOHGDV\RXSUHGLFWHG
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJ
([SHULPHQW²31VHTXHQFHVSHFWUD QRLVHJHQHUDWLRQ(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
4XHVWLRQ
7KHRUHWLFDOO\KRZPDQ\KDUPRQLFVPDNHXSHDFKOREHLQWKHVSHFWUXPRIWKH6HTXHQFH
*HQHUDWRUPRGXOH·V< RXWSXW"
6HTXHQFHOHQJWK ELWVVRKDUPRQLFVZLWKWKHODVWRQHQXOOHG
6HHLI\RXFDQYHULI\\RXUDQVZHUWR4XHVWLRQE\VHWWLQJWKHVSHFWUXPDQDO\VHU·V
6SHFWUXP5DQJHWRN+]WRH[DPLQHWKHVSHFWUDOFRPSRVLWLRQRIWKHVLJQDO·VILUVW
OREH
4XHVWLRQ
:K\FDQ·W\RXDFFXUDWHO\FRXQWWKHKDUPRQLFVLQWKHVLJQDO·VILUVWOREH"
7KHUHDUHWRRPDQ\DQGVRWKH\·UHWRRFORVHWRJHWKHU1RWH7KHUHVROXWLRQFDQEH
LPSURYHGE\UHGXFLQJWKHVSDQEXW\RXORVHWKHXSSHUSRUWLRQRIWKHOREH
4XHVWLRQ
:KLFKRIWKH6HTXHQFH*HQHUDWRUPRGXOH·VWZRVHTXHQFHVKDVWKHJUHDWHUKDUPRQLF
FRQWHQW"
7KH< VHTXHQFH
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJ
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²31VHTXHQFHVSHFWUD QRLVHJHQHUDWLRQ
$VWKHUHDUHKDUPRQLFVLQWKHHDFKRIWKHVLJQDO·VOREHVWKH\VKRXOGEHDERXW+]
DSDUWN+]¸8VHIXOO\WKHVSHFWUXPDQDO\VHUKDVWZRIUHTXHQF\UXOHUV$SDUWIURP
DOORZLQJ\RXWRPHDVXUHWKHDEVROXWHIUHTXHQF\RIWZRVLQHZDYHVDWRQFHLWDOVRDOORZV\RXWR
PHDVXUHWKHGLIIHUHQFHLQIUHTXHQF\EHWZHHQWKHUXOHUV7KLVLQIRUPDWLRQLVGLVSOD\HGLQWKH
UXOHUOHJHQGLQWKHGHOWD∆FROXPQ
6HWWKHVSHFWUXPDQDO\VHU·V6SHFWUXP5DQJHWR+]
1RWH,W·OOWDNHRYHUVHFRQGVIRUWKHDQDO\VHU·VGLVSOD\WRXSGDWHVREHSDWLHQW
0RYHWKHPRXVHWRWKHMXQFWLRQRIWKHGLVSOD\·V;DQG<D[HV
1RWH:KHQ\RXGRWKHPRXVHFXUVRUZLOOFKDQJHVKDSHDQGDODEHOZLOOSRSXSGHFODULQJ
´,QDFWLYHµ
&OLFNDQGKROGWKHOHIWPRXVHEXWWRQDQGWKHQPRYHLWOHIWDQGULJKW
1RWH:KHQ\RXGRWKLVDVHFRQGGDVKHGOLQHUHSUHVHQWLQJIUHTXHQF\UXOHU
DSSHDUV
1RWH1RWLFHWKDWWKHUXOHUOHJHQGQRZLQGLFDWHVWKHDEVROXWHIUHTXHQF\DWUXOHU
DVZHOODVUXOHU,WDOVRLQGLFDWHVWKHGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQWKHUXOHUVLQWKHGHOWD∆
FROXPQ
$OLJQWKHUXOHUVRQDGMDFHQWVLJQLILFDQWKDUPRQLFVWRPHDVXUHWKHGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQ
WKHP
1RWH7KHGLIIHUHQFHVKRXOGEHYHU\FORVHWRWKHYDOXHPHQWLRQHGDERYH
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJ
([SHULPHQW²31VHTXHQFHVSHFWUD QRLVHJHQHUDWLRQ(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
3DUW&²8VLQJ31VHTXHQFHVWRJHQHUDWHQRLVH
7KHWKHRUHWLFDOSURSRVLWLRQRI´ZKLWHQRLVHµLVLPSRVVLEOHLQSUDFWLFH7RH[SODLQDQLQILQLWH
QXPEHURIVLQHZDYHVZLWKRUZLWKRXWHTXDOSRZHUGHQVLW\ZRXOGUHTXLUHDQLQILQLWHDPRXQWRI
SRZHU+RZHYHUDV\RXKDYHMXVWVHHQORQJ31VHTXHQFHVDUHULFKLQKDUPRQLFV0RUHRYHU
DOWKRXJKWKHVSHFWUXPRI31VHTXHQFHVKDYHOREHVRIFKDQJLQJDPSOLWXGHVPDOOSRUWLRQVRILWV
VSHFWUXPDUHUHODWLYHO\IODWDSRLQW\RXPD\KDYHQRWLFHGDW6WHS7KDWEHLQJWKHFDVHLW·V
SRVVLEOHWRLVRODWHDVPDOOSRUWLRQRID31VHTXHQFH·VVSHFWUXPXVLQJDILOWHUWRPRGHOEDQG
OLPLWHGZKLWHQRLVH3DUW&RIWKLVH[SHULPHQWGHPRQVWUDWHVWKLV
0LQLPLVHWKH3LFR6FRSHZLQGRZ<RX·OOQHHGLWDJDLQODWHUEXWQRWMXVWQRZ
&RPSOHWHO\GLVPDQWOHWKHFXUUHQWVHWXS
/RFDWHWKH9&2PRGXOHDQGWXUQLWV*DLQFRQWUROIXOO\DQWLFORFNZLVH
7XUQWKH9&2PRGXOH·V)UHTXHQF\$GMXVWFRQWUROIXOO\FORFNZLVH
6HWWKH9&2PRGXOH·V5DQJHFRQWUROWRWKH+,SRVLWLRQ
&RQQHFWWKHVHWXSVKRZQLQ)LJXUHEHORZ
VCO
DIGITAL
GAIN
FREQ
HI
LO
VCO SINE
INPUT
)LJXUH
6HWXSWKHVFRSHSHUWKHLQVWUXFWLRQVLQWKH$SSHQGL[
1RWH(QVXUHWKDWWKHVFRSH·V7ULJJHU6RXUFHFRQWUROLVVHWWRWKH&+RU,17
SRVLWLRQ
$GMXVWWKHVFRSH·V7LPHEDVHWRYLHZWZRMXVWRQHF\FOHRIWKH9&2PRGXOH·VRXWSXW
$GMXVWWKH9&2PRGXOH·V)UHTXHQF\$GMXVWFRQWUROWRREWDLQDN+]VLQHZDYH
7LS&DOFXODWHWKHSHULRGRIN+]DQGXVHWKHVFRSHWRKHOSVHWWKHSHULRGRIWKH9&2
PRGXOH·VRXWSXWWRWKHVDPHYDOXH
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²31VHTXHQFHVSHFWUD QRLVHJHQHUDWLRQ
/RFDWHWKH7XQHDEOH/RZSDVV)LOWHUPRGXOHDQGVHWLWV*DLQFRQWUROWRDERXWWKHPLGGOH
RILWVWUDYHO
7XUQWKH7XQHDEOH/RZSDVV)LOWHUPRGXOH·V&XWRII)UHTXHQF\$GMXVWFRQWUROIXOO\
FORFNZLVH
1RWH7KLVVHWVWKH7XQHDEOH/RZSDVV)LOWHUPRGXOH·VFXWRIIIUHTXHQF\WRN+]
&RQQHFWWKHVHWXSDVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHEHORZ
FREQ Y fC
CLK
HI DIVIDER
LO
GAIN
VCO SINE
INPUT
IN OUT IN OUT
)LJXUH
7KLVVHWXSFDQQRZEHUHSUHVHQWHGE\WKHEORFNGLDJUDPLQ)LJXUHEHORZ$V\RXNQRZWKH
VSHFWUDOFRPSRVLWLRQRIWKH6HTXHQFH*HQHUDWRUPRGXOH·V< RXWSXWLQFOXGHVVLQHZDYHVSHU
OREH$TXLFNFDOFXODWLRQWHOOVXVWKDWZLWKDN+]ELWFORFNWKHVLQHZDYHVDUHVHSDUDWHGE\
+]N+]¸ +]
9&2 6HTXHQFH 7XQHDEOH
PRGXOH *HQHUDWRU /RZSDVV)LOWHU
&/. <
7R&+
N+]
&ORFN
)LJXUH
([SHULPHQW²31VHTXHQFHVSHFWUD QRLVHJHQHUDWLRQ(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
6HWWKHVFRSH·V7LPHEDVHFRQWUROWRWKHPVGLYSRVLWLRQ
2EVHUYHWKHVLJQDORQWKH7XQHDEOH/RZSDVV)LOWHUPRGXOH·VRXWSXW
1RWH<RXPD\QHHGWRDGMXVWWKHVFRSH·V7ULJJHU/HYHOFRQWUROWRREWDLQDVWDEOH
GLVSOD\
4XHVWLRQ
:KDWGRHVWKHVLJQDORQWKH7XQHDEOH/RZSDVV)LOWHUPRGXOH·VRXWSXWORRNOLNH"
(OHFWULFDOQRLVH
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJ
7KHVLJQDORQWKH7XQHDEOH/RZSDVV)LOWHUPRGXOH·VRXWSXWLVQ·W´ZKLWHµQRLVHEHFDXVHLWLV
EDQGZLGWKOLPLWHG1RULVWKHVLJQDOWUXO\´QRLVHµ7KLVFDQEHGHPRQVWUDWHGXVLQJWKHVFRSH
7UXHQRLVHLVQRQUHSHWLWLYH+RZHYHUWKHVLJQDORQWKH7XQHDEOH/RZSDVV)LOWHUPRGXOH·V
RXWSXWUHSHDWVLWVHOIHYHU\PV>7KLVILJXUHLVFDOFXODWHGXVLQJWKHELWFORFN·VSHULRG¸
+]DQGPXOWLSO\LQJLWE\WKH31VHTXHQFH·VQXPEHURIELWV@7KHUHSHWLWLYH
QDWXUHRIWKH´QRLVHµ\RXKDYHPRGHOOHGFDQEHREVHUYHGXVLQJWKHVFRSH
/RRNFORVHO\DWWKHVLJQDO<RXVKRXOGVHHLWUHSHDWLWVHOIDERXWWLPHVDFURVVWKH
GLVSOD\
0HDVXUHWKH´QRLVHµVLJQDO·VSHULRG
1RWH<RXVKRXOGILQGLWLVFORVHWRWKHILJXUHTXRWHGDERYH
4XHVWLRQ
*LYHQWKHVLJQDORQWKH7XQHDEOH/RZSDVV)LOWHUPRGXOH·VRXWSXWLVUHSHWLWLYHZKDW·VD
EHWWHUQDPHIRULWWKDQ´QRLVHµ"
3VHXGRQRLVH
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²31VHTXHQFHVSHFWUD QRLVHJHQHUDWLRQ
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJ
4XHVWLRQ
+RZPDQ\VLQHZDYHVLVWKH´QRLVHµVLJQDOPDGHXSRI"7LS+RZPDQ\RIWKHVLQHZDYHVLQ
WKHVLJQDO·VILUVWOREHZRXOGSDVVWKURXJKWKHILOWHU"
7RYHULI\\RXUDQVZHUWR4XHVWLRQ«
0RGLI\WKHVHWXSWRLQFOXGHWKHVSHFWUXPDQDO\VHUDVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHEHORZ
VCO SEQUENCE TUNEABLE
GENERATOR LPF
LINE
CODE
O
DIGITAL
1
f Cx10 0
OO NRZ-L
O1 Bi-O SYNC
1 O RZ-AMI
GAIN
1 1 NRZ-M
FREQ Y fC
CLK
HI DIVIDER
LO
GAIN
VCO SINE
INPUT
IN OUT IN OUT
PC-based
Spectrum
Analyser
CH A
CH B
)LJXUH
0D[LPLVHWKH3LFR6FRSHZLQGRZ
1RWH,I\RXVKXWWKHVRIWZDUHGRZQHDUOLHUUHODXQFKLWDQGUHSHDW6WHS
([SHULPHQW²31VHTXHQFHVSHFWUD QRLVHJHQHUDWLRQ(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
6HWWKHVSHFWUXPDQDO\VHU·V6SHFWUXP5DQJHWRN+]
8VHWKHVSHFWUXPDQDO\VHU·VUXOHUWRLQGLFDWHRQWKHVFUHHQWKH7XQHDEOH/RZSDVV
)LOWHU·VFXWRIIIUHTXHQF\
&RXQWWKHQXPEHURIVLJQLILFDQWKDUPRQLFVEHWZHHQ+]DQGWKHILOWHU·VFXWRII
IUHTXHQF\
1RWH<RXUFRXQWVKRXOGPDWFK\RXUDQVZHUWR4XHVWLRQ,IQRWZRUNRXWZKLFKRQH
LVZURQJ
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJ
0RGLI\WKHVHWXSDVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHEHORZ
VCO SEQUENCE TUNEABLE
GENERATOR LPF
LINE
CODE
O
DIGITAL
1
f Cx10 0
OO NRZ-L
O1 Bi-O SYNC
1 O RZ-AMI
GAIN
1 1 NRZ-M
FREQ Y fC
CLK
HI DIVIDER
LO
GAIN
VCO SINE
INPUT
IN OUT IN OUT
PC-based
Spectrum
Analyser
CH A
CH B
)LJXUH
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²31VHTXHQFHVSHFWUD QRLVHJHQHUDWLRQ
2EVHUYHWKH7XQHDEOH/RZSDVVILOWHUPRGXOH·VQHZRXWSXWVLJQDO
4XHVWLRQ
:K\GRHVQ·WWKHVLJQDOORRNOLNHHOHFWULFDOQRLVHDQ\PRUH"
%HFDXVHWKH6HTXHQFH*HQHUDWRUPRGXOH·V;RXWSXWLVRQO\DELWVHTXHQFHZKLFK
PHDQVWKDWWKHUHDUHRQO\VLJQLILFDQWVLQHZDYHVLQVLGHWKHILOWHU·VSDVVEDQG
7RYHULI\\RXUDQVZHUWR4XHVWLRQ«
0D[LPLVHWKH3LFR6FRSHZLQGRZ
&RXQWWKHQXPEHURIVLJQLILFDQWKDUPRQLFVEHWZHHQ+]DQGWKHILOWHU·VFXWRII
IUHTXHQF\
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHILQLVKLQJ
([SHULPHQW²31VHTXHQFHVSHFWUD QRLVHJHQHUDWLRQ(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
:K\DUHWKH7HOHFRPV7UDLQHU6HTXHQFH*HQHUDWRUPRGXOH·VRXWSXWVDQG
ELWVORQJ"
<RXPD\EHZRQGHULQJZK\WKHOHQJWKRIWKHVHTXHQFHVIRUWKH7HOHFRPV7UDLQHU
6HTXHQFH*HQHUDWRUPRGXOH·VRXWSXWVDUHDQGELWVORQJ7RH[SODLQVKLIWUHJLVWHU
FLUFXLWVNQRZQDVOLQHDUIHHGEDFNVKLIWUHJLVWHUVKDYHEHHQXVHGWRJHQHUDWHWKHP
7KHVHFLUFXLWVDUHVLPLODUWRULQJFRXQWHUVLQWKDWWKH\UHF\FOHGDWDWKURXJKWKHVKLIW
UHJLVWHU+RZHYHUWKH\DOVRLQFOXGHIHHGEDFNYLDH[FOXVLYH25JDWHVDWNH\SRLQWVWR
FKDQJHWKHGDWDZRUGDVLWF\FOHVWKURXJK7KDWVDLGWKLVGRHVQ·WJHQHUDWHSXUHO\
UDQGRPQXPEHUVDVWKHGDWDSDWWHUQPXVWUHSHDW+RZHYHUFHUWDLQIHHGEDFN
FRQQHFWLRQVFUHDWHSDUWLFXODUO\ORQJVHTXHQFHVDQGWKHVHDUHNQRZQDVPD[LPDOOHQJWK
VHTXHQFHV0/6
0D[LPDOOHQJWKVHTXHQFHVKDYHVHYHUDOLQWHUHVWLQJSURSHUWLHV
L 7KH\KDYHDOPRVWHTXDOVDQGV«DFWXDOO\OHVVWKDQV
LL 7KH\KDYHHTXDOQXPEHURI´UXQVµRIVDQGV\RXFDQUHDGLO\VHHWKLVXVLQJWKH
6HTXHQFH*HQHUDWRUPRGXOH·VELWVHTXHQFH
LLL 7KH\FUHDWHDVSHFWUXPZLWKQRPLVVLQJKDUPRQLFV
LY 7KH\QHYHUUHSHDWZLWKLQWKHPVHOYHVXQOLNHWKHVHTXHQFHVPHQWLRQHGDWERWWRPRI
SDJH
7KHVHSURSHUWLHVPDNHPD[LPDOOHQJWKVHTXHQFHVLGHDOIRU31VHTXHQFHVXVHGIRU
DSSOLFDWLRQVOLNHHQFU\SWLRQHQFRGLQJHWF1DWXUDOO\WKHQOLQHDUIHHGEDFNVKLIWUHJLVWHUV
JHQHUDWLQJPD[LPDOOHQJWKVHTXHQFHVDUHXVHGIRUWKH(PRQD7HOHFRPV7UDLQHU
6HTXHQFH*HQHUDWRUPRGXOH
)RUWKH;RXWSXWDELWVKLIWUHJLVWHULVXVHGPDNLQJLWELWVORQJWKDWLVDQG
IRUWKH< RXWSXWDQELWELWVKLIWHUUHJLVWHULVXVHGJLYLQJELWVWKDWLV
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²31VHTXHQFHVSHFWUD QRLVHJHQHUDWLRQ
1DPH
&ODVV
/LQHFRGLQJDQGELWFORFNUHJHQHUDWLRQ
([SHULPHQW²/LQHFRGLQJDQGELWFORFNUHJHQHUDWLRQ
3UHOLPLQDU\GLVFXVVLRQ
/LQHFRGLQJ
$V\RXNQRZORJLFDQGORJLFLQGLJLWDOV\VWHPVDUHUHSUHVHQWHGE\DVVLJQHGYROWDJHV)RU
H[DPSOHWKH77/ORJLFLVUHSUHVHQWHGE\9DQGWKH77/ORJLFLVUHSUHVHQWHGE\9RUE\
DFFHSWDEOHYROWDJHVUHODWLYHO\FORVHWR9DQG9$V\RXDOVRNQRZWKHORJLFOHYHOVIRURWKHU
ORJLFIDPLOLHVOLNH&026(&/HWFDUHQRWQHFHVVDULO\9DQG97KLVWHOOVXVWKDWORJLFOHYHOV
FDQEHUHSUHVHQWHGE\DQ\SDLURIYROWDJHVZHOLNH7KDWVDLGWKHFKRLFHRIZKLFKYROWDJHVWR
XVHLVQRWDVDUELWUDU\DVWKDWPD\VHHP,W·VXVXDOO\DQHQJLQHHULQJGHFLVLRQPDGHWRFRQIHUDQ
DGYDQWDJH
,PSRUWDQWO\WKLVLVDOVRWUXHIRUWKHFKRLFHRIYROWDJHVXVHGZKHQVHQGLQJGLJLWDOVLJQDOVRYHU
WUDQVPLVVLRQOLQHVOLNHWHOHSKRQHOLQHV6WDQGDUG77/DQG&026YROWDJHVDUHOHVVWKDQLGHDO
IRUWKLVSXUSRVH0RUHRYHUHYHQWKHEDVLFSUHPLVHRIKROGLQJWKHYROWDJHDWDSDUWLFXODUYDOXH
IRUWKHHQWLUHGXUDWLRQRIWKHORJLFVWDWH·VYDOXHFDQEHGLVDGYDQWDJHRXV)RUWKHVHUHDVRQV
GLJLWDOVLJQDOVZLWKLQV\VWHPVDUHRIWHQFRQGLWLRQHGIRUWUDQVPLVVLRQOLQHFRPPXQLFDWLRQVDQG
WKLVLVFDOOHGOLQHFRGLQJ
7KHUHDUHTXLWHDIHZOLQHFRGHV)RXURIWKHPDUH
1RQUHWXUQWR]HUR²OHYHOELSRODU15=/
$V\RXFDQVHHIURP)LJXUHRQWKHQH[WSDJHWKLVFRGHLVDVLPSOHVFDOHDQGOHYHOVKLIWRI
WKHRULJLQDOGLJLWDOVLJQDO
%LSKDVH²OHYHO%Lij/DOVRNQRZQDV0DQFKHVWHUFRGH
)LJXUHVKRZVWKDWWKLVFRGHFKDQJHVVWDWHIURP9WR²9LQWKHPLGGOHRIWKHELWSHULRG
IRUDOOORJLFVDQGFKDQJHVIURP²9WR9LQWKHPLGGOHRIWKHELWSHULRGIRUDOOORJLFV
)RUFRQVHFXWLYHELWVZLWKWKHVDPHORJLFOHYHOWKHYROWDJHPXVWLQYHUWDIWHUKDOIDELW
OHQJWKLQRUGHUWRVDWLVI\WKLVUXOHIRUWKHQH[WELW
5HWXUQWR]HUR²DOWHUQDWHPDUNLQYHUVLRQ5=$0,
)LJXUHVKRZVWKDWWKLVFRGHXVHV9WRUHSUHVHQWORJLFDQGDKDOIELWSXOVHWRUHSUHVHQW
ORJLF,PSRUWDQWO\WKHSRODULW\RIWKHSXOVHVDOWHUQDWHVIRUHYHU\VXFFHVVLYHORJLFHYHQ
LIWKH\·UHQRWFRQVHFXWLYHELWV
1RQUHWXUQWR]HUR²PDUNELSRODU15=0
)LJXUHVKRZVWKDWWKLVFRGHFKDQJHVVWDWHIRUHDFKQHZORJLFDQGGRHVQ·WFKDQJHVWDWH
IRUDQ\ORJLFV
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²/LQHFRGLQJ ELWFORFNUHJHQHUDWLRQ
0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0
5V
TTL
0V
NRZ-L 0V
Bio-L 0V
RZ-AMI 0V
NRZ-M 0V
)LJXUH
7DEOHEHORZFRPSDUHVWKHPLQLPXPEDQGZLGWKUHTXLUHPHQWVIRUSURSDJDWLQJWKHVHVLJQDOV
DORQJWUDQVPLVVLRQOLQHV,WDOVRVKRZVWKHOLQHFRGH·VXVHIXOQHVVIRUELWFORFNUHJHQHUDWLRQ
7DEOH
/LQHFRGH 0LQLPXP %LWFORFN
EDQGZLGWK UHJHQHUDWLRQ
IE
15=/ 3RRU
%Lij/ IE 9HU\JRRG
IE
5=$0, *RRG
IE
15=0 3RRU
([SHULPHQW²/LQHFRGLQJ ELWFORFNUHJHQHUDWLRQ(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
$V\RXFDQVHH5=$0,RIIHUVWKHEHVWFRPSURPLVHRIWKHIRXUEHWZHHQEDQGZLGWKDQGELW
FORFNUHJHQHUDWLRQDVZHOODVRWKHUOLQHFRGHFKDUDFWHULVWLFVQRWPHQWLRQHGKHUHDQGVRLWLV
ZLGHO\XVHG
%LWFORFNUHJHQHUDWLRQ
,QGLJLWDOFRPPXQLFDWLRQVRQFHWKHWUDQVPLWWHGVLJQDOKDVEHHQGHPRGXODWHGE\WKHUHFHLYHU
DQGWKHGLJLWDOGDWDVLJQDOFOHDQHGXSWKHGDWDELWVDUHUHDG:KDWHYHUWKHFLUFXLWRUGHYLFH
WKDWGRHVWKHUHDGLQJLWPXVWKDYHDELWFORFNWKDWLVV\QFKURQLVHGWRWKHELWFORFNRIWKH
RULJLQDOGLJLWDOGDWD,IQRWVRPHELWVDUHUHDGPRUHWKDQRQFHDQGRURWKHUELWVDUHQRWUHDG
DWDOO%RWKUHVXOWLQGDWDHUURUV
:KHQLPSOHPHQWLQJRWKHU7HOHFRPV7UDLQHUGLJLWDOH[SHULPHQWVELWFORFNV\QFKURQLVDWLRQ
LVDFKLHYHGE\VLPSO\VWHDOLQJWKHELWFORFNXVLQJDSDWFKOHDG7KLVLVREYLRXVO\QRWSRVVLEOHLQ
SUDFWLFHIRUZLUHOHVVFRPPXQLFDWLRQVDQGLVLPSUDFWLFDOIRUWUDQVPLVVLRQOLQHFRPPXQLFDWLRQV
EHFDXVHDQDGGLWLRQDOOLQHLVQHHGHG$VVXFKDPHWKRGRIUHPRWHO\V\QFKURQLVLQJWKHWZRELW
FORFNVLVQHFHVVDU\7KLVLVWKHDLPRIELWFORFNUHJHQHUDWLRQ%&5
7KHUHDUHPDQ\ZD\VRILPSOHPHQWLQJELWFORFNUHJHQHUDWLRQ7RXQGHUVWDQGRSHQORRSPHWKRGV
RI%&5\RXKDYHWRXQGHUVWDQGWKDWWKHVSHFWUDOFRPSRVLWLRQRIWKHGLJLWDOGDWDVLJQDO
FRQVLVWVRIDIXQGDPHQWDODQGKDUPRQLFVWKDWDUHVXEPXOWLSOHVDQGPXOWLSOHVRIWKHRULJLQDO
GDWD·VELWFORFNWKLVLVVXHLVH[DPLQHGLQ([SHULPHQW8VHIXOO\WKHVSHFWUDOFRPSRVLWLRQRI
OLQHFRGHVVXFKDV%LSKDVH²OHYHO%Lij/RU0DQFKHVWHUFRGHFRQVLVWRIDVLJQLILFDQWKDUPRQLF
DWWKHRULJLQDOELWFORFN,QZKLFKFDVHWKLVKDUPRQLFFDQEHUHFRYHUHGXVLQJDQDSSURSULDWHO\
VHOHFWLYHEDQGSDVVILOWHU
2WKHUVOLQHFRGHVOLNHWKHRWKHUWKUHHPHQWLRQHGRQSDJHGRQ·WKDYHDVLJQLILFDQW
KDUPRQLFDWWKHELWFORFNIUHTXHQF\+RZHYHUWKHLUVSHFWUDOFRPSRVLWLRQLVVXFKWKDWLIWKH
GLJLWDOGDWDVLJQDOLVPDWKHPDWLFDOO\VTXDUHGDVLJQLILFDQWVLQHZDYHDWWKHRULJLQDOGLJLWDOGDWD
VLJQDO·VELWFORFNLVJHQHUDWHG$JDLQWKLVVLJQDOFDQEHUHFRYHUHGXVLQJDQDSSURSULDWHO\
VHOHFWLYHEDQGSDVVILOWHU
2QFHWKHVLQHZDYHDWWKHELWFORFNIUHTXHQF\KDVEHHQILOWHUHGLWLVVHQWWRDFRPSDUDWRUWR
FRQYHUWLWLQWRDGLJLWDOVLJQDODQGLVWKHQUHDG\WREHXVHGDVWKHORFDOELWFORFN
QRWZLWKVWDQGLQJRWKHUELWFORFNUHJHQHUDWLRQLVVXHVVXFKDVMLWWHU
7KHH[SHULPHQW
)RUWKLVH[SHULPHQW\RX·OOH[DPLQHWKHIRXU7HOHFRPV7UDLQHUOLQHFRGHHTXLYDOHQWVRID
VWDQGDUG77/GDWDVLJQDOLQWKHWLPHGRPDLQDQGFRPSDUHWKHPWRWKHLUWKHRUHWLFDOO\
SUHGLFWHGZDYHVKDSH1H[W\RX·OOH[DPLQHWKHVLJQDOVLQWKHIUHTXHQF\GRPDLQWRHVWDEOLVKWKDW
RQHRIWKHPLVGLIIHUHQWWRWKHRWKHUWKUHHLQWHUPVRILWVVSHFWUDOFRPSRVLWLRQ)LQDOO\\RX·OO
VTXDUHWKHOLQHFRGHVWRREVHUYHWKHHIIHFWRQWKHFRPSRQHQWLQWKHPDWWKHELWFORFN
IUHTXHQF\
,WVKRXOGWDNH\RXDERXWPLQXWHVWRFRPSOHWHWKLVH[SHULPHQW
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²/LQHFRGLQJ ELWFORFNUHJHQHUDWLRQ
3UHUHTXLVLWHV
([SHULPHQW9RO6HWWLQJXSDQRVFLOORVFRSH
([SHULPHQW9RO$QLQWURGXFWLRQWRWKH7HOHFRPV7UDLQHU
([SHULPHQW9RO0RGHOOLQJHTXDWLRQV
([SHULPHQW9RO31VHTXHQFHVSHFWUXPDQGQRLVHJHQHUDWLRQGHVLUDEOH
(TXLSPHQW
(PRQD7HOHFRPV7UDLQHUSOXVSRZHUSDFN
'XDO&KDQQHO0+]RVFLOORVFRSH
7KUHH(PRQD7HOHFRPV7UDLQHURVFLOORVFRSHOHDGV
$VVRUWHG(PRQD7HOHFRPV7UDLQHUSDWFKOHDGV
3DUWV%&DQG'
6SHFWUXPDQDO\VHUVXFKDVWKH3LFR6FRSH
$QDGGLWLRQDORVFLOORVFRSHOHDG
3URFHGXUH
3DUW$²2EVHUYDWLRQVRIOLQHFRGHVLQWKHWLPHGRPDLQ
3DUW$JHWV\RXREVHUYHWKHIRXU(PRQD7HOHFRPV7UDLQHUOLQHFRGHRXWSXWVLQWKHWLPH
GRPDLQ
*DWKHUDVHWRIWKHHTXLSPHQWOLVWHGRQWKHSUHYLRXVSDJH
/RFDWHWKH6HTXHQFH*HQHUDWRUPRGXOHDQGVHWLWV',3VZLWFKHVWR
1RWH7KLVVHOHFWV15=/DVWKHOLQHFRGHIRUWKH6HTXHQFH*HQHUDWRUPRGXOH·V/,1(
&2'(RXWSXW
&RQQHFWWKHVHWXSVKRZQLQ)LJXUHRQWKHQH[WSDJH
1RWH,QVHUWWKHEODFNSOXJVRIWKHRVFLOORVFRSHOHDGVLQWRDJURXQG*1'VRFNHW
([SHULPHQW²/LQHFRGLQJ ELWFORFNUHJHQHUDWLRQ(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
MASTER SEQUENCE
SIGNALS GENERATOR
LINE
CODE
O
OO NRZ-L
O1 Bi-O SYNC
1 O RZ-AMI
1 1 NRZ-M
10 0 kHz
X
SINE
10 0 kHz
Y
COS
10 0 kHz CLK
DIGITAL
DIVIDER
8 kHz
DIGITAL
2 kHz
DIGITAL
2 kHz
SINE
IN OUT
)LJXUH
7KLVVHWXSFDQEHUHSUHVHQWHGE\WKHEORFNGLDJUDPLQ)LJXUHEHORZ7KH0DVWHU6LJQDOV
PRGXOH·VN+]',*,7$/RXWSXWLVXVHGWRSURYLGHWKH6HTXHQFH*HQHUDWRUPRGXOH·VELWFORFN
7KH6HTXHQFH*HQHUDWRUPRGXOH·V;RXWSXWLVDFRQWLQXRXVELWVHTXHQWLDOELQDU\QXPEHU
7KH6HTXHQFH*HQHUDWRUPRGXOH·V/,1(&2'(RXWSXWLVDFRS\RILWV;RXWSXWXVLQJWKHOLQH
FRGHVFKHPHVHWE\WKH',3VZLWFKHV7KHPRGXOH·V6<1&RXWSXWLVDSXOVHWKDWFRUUHVSRQGV
ZLWKWKHVDPHELWLQWKH;RXWSXW·VVHTXHQFHRQHYHU\UHSHWLWLRQDQGLVXVHGWRWULJJHUWKH
VFRSH
;VHTXHQFH
7R&+
;
&/. /,1(&2'(
/LQHFRGH
N+] 7R&+
&ORFN 6<1&
0DVWHU
6LJQDOV 6<1&
7R(;7
6HTXHQFH
*HQHUDWRU
)LJXUH
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²/LQHFRGLQJ ELWFORFNUHJHQHUDWLRQ
6HWXSWKHVFRSHSHUWKHLQVWUXFWLRQVLQWKH$SSHQGL[
$GMXVWWKHIROORZLQJVFRSHFRQWUROVDVLQGLFDWHG
9HUWLFDO$WWHQXDWLRQFRQWUROIRUERWKFKDQQHOVWRWKH9GLYSRVLWLRQ
,QSXW&RXSOLQJFRQWUROVIRUERWKFKDQQHOVWRWKH'&SRVLWLRQ
7LPHEDVHFRQWUROWRWKHPVGLYSRVLWLRQ
7ULJJHU6RXUFHFRQWUROWRWKH(;7SRVLWLRQ
1RWH<RX·OOQRZEHYLHZLQJDSRUWLRQRIWKH;RXWSXW·VELWVHTXHQFH
6HWWKHVFRSH·V0RGHFRQWUROWRWKH'8$/SRVLWLRQWRYLHZERWKWKH6HTXHQFH*HQHUDWRU
PRGXOH·V;DQG/,1(&2'(RXWSXWV
1RWH<RXPD\QHHGWRDGMXVWWKHVFRSH·V7ULJJHU/HYHOFRQWUROWRREWDLQDVWDEOH
GLVSOD\
1RWH2QFHGRQH\RX·OOEHREVHUYLQJWKHPRGHORIDVWDQGDUG77/GLJLWDOGDWDVLJQDO
DQGLWV15=/HTXLYDOHQW
'UDZWKHWZRZDYHIRUPVWRVFDOHDQGWLPHFRLQFLGHQWZLWKHDFKRWKHULQWKHVSDFH
SURYLGHGRQWKHQH[WSDJH
1RWH/HDYHURRPIRUWKUHHPRUHVLJQDOV
6HWWKHVFRSH·V&KDQQHO,QSXW&RXSOLQJFRQWUROWRWKH*URXQG*1'SRVLWLRQ
$OLJQWKHVFRSH·V&KDQQHOWUDFHZLWKRQHRIWKHKRUL]RQWDOOLQHVRQWKHJUDWLFXOH
5HWXUQWKHVFRSH·V&KDQQHO,QSXW&RXSOLQJFRQWUROWRWKH'&SRVLWLRQ
0HDVXUHWKHDEVROXWHYROWDJHRIWKH;RXWSXW·VWZRVWDWHVDQGLQGLFDWHWKHVHRQ\RXU
GUDZLQJ
5HSHDW6WHSVWRIRUWKH15=/VLJQDORQWKHVFRSH·V&KDQQHOLQSXW
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJ
([SHULPHQW²/LQHFRGLQJ ELWFORFNUHJHQHUDWLRQ(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²/LQHFRGLQJ ELWFORFNUHJHQHUDWLRQ
6HOHFWWKH%Lij/OLQHFRGHE\VHWWLQJWKH6HTXHQFH*HQHUDWRUPRGXOH·V',3VZLWFKHVWR
'UDZWKHOLQHFRGHVLJQDOWLPHFRLQFLGHQWZLWKWKHRWKHUWZR
0HDVXUHDQGUHFRUGWKHDEVROXWHYROWDJHRIWKHVLJQDO·VWZRVWDWHV
6HOHFWWKH5=$0,OLQHFRGHE\VHWWLQJWKH6HTXHQFH*HQHUDWRUPRGXOH·V',3VZLWFKHV
WRDQGGUDZWKHVLJQDOWLPHFRLQFLGHQWZLWKWKHRWKHUV
0HDVXUHDQGUHFRUGWKHDEVROXWHYROWDJHRIWKHVLJQDO·VWKUHHVWDWHV
6HOHFWWKH15=0OLQHFRGHE\VHWWLQJWKH6HTXHQFH*HQHUDWRUPRGXOH·V',3VZLWFKHV
WRDQGGUDZWKHVLJQDOWLPHFRLQFLGHQWZLWKWKHRWKHUV
0HDVXUHDQGUHFRUGWKHDEVROXWHYROWDJHRIWKHVLJQDO·VWZRVWDWHV
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJ
&RPSDUHHDFKRIWKHOLQHFRGHVLJQDOVZLWKWKHUXOHVXQGHUSLQQLQJWKHPVXPPDULVHGLQ
WKHSUHOLPLQDU\GLVFXVVLRQ
1RWH,IDQ\WKHVLJQDOVDSSHDUWRFKDQJHZKHQWKH\VKRXOGQ·WRUGRQ·WFKDQJHZKHQWKH\
VKRXOGFKHFN\RXUGUDZLQJ,I\RXUGUDZLQJLVFRUUHFWFDOOWKHLQVWUXFWRUIRUDVVLVWDQFH
4XHVWLRQ
:KLFKRIWKHIRXUOLQHFRGHVLVELSRODU"
$OORIWKHP
4XHVWLRQ
:KLFKRIWKHIRXUOLQHFRGHVUHSUHVHQWVWKHORJLFLQWKHGDWDXVLQJ9"
5=$0,
([SHULPHQW²/LQHFRGLQJ ELWFORFNUHJHQHUDWLRQ(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
4XHVWLRQ
8VHWKHUXOHIRU5=$0,WRGHWHUPLQHWKHQXPEHURIORJLFVLQWKHSRUWLRQRIWKH;
RXWSXW·VGDWDVHTXHQFHEHLQJGLVSOD\HG
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJ
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²/LQHFRGLQJ ELWFORFNUHJHQHUDWLRQ
3DUW%²2EVHUYDWLRQVRIOLQHFRGHVLQWKHIUHTXHQF\GRPDLQ
3DUW%JHWV\RXH[DPLQHWKHIRXU(PRQD7HOHFRPV7UDLQHUOLQHFRGHRXWSXWVLQWKH
IUHTXHQF\GRPDLQXVLQJDVSHFWUXPDQDO\VHU
6HOHFWWKH15=/OLQHFRGHE\UHWXUQLQJWKH6HTXHQFH*HQHUDWRUPRGXOH·V',3VZLWFKHV
WR
0RGLI\WKHVHWXSWRLQFOXGHWKHVSHFWUXPDQDO\VHUDVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHEHORZ
1RWH7KHIROORZLQJLQVWUXFWLRQVUHODWHWRD3&EDVHGVSHFWUXPDQDO\VHUFDOOHGWKH
3LFR6FRSH2WKHUVSHFWUXPDQDO\VLVGHYLFHVFDQEHXVHGSURYLGHGWKHEDQGZLGWKLV
DWOHDVWN+]
MASTER SEQUENCE
SIGNALS GENERATOR
LINE
CODE
O
OO NRZ-L
O1 Bi-O SYNC
1 O RZ-AM I
1 1 NRZ-M
1 00 kHz
SINE X
1 00 kHz
COS Y
1 00 kHz CLK
DIGITAL
DIVIDER
8kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz
SINE
IN OUT
PC-based
Spectrum
Analyser
CH A
CH B
)LJXUH
([SHULPHQW²/LQHFRGLQJ ELWFORFNUHJHQHUDWLRQ(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
/DXQFKWKH3LFR6FRSHVRIWZDUHDQGVHWLWVVSHFWUXPDQDO\VHUFRQWUROVDVIROORZV
*HQHUDO
6SHFWUXP5DQJHWRN+]
+RUL]RQWDO=RRPWRõ
&KDQQHO$,QSXW5DQJHWR$XWR
&KDQQHO%,QSXW5DQJHWR2II
6SHFWUXP2SWLRQV
6SHFWUXP%LQVWR
:LQGRZ)XQFWLRQWR%ODFNPDQ+DUULV
'LVSOD\0RGHWR0DJQLWXGH
6FDOHWR/RJDULWKPLF
/RJDULWKPLF8QLWWRG%9
1RWH,I\RX·UHXVLQJDVSHFWUXPDQDO\VHURWKHUWKDQWKH3LFR6FRSHVHH\RXU
LQVWUXFWRUIRUDOLVWRIWKHFRQWUROVWRDGMXVWDQGWKHLUDSSURSULDWHVHWWLQJV
1RWH,IWKHVSHFWUXPDQDO\VHUKDVEHHQVHWXSFRUUHFWO\LWVGLVSOD\ZLOOEHVLPLODUWR
)LJXUHEHORZ
)LJXUH
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²/LQHFRGLQJ ELWFORFNUHJHQHUDWLRQ
7KHSDWWHUQRIKXPSVRUOREHVDQGQXOOVLQWKH15=/OLQHFRGH·VVSHFWUXPLVW\SLFDORIGLJLWDO
GDWDVLJQDOVIRUUHDVRQVH[SODLQHGLQ([SHULPHQW/HW·VFRPSDUHLWWRWKHVSHFWUDOSDWWHUQ
RIWKHRWKHUWKUHHOLQHFRGHV
&OLFN)LOHRQWKH3LFR6FRSHVRIWZDUH·VPHQXWRROEDUDQGVHOHFW6DYH&XUUHQW:DYHIRUP
$V
6HOHFW'HVNWRSLQWKH6DYH,QOLQHRIWKHZLQGRZWKDWDSSHDUV
1RWH7KLVZLOOVDYHWKHILOHRQWKHGHVNWRSPDNLQJLWHDVLHUWRILQGODWHU
&KDQJHWKHILOHQDPHWR15=/DQGFOLFNRQ6DYH
6HOHFWHDFKRIWKHUHPDLQLQJWKUHHOLQHFRGHVRQHDWDWLPHDQGUHSHDW6WHSVWR
XVLQJDQDSSURSULDWHILOHQDPHIRUWKHOLQHFRGHV
7RFRPSDUHWKHIRXUOLQHFRGHVORFDWHWKHILOHVWKDW\RXVDYHGRQWKHGHVNWRSDQGRSHQ
WKHPDOO
1RWH<RX·OOQHHGWRUHVL]HDQGUHSRVLWLRQWKHZLQGRZVWRFRPSDUHWKHVSHFWUDVLGHE\
VLGH
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJ
([SHULPHQW²/LQHFRGLQJ ELWFORFNUHJHQHUDWLRQ(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
$OWKRXJKDOOIRXUFRGHVH[KLELWWKHSDWWHUQPHQWLRQHGDERYH\RXVKRXOGEHDEOHWRVHHWKDW
WKHLUVSHFWUDOFRPSRVLWLRQLVGLIIHUHQW5HFDOOWKDWWKLVLVRQHRIWKHUHDVRQVIRUFKRRVLQJWR
XVHRQHFRGHRYHUDQRWKHU
2QHRIWKHGLVDGYDQWDJHVRI%Lij/0DQFKHVWHUFRGHLVWKDWLWUHTXLUHVWZLFHWKHEDQGZLGWK
RIWKHRWKHUWKUHHFRGHVWRSURSDJDWHWKHVLJQDODORQJDWUDQVPLVVLRQOLQH:KLOHWKLVOLPLWDWLRQ
FDQQRWEHGHPRQVWUDWHGXVLQJWKH7HOHFRPV7UDLQHUGLUHFWO\ZHFDQH[DPLQHWKH
VSHFWUXPRIWKHIRXUVLJQDOVPRUHFORVHO\WRVHHWKDW%Lij/LVVSHFWUDOO\GLIIHUHQWWRWKHRWKHU
WKUHHOLQHFRGHV
&ORVHWKHIRXU´VQDSVKRWVµDQGUHWXUQWRWKH´OLYHµ3LFR6FRSHZLQGRZ
6HWWKH6HTXHQFH*HQHUDWRUPRGXOH·VRXWSXWWRWKH15=/OLQHFRGH
&RXQWWKHQXPEHURIOREHVLQWKH15=/OLQHFRGH·VVSHFWUXP5HFRUG\RXUFRXQWLQ7DEOH
EHORZ
1RWH7KLVILJXUHLVQRWWKHWRWDOQXPEHURIOREHVLQWKHVLJQDOV·VSHFWUXP²5HPHPEHU
WKDWWKHVSHFWUXPDQDO\VHU·V)UHTXHQF\5DQJHLVVHWWRN+]
5HSHDW6WHSVDQGIRUWKHRWKHUWKUHHOLQHFRGHV
7DEOH
/REHV
/LQHFRGH
LQN+]VSDQ
15=/
%Lij/
5=$0,
15=0
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJ
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²/LQHFRGLQJ ELWFORFNUHJHQHUDWLRQ
7RFRPSDUH%Lij/WRWKHRWKHUFRGHVLQDQRWKHUZD\\RX·OOXVHRQHRIWKHVSHFWUXPDQDO\VHU·V
UXOHUVWRH[DPLQHWKHQXOOIUHTXHQFLHV
6HWWKH6HTXHQFH*HQHUDWRUPRGXOH·VRXWSXWWRWKH15=/OLQHFRGH
6HWWKHVSHFWUXPDQDO\VHU·V6SHFWUXP5DQJHWRN+]
0RYHWKHPRXVHWRWKHMXQFWLRQRIWKHGLVSOD\·V;DQG<D[HV
1RWH:KHQ\RXGRWKHPRXVHFXUVRUZLOOFKDQJHVKDSHDQGDODEHOZLOOSRSXSGHFODULQJ
´,QDFWLYHµ
&OLFNDQGKROGWKHOHIWPRXVHEXWWRQDQGWKHQPRYHLWOHIWDQGULJKW
1RWH:KHQ\RXGRWKLVDGDVKHGOLQHUHSUHVHQWLQJIUHTXHQF\UXOHUDSSHDUV
1RWH$UXOHUOHJHQGDOVRDSSHDUVLQGLFDWLQJWKHDEVROXWHIUHTXHQF\DWWKHUXOHU
$OLJQWKHUXOHUZLWKWKH15=/OLQHFRGH·VILUVWQXOOWKDWLVWKHGHHSWURXJKEHWZHHQ
WKHILUVWDQGVHFRQGOREHVDWWKHOHIWHQGRIWKHVLJQDO·VVSHFWUXP
0HDVXUHWKHQXOO·VIUHTXHQF\DQGUHFRUGWKLVLQ7DEOHEHORZ
5HSHDW6WHSVDQGIRUWKHRWKHUWKUHHOLQHFRGHV
7DEOH
)UHTXHQF\RI
/LQHFRGH
ILUVWQXOO
15=/
%Lij/
5=$0,
15=0
4XHVWLRQ
%DVHGRQ\RXUUHVXOWVLQ7DEOHVDQGZKLFKRIWKHIRXUFRGHVLVWKHRGGRQHRXW"
%Lij/0DQFKHVWHUFRGH
([SHULPHQW²/LQHFRGLQJ ELWFORFNUHJHQHUDWLRQ(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJ
3DUW&²%LWFORFNUHJHQHUDWLRQZLWKRXW´VTXDULQJµ
5HFDOOIURPWKHSUHOLPLQDU\GLVFXVVLRQWKDWVRPHOLQHFRGHVFRQWDLQDVSHFWUDOFRPSRQHQWDW
WKHELWFORFNIUHTXHQF\/LQHFRGHVYDU\LQWHUPVRIWKHVLJQLILFDQFHRIWKHLUELWFORFN
FRPSRQHQWDQG3DUW&RIWKHH[SHULPHQWGHPRQVWUDWHVWKLV
6HWWLQJXS«
6HWWKH6HTXHQFH*HQHUDWRUPRGXOH·VRXWSXWWRWKH15=/OLQHFRGH
6HWWKHVSHFWUXPDQDO\VHU·V6SHFWUXP5DQJHWRN+]
1RWH,W·OOQRZWDNHDFRXSOHRIVHFRQGVIRUWKHVSHFWUXPDQDO\VHU·VGLVSOD\WRXSGDWH
SHULRGLFDOO\
8VHWKHUXOHUWRORFDWHWKHVLQHZDYHLQWKHOLQHFRGHVLJQDO·VVSHFWUXPWKDWLVDWWKHELW
FORFNIUHTXHQF\
1RWH7KH0DVWHU6LJQDOVPRGXOH·VN+]',*,7$/RXWSXWLVDFWXDOO\N+]6R
WKHELWFORFNFRPSRQHQWLVWKHVLQHZDYHDWRUYHU\QHDUWKLVIUHTXHQF\
1RWH'RQ·WEHVXUSULVHGLIWKHELWFORFNFRPSRQHQWLVTXLWHVPDOOUHODWLYHWRWKH
RWKHUVLQHZDYHVLQWKHVLJQDO·VVSHFWUXP
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJ
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²/LQHFRGLQJ ELWFORFNUHJHQHUDWLRQ
7KH3LFR6FRSHLVDEOHWRSHUIRUPVRPHTXLWHVRSKLVWLFDWHGPHDVXUHPHQWVXVLQJWKHUXOHUV<RX
FDQWDNHDGYDQWDJHRIWKHVHWRFRPSDUHWKHVL]HRIWKHELWFORFNFRPSRQHQWLQWKH6HTXHQFH
*HQHUDWRUPRGXOH·VIRXUOLQHFRGHV
,Q6SHFWUXP2SWLRQVVHWWKH6FDOHWR/LQHDUWKHQFOLFNRQ$SSO\DQGWKHQ&ORVH
1RWH2QFHWKLVFKDQJHLVPDGHWKHDSSDUHQWVL]HRIWKHVLQHZDYHVVKRXOGDOOGURS
VXEVWDQWLDOO\
,IWKHVSHFWUXPDQDO\VHULVPHDVXULQJWKHVLJQDO·VVSHFWUXPDOUHDG\WKHUHZLOOEHDURZ
RIPHDVXUHPHQWLQIRUPDWLRQGLVSOD\HGDWWKHERWWRPRIWKH3LFR6FRSHZLQGRZFKHFNWR
VHHLIRQHRIWKHPHDVXUHPHQWVKDVWKHIROORZLQJDWWULEXWHV
1DPH$PSOLWXGHDW3HDN
6SDQ3HDNQHDUHVWUXOHU
,I´$PSOLWXGHDW3HDNµLVEHLQJPHDVXUHGIRU´3HDNQHDUHVWUXOHUµMXPSWR6WHS
2WKHUZLVHFRQWLQXHRQWRWKHQH[WVWHS
&OLFNRQ0HDVXUHPHQWVLQWKH3LVR6FRSH)LOHPHQX
&OLFNRQ$GG0HDVXUHPHQW
6HOHFWWKHIROORZLQJRSWLRQVLIWKH\·YHQRWDOUHDG\VHOHFWHGDQGWKHQFOLFNRQ2.
6HOHFWWKHFKDQQHOWRPHDVXUH$
6HOHFWWKHW\SHRIPHDVXUHPHQW$PSOLWXGHDW3HDN
&KRRVHZKLFKVHFWLRQRIWKHJUDSKZLOOEHPHDVXUHG3HDNQHDUHVWUXOHU
$VVXPLQJWKHUXOHULVVHWFRUUHFWO\SHU6WHSWKH9DOXHFROXPQRIWKLVURZRI
PHDVXUHPHQWVLQGLFDWHVWKHVL]HRIWKHELWFORFNFRPSRQHQWLQWKH15=/OLQHFRGH
0DNHDQRWHRIWKLVYROWDJH
1RWH,WVKRXOGEHTXLWHVPDOO²,QWKHRUGHURIPLOOLYROWV
1RWH7KHPHDVXUHPHQWZLOOMXPSDURXQGDOLWWOH3LFNWKHYROWDJHWKDWLWPRVW
FRPPRQO\UHVWVRQ
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJ
([SHULPHQW²/LQHFRGLQJ ELWFORFNUHJHQHUDWLRQ(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
,Q6SHFWUXP2SWLRQVUHWXUQWKH6FDOHWR/RJDULWKPLFEXWGRQ·WFOLFNRQ$SSO\\HW
6HW/RJDULWKPLF8QLWWR$UELWUDU\G%
%HQHDWKWKH/RJDULWKPLF8QLWZLQGRZWKHUHLVDQXQWLWOHGZLQGRZ,QVLGHWKLVZLQGRZ
W\SHWKHYROWDJH\RXPHDVXUHGDW6WHS
&OLFNRQ$SSO\WKHQ&ORVH
1RWH)LJXUHEHORZVKRZVDQH[DPSOHRIZKDW\RXVKRXOGQRZEHVHHLQJRQWKH
3LFR6FRSHGLVSOD\EHIRUH\RXFOLFNRQ&ORVH
)LJXUH
7KH9DOXHFROXPQLQWKLVPHDVXUHPHQWLVQRZDQXPEHUWKDWVKRXOGDOZD\VEHYHU\QHDUWRG%
OLNHLQ)LJXUHDERYHWKRXJKLWZLOOERXQFHDURXQGDOLWWOH7KHDPSOLWXGHRIWKH15=/OLQH
FRGH·VELWFORFNFRPSRQHQWLVQRZWKHUHIHUHQFHYROWDJHIRUDPSOLWXGHPHDVXUHPHQWVDWWKLV
UXOHU6LQHZDYHVDWWKLVUXOHUWKDWDUHELJJHUWKDQWKHELWFORFNFRPSRQHQWZLOOKDYHSRVLWLYH
G%ILJXUHVDQGVLQHZDYHVDWWKLVUXOHUWKDWDUHVPDOOHUZLOOKDYHQHJDWLYHG%ILJXUHV<RXFDQ
FKHFNWKLVIRU\RXUVHOIE\PRYLQJWKHUXOHUOHIWDQGULJKW,I\RXGRWKRXJKUHWXUQLWWR
N+]EHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJRQWRWKHQH[WVWHSRIWKHH[SHULPHQW
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²/LQHFRGLQJ ELWFORFNUHJHQHUDWLRQ
6HWWKH6HTXHQFH*HQHUDWRUPRGXOH·VRXWSXWWRWKH%Lij/OLQHFRGH
'HWHUPLQHWKHELWFORFNFRPSRQHQW·VUHODWLYHVL]HDQGUHFRUGWKHYDOXHLQ7DEOHEHORZ
1RWH7KHUHODWLYHVL]HRIWKLVVLQHZDYHFDQVLPSO\EHUHDGIURPWKH9DOXHFROXPQRI
WKLVPHDVXUHPHQW
&RQYHUWWKHG%ILJXUHWRDUDWLRXVLQJWKHHTXDWLRQ
G%
$9 = /RJ −
'HWHUPLQHWKHUHODWLYHVL]HRIWKHFRPSRQHQWDWWKHELWFORFNIUHTXHQF\LQWKH
UHPDLQLQJWZROLQHFRGHVLQERWKG%DQGDVDUDWLR
7DEOH
%LWFORFN %LWFORFNFRPS
/LQHFRGH
FRPSRQHQWLQG% DVDUDWLR
15=/ G%
%Lij/
5=$0,
15=0
4XHVWLRQ
:KLFKRIWKH7HOHFRPV7UDLQHUOLQHFRGHVKDVWKHELJJHVWFRPSRQHQWDWWKHRULJLQDO
ELWFORFNIUHTXHQF\"
%Lij/0DQFKHVWHUFRGH
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJ
([SHULPHQW²/LQHFRGLQJ ELWFORFNUHJHQHUDWLRQ(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
3DUW'²%LWFORFNUHJHQHUDWLRQZLWK´VTXDULQJµ
%&5IRUOLQHFRGHVZLWKRXWDVLJQLILFDQWVSHFWUDOFRPSRQHQWDWWKHELWFORFNIUHTXHQF\
QHFHVVDULO\LQYROYHVVTXDULQJWKHVLJQDOILUVW7KLVJHQHUDWHVDPRUHVLJQLILFDQWVSHFWUDO
FRPSRQHQWDWWKHELWFORFNIUHTXHQF\WKDWPD\EHVLJQLILFDQWHQRXJKWREHUHDGLO\ILOWHUHGDQG
FOHDQHGXSZLWKDFRPSDUDWRUIRUXVHDVDORFDOELWFORFN7KH3DUW'RIWKHH[SHULPHQW
GHPRQVWUDWHVWKLV
6HWWKH6HTXHQFH*HQHUDWRUPRGXOH·VRXWSXWWRWKH15=/OLQHFRGH
8VHWKHVFRSHWRDFFXUDWHO\PHDVXUHWKH15=/OLQHFRGH·VSHDNWRSHDNRXWSXWYROWDJH
/RFDWHWKH7XQHDEOH/RZSDVV)LOWHUPRGXOHDQGVHWLWV*DLQFRQWUROWRDERXWWKHPLGGOH
RILWVWUDYHO
7XUQWKH7XQHDEOH/RZSDVV)LOWHUPRGXOH·V&XWRII)UHTXHQF\$GMXVWFRQWUROIXOO\
FORFNZLVH
0RGLI\WKHVHWXSDVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHEHORZ
1
f Cx10 0 X DC
OO NRZ-L
O1 Bi-O SYNC
1 O RZ-AM I
1 1 NRZ-M
1 00 kHz Y DC kXY
SINE X
SERIAL TO
1 00 kHz
Y PARALLEL
COS fC
1 00 kHz CLK S/ P
DIGITAL
DIVIDER
8kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz SERIAL X1
DIGITAL GAIN
2kHz
SINE
IN OUT IN OUT CLK X2
PC-based
Spectrum
Analyser
CH A
CH B
)LJXUH
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²/LQHFRGLQJ ELWFORFNUHJHQHUDWLRQ
7KHVHWXSLQ)LJXUHFDQEHUHSUHVHQWHGE\WKHEORFNGLDJUDPLQ)LJXUHEHORZ7KH
7XQHDEOH/RZSDVV)LOWHUPRGXOHLVXVHGWRPRGHOVLJQDOVKDSLQJWRUHGXFHVLJQDO·VEDQGZLGWK
7KH0XOWLSOLHUPRGXOHLVXVHGWRPXOWLSO\WKHVKDSHGOLQHFRGHVLJQDOZLWKLWVHOIHIIHFWLYHO\
VTXDULQJLW7KLVPXOWLSOLHVHYHU\VLQHZDYHLQWKHVLJQDOZLWKHDFKRWKHUSURGXFLQJDPXOWLWXGH
RIVXPDQGGLIIHUHQFHIUHTXHQFLHV6RPHRIWKHVHVLQHZDYHVDUHWKHVDPHIUHTXHQF\DVWKH
FRPSRQHQWLQWKHVLJQDODWWKHRULJLQDOGDWDVLJQDO·VELWFORFNIUHTXHQF\DQGVRDGGWRDQG
HQODUJHLW
;VHTXHQFH
7R&+ 7R&+
7XQHDEOH 0XOWLSOLHU
; /RZSDVV)LOWHU PRGXOH
6<1&
7R(;7
)LJXUH
$GMXVWWKH7XQHDEOH/RZSDVV)LOWHUPRGXOH·V*DLQFRQWUROVRWKDWLWVRXWSXWYROWDJHLV
DVFORVHWR\RXUPHDVXUHGYDOXHDW6WHSDV\RXFDQREWDLQ
'HWHUPLQHWKHUHODWLYHVL]HRIWKHFRPSRQHQWDWWKHELWFORFNIUHTXHQF\LQWKHIRXUOLQH
FRGHVDV\RXGLGEHIRUHEXWLQG%RQO\5HFRUG\RXUPHDVXUHPHQWVLQ7DEOHEHORZ
1RWH7KHDGMXVWPHQW\RXPDGHDW6WHSPHDQVWKDWDOORIWKHVHPHDVXUHPHQWVDUH
UHODWLYHWRWKHDPSOLWXGHRIWKHRULJLQDOELWFORFNFRPSRQHQWRIWKHXQVTXDUHG15=/
OLQHFRGHSHU6WHSVWR7KLVPHDQVWKDWQRWRQO\FDQ\RXFRPSDUHWKHPZLWK
HDFKRWKHU\RXFDQDOVRFRPSDUHWKHPZLWKWKHYDOXHVLQ7DEOH
7DEOH
%LWFORFN
/LQHFRGH
FRPSRQHQWLQG%
15=/
%Lij/
5=$0,
15=0
([SHULPHQW²/LQHFRGLQJ ELWFORFNUHJHQHUDWLRQ(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJ
4XHVWLRQ
&RPSDUHWKH)LJXUHVLQ7DEOHZLWKWKRVHLQ7DEOH:KDWHIIHFWGRHVVTXDULQJWKH
OLQHFRGH·VVLJQDOKDYHRQWKHVLQHZDYHLQLWVVSHFWUXPDWWKHELWFORFNIUHTXHQF\"
6TXDULQJPDNHVLWELJJHULQDOOFDVHV
4XHVWLRQ
:KLFKRIWKHVTXDUHGOLQHFRGHVQRZKDVWKHELJJHVWFRPSRQHQWDWWKHRULJLQDOELWFORFN
IUHTXHQF\"
5=$0,
4XHVWLRQ
:KDWLVQHHGHGWRSLFNWKLVVLQHZDYHRXWRIWKHVLJQDO·VVSHFWUXPDQGWXUQLWLQWRD
VTXDUHZDYH"
$EDQGSDVVILOWHUIROORZHGE\DFRPSDUDWRU
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHILQLVKLQJ
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²/LQHFRGLQJ ELWFORFNUHJHQHUDWLRQ
1DPH
&ODVV
'HOWDPRGXODWLRQDQGGHPRGXODWLRQ
([SHULPHQW²'HOWDPRGXODWLRQDQGGHPRGXODWLRQ
3UHOLPLQDU\GLVFXVVLRQ
'HVSLWHLWVFU\SWLFQDPHGHOWDPRGXODWLRQRU∆²PRGXODWLRQLVDSXOVHPRGXODWLRQVFKHPH
2WKHUH[DPSOHVRISXOVHPRGXODWLRQVFKHPHVWKDW\RXPD\KDYHOHDUQWPRUHDERXWXVLQJWKH
(PRQD7HOHFRPV7UDLQHULQFOXGHSXOVHDPSOLWXGHPRGXODWLRQ3$0SXOVHFRGHPRGXODWLRQ
3&0DQGSXOVHZLGWKPRGXODWLRQ3:0
'HOWDPRGXODWLRQLVOLNH3:0LQWKDWLWVDPSOHVWKHDQDORJLQSXWVLJQDODQGFRQYHUWVLWGLUHFWO\
LQWRDVHULDOVWUHDPRIVDQGVZLWKRXWWKHQHHGIRUDGLVFUHWHDQDORJWRGLJLWDOFRQYHUVLRQ
SURFHVV$VVXFKGHOWDPRGXODWLRQLVDOVROLNH3:0LQWKDWWKHGLJLWDOVLJQDORQWKHGHOWD
PRGXODWRU·VGLJLWDORXWSXWLVDFRPSOH[ZDYHIRUPWKDWLQFOXGHVDFRPSRQHQWDWWKHPHVVDJH
IUHTXHQF\
'HVSLWHWKHVLPLODULW\EHWZHHQGHOWDPRGXODWLRQDQG3:0LW·VDFWXDOO\PRUHXVHIXOWRGHVFULEH
LWVRSHUDWLRQE\FRPSDULQJLWWRWKDWRI3&03&0VDPSOHVWKHDQDORJLQSXWVLJQDODWIL[HG
LQWHUYDOVDQGWKHVDPSOHVDUHFRQYHUWHGWRIL[HGOHQJWKVHTXHQWLDOELQDU\QXPEHUV
,PSRUWDQWO\WKHVHELQDU\QXPEHUVDUHGLUHFWO\RULQVRPHFDVHVPDWKHPDWLFDOO\
SURSRUWLRQDOWRWKHVDPSOHV·VL]H
'HOWDPRGXODWLRQHIIHFWLYHO\VDPSOHVWKHDQDORJLQSXWVLJQDODWUHJXODUIL[HGLQWHUYDOVDOVR
+RZHYHULWWKHQFRPSDUHVWKHSUHVHQWVDPSOHWRWKHSUHYLRXVRQHDQGRXWSXWVDELWGDWD
ZRUGWRLQGLFDWHZKHWKHUWKHQHZVDPSOHLVVPDOOHURUODUJHUWKDQWKHSUHYLRXVRQH
7KHEORFNGLDJUDPRIDEDVLFGHOWDPRGXODWLRQV\VWHPLVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHEHORZ
'HOWDPRG
,QSXW /LPLWHU 6DPSOHU
VLJQDORXW
&ORFN
,QWHJUDWRU
)LJXUH
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²'HOWDPRGXODWLRQDQGGHPRGXODWLRQ
$VWKHGHOWDPRGXODWLRQV\VWHPLQ)LJXUHLVDIHHGEDFNORRSDPDWKHPDWLFDODQDO\VLVRILWV
RSHUDWLRQLVFRPSOLFDWHGDQGQRWDWWHPSWHGKHUH)RUWKHSXUSRVHRIWKLVH[HUFLVHWKLQNRILWV
RSHUDWLRQLQWKHIROORZLQJZD\
7KH6DPSOHU·VRXWSXWZKLFKLVDOVRWKHPRGXODWRU·VRXWSXWLVDELSRODUSXOVHWUDLQ7KDWLV
LQVWHDGRIXVLQJ9DQG9IRUWKHWZRORJLFVWDWHVSRVLWLYHDQGQHJDWLYHYROWDJHVDUHXVHGHJ
97KLVLVGRQHVRWKDWWKH,QWHJUDWRUSURGXFHVDUDPSYROWDJHWKDWFKDQJHVGLUHFWLRQLQ
UHVSRQVHWRFKDQJHVLQORJLFVWDWHRQWKH6DPSOHU·VRXWSXW
7KH,QWHJUDWRU·VRXWSXWLVVXEWUDFWHGIURPWKHPHVVDJHXVLQJD6XPPLQJFLUFXLWWRSURGXFHDQ
HUURUVLJQDO7KHSRODULW\RIWKHHUURUVLJQDOLVDIXQFWLRQRIWKHUHODWLYHDEVROXWHYROWDJHVRI
WKHDQDORJLQSXWWKHPHVVDJHDQG,QWHJUDWRU·VRXWSXW6RLIWKH,QWHJUDWRU·VRXWSXWLV
JUHDWHUWKDQWKHPHVVDJHWKHHUURUVLJQDOLVRQHSRODULW\,IWKH,QWHJUDWRU·VRXWSXWLVVPDOOHU
WKDQWKHPHVVDJHWKHHUURUVLJQDOLVWKHRSSRVLWHSRODULW\7KLVDOORZVWKHPRGXODWRUWR´NQRZµ
ZKLFKRIWKHWZRVLJQDOVLVELJJHUWKRXJKWKLVLQIRUPDWLRQLVFDSWXUHGRQO\DWWKHPRPHQWRI
VDPSOLQJ²VHHEHORZDQGWKLVLVHVVHQWLDOIRUDFKLHYLQJDQ,QWHJUDWRURXWSXWWKDW
DSSUR[LPDWHVWKHPHVVDJH6SHFLILFDOO\WKH,QWHJUDWRU·VRXWSXW´KXQWVµWKHDQDORJLQSXW
YROWDJHDQGVRLWVSRVLWLYHRUQHJDWLYHJRLQJUDPSYROWDJHVSURGXFHDVDZWRRWKZDYHIRUPWKDW
WUDFNVWKHPHVVDJHVLJQDO·VVKDSHDQGWKLVFDQEHVHHQLQ)LJXUHRQWKHQH[WSDJH
7KH/LPLWHUFRQWLQXRXVO\FRQYHUWVWKHVWDWXVRIWKHUHODWLYHVL]HVRIWKHVDZWRRWKDQG
PHVVDJHZDYHIRUPVWRDORJLFVWDWH7KDWLVRQHORJLFVWDWHLQGLFDWHVZKHQWKHVDZWRRWK
ZDYHIRUPLVELJJHUWKDQWKHPHVVDJHEXWUHYHUVHVWKHPRPHQWWKDWLWLVVPDOOHU7KH6DPSOHU
VDPSOHVWKLVLQIRUPDWLRQWRFRQYHUWLWWRFORFNHGGDWDDQGOHYHOWUDQVODWHVLWWRWKH
FRUUHVSRQGLQJSRVLWLYHRUQHJDWLYHYROWDJHPHQWLRQHGDERYH,PSRUWDQWO\E\GHILQLWLRQ
VDPSOLQJLVDSHULRGLFSURFHVVDQGVRWKH6DPSOHU·VRXWSXWRQO\UHIOHFWVWKHUHODWLYHVL]HVRI
WKHVDZWRRWKDQGPHVVDJHZDYHIRUPVDWWKHVDPSOLQJPRPHQW
1RZOHW·VSXWWKLVWRJHWKHU$WVZLWFKRQWKH6DPSOHU·VRXWSXWVWDUWVDWHLWKHUDSRVLWLYHRU
QHJDWLYHYROWDJHZKLFKFRPPHQFHVDUDPSRQWKH,QWHJUDWRU·VRXWSXW1RZVXSSRVHWKDWWKH
,QWHJUDWRU·VRXWSXWLVVPDOOHUWKDQWKHPHVVDJHDOLNHO\SURSRVLWLRQEXWWUDYHOOLQJLQWKHVDPH
GLUHFWLRQ7KLVSURGXFHVDQHUURUVLJQDORQWKH6XPPHU·VRXWSXWZLWKDSDUWLFXODUSRODULW\WKDW
LVLPPHGLDWHO\FRQYHUWHGWRDSDUWLFXODUORJLFVWDWHE\WKH/LPLWHU7KLVORJLFVWDWHLVFDSWXUHG
RQVDPSOLQJDQGDGHFLVLRQLVPDGHE\WKH6DPSOHUWRPDLQWDLQLWVRXWSXWYROWDJH,QRWKHU
ZRUGVQRWKLQJFKDQJHV
7KHVHFRQGLWLRQVDUHPDLQWDLQHGIRUHYHU\VDPSOHXQWLOVXFKWLPHDVWKHDEVROXWHUDPSYROWDJH
H[FHHGVDEVROXWHPHVVDJHYROWDJHHLWKHUEHFDXVHWKHUDPSFDWFKHVXSZLWKWKHPHVVDJHRU
WKHPHVVDJHUHYHUVHVGLUHFWLRQ2QFHWKLVKDSSHQVWKHSRODULW\RIWKHHUURUVLJQDOUHYHUVHV
ZKLFKLPPHGLDWHO\FDXVHVWKHORJLFVWDWHRQWKH/LPLWHU·VRXWSXWWRUHYHUVH7KLVQHZORJLF
VWDWHLVVDPSOHGDQGFDSWXUHGE\WKH6DPSOHUIRUFLQJWRUHYHUVHLWVRXWSXWYROWDJHLQWXUQ
FDXVLQJWKH,QWHJUDWRU·VUDPSWRUHYHUVHGLUHFWLRQ7KHVHQHZFRQGLWLRQVDUHQRZPDLQWDLQHG
IRUHYHU\VDPSOHXQWLOVXFKWLPHDVWKHUDPSUHWXUQVWRDQDEVROXWHYROWDJHWKDWLVVPDOOHU
WKDQWKHDEVROXWHPHVVDJHYROWDJH
([SHULPHQW²'HOWDPRGXODWLRQDQGGHPRGXODWLRQ(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
)LJXUHEHORZVKRZVDQH[DPSOHRIWKHVDZWRRWKZDYHIRUPWKDWZRXOGEHJHQHUDWHGRQWKH
,QWHJUDWRU·VRXWSXWDQGWKHGLJLWDOVLJQDORQWKH6DPSOHU·VRXWSXWIRUDVLQXVRLGDOPHVVDJHWRD
GHOWDPRGXODWRU1RWH7KHFORFNIUHTXHQF\RIWKH6DPSOHULQWKLVH[DPSOHLVWKUHHWLPHVWKH
PHVVDJHIUHTXHQF\
)LJXUH
7KHUHLVDQLQWHUHVWLQJSRLQWWRREVHUYHDERXWWKHVHVLJQDOV$WILUVWJODQFHLWDSSHDUVDV
WKRXJKWKHVDPSOLQJUDWHLVLUUHJXODU+RZHYHUWKLVLVQRWWKHFDVH,QLQVWDQFHVZKHUHWKHUH
DUHZLGHUWKDQQRUPDOJDSVEHWZHHQWKHFKDQJHVLQWKHUDPS·VGLUHFWLRQVDPSOLQJKDVWDNHQ
SODFH%XWDVWKHUHODWLYHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQWKHVDZWRRWKZDYHIRUPDQGWKHPHVVDJHLVWKH
VDPHDVWKHSUHYLRXVVDPSOHWKHUHLVQRFKDQJHRIGLUHFWLRQLQWKHVDZWRRWKZDYHIRUPDQG
WKHUHIRUHQRFKDQJHLQORJLFVWDWHRQWKH6DPSOHU·VRXWSXW
)LQDOO\)LJXUHVKRZVDGLVFUHWHDPSOLILHUVHFWLRQEHWZHHQWKH6DPSOHUDQGWKH,QWHJUDWRUWR
FRQWUROWKHORRSJDLQ,QSUDFWLFHWKHDPSOLILFDWLRQFDQEHLQFRUSRUDWHGLQWRWKH,QWHJUDWRURU
6XPPHUFLUFXLWV
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²'HOWDPRGXODWLRQDQGGHPRGXODWLRQ
7KHH[SHULPHQW
)RUWKLVH[SHULPHQW\RX·OOXVHWKH(PRQD7HOHFRPV7UDLQHUWRLPSOHPHQWWKHGHOWD
PRGXODWLRQVFKHPH<RX·OOWKHQH[SHULPHQWZLWKDGMXVWLQJWKH,QWHJUDWRU·VVWHSVL]HWRREVHUYH
WKHHIIHFWRQWKHGHOWDPRGXODWRU·VVORSHRYHUORDGDQGJUDQXODULW\FKDUDFWHULVWLFV)LQDOO\
\RX·OOGHPRGXODWHWKHGHOWDVLJQDOXVLQJORZSDVVILOWHULQJDQGLQYHVWLJDWHWKHTXDOLW\RIWKH
UHFRYHUHGPHVVDJHTXDOLWDWLYHO\DQGTXDQWLWDWLYHO\XVLQJ61'5
,WVKRXOGWDNH\RXDERXWPLQXWHVWRFRPSOHWHWKLVH[SHULPHQW
3UHUHTXLVLWHV
([SHULPHQW9RO6HWWLQJXSDQRVFLOORVFRSH
([SHULPHQW9RO$QLQWURGXFWLRQWRWKH7HOHFRPV7UDLQHU
([SHULPHQW9RO0RGHOOLQJHTXDWLRQV
([SHULPHQW9RO6DPSOLQJDQGUHFRQVWUXFWLRQ
([SHULPHQW9RO3XOVHFRGHPRGXODWLRQDQGVLJQDOWRQRLVHGLVWRUWLRQUDWLR
([SHULPHQW9RO3&0HQFRGLQJGHVLUDEOH
([SHULPHQW9RO3&0GHFRGLQJGHVLUDEOH
([SHULPHQW9RO3XOVHZLGWKPRGXODWLRQDQGGHPRGXODWLRQGHVLUDEOH
(TXLSPHQW
(PRQD7HOHFRPV7UDLQHUSOXVSRZHUSDFN
'XDO&KDQQHO0+]RVFLOORVFRSH
7ZR(PRQD7HOHFRPV7UDLQHURVFLOORVFRSHOHDGV
$VVRUWHG(PRQD7HOHFRPV7UDLQHUSDWFKOHDGV
2QHVHWRIKHDGSKRQHVVWHUHR
)RU3DUW'RQO\
7UXH506GLJLWDOPXOWLPHWHU
([SHULPHQW²'HOWDPRGXODWLRQDQGGHPRGXODWLRQ(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
3URFHGXUH
3DUW$²6HWWLQJXSWKHGHOWDPRGXODWRU
3DUW$RIWKLVH[SHULPHQWJHWV\RXWRLPSOHPHQWWKHGHOWDPRGXODWRUXVLQJWKH(PRQD
7HOHFRPV7UDLQHU
*DWKHUDVHWRIWKHHTXLSPHQWOLVWHGRQWKHSUHYLRXVSDJH
/RFDWHWKH$GGHUPRGXOHDQGVHWLWV*DQGJFRQWUROVWRWKHPLGGOHRIWKHLUWUDYHO
ZKLFKVKRXOGKDYHWKHDUURZKHDGVSRLQWLQJWRWKHR·FORFNSRVLWLRQ
&RQQHFWWKHVHWXSVKRZQLQ)LJXUHEHORZ
MASTER ADDER UTILITIES MULTIPLIER
SIGNALS
COMPARATOR
REF
X DC
)LJXUH
7KLVVHWXSFDQEHUHSUHVHQWHGE\WKHEORFNGLDJUDPLQ)LJXUHRQWKHQH[WSDJH7KH0DVWHU
6LJQDOVPRGXOH·VN+]6,1(RXWSXWPRGHOVWKHPHVVDJH7KHUHPDLQLQJEORFNVLPSOHPHQWWKH
GHOWDPRGXODWRU
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²'HOWDPRGXODWLRQDQGGHPRGXODWLRQ
N+] $ ; 'HOWDPRG
S/ P RXWSXW
,1
% &/.
N+]
0DVWHU
5&/3)
6LJQDOV
)LJXUH
5HODWLQJWKLVIXQFWLRQDOEORFNGLDJUDPWRWKHJHQHULFEORFNGLDJUDPRIDGHOWDPRGXODWRULQWKH
SUHOLPLQDU\GLVFXVVLRQ)LJXUHWKH8WLOLWLHVPRGXOH·V5&/3)PRGHOVWKH,QWHJUDWRUWKH
$GGHUPRGXOHLPSOHPHQWVWKH6XPPHUWKH8WLOLWLHVPRGXOH·V&RPSDUDWRULPSOHPHQWVWKH
/LPLWHUDQGWKH6HULDOWR3DUDOOHO&RQYHUWHUPRGXOHPRGHOVWKH6DPSOHU/RRSJDLQLVSURYLGHG
DQGFRQWUROOHGE\WKH$GGHUPRGXOH
$IHZLPSRUWDQWSRLQWVVKRXOGEHPDGHKHUHEHIRUH\RXFRQWLQXHZLWKWKHH[SHULPHQW)LUVWDV
WKH7HOHFRPV7UDLQHUGRHVQ·WKDYHD6DPSOHUWKH6HULDOWR3DUDOOHO&RQYHUWHUPRGXOHLV
XVHGLQLWVSODFH$OWKRXJKWKLVPRGXOHLVGHVLJQHGSULPDULO\IRUDQRWKHUSXUSRVHLWKDVD
ELSRODURXWSXWDQGSURYLGHVDFORFNHGYHUVLRQRIWKHGDWDRQLWVLQSXWZKLFKDUHWKHWZRNH\
IXQFWLRQVUHTXLUHGRIWKH6DPSOHULQDGHOWDPRGXODWRU6HFRQGWKHPRGXODWRU·VVDPSOLQJDQG
GDWDUDWHFRUUHVSRQGZLWKDN+]FORFNDQGQRWWKHN+]FORFNFRQQHFWHGWRWKH6HULDOWR
3DUDOOHO&RQYHUWHUPRGXOH7KLVLVEHFDXVHWKHPRGXOHVHQGVWKHGDWDWRDOWHUQDWHRXWSXWVRQ
HYHU\FORFNSXOVHVRWKHGDWDUDWHRIHDFKRXWSXWFRUUHVSRQGVZLWKDN+]FORFN7KLUGWKH
DFFXPXODWHGSKDVHVKLIWVDURXQGWKHORRSUHWXUQDVLJQDOWRWKH$GGHUPRGXOH·V%LQSXWWKDWLV
LQYHUWHGUHODWLYHWRWKHPHVVDJH7KLVIDFLOLWDWHVWKHGHOWDPRGXODWRU·VUHTXLUHPHQWIRUD
VXEWUDFWLRQRIWKH,QWHJUDWRU·VRXWSXWIURPWKHPHVVDJHXVLQJWKH$GGHUPRGXOHLQWKHVDPH
ZD\WKDWDGGLQJDQHJDWLYHQXPEHUWRDSRVLWLYHQXPEHUUHVXOWVLQDVXEWUDFWLRQRIWKHWZR
([SHULPHQW²'HOWDPRGXODWLRQDQGGHPRGXODWLRQ(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
&RQQHFWWKHVFRSH·V&KDQQHOLQSXWWRWKHVHWXSDVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHEHORZ
X DC
)LJXUH
6HWXSWKHVFRSHSHUWKHLQVWUXFWLRQVLQWKH$SSHQGL[
1RWH(QVXUHWKDWWKHVFRSH·V7ULJJHU6RXUFHFRQWUROLVVHWWRWKH&+RU,17
SRVLWLRQ
$GMXVWWKHVFRSH·V7LPHEDVHFRQWUROWRYLHZWZRRUVRF\FOHVRIWKHPHVVDJH
$FFXUDWHO\PHDVXUHWKHPHVVDJHVLJQDO·VSHDNWRSHDNDPSOLWXGHDQGPDNHDQRWHRIWKH
YDOXH
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²'HOWDPRGXODWLRQDQGGHPRGXODWLRQ
0RGLI\WKHVHWXSDVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHEHORZ
NOISE
GENERATOR
0 dB
-6dB
-2 0dB
BUFFER
GAIN
IN OUT
X DC
)LJXUH
8VHWKH%XIIHUPRGXOH·V*$,1FRQWUROWRVHWLWVRXWSXWWRWKHVDPHDPSOLWXGHWKDW\RX
PHDVXUHGDW6WHS
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJ
([SHULPHQW²'HOWDPRGXODWLRQDQGGHPRGXODWLRQ(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
&RQQHFWWKHVFRSH·V&KDQQHOLQSXWWRWKHVHWXSDVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHEHORZ
NOISE
GENERATOR
0dB
-6 dB
-20 dB
BUFFER
GAIN
IN OUT
X DC
)LJXUH
7KHVFRSH·VFRQQHFWLRQVWRWKHVHWXSFDQEHUHSUHVHQWHGE\WKHEORFNGLDJUDPLQ)LJXUHRQ
WKHQH[WSDJH1RWLFHWKDWWKH%XIIHUPRGXOHLVQ·WVKRZQ7KLVLVEHFDXVHLW·VQRWFRQWULEXWLQJ
WRWKHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIGHOWDPRGXODWLRQ,QVWHDGLW·VEHLQJXVHGWRLQYHUWWKHPHVVDJHVR
WKDWLW·VLQSKDVHZLWKWKH,QWHJUDWRU·VRXWSXWDQGWKHWZRVLJQDOVFDQEHFRQYHQLHQWO\
FRPSDUHG
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²'HOWDPRGXODWLRQDQGGHPRGXODWLRQ
0HVVDJH
7R&+
$ ; 'HOWDPRG
S/ P RXWSXW
N+] ,1
% &/.
,QWHJUDWRU
V
RXWSXW
N+]
7R&+
)LJXUH
&KHFNWKDWWKHVFRSH·VWZR9HUWLFDO$WWHQXDWLRQFRQWUROVDUHRQWKHVDPHVHWWLQJWKH
9GLYSRVLWLRQLVSUREDEO\EHVW
6HWWKHVFRSH·V0RGHFRQWUROWRWKH'8$/SRVLWLRQWRREVHUYHWKHVLJQDORQWKH5&/3)·V
RXWSXWDVZHOODVWKHPHVVDJH
1RWH5HPHPEHUWKDWWKH5&/3)LVEHLQJXVHGWRPRGHOWKH,QWHJUDWRU
2YHUOD\WKHWZRVLJQDOVDQG\RXVKRXOGVHHWKDWWKH5&/3)·VRXWSXWWUDFNVWKHPHVVDJH
LQPXFKWKHVDPHZD\DVWKHRUHWLFDOO\SUHGLFWHGLQ)LJXUHLQWKHSUHOLPLQDU\
GLVFXVVLRQ
1RWH7KH5&/3)·VRXWSXWZLOOQRWEHDVJRRGDQDSSUR[LPDWLRQRIWKHPHVVDJHDVWKH
,QWHJUDWRU·VRXWSXWLQ)LJXUHEXWLWVKRXOGH[KLELWVLPLODUIHDWXUHV5HDVRQVIRUWKH
GLIIHUHQFHVEHWZHHQWKHPZLOOEHLQYHVWLJDWHGLQ3DUW%
1RWH,IWKH5&/3)·VRXWSXWLVQ·WVLPLODUWRWKH,QWHJUDWRU·VRXWSXWLQ)LJXUH\RX·OO
QHHGWRGRXEOHFKHFN\RXUZLULQJ
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJ
([SHULPHQW²'HOWDPRGXODWLRQDQGGHPRGXODWLRQ(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
0RGLI\WKHVFRSH·V&KDQQHOFRQQHFWLRQWRWKHVHWXSDVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHEHORZ
NOISE
GENERATOR
0 dB
-6 dB
-20 dB
BUFFER
GAIN
IN OUT
X DC
)LJXUH
7KHQHZVFRSHFRQQHFWLRQWRWKHVHWXSFDQEHUHSUHVHQWHGE\WKHEORFNGLDJUDPLQ)LJXUH
RQWKHQH[WSDJH
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²'HOWDPRGXODWLRQDQGGHPRGXODWLRQ
0HVVDJH
7R&+
$ ; 'HOWDPRG
S/ P RXWSXW
N+] ,1
7R&+
% &/.
N+]
)LJXUH
4XHVWLRQ
7KHGLJLWDOVLJQDORQWKHGHOWDPRGXODWRU·VRXWSXWLVDVHULDOVWUHDPRIELWQXPEHUV
:KDWGRWKHVHQXPEHUVUHSUHVHQW"
:KHWKHUWKHQHZVDPSOHLVVPDOOHURUODUJHUWKDQWKHSUHYLRXVRQH
4XHVWLRQ
7KHGLJLWDOVLJQDORQWKHGHOWDPRGXODWRU·VRXWSXWLVDFRPSOH[ZDYHIRUPWKDWLVLW·V
PDGHXSRIPDQ\VLQHZDYHV6WDWHWKHIUHTXHQF\RIRQHRIWKHVHVLQHZDYHV7LS1R
FDOFXODWLRQVDUHQHHGHGWRDQVZHUWKLVTXHVWLRQ
N+]
4XHVWLRQ
:KDW·VWKHVLJQLILFDQFHRIWKLVVLQHZDYH"
,W·VDFRS\RIWKHRULJLQDOPHVVDJH
([SHULPHQW²'HOWDPRGXODWLRQDQGGHPRGXODWLRQ(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJ
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²'HOWDPRGXODWLRQDQGGHPRGXODWLRQ
3DUW%²6ORSHRYHUORDGDQGJUDQXODULW\
<RXZLOOKDYHQRWLFHGDW6WHSWKDWWKH5&/3)·VVDZWRRWKRXWSXWLVQRWDVJRRGDQ
DSSUR[LPDWLRQRIWKHPHVVDJHDVWKH,QWHJUDWRU·VRXWSXWLQ)LJXUH7KLVLVDQLPSRUWDQWLVVXH
ZLWKGHOWDPRGXODWLRQEHFDXVHWKHPRUHFORVHO\WKH,QWHJUDWRU·VRXWSXWDSSUR[LPDWHVWKH
PHVVDJHWKHHDVLHULWLVWRUHFRYHUWKHPHVVDJHIURPWKHGLJLWDOGDWDZLWKRXWGLVWRUWLRQDQG
QRLVH
7KHUHDUHVHYHUDOIDFWRUVWKDWWKHDIIHFWFORVHQHVVRIWKH,QWHJUDWRU·VRXWSXWWRWKHPHVVDJH
DQGWKHVHLQFOXGHWKHLQWHJUDWLRQUDWHWKHORRSJDLQDQGWKHVDPSOLQJIUHTXHQF\3DUW%JHWV
\RXWRLQYHVWLJDWHRQHRIWKHVHDQGLQWURGXFHV\RXWRWZRGHOWDPRGXODWLRQSHUIRUPDQFH
VSHFLILFDWLRQVFDOOHGVORSHRYHUORDGDQGJUDQXODULW\
5HWXUQWKHVFRSH·V&KDQQHOLQSXWWRWKH5&/3)·VRXWSXWDVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHEHORZ
NOISE
GENERATOR
0dB
-6dB
-2 0dB
BUFFER
GAIN
IN OUT
X DC
)LJXUH
([SHULPHQW²'HOWDPRGXODWLRQDQGGHPRGXODWLRQ(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
6HWWKHVFRSH·VWZR,QSXW&RXSOLQJFRQWUROVWRWKH*1'SRVLWLRQ
$OLJQWKHWUDFHVWKHQUHWXUQWKH,QSXW&RXSOLQJFRQWUROVWRWKH$&SRVLWLRQ
1RWH7KLVRYHUOD\VWKH5&/3)·VRXWSXWZLWKWKHPHVVDJHVRWKDWWKHLUFHQWUHOLQHVDUH
DOLJQHG
/RRNFORVHO\DWWKHWZRVLJQDOVDQGQRWHZKHQWKHVDZWRRWKZDYHIRUPFKDQJHVEDFNDQG
IRUWKDFURVVWKHPHVVDJHDQGZKHQLWGRHVQ·W
<RX·OOQRWLFHWKDWWKHVDZWRRWKZDYHIRUPFKDQJHVEDFNDQGIRUWKDFURVVWKHPHVVDJHZKHQWKH
PHVVDJH·VUDWHRIFKDQJHLVUHODWLYHO\VORZDWWKHSHDNVLQWKHFDVHRIDVLQHZDYH%XW\RX·OO
DOVRQRWLFHWKDWWKHVDZWRRWKZDYHIRUPGRHVQ·WFURVVWKHPHVVDJHZKHQWKHPHVVDJH·VUDWHRI
FKDQJHLVUHODWLYHO\IDVWDWWKHVLQHZDYH·V]HURFURVVRYHUSRLQWV7KLVLQDELOLW\RIWKH
,QWHJUDWRU·VRXWSXWWRNHHSXSZLWKTXLFNFKDQJHVLQWKHPHVVDJHLVFDOOHGVORSHRYHUORDGDQGLV
DOVRVKRZQLQ)LJXUHEHORZ
6ORSHRYHUORDG
)LJXUH
6ORSHRYHUORDGSURGXFHVVSHFWUDOFRPSRQHQWVLQWKHGLJLWDOGDWDVLJQDODWIUHTXHQFLHVQHDUWKH
FRS\RIWKHPHVVDJHDQGVRFDQGLVWRUWLWDWWKHGHPRGXODWRU·VRXWSXW7RPLQLPLVHVORSH
RYHUORDGWKH,QWHJUDWRU·V´VWHSVL]HµPXVWEHLQFUHDVHG7KDWLVWKHDPRXQWWKDWWKHUDPS
FDQFKDQJHLQDJLYHQVDPSOLQJSHULRGPXVWEHLQFUHDVHG7KLVFDQEHDFKLHYHGLQRQHRIWZR
ZD\V(LWKHULQFUHDVHWKHLQWHJUDWLRQUDWHZKLFKZHFDQQRWGRKHUHEHFDXVHWKLVLVDIL[HG
SURSHUW\RIWKH5&/3)RULQFUHDVHWKHORRSJDLQ7KLVVHFRQGRSWLRQLVDYDLODEOHWRXV
6ORZO\LQFUHDVHWKHYROWDJHJDLQRIWKH$GGHUPRGXOH·V%LQSXWE\WXUQLQJLWVJFRQWURO
FORFNZLVHDQGREVHUYHWKHHIIHFWRQWKH5&/3)·VRXWSXW
1RWH7KLVLQFUHDVHVWKHORRSJDLQLQWXUQLQFUHDVLQJWKH,QWHJUDWRU·VVWHSVL]H
6WRSLQFUHDVLQJWKHYROWDJHJDLQRIWKH$GGHUPRGXOH·V%LQSXWZKHQLWVJFRQWUROLVDW
WKHR·FORFNSRVLWLRQ
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²'HOWDPRGXODWLRQDQGGHPRGXODWLRQ
7RPDLQWDLQWKHFRPSDULVRQEHWZHHQWKH,QWHJUDWRU·VRXWSXWDQGWKHPHVVDJHWKH%XIIHU
PRGXOH·VJDLQPXVWEHUHGXFHG
5HGXFHWKH%XIIHUPRGXOH·VJDLQEXWVWRSWKHPRPHQWWKH,QWHJUDWRU·VVDZWRRWK
ZDYHIRUPFURVVHVWKHPHVVDJHHYHU\WLPHLWFKDQJHVGLUHFWLRQ
1RWH:KHQWKH%XIIHU·VJDLQLVWKHFRUUHFWOHYHOWKHWZRVLJQDOVVKRXOGORRNVLPLODUWR
)LJXUHEHORZ
)LJXUH
1RWLFHWKDWWKH,QWHJUDWRU·VRXWSXWQRZKDVVHYHUDOPRUH´WHHWKµGXULQJWKHWLPHWKDWWKH
PHVVDJHVLJQDOFKDQJHVTXLFNO\DWWKHVLQHZDYH·V]HURFURVVLQJSRLQWVWKDQLWGLGZKHQWKH
,QWHJUDWRU·VVWHSVL]HZDVVPDOOHU:LWKWKHELJJHUVWHSVL]HWKH,QWHJUDWRU·VRXWSXWFDQ
EHWWHUWUDFNWKHPHVVDJHDQGVRWKHVORSHRYHUORDGLVUHGXFHG
+RZHYHUDSULFHKDVEHHQSDLG1RWLFHQRZWKDWWKHWHHWKLQWKH,QWHJUDWRU·VRXWSXWDWWKH
WLPHWKDWWKHPHVVDJHVLJQDOFKDQJHVVORZO\DWWKHVLQHZDYH·VSHDNVGHYLDWHIXUWKHUIURPWKH
PHVVDJHRQRQHVLGHWKDQWKH\GLGSUHYLRXVO\7KLVLVDTXDQWLVDWLRQHUURUSUREOHPZKLFK
FRQWULEXWHVWRTXDQWLVDWLRQQRLVHRUJUDQXODULW\RQWKHGHPRGXODWRU·VRXWSXW7KXVREWDLQLQJDQ
DSSURSULDWHVWHSVL]HIRUWKH,QWHJUDWRULVDFRPSURPLVHEHWZHHQRYHUORDGGLVWRUWLRQDQG
JUDQXODULW\
([SHULPHQW²'HOWDPRGXODWLRQDQGGHPRGXODWLRQ(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
4XHVWLRQ
:KLFKLVZRUVWZKHQWKH,QWHJUDWRU·VVWHSVL]HLVUHODWLYHO\VPDOO"
6ORSHRYHUORDGGLVWRUWLRQ 9
*UDQXODULW\
4XHVWLRQ
:KLFKLVZRUVWZKHQWKH,QWHJUDWRU·VVWHSVL]HLVUHODWLYHO\ODUJH"
6ORSHRYHUORDGGLVWRUWLRQ
*UDQXODULW\ 9
$QDOWHUQDWLYHWRPDQDJLQJWKHFRPSURPLVHEHWZHHQVORSHRYHUORDGGLVWRUWLRQDQGJUDQXODULW\
LQYROYHVLQFUHDVLQJWKHVDPSOLQJUDWH7KLVDOORZVWKHVWHSVL]HWREHJUHDWHUZKLOHSUHYHQWLQJ
WKHVWHSVIURPRYHUVKRRWLQJWKHPHVVDJHE\VRPXFKZKHQWKHPHVVDJHFKDQJHVVORZO\)URPD
VSHFWUXPSHUVSHFWLYHLQFUHDVLQJWKHVDPSOLQJUDWHIRUFHVWKHRWKHUVLQHZDYHVWKDWPDNHXS
WKHGHOWDVLJQDOKLJKHUXSWKHVSHFWUXPDQGVRHDVLHUWRUHPRYHDWGHPRGXODWLRQ$VVXFK
RYHUVDPSOLQJLVZLGHO\XVHGZLWKGHOWDPRGXODWLRQ
7KHVDPSOLQJUDWHFDQEHLQFUHDVHGKHUHE\UHSODFLQJWKH0DVWHU6LJQDOVPRGXOH·VN+]
',*,7$/RXWSXWZLWKWKH9&2PRGXOH·V',*,7$/RXWSXWDQGVHWWLQJWKH9&2PRGXOH·VRXWSXW
IUHTXHQF\WRPD[LPXP+RZHYHUDVWKH9&2PRGXOH·VRXWSXWDQG0DVWHU6LJQDOVPRGXOH·V
N+]6,1(RXWSXWDUHQRWV\QFKURQLVHGWKH,QWHJUDWRU·VRXWSXWVLJQDOZLOOEHXQVWDEOHRQWKH
VFRSH·VGLVSOD\UHQGHULQJWKHLPSURYHPHQWGLIILFXOWWRREVHUYH7KLVFDQEHRYHUFRPHE\
FDSWXULQJRQHVZHHSRIWKHGLVSOD\XVLQJDVWRUDJHVFRSHLIRQHLVDYDLODEOH
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJ
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²'HOWDPRGXODWLRQDQGGHPRGXODWLRQ
3DUW&²'HOWDGHPRGXODWLRQ
5HFDOOWKDWGHOWDPRGXODWLRQSURGXFHVDSXOVHWUDLQZLWKDVSHFWUDOFRPSRVLWLRQWKDWLQFOXGHVD
FRS\RIWKHPHVVDJHVLJQDO,W·VSRVVLEOHWRUHFRYHUWKHPHVVDJHXVLQJORZSDVVILOWHULQJDQG
3DUW&JHWV\RXWRGRWKLV
/RFDWHWKH7XQHDEOH/RZSDVV)LOWHUPRGXOHDQGVHWLWV*DLQFRQWUROWRWKHPLGGOHRILWV
WUDYHO
7XUQWKH7XQHDEOH/RZSDVV)LOWHUPRGXOH·V&XWRII)UHTXHQF\$GMXVWFRQWUROIXOO\
FORFNZLVH
0RGLI\WKHVHWXSDVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHEHORZ
X DC f Cx10 0
)LJXUH
([SHULPHQW²'HOWDPRGXODWLRQDQGGHPRGXODWLRQ(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
7KHHQWLUHVHWXSLQFOXGLQJWKHPRGLILFDWLRQLQ)LJXUHFDQEHUHSUHVHQWHGE\WKHEORFN
GLDJUDPLQ)LJXUHEHORZ7KH7XQHDEOH/RZSDVV)LOWHUPRGXOHLVXVHGWRGHPRGXODWHWKH
GHOWDVLJQDODQGUHFRYHUWKHN+]PHVVDJH
0HVVDJH
7R&+
7XQHDEOH
/RZSDVV)LOWHU
$ ; 5HFRYHUHG
S/ P PHVVDJH
N+] ,1
7R&+
% &/.
N+]
)LJXUH
6ORZO\UHGXFHWKH7XQHDEOH/RZSDVV)LOWHUPRGXOH·VFXWRIIIUHTXHQF\XQWLOWKH
PHVVDJHKDVEHHQUHFRYHUHGLJQRULQJSKDVHVKLIW
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJ
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²'HOWDPRGXODWLRQDQGGHPRGXODWLRQ
1RZOHW·VVHHZKDW\RXUKHDULQJWHOOV\RX«
7XUQWKH7XQHDEOH/RZSDVV)LOWHUPRGXOH·V&XWRII)UHTXHQF\$GMXVWFRQWUROIXOO\
FORFNZLVHDJDLQ
0RGLI\WKHVHWXSDVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHEHORZ
NOISE
GENERATOR
0dB
-6dB
-20dB
BUFFER
GAIN
IN OUT
X DC f Cx10 0
)LJXUH
([SHULPHQW²'HOWDPRGXODWLRQDQGGHPRGXODWLRQ(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
7XUQWKH%XIIHUPRGXOH·V*DLQFRQWUROIXOO\DQWLFORFNZLVH
:LWKRXWZHDULQJWKHKHDGSKRQHVSOXJWKHPLQWRWKH%XIIHUPRGXOH·VKHDGSKRQHVRFNHW
3XWWKHKHDGSKRQHVRQ
,QFUHDVHWKH%XIIHUPRGXOH·VJDLQXQWLO\RXFDQFRPIRUWDEO\KHDUWKH7XQHDEOH/RZSDVV
)LOWHUPRGXOH·VRXWSXW
1RWH<RXVKRXOGEHDEOHWRKHDUWKHFRS\RIWKHPHVVDJHLHWKHN+]WRQHSOXVWKH
RWKHUIUHTXHQF\FRPSRQHQWVWKDWPDNHXSWKHGHOWDVLJQDO·VVSHFWUDOFRPSRVLWLRQXSWR
DERXWN+]ZKLFKLVWKH7XQHDEOH/RZSDVV)LOWHUPRGXOH·VPD[LPXPFXWRII
IUHTXHQF\
6ORZO\UHGXFHWKH7XQHDEOH/RZSDVV)LOWHUPRGXOH·VFXWRIIIUHTXHQF\XQWLOWKH
PHVVDJHKDVEHHQUHFRYHUHGDQGLWVRXQGVOLNHWKHVHRWKHUIUHTXHQF\FRPSRQHQWVDUH
PLQLPLVHGRUFRPSOHWHO\UHPRYHG
,WVKRXOGEHQRWHGKHUHWKDWWKH7XQHDEOH/RZSDVV)LOWHUPRGXOHRQWKH7HOHFRPV7UDLQHU
LVDVRSKLVWLFDWHGFLUFXLW,W·VDWKRUGHUDFWLYHHOOLSWLFDOILOWHU$VGHOWDPRGXODWLRQLVRIWHQ
XVHGDVDORZFRVWDQDORJWRGLJLWDOFRQYHUWHUVLPSOHUILOWHUVFRVWLQJOHVVDUHOLNHO\WREHXVHG
IRUWKHGHPRGXODWRU6XFKILOWHUVKDYHDJHQWOHUVORSHDQGVRGRQ·WDWWHQXDWHVLJQDOVLQWKH
UROORIIUHJLRQDVVKDUSO\
4XHVWLRQ
:KDWFKDQJHWRWKHGHOWDPRGXODWRUFDQEHPDGHWRDOORZVLPSOHUILOWHUVWREHXVHGE\
WKHGHPRGXODWRUZLWKRXWLQWURGXFLQJPRUHQRLVHDQGGLVWRUWLRQ"
,QFUHDVHWKHVDPSOLQJUDWH²7KLVZRXOGPDNHWKHLPDJHIUHTXHQFLHVKLJKHUSXVKLQJ
WKHPIXUWKHULQWRWRWKHORZSDVVILOWHU·VUROORIIUHJLRQDQGLQFUHDVHWKHLUDWWHQXDWLRQ
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJ
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²'HOWDPRGXODWLRQDQGGHPRGXODWLRQ
3DUW'²'HOWDPRGXODWLRQDQGVLJQDOWRQRLVHGLVWRUWLRQUDWLR61'5
<RXKDYHMXVWXVHGYLVXDODQGDXUDOPHDQVWRWXQHWKHGHOWDGHPRGXODWRUWRUHFRYHUWKH
PHVVDJHZLWKPLQLPDOQRLVHDQGGLVWRUWLRQ3DUW'JHWV\RXWRGHWHUPLQHWKH´TXDOLW\µRIWKH
GHOWDGHPRGXODWRU·VRXWSXWVLJQDOTXDQWLWDWLYHO\XVLQJ61'5
&KHFNWKDWWKH$GGHUPRGXOH·VJJDLQFRQWUROLVDWWKHR·FORFNSRVLWLRQ
6HWXSWKH7UXH506GLJLWDOPXOWLPHWHU'00IRUPHDVXULQJ$&YROWDJHV
1RWH,I\RX·UHQRWVXUHKRZWKLVLVGRQHFDOOWKHLQVWUXFWRUIRUDVVLVWDQFH
&RQQHFWWKH7UXH506'00EHWZHHQWKH7XQHDEOH/RZSDVV)LOWHUPRGXOH·VRXWSXWDQG
WKHWUDLQHU·VJURXQG
0HDVXUHWKH506YROWDJHRIWKHILOWHU·VRXWSXWDQGUHFRUGWKLVYDOXHLQ7DEOHRQSDJH
/RFDWHWKH3KDVH6KLIWHUPRGXOHDQGVHWLWV3KDVH&KDQJHFRQWUROWRWKHSRVLWLRQ
6HWWKH3KDVH6KLIWHUPRGXOH·V3KDVH$GMXVWFRQWURODERXWWKHPLGGOHRILWVWUDYHO
0RGLI\WKHVHWXSDVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHRQWKHQH[WSDJH
([SHULPHQW²'HOWDPRGXODWLRQDQGGHPRGXODWLRQ(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
X DC f Cx10 0
0 dB
LO
CHANNEL
-6 dB BPF
-2 0dB
BASEBAND
PHASE LPF
BUFFER
O
0 ADDER
O
1 80 NOISE
GAIN
)LJXUH
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²'HOWDPRGXODWLRQDQGGHPRGXODWLRQ
7KHDGGLWLRQVWRWKHVHWXSLQ)LJXUHFDQEHUHSUHVHQWHGE\WKHEORFNGLDJUDPLQ)LJXUH
EHORZ7KHN+]PHVVDJHLVVWROHQIURPWKH0DVWHU6LJQDOVPRGXOHDQGSKDVHVKLIWHGXVLQJ
WKH3KDVH6KLIWHUPRGXOH7KHVLJQDOLVWKHQDGGHGWRWKHVLJQDORQWKH7XQHDEOH/RZSDVV
)LOWHUPRGXOH·VRXWSXWXVLQJWKHQRLVH$GGHUPRGXOH,PSRUWDQWO\WKHQRLVH$GGHUPRGXOH
ZRXOGQ·WQRUPDOO\EHXVHGIRUWKLVSXUSRVHDVLWKDVIL[HGJDLQLQSXW+RZHYHUWKHUHJXODU
$GGHUPRGXOHLVXVHGWRLPSOHPHQWWKHGHOWDPRGXODWRU7KHPHDQVWKDWWKH%XIIHUPRGXOH
PXVWEHXVHGIRURQHRIWKHQRLVH$GGHUPRGXOH·VLQSXWVLJQDOVLQWKLVFDVHIRUWKHVWROHQ
PHVVDJHVRWKDWWKHWZRVLJQDOVFDQEHPDGHWKHVDPHVL]H7KLVLVHVVHQWLDOIRUWKHQXOOLQJ
SURFHVVLQ61'5PHDVXUHPHQWV
$GGHU
1
'HPHGXODWHG
6XPGLIIHUHQFHVLJQDO
GHOWDVLJQDO
7R&+
6
6WROHQN+]PHVVDJH
JDLQ SKDVHDGMXVWHG
6WROHQN+] 7R&+
PHVVDJH O
%XIIHU 3KDVH
6KLIWHU
)LJXUH
7KHHQWLUHVHWXSFDQEHUHSUHVHQWHGE\WKHEORFNGLDJUDPLQ)LJXUHRQWKHQH[WSDJH
([SHULPHQW²'HOWDPRGXODWLRQDQGGHPRGXODWLRQ(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
$ ;
1
S/ P 6XPGLIIHUHQFHVLJQDO
N+] ,1 7R&+
% &/. 6
6WROHQN+]PHVVDJH
N+] JDLQ SKDVHDGMXVWHG
7R&+
6WROHQN+]
PHVVDJH
)LJXUH
8VHWKH%XIIHUPRGXOH·V*DLQFRQWUROWRVHWWKHVWROHQPHVVDJHWRDERXWWKHVDPH
DPSOLWXGHDVWKHUHFRYHUHGPHVVDJH
1RWH(QVXUHWKDWWKHVFRSH·VWZR9HUWLFDO$WWHQXDWLRQFRQWUROVDUHVHWWRWKHVDPH
SRVLWLRQWKH9GLYRU9GLYSRVLWLRQVDUHSUREDEO\EHVW
8VHWKH3KDVH6KLIW6KLIWHUPRGXOH·V3KDVH$GMXVWFRQWUROWRDOLJQWKHZDYHIRUPV
8VHWKH%XIIHUPRGXOH·V*DLQFRQWUROWRVHWWKHVWROHQPHVVDJHWRDVFORVHWRWKH
UHFRYHUHGPHVVDJH·VDPSOLWXGHDV\RXFDQREWDLQ
1RWH0DNLQJWKHWZRVLJQDOVH[DFWO\WKHVDPHDPSOLWXGHZLOODOORZWKHPHVVDJH
FRPSRQHQWRQWKHGHPRGXODWRU·VRXWSXWWREHFRPSOHWHO\QXOOHGDWWKHRXWSXWRIWKH
$GGHUPRGXOHLQWKHQH[WIHZVWHSV
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²'HOWDPRGXODWLRQDQGGHPRGXODWLRQ
0RGLI\WKHVFRSH·VFRQQHFWLRQVWRWKHVHWXSDVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHEHORZ
X DC f Cx10 0
0dB
LO
CHANNEL
-6dB BPF
-2 0 dB
BASEBAND
PHASE LPF
BUFFER
O
0 ADDER
O
1 80 NOISE
GAIN
)LJXUH
([SHULPHQW²'HOWDPRGXODWLRQDQGGHPRGXODWLRQ(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
7KHVFRSH·VQHZFRQQHFWLRQVWRWKHVHWXSLQ)LJXUHFDQEHUHSUHVHQWHGE\WKHEORFN
GLDJUDPLQ)LJXUHEHORZ
0HVVDJH
7R&+
$ ;
1
S/ P 6XPGLIIHUHQFHVLJQDO
N+] ,1 7R&+
% &/. 6
N+]
6WROHQN+]
PHVVDJH
)LJXUH
9DU\WKH3KDVH6KLIWHUPRGXOH·V3KDVH$GMXVWFRQWUROOHIWDQGULJKW
1RWH$V\RXGRWKLV\RX·OOYDU\WKHSKDVHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQWKHVLJQDORQWKH
GHPRGXODWRU·VRXWSXWDQGWKHVWROHQPHVVDJH,PSRUWDQWO\ZKHQWKHSKDVHUHODWLRQVKLS
EHWZHHQWKHVHWZRVLJQDOVLVWKH\FRPSOHWHO\FDQFHOHDFKRWKHURXWDVORQJDV
WKHLUDPSOLWXGHVDUHWKHVDPH
&RQQHFWWKH7UXH506'00EHWZHHQWKH$GGHUPRGXOH·VRXWSXWDQGWKHWUDLQHU·V
JURXQG
$GMXVWWKH3KDVH6KLIWHUPRGXOH·V3KDVH$GMXVWFRQWUROXQWLO\RXREWDLQWKHVPDOOHVW
506RXWSXWYROWDJHIURPWKH$GGHUPRGXOH
1RWH,IWKLVLVDOLWWOHWULFN\EHFDXVHWKHVPDOOHVWRXWSXWRFFXUVZKHQWKLVFRQWUROLVDW
RUQHDUWKHHQGRILWVWUDYHOWU\VZLWFKLQJWKH3KDVH6KLIWHUPRGXOH·V3KDVH&KDQJH
FRQWUROWRWKHSRVLWLRQ
7ZHDNWKH%XIIHUPRGXOH·V*DLQFRQWURODOLWWOHWRVHHLI\RXFDQPDNHWKH$GGHU
PRGXOH·VRXWSXWHYHQVPDOOHU
1RWH7KLVILQHWXQH·VWKHVWROHQPHVVDJH·VDPSOLWXGHWRHQVXUHWKDWLW·VDVFORVHWRWKH
UHFRYHUHGPHVVDJH·VDPSOLWXGHDVSRVVLEOH
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²'HOWDPRGXODWLRQDQGGHPRGXODWLRQ
2QFH\RXKDYHQXOOHGWKHPHVVDJHFRPSRQHQWRQWKHGHPRGXODWRU·VDVPXFKDVSRVVLEOHWKH
VLJQDORQ$GGHUPRGXOH·VRXWSXWLVQRZWKHFRPELQDWLRQRIDOOWKHVLQHZDYHVRQWKHRXWSXWRI
WKH7XQHDEOH/RZSDVV)LOWHUWKHGHOWDGHPRGXODWRUPLQXVWKHFRS\RIWKHPHVVDJH,QRWKHU
ZRUGVWKHVHDUHWKHHOHPHQWVRQWKHILOWHU·VRXWSXWWKDWGLVWRUWDQGDGGQRLVHWRWKH
UHFRYHUHGPHVVDJH7KLV´QRLVHDQGGLVWRUWLRQVLJQDOµFDQEHXVHGWRGHWHUPLQHWKHGHOWD
PRGXODWRUGHPRGXODWRUV\VWHP·V61'5
5HFRUGWKH506QRLVHDQGGLVWRUWLRQVLJQDOYROWDJHLQ7DEOHEHORZ
&DOFXODWHDQGUHFRUGWKH61'5ILJXUHXVLQJWKHHTXDWLRQ
6 +1
61'5 =
1
&RQYHUWWKH61'5ILJXUHWRGHFLEHOVDQGUHFRUGWKLVDOVR
7DEOH
6LJQDORQWKH
GHPRGXODWRU·VRS
1RLVH 'LVWRUWLRQ
61'5
61'5
LQGHFLEHOV
4XHVWLRQ
:KDWZRXOG\RXH[SHFWWRKDSSHQWRWKH61'5ILJXUHLIDFKHDSHUILOWHUWKDWLVRQH
ZLWKDOHVVVWHHSVORSHLVXVHGWRUHFRYHUWKHPHVVDJH"([SODLQ\RXUDQVZHU
7KH61'5ZRXOGLQFUHDVH7KLVLVEHFDXVHWKHFKHDSHUILOWHU·VUROORIIUHJLRQZRXOGQ·W
EHDVJRRGDWDWWHQXDWLQJWKHLPDJHVDVDWKRUGHUILOWHU
([SHULPHQW²'HOWDPRGXODWLRQDQGGHPRGXODWLRQ(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHILQLVKLQJ
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²'HOWDPRGXODWLRQDQGGHPRGXODWLRQ
1DPH
&ODVV
'HOWDVLJPDPRGXODWLRQDQGGHPRGXODWLRQ
([SHULPHQW²'HOWDVLJPDPRGXODWLRQDQGGHPRGXODWLRQ
3UHOLPLQDU\GLVFXVVLRQ
'HOWDVLJPDPRGXODWLRQRU∆Ƶ²PRGXODWLRQLVDQRWKHUSXOVHPRGXODWLRQVFKHPHWKDWLVDQ
DSSDUHQWO\VLPSOHYDULDWLRQRIGHOWDPRGXODWLRQ
5HFDOOWKDWWKHEORFNGLDJUDPRIDEDVLFGHOWDPRGXODWLRQORRNVOLNH)LJXUHEHORZ
'HOWDPRG
,QSXW /LPLWHU 6DPSOHU
VLJQDORXW
&ORFN
,QWHJUDWRU
)LJXUH
'HOWDVLJPDPRGXODWLRQHIIHFWLYHO\VZDSVWKH,QWHJUDWRUDQG6DPSOHUEORFNVDVVKRZQLQ
)LJXUHEHORZWRDFKLHYHDSXOVHPRGXODWLRQZLWKVRPHDGYDQWDJHVRYHUGHOWDPRGXODWLRQ
'HOWDVLJPD
,QSXW /LPLWHU 6DPSOHU
PRGVLJQDORXW
&ORFN
)LJXUH
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²'HOWDVLJPDPRGXODWLRQDQGGHPRGXODWLRQ
,PSRUWDQWO\ZKHUHGHOWDPRGXODWLRQTXDQWLVHVWKHGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQWKHPHVVDJHDQGWKH
LQWHJUDORIWKHGHOWDVLJQDOGHOWDVLJPDPRGXODWLRQTXDQWLVHVWKHLQWHJUDORIWKHGLIIHUHQFH
EHWZHHQWKHPHVVDJHDQGWKHGHOWDVLJPDVLJQDO6RDOWKRXJKWKHWZRPRGXODWLRQVFKHPHVORRN
VLPLODUWKH\·UHTXLWHGLIIHUHQWPDWKHPDWLFDOO\7KHUHVXOWLVDVSHFWUDOFRPSRVLWLRQWKDWEHWWHU
VXLWHVORZSDVVILOWHULQJIRUGHPRGXODWLRQEHFDXVHWKHTXDQWLVDWLRQQRLVHRFFXUVDWKLJKHU
IUHTXHQFLHV
7KHH[SHULPHQW
)RUWKLVH[SHULPHQW\RX·OOXVHWKH(PRQD7HOHFRPV7UDLQHUWRLPSOHPHQWWKHGHOWDVLJPD
PRGXODWLRQVFKHPH<RX·OOWKHQGHPRGXODWHWKHGHOWDVLJPDVLJQDOXVLQJORZSDVVILOWHULQJ
,WVKRXOGWDNH\RXDERXWPLQXWHVWRFRPSOHWHWKLVH[SHULPHQW
3UHUHTXLVLWHV
([SHULPHQW9RO6HWWLQJXSDQRVFLOORVFRSH
([SHULPHQW9RO$QLQWURGXFWLRQWRWKH7HOHFRPV7UDLQHU
([SHULPHQW9RO0RGHOOLQJHTXDWLRQV
([SHULPHQW9RO6DPSOLQJDQGUHFRQVWUXFWLRQ
([SHULPHQW9RO3XOVHFRGHPRGXODWLRQDQGVLJQDOWRQRLVHGLVWRUWLRQUDWLR
([SHULPHQW9RO'HOWDVLJPDPRGXODWLRQDQGGHPRGXODWLRQ
(TXLSPHQW
(PRQD7HOHFRPV7UDLQHUSOXVSRZHUSDFN
'XDO&KDQQHO0+]RVFLOORVFRSH
7ZR(PRQD7HOHFRPV7UDLQHURVFLOORVFRSHOHDGV
$VVRUWHG(PRQD7HOHFRPV7UDLQHUSDWFKOHDGV
2QHVHWRIKHDGSKRQHVVWHUHR
3URFHGXUH
3DUW$²6HWWLQJXSWKHGHOWDPRGXODWRU
3DUW$RIWKLVH[SHULPHQWJHWV\RXWRLPSOHPHQWWKHGHOWDVLJPDPRGXODWRUXVLQJWKH(PRQD
7HOHFRPV7UDLQHU
*DWKHUDVHWRIWKHHTXLSPHQWOLVWHGDERYH
/RFDWHWKH$GGHUPRGXOHDQGVHWLWV*DQGJFRQWUROVWRWKHPLGGOHRIWKHLUWUDYHO
ZKLFKVKRXOGKDYHWKHDUURZKHDGVSRLQWLQJWRWKHR·FORFNSRVLWLRQ
([SHULPHQW²'HOWDVLJPDPRGXODWLRQDQGGHPRGXODWLRQ(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
&RQQHFWWKHVHWXSVKRZQLQ)LJXUHEHORZ
MASTER ADDER UTILITIES MULTIPLIER
SIGNALS
COMPARATOR
REF
X DC
)LJXUH
7KLVVHWXSFDQEHUHSUHVHQWHGE\WKHEORFNGLDJUDPLQ)LJXUHEHORZ7KH0DVWHU6LJQDOV
PRGXOH·VN+]6,1(RXWSXWPRGHOVWKHPHVVDJH7KHUHPDLQLQJEORFNVLPSOHPHQWWKHGHOWD
VLJPDPRGXODWRU
0DVWHU $GGHU 6HULDOWR3DUDOOHO
6LJQDOV PRGXOH 5&/3) &RPSDUDWRU &RQYHUWHUPRGXOH
N+] $ ; 'HOWDVLJPD
S/ P PRGRXWSXW
,1
% &/.
N+]
0DVWHU
6LJQDOV
)LJXUH
5HODWLQJWKLVIXQFWLRQDOEORFNGLDJUDPWRWKHJHQHULFEORFNGLDJUDPRIDGHOWDVLJPDPRGXODWRU
LQWKHSUHOLPLQDU\GLVFXVVLRQ)LJXUHWKH8WLOLWLHVPRGXOH·V5&/3)PRGHOVWKH,QWHJUDWRU
WKH$GGHUPRGXOHLPSOHPHQWVWKH6XPPHUWKH8WLOLWLHVPRGXOH·V&RPSDUDWRULPSOHPHQWVWKH
/LPLWHUDQGWKH6HULDOWR3DUDOOHO&RQYHUWHUPRGXOHPRGHOVWKH6DPSOHUZLWKDN+]
HIIHFWLYHO\/RRSJDLQLVSURYLGHGDQGFRQWUROOHGE\WKH$GGHUPRGXOH
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²'HOWDVLJPDPRGXODWLRQDQGGHPRGXODWLRQ
&RQQHFWWKHVFRSH·V&KDQQHOLQSXWWRWKHVHWXSDVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHEHORZ
X DC
)LJXUH
6HWXSWKHVFRSHSHUWKHLQVWUXFWLRQVLQWKH$SSHQGL[
1RWH(QVXUHWKDWWKHVFRSH·V7ULJJHU6RXUFHFRQWUROLVVHWWRWKH&+RU,17
SRVLWLRQ
$GMXVWWKHVFRSH·V7LPHEDVHFRQWUROWRYLHZWZRRUVRF\FOHVRIWKHPHVVDJH
$FFXUDWHO\PHDVXUHWKHPHVVDJHVLJQDO·VSHDNWRSHDNDPSOLWXGHDQGPDNHDQRWHRIWKH
YDOXH
([SHULPHQW²'HOWDVLJPDPRGXODWLRQDQGGHPRGXODWLRQ(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
0RGLI\WKHVHWXSDVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHEHORZ
NOISE
GENERATOR
0 dB
-6 dB
-2 0dB
BUFFER
GAIN
IN OUT
X DC
)LJXUH
8VHWKH%XIIHUPRGXOH·V*$,1FRQWUROWRVHWLWVRXWSXWWRWKHVDPHDPSOLWXGHWKDW\RX
PHDVXUHGDW6WHS
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJ
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²'HOWDVLJPDPRGXODWLRQDQGGHPRGXODWLRQ
&RQQHFWWKHVFRSH·V&KDQQHOLQSXWWRWKHVHWXSDVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHEHORZ
NOISE
GENERATOR
0dB
-6dB
-20 dB
BUFFER
GAIN
IN OUT
X DC
)LJXUH
7KHVFRSH·VFRQQHFWLRQVWRWKHVHWXSFDQEHUHSUHVHQWHGE\WKHEORFNGLDJUDPLQ)LJXUHRQ
WKHQH[WSDJH1RWLFHWKDWWKH%XIIHUPRGXOHLVQ·WVKRZQ7KLVLVEHFDXVHLW·VQRWFRQWULEXWLQJ
WRWKHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIGHOWDVLJPDPRGXODWLRQ,QVWHDGLW·VEHLQJXVHGWRLQYHUWWKHPHVVDJH
VRWKDWLW·VLQSKDVHZLWKWKH,QWHJUDWRU·VRXWSXWDQGWKHWZRVLJQDOVFDQEHFRQYHQLHQWO\
FRPSDUHG
([SHULPHQW²'HOWDVLJPDPRGXODWLRQDQGGHPRGXODWLRQ(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
0HVVDJH ,QWHJUDWRU
VRXWSXW
7R&+ WR&+
$ ; 'HOWDVLJPD
N+]
S/ P PRGRXWSXW
,1
% &/.
N+]
)LJXUH
&KHFNWKDWWKHVFRSH·V&KDQQHO9HUWLFDO$WWHQXDWLRQFRQWUROLVVHWWRWKH9GLY
SRVLWLRQ
6HWWKHVFRSH·V&KDQQHO9HUWLFDO$WWHQXDWLRQFRQWUROWRWKH9GLYSRVLWLRQ
6HWWKHVFRSH·VWZR,QSXW&RXSOLQJFRQWUROVWRWKH*1'SRVLWLRQ
6HWWKHVFRSH·V0RGHFRQWUROWRWKH'8$/SRVLWLRQ
$OLJQWKHVFRSH·VWUDFHV
1RWH7KLVZLOORYHUOD\WKH5&/3)·VRXWSXWZLWKWKHPHVVDJHVRWKDWWKHLUFHQWUHOLQHV
DUHDOLJQHG
5HWXUQWKHVFRSH·VWZR,QSXW&RXSOLQJFRQWUROVWRWKH$&SRVLWLRQ
1RWH2QFHGRQH\RXVKRXOGVHHWKHRULJLQDOPHVVDJHZLWKWKH5&/3)·VRXWSXW
VXSHULPSRVHGRQLW
$WILUVWJODQFHWKH,QWHJUDWRU·VRXWSXWVKRXOGVHHPVLPLODUWRWKHVDPHVLJQDOLQDGHOWD
PRGXODWRU+RZHYHUORRNFORVHO\DWWKH,QWHJUDWRU·VRXWSXWZKHQWKHPHVVDJHFKDQJHV
GLUHFWLRQ&DQ\RXVHHDGLIIHUHQFH"
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²'HOWDVLJPDPRGXODWLRQDQGGHPRGXODWLRQ
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJ
0RGLI\WKHVFRSH·V&KDQQHOFRQQHFWLRQWRWKHVHWXSDVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHEHORZ
NOISE
GENERATOR
0dB
-6dB
-2 0dB
BUFFER
GAIN
IN OUT
X DC
)LJXUH
7KHQHZVFRSHFRQQHFWLRQWRWKHVHWXSFDQEHUHSUHVHQWHGE\WKHEORFNGLDJUDPLQ)LJXUH
RQWKHQH[WSDJH
([SHULPHQW²'HOWDVLJPDPRGXODWLRQDQGGHPRGXODWLRQ(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
0HVVDJH
7R&+
$ ; 'HOWDVLJPD
N+]
S/ P PRGRXWSXW
,1
7R&+
% &/.
N+]
)LJXUH
6HWWKHVFRSH·V&KDQQHO9HUWLFDO$WWHQXDWLRQFRQWUROWRWKH9GLYSRVLWLRQ
4XHVWLRQ
+RZGRHVWKHSXOVHWUDLQRQWKHGHOWDVLJPDPRGXODWRU·VRXWSXWFRPSDUHWRWKDWRIWKH
GHOWDPRGXODWRU"
FRPSDULVRQZRXOGKLJKOLJKWGLIIHUHQFHV
4XHVWLRQ
:KDW·VGLIIHUHQWDERXWWKHGHOWDVLJPDDQGGHOWDVLJQDOVLQWHUPVRIWKHLUVSHFWUDO
FRPSRVLWLRQ"
0RVWRIWKHVLQHZDYHVWKDWPDNHXSWKHGHOWDVLJPDVLJQDORFFXUDWKLJKHUIUHTXHQFLHV
4XHVWLRQ
:KDW·VWKHVDPHDERXWWKHGHOWDVLJPDDQGGHOWDVLJQDOVLQWHUPVRIWKHLUVSHFWUDO
FRPSRVLWLRQ"
7KH\ERWKFRQWDLQDFRS\RIWKHPHVVDJH
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²'HOWDVLJPDPRGXODWLRQDQGGHPRGXODWLRQ
4XHVWLRQ
+RZFDQWKHPHVVDJHEHUHFRYHUHG"
/RZSDVVILOWHULQJ
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJ
([SHULPHQW²'HOWDVLJPDPRGXODWLRQDQGGHPRGXODWLRQ(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
3DUW%²'HOWDVLJPDGHPRGXODWLRQ
5HFDOOWKDWGHOWDVLJPDPRGXODWLRQSURGXFHVDSXOVHWUDLQZLWKDVSHFWUDOFRPSRVLWLRQWKDW
LQFOXGHVDFRS\RIWKHPHVVDJHVLJQDO,W·VSRVVLEOHWRUHFRYHUWKHPHVVDJHXVLQJORZSDVV
ILOWHULQJDQG3DUW%JHWV\RXWRGRWKLV
/RFDWHWKH7XQHDEOH/RZSDVV)LOWHUPRGXOHDQGVHWLWV*DLQFRQWUROWRWKHPLGGOHRILWV
WUDYHO
7XUQWKH7XQHDEOH/RZSDVV)LOWHUPRGXOH·V&XWRII)UHTXHQF\$GMXVWFRQWUROIXOO\
FORFNZLVH
0RGLI\WKHVHWXSDVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHEHORZ
X DC f Cx10 0
)LJXUH
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²'HOWDVLJPDPRGXODWLRQDQGGHPRGXODWLRQ
7KHHQWLUHVHWXSLQFOXGLQJWKHPRGLILFDWLRQLQ)LJXUHFDQEHUHSUHVHQWHGE\WKHEORFN
GLDJUDPLQ)LJXUHEHORZ7KH7XQHDEOH/RZSDVV)LOWHUPRGXOHLVXVHGWRGHPRGXODWHWKH
GHOWDVLJPDVLJQDODQGUHFRYHUWKHN+]PHVVDJH
0HVVDJH
7R&+
7XQHDEOH
/RZSDVV)LOWHU
$ ; 5HFRYHUHG
N+]
S/ P PHVVDJH
,1
7R&+
% &/.
N+]
)LJXUH
6ORZO\UHGXFHWKH7XQHDEOH/RZSDVV)LOWHUPRGXOH·VFXWRIIIUHTXHQF\XQWLOWKH
PHVVDJHKDVEHHQUHFRYHUHGLJQRULQJSKDVHVKLIW
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJ
([SHULPHQW²'HOWDVLJPDPRGXODWLRQDQGGHPRGXODWLRQ(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
1RZOHW·VVHHZKDW\RXUKHDULQJWHOOV\RX«
7XUQWKH7XQHDEOH/RZSDVV)LOWHUPRGXOH·V&XWRII)UHTXHQF\$GMXVWFRQWUROIXOO\
FORFNZLVHDJDLQ
0RGLI\WKHVHWXSDVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHEHORZ
NOISE
GENERATOR
0dB
-6dB
-2 0dB
BUFFER
GAIN
IN OUT
X DC f Cx10 0
)LJXUH
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²'HOWDVLJPDPRGXODWLRQDQGGHPRGXODWLRQ
7XUQWKH%XIIHUPRGXOH·V*DLQFRQWUROIXOO\DQWLFORFNZLVH
:LWKRXWZHDULQJWKHKHDGSKRQHVSOXJWKHPLQWRWKH%XIIHUPRGXOH·VKHDGSKRQHVRFNHW
3XWWKHKHDGSKRQHVRQ
,QFUHDVHWKH%XIIHUPRGXOH·VJDLQXQWLO\RXFDQFRPIRUWDEO\KHDUWKH7XQHDEOH/RZSDVV
)LOWHUPRGXOH·VRXWSXW
1RWH<RXVKRXOGEHDEOHWRKHDUWKHFRS\RIWKHPHVVDJHLHWKHN+]WRQHSOXVWKH
RWKHUIUHTXHQF\FRPSRQHQWVWKDWPDNHXSWKHGHOWDVLJPDVLJQDO·VVSHFWUDOFRPSRVLWLRQ
XSWRDERXWN+]ZKLFKLVWKH7XQHDEOH/RZSDVV)LOWHUPRGXOH·VPD[LPXPFXWRII
IUHTXHQF\
6ORZO\UHGXFHWKH7XQHDEOH/RZSDVV)LOWHUPRGXOH·VFXWRIIIUHTXHQF\XQWLOWKH
PHVVDJHKDVEHHQUHFRYHUHGDQGLWVRXQGVOLNHWKHVHRWKHUIUHTXHQF\FRPSRQHQWVDUH
PLQLPLVHGRUFRPSOHWHO\UHPRYHG
4XHVWLRQ
:K\GRHVGHOWDVLJPDPRGXODWLRQSHUIRUPEHWWHUWKDQGHOWDPRGXODWLRQZKHQVLPSOH
ORZSDVVILOWHULQJLVXVHGWRUHFRYHUWKHPHVVDJH"
7KHGHOWDVLJPDVLJQDO·VQRQPHVVDJHVSHFWUDOFRPSRQHQWVRFFXUDWKLJKHU
IUHTXHQFLHVDQGKHQFHIXUWKHUDORQJWKHILOWHU·VUROORIIZKHUHWKH\·UHDWWHQXDWHG
E\DJUHDWHUDPRXQW7KLVUHQGHUVWKHPOHVVDEOHWRGLVWRUWWKHUHFRYHUHGPHVVDJH
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHILQLVKLQJ
([SHULPHQW²'HOWDVLJPDPRGXODWLRQDQGGHPRGXODWLRQ(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW²'HOWDVLJPDPRGXODWLRQDQGGHPRGXODWLRQ
1DPH
&ODVV
2EVHUYDWLRQVRI$0DQG'6%6&VLJQDOVLQWKHIUHTXHQF\GRPDLQ
([SHULPHQW²2EVHUYDWLRQVRI$0DQG'6%6&VLJQDOVLQWKH
IUHTXHQF\GRPDLQ
3UHOLPLQDU\GLVFXVVLRQ
([SHULPHQWVDQGRI9ROXPHXVHWKH(PRQD7HOHFRPV7UDLQHUWRGHPRQVWUDWHWKH
GLIIHUHQFHVWKDW\RXZRXOGVHHRQDVFRSHEHWZHHQWKHRXWSXWVLJQDOVRIDQ$0DQG'6%6&
PRGXODWRU7RUHIUHVK\RXUPHPRU\)LJXUHEHORZVKRZVWKH$0DQG'6%6&VLJQDOVWKDW
ZRXOGEHSURGXFHGE\LGHQWLFDOLQSXWVIRUH[DPSOHDN+]VLQHZDYHIRUWKHPHVVDJHDQGD
N+]VLQHZDYHIRUWKHFDUULHU
$0VLJQDO
'6%6&
VLJQDO
)LJXUH
7KHWZRVLJQDOVORRNGLIIHUHQWEHFDXVHWKH\FRQWDLQGLIIHUHQWVLQHZDYHV7KDWLVWKH\KDYHD
GLIIHUHQWVSHFWUDOFRPSRVLWLRQ7KHUHDVRQIRUWKLVLVH[SODLQHGE\WKHPDWKHPDWLFDOPRGHOVRI
$0DQG'6%6&6LGHE\VLGHLW·VHDV\WRVHHWKDWWKHHTXDWLRQVDUHDOLWWOHGLIIHUHQW
$0 '&PHVVDJHõWKHFDUULHU '6%6& WKHPHVVDJHõWKHFDUULHU
$QGZKHQWKHHTXDWLRQVDUHVROYHGIRUWKHLQSXWVVSHFLILHGDERYHZHILQGWKDWWKH$0DQG
'6%6&VLJQDOVFRQVLVWRIWKHIROORZLQJ
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW2EVHUYDWLRQVRI$0 '6%6&VLJQDOVLQWKHIUHTXHQF\GRPDLQ
$0 '6%6& 'HVFULSWLRQ
N+] $VLQHZDYHDWWKHFDUULHUIUHTXHQF\
$VLQHZDYHZLWKDIUHTXHQF\HTXDOWRWKHVXPRIWKHFDUULHUDQG
N+] N+]
PHVVDJHIUHTXHQFLHVWKHXSSHUVLGHEDQGRU86%
$VLQHZDYHZLWKDIUHTXHQF\HTXDOWRWKHGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQWKH
N+] N+]
FDUULHUDQGPHVVDJHIUHTXHQFLHVWKHORZHUVLGHEDQGRU/6%
$V\RXFDQVHH$0VLJQDOVLQFOXGHWKHFDUULHUVLJQDOZKHUHDV'6%6&VLJQDOVGRQ·W
:KHQ\RXWKLQNDERXWLWDVFRSH·VGLVSOD\LVDFWXDOO\DJUDSKRIWLPHRQWKH;D[LVYHUVXV
YROWDJHRQWKH<D[LV,PSRUWDQWO\JUDSKVSORWWHGWKLVZD\DUHVDLGWREHGUDZQLQWKHWLPH
GRPDLQ
$QRWKHUZD\RIUHSUHVHQWLQJVLJQDOVOLNH$0DQG'6%6&VLJQDOVLQYROYHVGUDZLQJDOOWKH
VLQHZDYHVWKDWWKH\FRQWDLQRQDJUDSKWKDWKDVIUHTXHQF\IRUWKH;D[LVLQVWHDGRIWLPH,Q
RWKHUZRUGVWKH\·UHGUDZQLQWKHIUHTXHQF\GRPDLQ:KHQWKH$0DQG'6%6&VLJQDOVLQ)LJXUH
DUHGUDZQWKLVZD\ZHJHWWKHJUDSKVLQ)LJXUHEHORZ
Voltage or power
AM
frequency
99kHz 100kHz 101kHz
LSB Carrier USB
V or P
DSBSC
frequency
99kHz 100kHz 101kHz
LSB USB
)LJXUH
([SHULPHQW2EVHUYDWLRQVRI$0 '6%6&VLJQDOVLQWKHIUHTXHQF\GRPDLQ(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
)UHTXHQF\GRPDLQUHSUHVHQWDWLRQVRIFRPSOH[VLJQDOVDUHYHU\XVHIXOIRUWKLQNLQJDERXWWKHLU
VSHFWUDOFRPSRVLWLRQ7KH\JLYH\RXDWRROIRUYLVXDOLVLQJWKHVLQHZDYHVWKDWWKHVLJQDOLVPDGH
XSRI7KH\DOVRKHOS\RXWRVHHKRZPXFKRIWKHIUHTXHQF\VSHFWUXPWKHVLJQDORFFXSLHV7KLV
LVWKHVLJQDO·VEDQGZLGWKDQGLVDFULWLFDOLVVXHLQFRPPXQLFDWLRQVDQGWHOHFRPPXQLFDWLRQV
7KHEDQGZLGWKRI$0DQG'6%6&VLJQDOVFDQEHFDOFXODWHGLQRQHRIWZRZD\V7KHIUHTXHQF\
GRPDLQJUDSKVLQ)LJXUHVKRZVWKDWWKHVLJQDOVRFFXS\DSRUWLRQRIWKHVSHFWUXPIURPWKH
ORZHUVLGHEDQGXSWRWKHXSSHUVLGHEDQG7KDWEHLQJWKHFDVHWKHEDQGZLGWKFDQEHIRXQG
XVLQJWKHHTXDWLRQ
%: = 86% − /6%
8VLQJWKLVHTXDWLRQZHILQGWKDWWKHEDQGZLGWKRIWKH$0DQG'6%6&VLJQDOVLQ)LJXUHDUH
N+],QVLWXDWLRQVZKHUHWKHVLGHEDQGVDUHPDGHXSRIPRUHWKDQRQHVLQHZDYH\RXPXVW
VROYHWKHHTXDWLRQXVLQJWKHKLJKHVWIUHTXHQF\LQWKH86%DQGWKHORZHVWIUHTXHQF\LQWKH/6%
1RZFRPSDUHWKHEDQGZLGWKRIWKHVLJQDOVLQ)LJXUHN+]ZLWKWKHRULJLQDOVLJQDOVXVHGWR
SURGXFHWKHPWKDWLVDN+]PHVVDJHDQGDN+]FDUULHU1RWLFHWKDWWKHLUEDQGZLGWKV
DUHWZLFHWKHIUHTXHQF\RIWKHLUPHVVDJH7KLVJLYHVXVWKHVHFRQGHTXDWLRQIRUFDOFXODWLQJ
EDQGZLGWK
%: = × IP ZKHUHIP WKHPHVVDJHIUHTXHQF\
,QVLWXDWLRQVZKHUHWKHPHVVDJHLVPDGHXSRIPRUHWKDQRQHVLQHZDYH\RXPXVWVROYHWKH
HTXDWLRQXVLQJWKHKLJKHVWIUHTXHQF\LQWKHPHVVDJH
7KHH[SHULPHQW
)RUWKLVH[SHULPHQW\RX·OOXVHWKH(PRQD7HOHFRPV7UDLQHUWRJHQHUDWHDUHDO$0DQG
'6%6&VLJQDOWKHQDQDO\VHWKHVSHFWUDOHOHPHQWVRIWKHWZRVLJQDOVXVLQJDVSHFWUXPDQDO\VHU
,WVKRXOGWDNH\RXDERXWPLQXWHVWRFRPSOHWHWKLVH[SHULPHQW
3UHUHTXLVLWHV
([SHULPHQW9RO6HWWLQJXSDQRVFLOORVFRSH
([SHULPHQW9RO$QLQWURGXFWLRQWRWKH7HOHFRPV7UDLQHU
([SHULPHQW9RO0RGHOOLQJHTXDWLRQV
([SHULPHQW9RO$PSOLWXGHPRGXODWLRQ
([SHULPHQW9RO'6%6&PRGXODWLRQ
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW2EVHUYDWLRQVRI$0 '6%6&VLJQDOVLQWKHIUHTXHQF\GRPDLQ
(TXLSPHQW
(PRQD7HOHFRPV7UDLQHUSOXVSRZHUSDFN
'XDO&KDQQHO0+]RVFLOORVFRSH
6SHFWUXPDQDO\VHUVXFKDVWKH3LFR6FRSH
7KUHH(PRQD7HOHFRPV7UDLQHURVFLOORVFRSHOHDGV
$VVRUWHG(PRQD7HOHFRPV7UDLQHUSDWFKOHDGV
3URFHGXUH
3DUW$²6HWWLQJXSWKH$0PRGXODWRU
7RH[SHULPHQWZLWK$0VSHFWUXPDQDO\VLV\RXQHHGDQ$0VLJQDO3DUW$JHWV\RXWRVHWRQH
XS
*DWKHUDVHWRIWKHHTXLSPHQWOLVWHGRQWKHSUHYLRXVSDJH
/RFDWHWKH9&2PRGXOHDQGWXUQLWV*DLQFRQWUROIXOO\DQWLFORFNZLVH
6HWWKH9&2PRGXOH·V)UHTXHQF\$GMXVWFRQWUROWRDERXWWKHPLGGOHRILWVWUDYHO
6HWWKH9&2PRGXOH·V5DQJHFRQWUROWRWKH/2SRVLWLRQ
/RFDWHWKH$GGHUPRGXOHDQGWXUQLWV*DQGJFRQWUROVIXOO\DQWLFORFNZLVH
/RFDWHWKH9DULDEOH'&9PRGXOHDQGWXUQLWV'&9ROWDJHFRQWURODOPRVWIXOO\DQWL
FORFNZLVH
&RQQHFWWKHVHWXSVKRZQLQ)LJXUHRQWKHQH[WSDJH
([SHULPHQW2EVHUYDWLRQVRI$0 '6%6&VLJQDOVLQWKHIUHTXHQF\GRPDLQ(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
VCO ADDER MULTIPLIER
DIGITAL
DC
X
AC
GAIN DC
Y
AC
G kXY
FREQ
MULTIPLIER
A
HI
LO
X DC
VCO SINE g
INPUT
B GA+gB Y DC kXY
VARIABLE MASTER
DCV SIGNALS
+5 V
VDC
GND
VDC
1 00 kHz
SINE
1 00 kHz
COS
SPEECH
1 00 kHz
DIGITAL
8kHz
A EXOR DIGITAL
2kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz
SINE
B A+B
)LJXUH
6HWXSWKHVFRSHSHUWKHLQVWUXFWLRQVLQWKH$SSHQGL[
1RWH(QVXUHWKDWWKHVFRSH·V7ULJJHU6RXUFHFRQWUROLVVHWWRWKH&+RU,17
SRVLWLRQ
$GMXVWWKHIROORZLQJVFRSHFRQWUROVDVLQGLFDWHG
&KDQQHO9HUWLFDO$WWHQXDWLRQFRQWUROWR9GLY
&KDQQHO9HUWLFDO$WWHQXDWLRQFRQWUROWR9GLY
&KDQQHO,QSXW&RXSOLQJFRQWURO'&
7LPHEDVHFRQWUROWRWKHVGLY
1RWH$OWKRXJKWKHVFRSHLVQRZGLVSOD\LQJWKH$GGHUPRGXOH·VRXWSXWLW·OOMXVWEHDVWUDLJKW
OLQHEHFDXVHWKHRXWSXWLV9
8VHWKHVFRSH·V&KDQQHO9HUWLFDO3RVLWLRQFRQWUROWRPRYHWKHWUDFHVRWKDWLWOLQHVXS
ZLWKWKHKRUL]RQWDOOLQHLQWKHPLGGOHRIWKHVFRSH·VVFUHHQ
:KLOHZDWFKLQJWKH$GGHUPRGXOH·VRXWSXWRQWKHVFRSHWXUQLWVJFRQWUROXQWLOWKH'&
OHYHOLV9
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW2EVHUYDWLRQVRI$0 '6%6&VLJQDOVLQWKHIUHTXHQF\GRPDLQ
:KLOHZDWFKLQJWKH$GGHUPRGXOH·VRXWSXWRQWKHVFRSHWXUQLWV*FRQWUROWRREWDLQD
9SSVLQHZDYH
$GMXVWWKH9&2PRGXOH·V)UHTXHQF\$GMXVWFRQWUROWRREWDLQDN+]VLQHZDYH
7LS&DOFXODWHWKHSHULRGRIN+]DQGXVHWKHVFRSHWRKHOSVHWWKHSHULRGRIWKH9&2
PRGXOH·VRXWSXWWRWKHVDPHYDOXH
6HWWKHVFRSH·V0RGHFRQWUROWRWKH'8$/SRVLWLRQWRYLHZWKH$0VLJQDORXWRIWKH
0XOWLSOLHUPRGXOHDVZHOODVWKHPHVVDJHVLJQDO
1RWH,IWKHVFRSH·V9HUWLFDO$WWHQXDWLRQFRQWUROVDUHVHWDVVSHFLILHGLQ6WHSWKH
VFRSHVKRXOGQRZGLVSOD\DQ$0VLJQDOZLWKHQYHORSHVWKDWDUHWKHVDPHVKDSHDQGVL]H
DVWKHPHVVDJH
7KHVHWXSLQ)LJXUHFDQEHUHSUHVHQWHGE\WKHEORFNGLDJUDPLQ)LJXUHEHORZ,W
LPSOHPHQWVWKHHTXDWLRQ$0 9'&9SSN+]VLQHõ9SSN+]VLQH
0HVVDJH
7R&+
$ ;
$0VLJQDO
N+] 7R&+
% <
N+]
FDUULHU
)LJXUH
4XHVWLRQ
)RUWKHJLYHQLQSXWVWRWKH0XOWLSOLHUPRGXOHZKDWDUHWKHIUHTXHQFLHVRIWKHWKUHH
VLQHZDYHVRQLWVRXWSXW"
N+]N+]DQGN+]
4XHVWLRQ
8VHWKLVLQIRUPDWLRQWRFDOFXODWHWKH$0VLJQDO·VEDQGZLGWK7LS,I\RX·UHQRWVXUHKRZ
WRGRWKLVUHDGWKHSUHOLPLQDU\GLVFXVVLRQ
N+]
([SHULPHQW2EVHUYDWLRQVRI$0 '6%6&VLJQDOVLQWKHIUHTXHQF\GRPDLQ(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJ
3DUW%²6HWWLQJXSWKHVSHFWUXPDQDO\VHU
0RGLI\WKHVHWXSWRLQFOXGHWKHVSHFWUXPDQDO\VHUDVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHEHORZ
1RWH7KHIROORZLQJLQVWUXFWLRQVUHODWHWRD3&EDVHGVSHFWUXPDQDO\VHUFDOOHGWKH
3LFR6FRSH2WKHUVSHFWUXPDQDO\VLVGHYLFHVFDQEHXVHGSURYLGHGWKHEDQGZLGWKLV
DWOHDVWN+]
VCO ADDER MULTIPLIER
DIGITAL
DC
X
AC
GAIN DC
Y
AC
G kXY
FREQ
MULTIPLIER
A
HI
LO
X DC
VCO SINE g
INPUT
B GA+gB Y DC kXY
PC-based
VARIABLE MASTER
DCV SIGNALS Spectrum
Ana lyser
+5 V
VDC CH A
GND
VDC CH B
1 00 kHz
SINE
1 00 kHz
COS
SPEECH
1 00 kHz
DIGITAL
8kHz
A EXOR DIGITAL
2kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz
SINE
B A+B
)LJXUH
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW2EVHUYDWLRQVRI$0 '6%6&VLJQDOVLQWKHIUHTXHQF\GRPDLQ
/DXQFKWKH3LFR6FRSHVRIWZDUHDQGVHWLWVVSHFWUXPDQDO\VHUFRQWUROVDVIROORZV
*HQHUDO
6SHFWUXP5DQJHWRN+]
+RUL]RQWDO=RRPWRõ
&KDQQHO$,QSXW5DQJHWR$XWR
&KDQQHO%,QSXW5DQJHWR2II
6SHFWUXP2SWLRQV
6SHFWUXP%LQVWR
:LQGRZ)XQFWLRQWR%ODFNPDQ+DUULV
'LVSOD\0RGHWR0DJQLWXGH
6FDOHWR/RJDULWKPLF
/RJDULWKPLFXQLWWRG%9
1RWH,I\RX·UHXVLQJDVSHFWUXPDQDO\VHURWKHUWKDQWKH3LFR6FRSHVHH\RXU
LQVWUXFWRUIRUDOLVWRIWKHFRQWUROVWRDGMXVWDQGWKHLUDSSURSULDWHVHWWLQJV
1RWH,IWKHVSHFWUXPDQDO\VHUKDVEHHQVHWXSFRUUHFWO\LWVGLVSOD\ZLOOEHVLPLODUWR
)LJXUHEHORZ
)LJXUH
([SHULPHQW2EVHUYDWLRQVRI$0 '6%6&VLJQDOVLQWKHIUHTXHQF\GRPDLQ(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
7KHVSHFWUXPDQDO\VHU·VGLVSOD\LVQRZWKHIUHTXHQF\GRPDLQUHSUHVHQWDWLRQRIWKH$0
PRGXODWRU·VRXWSXWVLJQDO1RWLFHWKDWLWORRNVIDLUO\VLPLODUWRWKHIUHTXHQF\GRPDLQJUDSKIRU
DQ$0VLJQDOLQ)LJXUHLQWKHSUHOLPLQDU\GLVFXVVLRQ
3DUW&²6SHFWUXPDQDO\VLVRIDQ$0VLJQDO
3DUW&OHWV\RXDQDO\VHWKHIUHTXHQF\GRPDLQUHSUHVHQWDWLRQRIWKH$0VLJQDOWRVHHLILWV
IUHTXHQF\FRPSRQHQWVDQGEDQGZLGWKPDWFKWKHYDOXHVWKDW\RXPDWKHPDWLFDOO\SUHGLFWHGIRU
4XHVWLRQVDQG7RPDNHDFFXUDWHPHDVXUHPHQWV\RX·OOXVHWKHDQDO\VHU·VUXOHUVDOVRFDOOHG
FXUVRUVDQGPDUNHUVRQRWKHUGHYLFHV,QVWUXFWLRQVDQGH[SODQDWLRQVDUHSURYLGHGIRU\RXU
LQIRUPDWLRQLI\RX·YHQRWXVHGWKHPEHIRUH1RWH,I\RX·UHXVLQJDVSHFWUXPDQDO\VHURWKHU
WKDQWKH3LFR6FRSHVHH\RXULQVWUXFWRUIRUDOLVWRIWKHFRQWUROVWRDGMXVWDQGWKHLU
DSSURSULDWHVHWWLQJV
0RYHWKHPRXVHWRWKHMXQFWLRQRIWKHGLVSOD\·V;DQG<D[HV
1RWH:KHQ\RXGRWKHPRXVHFXUVRUZLOOFKDQJHVKDSHDQGDODEHOZLOOSRSXSGHFODULQJ
´,QDFWLYHµ
&OLFNDQGKROGWKHOHIWPRXVHEXWWRQDQGWKHQPRYHLWOHIWDQGULJKW
1RWH:KHQ\RXGRWKLVDGDVKHGOLQHUHSUHVHQWLQJIUHTXHQF\UXOHUDSSHDUV
1RWH$UXOHUOHJHQGDOVRDSSHDUVLQGLFDWLQJWKHDEVROXWHIUHTXHQF\DWWKHUXOHU
$OLJQUXOHUZLWKWKH$0VLJQDO·VFDUULHU
7LS,I\RX·UHQRWVXUHZKLFKVLQHZDYHLVWKHFDUULHUUHDGWKHSUHOLPLQDU\GLVFXVVLRQ
8VHWKHUXOHU·VOHJHQGWRGHWHUPLQHWKLVVLQHZDYH·VIUHTXHQF\DQGUHFRUGWKLVLQ7DEOH
RQWKHQH[WSDJH
$OLJQUXOHUZLWKWKH$0VLJQDO·VORZHUVLGHEDQGDQGUHSHDW6WHS
7LS$JDLQLI\RX·UHQRWVXUHZKLFKVLQHZDYHLVWKH/6%UHDGWKHSUHOLPLQDU\GLVFXVVLRQ
$OLJQUXOHUZLWKWKH$0VLJQDO·VXSSHUVLGHEDQGDQGUHSHDW6WHS
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW2EVHUYDWLRQVRI$0 '6%6&VLJQDOVLQWKHIUHTXHQF\GRPDLQ
8VHIXOO\WKHVSHFWUXPDQDO\VHUKDVWZRIUHTXHQF\UXOHUV$SDUWIURPDOORZLQJ\RXWRPHDVXUH
WKHDEVROXWHIUHTXHQF\RIWZRVLQHZDYHVDWRQFHLWDOVRDOORZV\RXWRPHDVXUHWKHGLIIHUHQFH
LQIUHTXHQF\EHWZHHQWKHUXOHUV7KLVLQIRUPDWLRQLVDOVRGLVSOD\HGLQWKHUXOHUOHJHQGLQWKH
GHOWD∆FROXPQ
$FWLYDWHUXOHUE\UHSHDWLQJ6WHSVDQG
$OLJQUXOHUZLWKWKH$0VLJQDO·VORZHUVLGHEDQGDQGXVHWKHUXOHUOHJHQGWR
GHWHUPLQHWKHIUHTXHQF\GLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQWKHWZRVLGHEDQGV5HFRUGWKLVYDOXHLQ
7DEOHEHORZ
7DEOH
&DUULHUIUHTXHQF\
/6%IUHTXHQF\
86%IUHTXHQF\
%DQGZLGWK
4XHVWLRQ
:KDWKDYH\RXPHDVXUHGE\SHUIRUPLQJ6WHS"
7KH$0VLJQDO·VEDQGZLGWK
4XHVWLRQ
+RZGRWKHPHDVXUHGYDOXHVLQ7DEOHFRPSDUHZLWK\RXUWKHRUHWLFDOO\SUHGLFWHGYDOXHV
VHH4XHVWLRQVDQG"([SODLQDQ\GLIIHUHQFHV
7KHPHDVXUHGDQGSUHGLFWHGYDOXHVVKRXOGEHYHU\FORVH'LIIHUHQFHVDUHGXHWRWKH
PHVVDJHIUHTXHQF\GULIWLQJDOLWWOHDQGRUWKHDFFXUDF\RIWKHWHVWHTXLSPHQW
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJ
([SHULPHQW2EVHUYDWLRQVRI$0 '6%6&VLJQDOVLQWKHIUHTXHQF\GRPDLQ(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
$VDQDVLGHDWWKLVSRLQWLWORRNVDVWKRXJKWKHVLGHEDQGVDUHQHDUO\DVODUJHDVWKHFDUULHU
+RZHYHUWKLVLVPLVOHDGLQJEHFDXVHWKHYHUWLFDOD[LVLVORJDULWKPLFWKDWLVLW·VQRQOLQHDU
7KHVLGHEDQGVDUHDFWXDOO\PXFKVPDOOHUWKDQWKHFDUULHU7KLVFDQEHSURYHQDVIROORZV
,QWKHDQDO\VHU·V6SHFWUXP2SWLRQVZLQGRZVHWWKH6FDOHWR/LQHDULQVWHDGRI
/RJDULWKPLF
1RWH7KLVVHWVWKHYHUWLFDOD[LVWRDVLPSOHOLQHDUYROWDJHPHDVXUHPHQWLQVWHDGRI
GHFLEHOV
1RWHWKHUHODWLYHVL]HVRIWKHVLQHZDYHVLQWKHVLJQDO
1RWH<RXPD\KDYHWRPRYHWKHUXOHUVWRVHHWKHVLGHEDQGV
5HWXUQWKHDQDO\VHU·V6FDOHFRQWUROWR/RJDULWKPLF
1RZOHW·VVHHZKDWKDSSHQVWRWKH$0VLJQDO·VVLGHEDQGVDQGEDQGZLGWKZKHQ\RXFKDQJHWKH
PHVVDJHIUHTXHQF\
,QFUHDVHWKHPHVVDJHIUHTXHQF\E\LQFUHDVLQJWKH9&2PRGXOH·VRXWSXWIUHTXHQF\WR
N+]
7LS5HPHPEHUWKDWWRGRWKLV\RXPXVWFDOFXODWHWKHSHULRGRIN+]DQGXVHWKHVFRSH
WRKHOSVHWWKH9&2PRGXOH·VRXWSXWWRWKDWYDOXH
8VHWKHDQDO\VHU·VUXOHUVWRILQGWKH$0VLJQDO·VQHZEDQGZLGWK5HFRUGWKLVLQ7DEOH
EHORZ
5HSHDW6WHSVDQGIRUDN+]PHVVDJHIUHTXHQF\
7DEOH
%DQGZLGWKIRU
IP N+]
%DQGZLGWKIRU
IP N+]
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW2EVHUYDWLRQVRI$0 '6%6&VLJQDOVLQWKHIUHTXHQF\GRPDLQ
4XHVWLRQ
:KDW·VWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQWKHPHVVDJHVLJQDO·VIUHTXHQF\DQGWKH$0VLJQDO·V
EDQGZLGWK"
7KH$0VLJQDO·VEDQGZLGWKLVWZLFHWKHIUHTXHQF\RIWKHPHVVDJH
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJ
6HWWKHDQDO\VHU·V+RUL]RQWDO=RRPFRQWUROWRWKHõSRVLWLRQ
'LVFRQQHFWWKHEDQDQDSOXJWRWKH0XOWLSOLHUPRGXOH·V;LQSXW
,QYHVWLJDWHWKHIUHTXHQF\RIWKHPRVWVLJQLILFDQWVLQHZDYHRQWKH0XOWLSOLHUPRGXOH·V
RXWSXW
4XHVWLRQ
:KDWLVWKLVVLJQDO"
,W·VWKHN+]FDUULHU
4XHVWLRQ
:KDW·VPLVVLQJDQGZK\"
7KHVLGHEDQGVDUHPLVVLQJEHFDXVHWKHUH·VQRPHVVDJHWRPXOWLSO\ZLWKWKHFDUULHU
5HFRQQHFWWKHEDQDQDSOXJWRWKH0XOWLSOLHUPRGXOH·V;LQSXW
'LVFRQQHFWWKHEDQDQDSOXJWRWKH0XOWLSOLHUPRGXOH·V< LQSXW
:DLWXQWLOWKHGLVSOD\KDVIXOO\XSGDWHGWKHQLQYHVWLJDWHWKHIUHTXHQF\RIWKHPRVW
VLJQLILFDQWVLQHZDYHRQWKH0XOWLSOLHUPRGXOH·VRXWSXW
([SHULPHQW2EVHUYDWLRQVRI$0 '6%6&VLJQDOVLQWKHIUHTXHQF\GRPDLQ(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
4XHVWLRQ
:KDWLVWKLVVLJQDO"
,W·VWKHN+]PHVVDJH
4XHVWLRQ
:K\DUHWKHVLGHEDQGVPLVVLQJZKHQWKHUH·VDPHVVDJH"
%HFDXVHWKHVLGHEDQGVDUHDPXOWLSOHRIWKHPHVVDJHDQGWKHFDUULHU:LWKQRFDUULHU
WKHRQO\VLJQLILFDQWRXWSXWLVWKHPHVVDJHZKLFKZDVQ·WSUHVHQWSUHYLRXVO\
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJ
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW2EVHUYDWLRQVRI$0 '6%6&VLJQDOVLQWKHIUHTXHQF\GRPDLQ
3DUW'²6HWWLQJXSWKH'6%6&PRGXODWRU
7RH[SHULPHQWZLWK'6%6&VSHFWUXPDQDO\VLV\RXQHHGD'6%6&VLJQDO3DUW'JHWV\RXWRVHW
RQHXS
5HFRQQHFWWKHEDQDQDSOXJWRWKH0XOWLSOLHUPRGXOH·V< LQSXW
&RQYHUWWKHVHWXSWRD'6%6&PRGXODWRUE\VLPSO\UHPRYLQJWKHSDWFKOHDGVKRZQLQ
)LJXUHEHORZ
VCO ADDER MULTIPLIER
DIGITAL
DC
X
AC
GAIN DC
Y
AC
G kXY
FREQ
MULTIPLIER
A
HI
LO
X DC
VCO SINE g
INPUT
B GA+gB Y DC kXY
VDC CH A
GND
VDC CH B
10 0kHz
SINE
10 0kHz
COS
SPEECH
10 0kHz
DIGITAL
8kHz
A EXOR DIGITAL
2kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz
SINE
B A+B
)LJXUH
7KLVVHWXSFDQEHUHSUHVHQWHGE\WKHEORFNGLDJUDPLQ)LJXUHRQWKHQH[WSDJH,W
LPSOHPHQWVWKHHTXDWLRQ'6%6& 9SSN+]VLQHõ9SSN+]VLQH
([SHULPHQW2EVHUYDWLRQVRI$0 '6%6&VLJQDOVLQWKHIUHTXHQF\GRPDLQ(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
0HVVDJH
7R&+
$ ;
'6%6&VLJQDO
N+] 7R&+
% <
N+]
FDUULHU
)LJXUH
1RWH7KH$GGHUPRGXOHLVQ·WQHHGHGWRLPSOHPHQW'6%6&+RZHYHUOHDYLQJLWLQWKHVHWXS
PLQLPLVHVWKHZLULQJUHTXLUHGWRLPSOHPHQW'6%6&,WZLOODOVRDOORZ\RXWRYDU\WKHPHVVDJH·V
DPSOLWXGH
5HWXUQWKHPHVVDJHIUHTXHQF\WRN+]
6HWWKHPHVVDJH·VDPSOLWXGHE\DGMXVWLQJWKH$GGHUPRGXOH·V*FRQWUROWR9SS
6HOIFKHFN7KHVFRSHVKRXOGQRZGLVSOD\D'6%6&VLJQDOZLWKDOWHUQDWLQJKDOYHVRIWKH
HQYHORSHIRUPLQJWKHVDPHVKDSHDVWKHPHVVDJHWKDWDUHDERXWWKHVDPHVL]H
4XHVWLRQ
)RUWKHJLYHQLQSXWVWRWKH0XOWLSOLHUPRGXOHZKDWDUHWKHIUHTXHQFLHVRIWKHWZR
VLQHZDYHVRQLWVRXWSXW"
N+]DQGN+]
4XHVWLRQ
8VHWKLVLQIRUPDWLRQWRFDOFXODWHWKH'6%6&VLJQDO·VEDQGZLGWK
N+]
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW2EVHUYDWLRQVRI$0 '6%6&VLJQDOVLQWKHIUHTXHQF\GRPDLQ
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJ
3DUW(²6SHFWUXPDQDO\VLVRID'6%6&VLJQDO
5HWXUQWKHDQDO\VHU·V+RUL]RQWDO=RRPFRQWUROWRWKHõSRVLWLRQ
1RWH2QFHGRQH\RXVKRXOGEHDEOHWRFOHDUO\VHHWKH'6%6&VLJQDO·VWZRVLGHEDQGV
<RX·OODOVRVHHWKDWWKHVLJQDOKDVDFDUULHU+RZHYHUGHVSLWHDSSHDUDQFHVWKLVVLJQDOLVYHU\
VPDOOUHODWLYHWRWKHVLGHEDQGVUHPHPEHUWKHVFDOHIRUWKH<D[LVLVGHFLEHOVZKLFKLVD
ORJDULWKPLFXQLWRIPHDVXUHPHQW'HVLJQOLPLWDWLRQVLQLPSOHPHQWLQJ'6%6&PHDQWKDWWKHUH
ZLOODOZD\VEHDVPDOOFDUULHUFRPSRQHQWLQWKH'6%6&VLJQDO7KDW·VZK\WKHVHFRQG´VµLQ
'6%6&LVIRU´VXSSUHVVHGµ
8VHUXOHUWRGHWHUPLQHWKHIUHTXHQF\RIWKHORZHUVLGHEDQG5HFRUGWKLVLQ7DEOH
EHORZ
8VHUXOHUWRGHWHUPLQHDQGUHFRUGWKHIUHTXHQF\RIWKHXSSHUVLGHEDQG
'HWHUPLQHDQGUHFRUGWKH'6%6&VLJQDO·VEDQGZLGWK
7DEOH
/6%IUHTXHQF\
86%IUHTXHQF\
%DQGZLGWK
([SHULPHQW2EVHUYDWLRQVRI$0 '6%6&VLJQDOVLQWKHIUHTXHQF\GRPDLQ(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
4XHVWLRQ
+RZGRWKHPHDVXUHGYDOXHVLQ7DEOHFRPSDUHZLWK\RXUWKHRUHWLFDOO\SUHGLFWHGYDOXHV
VHH4XHVWLRQVDQG"
7KHPHDVXUHGDQGSUHGLFWHGYDOXHVVKRXOGEHYHU\FORVH
4XHVWLRQ
&RPSDUHWKH'6%6&VLJQDO·VEDQGZLGWKZLWKWKHEDQGZLGWKIRUWKH$0VLJQDOZLWKD
N+]PHVVDJHLQ7DEOH:KDWFDQ\RXVD\DERXWWKHEDQGZLGWKUHTXLUHPHQWVRI$0
DQG'6%6&VLJQDOV"
7KH\·UHWKHVDPH
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJ
)LQGWKH'6%6&VLJQDO·VEDQGZLGWKIRUWZRRWKHUPHVVDJHIUHTXHQFLHVVD\N+]DQG
N+]
4XHVWLRQ
:KDW·VWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQWKHPHVVDJHVLJQDO·VIUHTXHQF\DQGWKH'6%6&VLJQDO·V
EDQGZLGWK"
7KH'6%6&VLJQDO·VEDQGZLGWKLVWZLFHWKHIUHTXHQF\RIWKHPHVVDJH
$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHILQLVKLQJ
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW2EVHUYDWLRQVRI$0 '6%6&VLJQDOVLQWKHIUHTXHQF\GRPDLQ
$SSHQGL[,QLWLDOVHWXSRIDQRVFLOORVFRSH
$SSHQGL[²,QLWLDOVHWXSRIDQRVFLOORVFRSH
3UHOLPLQDU\GLVFXVVLRQ
(YHQWKHPRVWEDVLFVFRSHVKDYHTXLWHDIHZFRQWUROVDQGVRWKH\FDQEHWULFN\WRVHWXSUHDG\
WRYLHZDQGPHDVXUHVLJQDOVLI\RX·UHQRWXVLQJWKHPDOORIWKHWLPH7KLV$SSHQGL[JLYHV\RXD
SURFHGXUHWKDW·OOVHWXSPRVWVFRSHVUHDG\WRVKRZDVWDEOHN+]9SSVLJQDORQWKHVFRSH·V
VFUHHQHYHU\WLPH8QOHVV\RXKDYHORWVRIH[SHULHQFHLQXVLQJVFRSHVLW·VUHFRPPHQGHGWKDW
\RXXVHWKLVSURFHGXUHDVDVWDUWLQJSRLQWIRUDOOH[SHULPHQWV
3URFHGXUH
*HQHUDOFRQWUROV
L 6HWWKH,QWHQVLW\FRQWUROWRDERXWWKUHHTXDUWHUVRILWVWUDYHO
LL 6HWWKH0RGHFRQWUROWRWKH&+RU&+$SRVLWLRQ
9HUWLFDOFRQWUROV
L 6HWWKH,QSXW&RXSOLQJFRQWUROIRUERWKFKDQQHOVWRWKH$&SRVLWLRQ
LL 6HWWKH9HUWLFDO$WWHQXDWLRQFRQWUROIRUERWKFKDQQHOVWRWKH9GLYSRVLWLRQ
LLL 6HWWKH9HUWLFDO$WWHQXDWLRQ&DOLEUDWLRQFRQWUROIRUERWKFKDQQHOVWRWKHGHWHQW
ORFNHGSRVLWLRQ
LY 6HWWKH9HUWLFDO3RVLWLRQFRQWUROIRUERWKFKDQQHOVWRDERXWWKHPLGGOHRIWKHLU
WUDYHO
+RUL]RQWDOFRQWUROV
L 6HWWKH+RUL]RQWDO7LPHEDVHFRQWUROWRWKHPVGLYSRVLWLRQ
LL 6HWWKH+RUL]RQWDO7LPHEDVH&DOLEUDWLRQFRQWUROWRWKHGHWHQWORFNHGSRVLWLRQ
LLL 6HWWKH+RUL]RQWDO3RVLWLRQFRQWUROWRDERXWWKHPLGGOHRILWVWUDYHO
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV$SSHQGL[²,QLWLDOVHWXSRIDQRVFLOORVFRSH
7ULJJHULQJFRQWUROV
L 6HWWKH6ZHHS0RGHFRQWUROWRWKH$872SRVLWLRQ
LL 6HWWKH7ULJJHU/HYHOFRQWUROWRWKHGHWHQWORFNHGSRVLWLRQ,ILWGRHVQ·WKDYH
DGHWHQWSRVLWLRQVHWLWWRDERXWWKHPLGGOHRILWVWUDYHO
LLL 6HWWKH7ULJJHU6RXUFHFRQWUROWRWKH&+RU,17SRVLWLRQ
LY 6HWWKH7ULJJHU6RXUFH&RXSOLQJFRQWUROWRWKH$&SRVLWLRQ
Y 6HWWKH6ORSHRU6\QFFRQWUROWRWKH´µSRVLWLRQ
3RZHULQJXS
L 6ZLWFKRQWKHVFRSHDQGOHWLWZDUPXS$IWHUKDOIDPLQXWHRUVRDWUDFH
VKRXOGDSSHDURQWKHGLVSOD\
,IQRWUHSHDWVWHSVWRWRFKHFNWKDW\RXKDYHVHWWKHFRQWUROVFRUUHFWO\
,I\RXVWLOOGRQ·WJHWDWUDFHFDOOWKHLQVWUXFWRU
LL $GMXVWWKH,QWHQVLW\FRQWUROVRWKDWWKHWUDFHLVQ·WWRREULJKW
LLL $GMXVWWKH)RFXVFRQWUROIRUDVKDUSWUDFH
7HVWLQJ
8VHWKHRVFLOORVFRSHOHDGWRFRQQHFWWKH&KDQQHOLQSXWWRWKHVFRSH·V&$/RXWSXW
1RWH,IWKHVFRSHLVZRUNLQJFRUUHFWO\\RXVKRXOGQRZVHHDVWDEOHVTXDUHZDYHRQWKH
GLVSOD\
5HWXUQWRWKHH[SHULPHQW
$SSHQGL[²,QLWLDOVHWXSRIDQRVFLOORVFRSH(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV$SSHQGL[²,QLWLDOVHWXSRIDQRVFLOORVFRSH
(PRQD7UDLQHU/DE0DQXDO9ROXPH
)XUWKHU([SHULPHQWVLQ0RGHUQ$QDORJDQG'LJLWDO7HOHFRPPXQLFDWLRQV
$XWKRU%DUU\'XQFDQ
(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV3W\/WG
3DUUDPDWWD5RDG ZHEZZZHWWFRP
&DPSHUGRZQ16: WHOHSKRQH
$8675$/,$ ID[