11/12/2019

Lecturer: Dr. Dawn I. Fox

Main types of chemical reactions

 Combustion
 Synthesis (Combination)
 Decomposition
 Displacement (Replacement)
 Redox
 Acid‐base

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Combustion
‐ One substance reacts with O2
forming a new substance (or 
substances) and releasing 
energy (heat, light) 

H2 +  ½ O2  H2O 
4Al  + 3O2  2Al2O3 
CH4 +  O2  CO2 +  H2O

Synthesis  Decomposition
(Combination) AB  A + B
A  +  B   AB ‐ One reactant forming 
‐ One product formed from  more than one product
more than one reactant
H2O2  H2O  + ½ O2
2Al  + 3I2  2AlI3 CaCO3  CaO + CO2
BF3  +  NH3  H3N:BF3

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Single  Double 
Displacement/  Displacement/ 
Replacement Replacement
AB +  C   AC  + B AB   + CD   AD + CB
‐ Exchange of “partner” ‐ Exchange of partners

Mg (s) + Cu(NO3)2 (aq)    AgNO3 (aq)  +  NaOH (aq) 

Cu (s) + Mg(NO3)2 (aq)  Ag(OH) (s)  + NaNO3
(aq)

Redox
2Al  + 3I2  2AlI3
‐ Reduction‐Oxidation 
reaction Species Oxidation Oxidation
‐ Oxidation = loss of e‐ number as number as 
‐ Reduction = gain of e‐ Reactant Product
‐ Change of oxidation states Al 0
I 0
Oxidation causes increase in 
oxidation number
Reduction causes decrease in 
oxidation number 6

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 Based on similarities, 
species defined as acids or 
bases

 General model concept:  
Acids react with bases

Acid-Base Theories

 Arrhenius
 Bronsted‐Lowry
 Lewis
 Solvent system

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 Arrhenius acids form hydrogen (hydronium 
ions) in aqueous solution
 H+ ions now referred to as H3O+ ions, eg. 
HCl

 Arrhenius bases form hydroxide ions in 
aqueous solution
 OH‐ eg. NaOH

 Arrhenius acids and bases react to form salt 
and water
 HCl +  NaOH  NaCl + H2O

 Bronsted-Lowry definition:  The stronger acid-base

 Acids: tendency to lose pair react to form the
hydrogen ions weaker acid-base pair
 Bases: tendency to gain
hydrogen ions
 The Bronsted-Lowry
definition provides for non-
 Bronsted-Lowry acids and bases
aqueous solvents
react to form conjugate acids and
 NH4+ + NH2-  2 NH3
bases
 Acid Base
 H3O+ + NO2-  H2O +
Conjugate acid and conjugate
HNO2 base

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 Base: an electron pair donor  A special type of Lewis acid-

(nucleophiles) base adduct involving metal
 Acid: an electron pair acceptor
ions are called coordination
(electrophiles) compounds
Fe3+ + 6CN-  [Fe(CN)6]3-
Ag+ + 2:NH3  [H3N:Ag:NH3]+

 Lewis model is also suited for non-

aqueous solutions

 The cation resulting from 2H2O  H3O+ + OH-

autodissociation of the solvent is Solvent Acid Base
the acid and the anion is the base
 Solutes that increase the HCl + H2O  H3O+ + Cl-
concentration of the cation of the (HCl is an acid)
solvent are considered acids
2BrF3  BrF2+ + BrF4-
 Solutes that increase the Solvent Acid Base
concentration of the anion are
considered bases SbF5 + BrF4  BrF2+ + SbF6-
(SbF5 is an acid)

 F- + BrF3  BrF4-
(F- is a base)