CMUNZIM @M N_PL@M @N ZMI@ÐIAL

_NOZNPLZAL @N N_PL@M @L N@^OLÃÏM  
OMMZ@NIL@MZAL ZNCAMILD @N N@^OLÃÏM  ‟  KA-VLZLIÌ
 KA-VLZLIÌ
N_OMDL N_PL@^LD @N NI_AIM E^I@LGNIPLD N GÁ@AM
GLZOM_ JA_VM @L _ADUL 

<
 

_^GÌZAM

Ludl 6< -.............................

-.......................................................................
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.................... Vìc. 6?
Ludl 6: -.............................
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Cldnral `ms Cmvnril`mrns -............................................
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Vraioaplas _çgjmdms -................................................................................................
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............. Vìc. 05

:
 

(L^DL  ‟  6<)
 6<)

ZMI@ÐIAL N _N^_ LIPNVL__L@M_; M_ _ÇPAM_ LZ\^NMDßCAOM_ 

M Nstl`m `n Zmi`ðial pmssua ug `ms glamrns pmtnioalas lrqunmdÿcaoms `m Vlçs. L ol`l quadðgntrm n
gnam `n mouplãïm pm`ng snr niomitrl`ms sçtams lrqunmdÿcaoms `n ltá :? gad lims. L sn`n `m Aistatutm Jrlsadnarm
`m Gnam Lgjanitn n Znoursms Znimvìvnas (Ajlgl), ng Ka-Vlrliì, pmr nxngpdm, nstì dmoldazl`l ng oagl `n ug
sçtam lrqunmdÿcaom.
 Il rncaïm `n Culklrì-Garag emrlg niomitrl`ms gltnralas onrêgaoms omg `ltl `n 0.?66 lims ltrìs.
_ncui`m m lrqunÿdmcm Kmsund Êicndm Zlvlia, ms nstu`ms lvliãlg instn snita`m, gls eldtlg pnsquasls qun
aionitavng `nsomjnrtls glas litacls, gnsgm lssag, ng Zmi`ðial bì lobl`ms agpmrtlitçssagms plrl m nstu`m `l
lrqunmdmcal, omgm Lrtns Zupnstrns (pntrmcdçems) nsoudpa`ls ng pn`rls prÿxagls l dmolda`l`n `n Imvl Zalobundm
(nitrn ms guiaoçpams `n Ka-Vlrliì n Vrnsa`nitn Gá`aoa).
 Instn dmold nxastng `nznils `n rmobls qun rntrltlg ratulas n mutrls sagjmdmcals, ldág `l varada`l`n
glsoudail n engaiail `n pmvms iltavms. Ms pntrmcdçems emrlg niomitrl`ms ng <120. Kmsund Zlvlia lorn`atl qun
ldág `nstns rncastrms nxastlg mutrms il rncaïm onitrld `m Nstl`m.
 Im guiaoçpam `n Ldtl Edmrnstl, ng Zmi`ðial, tlgjág ema niomitrl`m m pragnarm _lgjlqua im gnam `m
omitainitn. Vmssuçl snas gntrms `n ldturl. _lgjlquas sïm daxnarls `n rnstm `n omiobls `n gmdusoms, cnrldgnitn
olrloÿas, ug tapm `n lobl`m qun sÿ á omgug im datmrld. Im Nstl`m pm`ng snr vastms im Uldn `m Culpmrá.

ULDN_ 

Ms lobl`ms ng Zmi`ðial sïm `ava`a`ms ng trës rncaþns, sni`m ims vldns `m Culpmrá, Gl`narl n Ka-
Vlrliì.

- L rncaïm `m Gl`narl lprnsnitl nva`ëioals `n ugl oudturl glas nvmduç`l, mi`n ms iltavms prm`uzalg onrêgaols
nlplclr
paitlvlg omg vìrals
l omdmrlãïm `ls omrns.
taitls n_ncui`m
l raqunzlm `ms
lrqunÿdmcm,
`nsnibms.gnsgm l lãïm
Ls taitls `menatls
nrlg tngpmæ jlsn
n l loa`nz `m smdmgainrlas,
`n prm`utms iïm omisncuarlg
vncntlas
n liaglas.

- Kì im Uldn `m Culpmrá l omguia`l`n nrl emrtn oudturldgnitn. Vmssuçl crupms glamrns `n iltavms, gls iïm
 prm`uzal onrêgaol.

Ka -Vlrliì pmssuçlg tnrrls eártnas n prltaolvlg l lcraoudturl `n sujsastëioal.

- Ms bljatlitns `m Uldn `m Ka-Vlrliì

ÌZNL_ AI@ÇCNIL_

Ltuldgnitn ng Zmi`ðial nxastng <5 ìrnls ai`çcnils, mi`n vavng vìrals ntials, gnsgm lssag, ms
lrqunÿdmcms lorn`atlg qun guatls emrlg nxtaitls. —Ms iltavms smernrlg glsslorns `ns`n m Jrlsad Omdðial ltá
gnl`ms `l `áol`l `n 36‗, `az Zlvlia. 
Zlvlia. 
M lrqunÿdmcm oatl l nxpdmrlãïm `l jmrrlobl, agpdlitlãïm `n daibls tndncrìeaols n `l enrrmval `l Nstrl`l
`n
  Enrrm Gl`narl Glgmrá omgm vnr`l`narms `azagl`mrns `n iltavms. L `avasïm plrl l rnemrgl lcrìral tlgjág

?
 

omitrajuau plrl qun mutrms iltavms emssng glsslorl`ms. —Emrlg `nsrnspnatl`ls ldcugls rncrls n lomitnonrlg
gasturls qun iuiol `nvnralg lomitnonr omgm tnitlr l omivavëioal nitrn Clvaþns n Lrlrls, `uls ntials aiagacls
qun iuiol `nvnralg snr gasturl`ls‗, `az Kmsund. 
Kmsund. 

UN_PÇCAM_ O^DP^ZLA_

_çtams lrqunmdÿcaoms; sïm tm`ms ms vnstçcams oudturlas prá-bastÿraoms niomitrl`ms. Vm`ng snr onrêgaoms,
dçtaoms (pn`rl) n ÿssnms  ‟   ng Zmi`ðial sÿ sn niomitrlg rnstms ÿssnms sn tavnrng olrjmiazl`ms, pmas l
`nomgpmsaãïm lomitnon guatm rìpa`m ng vartu`n `l loa`nz `m smdm.
Jlstl qun snkl niomitrl`l lpnils ugl nva`ëioal gltnrald plrl qun l ìrnl snkl omisa`nrl`l ug sçtam. —Unstçcams
oudturlas iïm agpni`ng m pr mcrnssm,
mcrnssm, `ns`n qun momrrl m rnspnatm n m sldvlgnitm lrqunmdÿcaom‗, `az Zlvlia. Ms
lobl`ms n ls ìrnls sïm lgplrl`ms pmr dnas en`nrlas, nstl`ulas n guiaoaplas.
 _çt
 _ç ta m `n _upnre çoan  ‟   Mi`n sïm niomitrl`ls nva`ëioals il supnreçoan. Vm`ng snr niomitrl`ms rnsquçoams `n
_upnreçoan
bljatlãïm, onrêgaol n lcraoudturl.

Vrá Onrêgaoms  ‟ 
‟  Eaolg
  Eaolg cnrldgnitn ljlaxm `l supnreçoan  ‟  Ms
  Ms dmolas mi`n nrlg lolgplgnitms `n olãl, pnsol,
omdntl n onragmialas ‟ 
onragmialas ‟  mi`n
 mi`n sn prltaolvl lãþns rndloamil`ls l ratms.

Vr á O nr êga ol  ‟ 
‟   Mi`n
Mi`n sïm niomitrl`ms gltnralas omgm gl`narl, mssms n gltnrald dçtaom. Cnrldgnitn ms bljatlitns
iïm prm`uzalg onrêgaol.

Ongatárams  ‟ 
‟  Mi`n
 Mi`n sïm nitnrrl`ms ms iltavms.

NRNZOÇOAM_

<)  Ms lobl`ms lrqunmdÿcaoms ng Zmi`ðial sïm `ava`a`ms ng trës rncaþns, eldn smjrn ndls.
:)  M qun sïm sçtams lrqunmdÿcaoms= \un tapms sïm niomitrl`ms ng Zmi`ðial=
?)  \un tapms `n lobl`ms lrqunmdÿcaoms emrlg niomitrl`ms ng Ldtl Edmrnstl `m Mnstn=
0)  \un eltmrns dnvlrlg lm glsslorn `n ai`çcnils=

0
 

(L^DL  ‟  6:)
 6:)

EMZGLÃÏM BA_PßZAOL

M pragnarm nxpdmrl`mr nurmpnu qun tnral ldoliãl`m m vldn `m ram Culpmrá ema m nsplibmd Üuedm `n
Obìvnz, `n plsslcng nitrn <>0< n <>0:. Glas tlr`n, im sáoudm RUAA, l rncaïm ema pnromrra`l pndl ápaol jli`narl
`n Litðiam Zlpmsm Plvlrns. Pni`m lai`l ldcuis gassamiìrams sn lvniturl`m asmdl`lgnitn pndl rncaïm, im sáoudm
sncuaitn, l plrtar `l `nsomjnrtl `n murm im vldn `m ram Oualjì, ms jli`narlitns omgnãlrlg l nxpdmrlr m Uldn `m
Culpmrá. Vmr nssn gmtavm, ng <302, ls aistruãþns `l Omrml pmrtucunsl plrl m pragnarm Cmvnril`mr n Olpatïm
Cninrld `l Olpatlial `m Gltm Crmssm, Litðiam Zmdag `n Gmurl Plvlrns (<3><-<350), emrlg ls `n qun
glitavnssn - l quldqunr oustm - l mouplãïm `l glrcng `arnatl `m ram Culpmrá.
Zmdag `n Gmurl aistldmu l sul olpatld ng Uadl Jndl `l _litçssagl Prai`l`n (<1 `n glrãm `n <3>:),
tmgli`m ls pragnarls prmva`ëioals plrl l `nensl `l Olpatlial qun dbn emrl omieal`l. Ng <33:, Erlioasom `n Gndm
Vldbntl, plrtai`m `n Jndág `m Vlrì, ltaicau suonssavlgnitn m ram Glgmrá, m ram Gl`narl n m ram Culpmrá,
ldoliãli`m _litl Oruz `n Dl _anrrl. Omg m `nodçiam `l gainrlãïm, n l Ai`npni`ëioal `m Jrlsad, l rncaïm pnr`nu
agpmrtêioal nomiðgaol ltá qun, lm eaild `m sáoudm RAR, omg m lucn `l nxpdmrlãïm `l jmrrlobl, plssmu l rnonjnr
agacrlitns imr`nstaims plrl m trljldbm ims snraiclas lglzðiaoms.
lgl zðiaoms.
Emrgl`m pmr tnrrls litnramrgnitn pnrtnionitns lms Nstl`ms `m Lglzmils n Gltm Crmssm, m Nstl`m `n
Zmi`ðial ema mracaildgnitn oral`m omgm Pnrratÿram `m Culpmrá ng <10?. L `nimgailãïm ltuld ema `l`l ng <3 `n
envnrnarm `n <1>5, ng bmgnilcng lm Glrnobld Zmi`mi, `nsjrlvl`mr `ms snrtþns `n Gltm Crmssm n `l Lglzðial
ng <3 `n envnrnarm `n <1>5. Ng <12<, m Pnrratÿram `n Zmi`ðial plssmu l Nstl`m `l En`nrlãïm. Ltá m sáoudm
RUAA lpnils ldcugls gassþns rndacamsls blvalg obncl`m ltá l rncaïm mi`n bmkn sn niomitrl m Nstl`m `n
Zmi`ðial. Im aiçoam `m sáoudm RUAAA ms pmrtucunsns, plrtai`m `n Jndág, sujarlg m ram Gl`narl ltá m ram
Culpmrá n obnclrlg lm lrrlald `n Jmg Knsus, litacm imgn `l dmolda`l`n `n Oualjì, mi`n `nsomjrarlg murm.
Omgnãlrlg nitïm l lplrnonr nxpdmrlãþns `n jli`narlitns pndm vldn `m ram Culpmrá ng jusol `ls raqunzls
gainrlas `l imvl ìrnl `nsomjnrtl.
Vndm Prltl`m `n Pmr`nsadbls tm`l nssl rncaïm pnrtnioal æ Nsplibl. Omg l pnintrlãïm `ls Jli`narls n m
glpnlgnitm `ms rams Gl`narl, Culpmrá n Glgmrá, im pnrçm`m `n <3:: l <303, bmuvn ugl rn`neaiaãïm `ms
dagatns nitrn Vmrtucld n Nsplibl, rnldazl`l ltrlvás `ms Prltl`ms `n Gl`ra (<3>6) n `n _litm Ad`nemism (<333).
Vmrtucld plssmu nitïm l tnr l pmssn `neaiatavl `l rncaïm n l `nensl `ms dagatns tnrratmralas. Ls `nglrolãþns `l ìrnl
momrrnrlg l plrtar `n <32<. M pmvmlgnitm `l rncaïm tnvn aiçoam im sáoudm RAR, il elsn `m oaodm `l jmrrlobl, omg
l omistruãïm `l enrrmval Gl`narl- Glgmrá n l nxpdmrlãïm `ms snraiclas nxastnitns.

NRNZOÇOAM_

<)  Vndm Prltl`m `n Pmr`nsadbls l qung

qun g pnrtnioal l rncaïm qun bmkn omrrnspmi`n l Zmi`ðial= \un trltl`ms
`neaiarlg ls ermitnarls ltulas=
:)  \ulas tnralg sa`m ms pragnarms nxpdmrl`mrns `m Uldn `m Culpmrá=
?)  Zmi`ðial sn emrgmu omg tnrrls pnrtnionitns l qulas nstl`ms= Aiaoaldgnitn sn oblglvl Zmi`ðial=

>
 

(L^DL  ‟  6?)
 6?)

M \^ADMGJM @M VAMDBM N M_ VZNPM_ @N UADL JNDL

Litns `n snr ljlta`m pndls emrãls `n Duaz Vaitm `n _muzl Omutaibm ng <336, m quadmgjm `m Vamdbm,
omibnoa`m tlgjág omgm quadmgjm `m \ulratnrë (mu \ulratntá, tni`m pmr rnenrëioal mutrm imgn `m gnsgm ram)
ema, sncui`m ms pnsquasl`mrns gltm-crmssnisns, m glamr n glas saciaeaoltavm `l rncaïm `n Uadl Jndl (il Oblpl`l
n im vldn `m Culpmrá), iïm sÿ pndl sul pmpudlãïm gls tlgjág pndl mrcliazlãïm smoald n elrturl `ls suls rmãls,
tni`m sa`m niomitrl`ls lda ltá gnsgm `uls tni`ls `n enrrnarm.
Pnrnsl `n Jnicundl, sáo. RUAAA, Gudbnr `n Kmsá Vamdbm, qun obnealvl m \uadmgjm `m Vamdbm mu
\ulratnrë, ng Culpmrá, Gltm Crmssm. \uli`m snu glra`m, Kmsá Vamdbm, gmrrnu Pnrnsl `n Jnicundl lssugau m
omgli`m. Znvndl-sn ugl dç`nr lai`l glas agpdloìvnd n mjstail`l. Uldnitn n cunrrnarl ndl omgli`mu ugl
omguia`l`n `n trës gad pnssmls, m quadmgjm ornsonu tlitm lm snu omgli`m qun lcrncmu çi`ams jmdavalims n
 jrlsadnarms, astm aiomgm`mu guatm l Omrml, pmas astm aiedunioal
aiedunioalral
ral l dutl `ms jmdavalims n lgnraolims (aicdnsns n
nsplibÿas) plrl l plsslcng `n gnrol`mrals n aitnriloamildazlãïm `l Lglzðial. L Omrml lcn rìpa`m n nival ugl
 jli`narl `n ldtm pm`nr `n emcm plrl loljlr omg ms quadmgjmdls. Vrnsl Pnrnsl suaoa`mu-sn. Ng <110
varl slgjl nirn`m `l ^ia`ms `nm Uarl`murm pmr mjrl `n Kmïzaibm Praitl, Pnrnsl `n Jnicundl  ‟  ^gl   ^gl Zlçibl
 Incrl im Vlitlild.

Ng sul tnsn `n `mutmrl`m, l litrmpÿdmcl Glral `n Dmur`ns Jli`narl lssag `nstlomu sul agpmrtêioal;
Bì guatls rnenrëioals l nssn quadmgjm il `mougnitlãïm n datnrlturl smjrn l rncaïm. Emrgmu-sn æs glrcnis `m Zam
\ulratnrë mu Vamdbm, ledunitn `l glrcng moa`nitld `m Culpmrá. Ema ljlta`m pndl pragnarl vnz ng <336, quli`m m
olpatïm-cninrld Kmïm Omstl Vaitm lrgmu omitrl ndn pm`nrmsl jli`narl. Nssn quadmgjm nrl emrgl`m `n nsorlvms
euca`ms `ls gails `m Gltm Crmssm (Uadl Jndl), `n prntms davrns n `n çi`ams.
 Il mrcliazlãïm pmdçtaol rnsa`al l nspnoaeaoa`l`n `m quadmgjm \ulratnrë, qun iassm sn `astaicual `n
Vldglrns n `ms quadmgjms `m Lgjrÿsam n `n Olgpm Crli`n. L emrgl `n cmvnrim l`mtl`l ema æ rnldnzl. Blval
rna, gls æ ápmol `l pragnarl `nstruaãïm nrl cmvnril`l pmr ugl prntl vaûvl, l Zlaibl Pnrnsl `n Jnicundl,
lssasta`l pmr ugl nspáoan `n plrdlgnitlr, omg olpatïm-gmr n omisndbnarm. L ldouibl `m omisndbnarm `l rlaibl,
Kmsá Vamdbm, trlisemrgmu-sn ng ugl `ls `nsacilãþns `m quadmgjm.
 Ims quadmgjms `n Ldlcmls n `n Gails Cnrlas, l obneal nrl glsoudail n iïm lssugal m olrìtnr `n rnail`m
emrgld, omgm im quadmgjm `n Uadl Jndl. Il sul raca`nz `asoapdail`mrl, l rlaibl eaomu omibnoa`l pmr lpdaolr `urms
olstacms lms `nsnrtmrns, omgm niemrolgnitms, erlturls `ls pnrils n nitnrrlgnitm vavm. Omgm ng Vldglrns, il
rndacaïm blval ug saiorntasgm nitrn orastaliasgm n vldmrns rndacamsms leraolims. \uli`m ljlta`m pndl pragnarl vnz,
sul pmpudlãïm nrl `n 31 incrms, bmgnis n gudbnrns, n ?6 çi`ams, dnvl`ms l enrrms plrl Uadl Jndl, gmrrni`m n
eucai`m guatms.
L rlaibl Pnrnsl eaomu `n tld gm`m obmol`l n aiomiemrgl`l omg l `nstruaãïm `m quadmgjm qun
nidmuqunonu. Pluily (<21<;<>6) `az qun —quli`m ema prnsl, nstl incrl Lglzmil plrnoal euramsl. N ema tld l
 plaxïm qun tmgmu ng vë-dl
vë-dl omi`uzar plrl nstl Uadl qun gmrrnu nieurnoa`l‗. Ms vnxlgns n l crli`n vamdëioal qun
sn ljltnrlg smjrn l Zlaibl n snu pmvm, omg m mjkntavm nxprnssm `l sujkuclãïm bugadblitn, emrlg `nglas plrl
Pnrnsl qun niomitrmu il dmuourl ugl emrgl `n rnlãïm, rnousli`m-sn l sn nitrnclr n l ourvlr-sn æ lutmra`l`n `ms
 jrlioms. Ms quadmgjmdls smernrlg olstacms oruáas ng prlãl pûjdaol, nxpmstms æ ouramsa`l`n `m pmvm, n emrlg
glrol`ms l enrrm omg l dntrl E, omiemrgn `ntnrgailãïm `n ldvlrì rácam. Prlugltazl`l pndl ruçil n liaquadlgnitm
`n snu quadmgjm, iug `ms lonssms `n eurmr, nxprnssïm `n rnvmdtl, l Zlaibl gltmu-sn. M suaoç`am ema m cnstm
suprngm
  `n rnjndaïm `l Zlaibl æ `mgailãïm `ms jrlioms.

5
 

NRNZOÇOAM_

<)  @aenrnioan l mrcliazlãïm smoald lpdaol`l im \uadmgjm `m Vamdbm `l lpdaol`l ims `nglas quadmgjms `m
Jrlsad.
:)  Eldn smjrn l Zlaibl Pnrnsl `n Jnicundl, a`nitaeaoli`m suls praioaplas olrlotnrçstaols.
?)  M qun lomitnonu omg Pnrnsl `n Jnicundl, lpÿs l `nstruaãïm `m \uadmgjm `m Vamdbm=

3
 

(L^DL-60)

EMZPN VZAIOAVN @L JNAZL

Ldcuis lims `n Vn`rm Ìdvlrns `n Oljrld var lm Jrlsad bmuvn m earglgnitm `n ug u g Prltl`m `nimgail`m `n
Prltl`m `n Pmr`nsadbls, im lim `n <010, plotul`m nitrn Vmrtucld n Nsplibl, ng qun `ava`al nitrn lgjms tm`ls ls
tnrrls `nsomibnoa`ls qun pmrvniturl emssng niomitrl`ls.
L daibl aglcailral `n Pmr`nsadbls ema eargl`l plrl `ndagatlr ls euturls pmssnssþns pmrtucunsls n
nsplibmdls. @nssl emrgl, eaolrlg `ndagatl`ms `mas gnra`alims; ug plssli`m l <66 dáculs `ls adbls `n Oljm
Unr`n, n mutrm, m ûiaom qun ema rnldgnitn rnspnatl`m, l ?36 dáculs, l Moa`nitn eaolral ls tnrrls nsplibmdls, l
Mranitn ls tnrrls pmrtucunsls. Omg l obncl`l `ms pmrtucunsns lm Jrlsad, omgnãlrlg l surcar `uva`ls l rnspnatm
`l daibl aglcailral eaxl`l, vastm qun lgjms ms plotulitns, iïm oua`lrlg `n nstljndnonr omg prnoasïm m pmitm `n
 plrta`l `l rnenra`l daibl. Ing Vmrtucld, ing Nsplibl sn aitnrnsslvlg ng `lr ugl smduãïm `neaiatavl l nssl
omitni`l, pmstm qun m aitnrnssn glamr plrl ndns emssn tarlr m gìxagm `n prmvnatm `lqundl satulãïm.
@n lomr`m omg m nstljndnoa`m pndm Prltl`m `n Pmr`nsadbls, lpnils ugl pnqunil plrtn `m ltuld tnrratÿram
`m Jrlsad pnrtnionral l Vmrtucld, pmr snr m ûiaom l loblr-sn l dnstn `l daibl cnm`ásaol nstljndnoa`l ilqundn lomr`m,
aiomrpmrli`m-sn l plrtn praioapld, ng qun sn niqul`rlral tm`l l jloal ba`rmcrìeaol plrlculal n culpmrnlil, æ
oblgl`l Lgáraol Nsplibmdl.
 Im aiaoam `m sáoudm RUAAA, l jlsn tnrratmrald `m Jrlsad, nrl guatm `aenrnitn `lqundl qun emrl nstljndnoa`l pndm
rnenra`m trltl`m.
L enjrn `l jusol `m murm nstlvl olusli`m l lgpdalãïm `l ìrnl mnstn, `l gnsgl emrgl qun ls —@rmcls `m
_nrtïm‗ `ntnrgailvlg l elãlibl `l aiomrpmrlãïm `m gui`m lglzðiaom. 
lglzðiaom. 
Ms pmrtucunsns
pmrtucunsns emrlg litnon`a`ms, im Uldn Lglzðiaom, pndms nspl nsplibÿas,
ibÿas, nstns il aiougjëioal `n
`nsomjra`mrns8 ms licdm-bmdli`nsns, omgm pragnarms mouplitns n nxpdmrl`mrns.
 Il lisan`l`n `l omiquastl `nssls tnrrls, omiermitmu-sn omg vìrams nstrlicnarms. Vlrtaoaplrlg `nssls
dutls, lm dl`m `ms gadatlrns, ms omdmims n ms rndacamsms, qun l snrvaãm `m Nstl`m, eloadatlrlg l mjrl `n nxplisïm n
`m `mgçiam pmrtucuës, omiquastli`m ploaeaolgnitn, ms ai`çcnils `lqundl rncaïm.
Nitïm, enz-sn l `nensl `m tnrratÿram iloamild, `n `mgçiam pmrtucuës, omg tm`ls ls emrãls qun pu`nrlg
liclralr ilqundl ápmol. Lssag, ugl rn`n `n emrtaeaolãþns omgnãmu l snr nrcua`l. Aiaoali`m-sn pmr Jndág n
nspldbli`m-sn pndm aitnramr, omjrai`m tm`l l ermitnarl. Nitrn ls praioaplas emrtldnzls `lqundn cëinrm, `nstlol-sn m
imssm Znld Emrtn `m Vrçioapn `l Jnarl, omistruç`m æs glrcnis `m Zam Culpmrá, im ltuld guiaoçpam `n Omstl
Glrquns.

L OMI_PZ^ÃÏM

Ng gnl`ms `m sáoudm RUA, nxastal l glrcng nsqunr`l `m Zam Culpmrá ugl gassïm knsuçtl, `nimgail`l
`n Ld`nal `n _litl Zmsl, eui`l`l pndm Vl`rn Litðiam Pnm`mra, im lim `n <30?. Pmgli`m omibnoagnitm `m
Prltl`m `n Gl`ra, agn`altlgnitn oua`lrlg, ms knsuçtls, `l gu`liãl `l ld`nal plrl l glrcng `arnatl `m Zam
Culpmrá, omitrlrali`m ls imrgls nstljndnoa`ls ilqundn trltl`m.
t rltl`m.
 

2
 

Ng rnprnsìdal, vnam `n Uadl Jndl, rnoág-eui`l`l, m cmvnril`mr `l prmvçioal `n Gltm Crmssm, @. Litðiam
Zmdag `n Gmurl, qun clrlitau l smjnrlial pmrtucunsl, `nsldmkli`m l gassïm `n _litl Zmsl n eui`li`m ilqundn
dmold, ugl emrtaeaolãïm ag prmvasl`l qun oblgmu `n —Culr`l
—Culr`l `n _litl Zmsl Undbl‗, assm kì im lim `n <3>?. 
<3>?. 
 Im lim sncuaitn, m pl`rn nsplibmd Dlains, prmtnstli`m omitrl l emrtaeaolãïm `n Zmdag `n Gmurl, ltlomu-l
omg onrol `n :66 çi`ams n ldcuis nsplibÿas. Lm sljnr `nssn eltm, m cmvnril`mr @. Litðiam Zmdag `n Gmurl,
`naxmu glas ugl vnz Uadl Jndl n vnam plrl l rncaïm, il glrcng `arnatl `m Zam Culpmrá.
 Imvlgnitn ng <356, @. Litðiam Zmdag `n Gmurl, tnvn omibnoagnitm `n qun ms nsplibÿas tnitlvlg sn
nstljndnonr il glrcng `arnatl `m Zam Culpmr á, á, ltloli`m n sn lpmssli`m `l —Culr`l `n _litl Zmsl Undbl‗,
Zmdag `n Gmurl, iïm bnsatmu ng `naxlr Uadl Jndl, vai`m plrl l rncaïm nxpudslr ms nsplibÿas, m quld lprmvnatmu
 plrl eui`lr ug emrtn pnitlcmild qun rnonjnu m imgn `n Imssl _nibmrl `l Omionaãïm. Nssn Emrtn, guatl mutrls
vnzns ema ltlol`m pndms nsplibÿas, mjracli`m Zmdag `n Gmurl l `neni`ë-dm, rnleargli`m lssag, glas ugl vnz, l
aitncra`l`n `m tnrratÿram qun dbn ema omieal`m pndm rna.

"Vdlim `m Emrtn Vrçioapn `l Jnarl, Gltm Crmssm", ol. <33>. Duçs `n Ldjuqunrqun `n Gndm Vnrnarl n Oìonrns
Olrtmcrleal `m Lrquavm Bastÿraom ^dtrlglraim, Dasjml.

NRNZOAOAM_.
<)  M qun ema m Prltl`m `n Pmr`nsadbls=
:)  Vmr qun bmuvn l inonssa`l`n `l omistruãïm `m Emrtn Vrçioapn `l Jnarl=
?)  @nstlqun l dmoldazlãïm `m Emrtn Vrçioapn `l Jnarl.
0)  Eldn smjrn l eacurl `n @. Litðiam Zmdag `n Gmurl im prmonssm `n `nensl `l ermitnarl jrlsadnarl.
>)  \ulas ls `nimgailãþns `ls Emrtaeaolãþns qun litnon`nrlg m ltuld Emrtn Vrçioapn `l Jnarl=

1
 

(L^DL  ‟  6>)
 6>)

EMZPN VZAIOAVN @L JNAZL  ‟  VLZPN

 VLZPN AA

 Im lim `n <35>, Zmdag `n Gmurl ema sujstatuç`m pmr snu smjraibm, Kmïm Vn`rm `l Oêglrl. Oêglrl `nson
m Zam Culpmrá n vnraeaol l erlcada`l`n `m Emrtag `n Omionaãïm ernitn l ugl satulãïm `n ngnrcëioal, aiaoali`m l
omistruãïm `n ug emrtn glas rnsastnitn im gnsgm dmold.
Kmïm Vn`rm `l Oêglrl plssmu m cmvnrim plrl Duçs Vaitm `n _muzl Omutaibm, ng <351, qun jltazmu m imvm emrtn
omg m imgn `n Jrlcliãl. @nstruç`m ng <33<, pmr ugl crli`n niobnitn `m Zam Culpmrá.
Assm sn `nu lm eltm `m dmold iïm snr lprmpral`m plrl ugl emrtaeaolãïm, n lssag sni`m, <335, ema nsomdba`m
mutrm dmold plrl l omistruãïm `n ug mutrm emrtn, glas rnsastnitn n ils prmxaga`l`ns `m litnramr, pmas nrl lda qun sn
niomitrlvlg ls emrãls nsplibmdls l pnrsastarng il tmgl`l `lqundn tnrratÿram, qun tïm jrlvlgnitn ms pmrtucunsns
`neni`alg.
Ema il dlvrl `m Olpatïm @. Duçs `n Ldjuqunrqun `n Gndm Vnrnarl n Oìonrns, qulrtm cmvnril`mr `l
 prmvçioal `n Gltm Crmssm, l qung omujn m pravadácam `n gli`lr nrcunr æ glrcng `arnatl `m Zam Culpmrá, m
agpminitn Znld Emrtn `m Vrçioapn `l Jnarl, qun lssncurmu m `mgçiam `l omrml pmrtucunsl ilqundl rncaïm.
M Emrtn ema omistruç`m l oustl `n nimrgn trljldbm n sloraeçoam n iïm sn omionjn lms `als ltulas, omgm qun
omg tïm pmuoms rnoursms qun sn `aspuiblg ilqundl ápmol, sn rnldazmu m dnvlitn `n tlglibm gmiugnitm.
L pn`rl eui`lgnitld plrl l omistruãïm `l Emrtldnzl ema dliãl`l im `al :6 `n kuibm `n <335, mjn`noni`m
l snu prmkntm lm gátm`m Ulujli. Pld gmiugnitm ema nrcua`m `nitrm `n ug emssm n omitág qultrm jlstaþns; Imssl
_nibmrl `l Omionaãïm, _litl Jìrjlrl, _litm Li`rá Lvndaim n _litm Litðiam `n Vì`ul.
M snu omistrutmr ema m nicnibnarm @mgaicms _lgjuontta, qun eldnonu lpÿs omitrlar gldìral n ema
nitnrrl`m ilqundn gnsgm dmold, sni`m dmcm sujstatuç`m Vmr Zaolr`m Erliom `n Ldgna`l _nrrl. L omistruãïm
`urmu onrol `n snas lims. Vlrl sul omistruãïm vanrlg lrtçeaons `m Zam `n Klinarm n Vlrì. M oldoìram ema trlza`m `m
Vlrì n `n Uadl Glral (Oìonrns). L pn`rl olicl, praioapld gltnrald utadazl`m il omistruãïm ema niomitrl`m ilqundn
gnsgm dmold.
L nstruturl `m Emrtn á emrgl`l pmr ug qul`rl`m tapm Ulujli, `n 136 gntrms `n pnrçgntrm, omg gurldbls
`n 3,:6 gntrms `n ldturl, m pmrtld gn`n <6 gntrms `n ldturl, qultrm jldulrtns, lrgl`ms ol`l ug `ndns omg <0
olibminarls. Nxastal lm rn`mr `m Emrtn, ug dmicm n prmeui`m emssm mi`n snral aistldl`l ugl pmitn dnvl`aãl ( m
qun iuiol momrrnu). @nitrm `l Emrtldnzl nxastalg <> rnsa`ëioals plrl lj ljraclr
raclr ms gadatlrns qun omgpuiblg sul
culr`l n ug emssm aitnrim qun snrvaral `n oastnril plrl ljlstnonr sul pmpudlãïm. Prljldblrlg il sul omistruãïm
glas `n `uznitms bmgnis n prnssupþn-sn qun tnibl sa`m utadazl`m ug omitaicnitn `n lprmxagl`lgnitn <666
nsorlvms. Pm`ms ms olibþns `m Emrtn vanrlg `m Vlrì, sni`m qun snu trlispmrtn dnvmu onrol `n oaiom lims ltá snu
`nstaim.

VMZ \^N VZAIOAVN @L JNAZL=

M imgn Vrçioapn `l Jnarl á ugl bmgnilcng enatl pmr Oìonrns lm Vrçioapn `l Jnarl, `m quld nrl
`nsoni`nitn. L enstl `n ailucurlãïm `m Emrtn ema enatl ng :6 `n lcmstm `n <32?, sni`m m snu pragnarm
omgli`litn m Olpatïm
L mjrl omdmssld`ná @rlcþns, Kmsá `n Gnddm
tïm lrtastaolgnitn Olstrmqun
omistruç`l n Uadbnil n _advl.
glas tlr`n, ljli`mil`l, pmr `nsinonssìral n minrmsl,
suls gurldbls aisastng ng rnsastar lms sáoudms, omgm snitaindls aiolisìvnas, culr`li`m ug puibl`m `n va`ls n
`n smibms.
Vmr dmicms lims l Emrtldnzl eaomu nsomi`a`l nitrn ls gltls, tmtldgnitn ljli`mil`l n nsqunoa`l, `npmas
`n tnr sa`m padbl`l pmr jrlsadnarms n jmdavalims. M Glrnobld Zmi`mi l niomitrmu, ng ugl `n suls li`liãls pndm
Uldn `m Culpmrá, n `npmas `n sul aitnrvniaëioal, m nxároatm sn enz prnsnitn im dmold, ltrlvás `n snu Omitaicnitn
Nspnoald `n Ermitnarl `m Emrtn Vrçioapn `l Jnarl, qun ng <1>0, ema `nsacil`m plrl m sátagm pndmtïm `n ermitnarl.
M Emrtn ema tmgjl`m pndm Aistatutm `m Vltragðiam Bastÿral n Lrtçstaom Iloamld  ‟   AVBLI, ng ?6 `n
imvngjrm `n <1?3. M Aistatutm `m Vltragðiam Bastÿraom n Lrtçstaom Iloamild (Apbli), vaioudl`m lm Gaiastáram `l
Oudturl, liuioamu l ljnrturl `m n`atld `n daoatlãïm plrl l nxnouãïm `n mjrls ngnrcnioalas plrl l rnvatldazlãïm `ls
ruçils `m Znld Emrtn Vrçioapn `l Jnarl, ng Omstl Glrquns, ng Zmi`ðial. L emrtldnzl omistruç`l pndl Omrml
Vmrtucunsl im sáoudm <3 elz plrtn `m omikuitm `n <2 emrtaeaolãþns oli`a`ltls lm tçtudm `n Vltragðiam Gui`ald
^insom (Mrcliazlãïm `ls Ilãþns ^ia`ls plrl l N`uolãïm, l Oaëioal n l Oudturl).
L l`gaiastrlãïm `m Znld Emrtn á `m Nxároatm Jrlsadnarm, ltrlvás `m <». Vndmtïm Nspnoald `n Ermitnarl
(VNE),
  sujmr`ail`m lm Omgli`m Gadatlr `l Lglzðial (OGL). Omg ug pnrçgntrm `n glas `n 166 gntrms, l

<6
 

emrtldnzl á ugl `ls glamrns mjrls n`aeaol`ls pndl nicniblral gadatlr pmrtucunsl im Jrlsad Omdmiald, `az m Apbli.
Vlrtaoaplrlg `n sul omistruãïm bmgnis leraolims qun emrlg nsorlvazl`ms. Ndns eui`lrlg omguia`l`ns im
nitmrim `l emrtldnzl, mi`n vavng bmkn elgçdals `n rnglinsonitns `n quadmgjmdls, gls niernitlrlg lm dmicm `ms
lims guatms omiedatms omg ms gadatlrns. M Aiorl liuioamu m aiçoam `m prmonssm `n rncudlrazlãïm `m tnrratÿram `l
Omguia`l`n Emrtn Vrçioapn `l Jnarl.
M prmkntm `n rnvatldazlãïm `m Emrtn aioduarì ms gmrl`mrns `l omguia`l`n quadmgjmdl ng ltava`l`ns `n
turasgm, `assn æ lcëioal Lglzðial Znld l supnraitni`nitn `m Apbli ng Zmi`ðial, @ndgl Jltastl `m Olrgm
_aqunarl. —M imssm aitnrnssn
aitnrnssn á elznr ug prmkntm qun nivmdvl ms gmrl`mrns, n l imssl prmpmstl á qun snkl oblgl`m
`n turasgm `n jlsn omguiatìral, mi`n l cnitn prmpþn qun ms gmrl`mrns plrtaoapng, nxnroni`m nstl euiãïm `m
turasgm. Plgjág omivnrslgms omg l prnenaturl qun kì sn prmpðs
prmpðs l lku`lr, ldág `n lcëioals `n turasgm‗, `assn
ndl.
L plrtaoaplãïm `ls elgçdals quadmgjmdls im prmkntm `n turasgm omguiatìram liuioal`m pndm Apbli ema jng
rnonja`l pndl omguia`l`n.
@n lomr`m omg m AVBLI, l rnvatldazlãïm `m Emrtn `nvn snr omioduç`l ng ug prlzm `n oaiom lims. L
ngprnsl omitrltl`l plrl ls mjrls aiaoalas eaolrì l olrcm `l rnstlurlãïm `m omikuitm `n pmtnril/dltrails `l
emrtaeaolãïm, ldág `n mutrms snrvaãms `n omisnrvlãïm.
M Znld Emrtn Vrçioapn `l Jnarl aitncrl ug omikuitm `n <2 emrtaeaolãþns jrlsadnarls oli`a`ltm lm tçtudm `n
Vltragðiam Gui`ald pndl ^insom. —l emrtldnzl tng ugl bastÿral `aenrnioal`l pmr snr l glamr omistruãïm `n
Vmrtucld emrl `n Vmrtucld, tnr glas `n :66 lims `n nxastëioal, nstlr im gnam `l sndvl, il glrcng `m ram Culpmrá,
ng rncaïm `n ermitnarl. Pu`m assm omitrajua plrl qun m `mssaë `m Emrtn snkl rnomibnoa`m‗. 
rnomibnoa`m‗. 

NRNZOÇOAM_

<)  Ng qun lim ema aiaoal`l l omistruãïm `m Emrtn Vrçioapn `l Jnarl=

:)  Eldn smjrn l lrquatnturl `m Emrtn.
?)  Vmr qun m Emrtn rnonjnu nssl
ns sl `nimgailãïm=
0)  Lpÿs dmicms lims `n nsqunoagnitm, qung niomitrmu m Emrtn=
>)  Omgm nstì l Emrtldnzl ims `als ltulas=

<<
 

(L^DL  ‟  65)
 65)

ZMI@ÐIAL N M ENIMGNIM GACZLPßZAM

M prmonssm `n mouplãïm buglil n `l emrglãïm `n iûodnms pmpudloamilas qun bmkn omistatua m Nstl`m `n
Zmi`ðial tng sul mracng im omgnãm `m sáoudm RUAAA, quli`m l omrml pmrtucunsl rnldazlvl mpnrlãþns il rncaïm
`m Ldtm Gl`narl n im Uldn `m Culpmrá, omg jli`narlitns n knsuçtls ng jusol `n murm n `rmcls `m snrtïm.

M OAODM @M M^ZM

Znspmisìvnd pndm pragnarm pmvmlgnitm `ls tnrrls rmi`mianisns tng omgm praioapld sçgjmdm m Znld Emrtn
`m Vrçioapn `l Jnarl, omistruç`m nitrn <335n <32?.
 Im aiaoam `m sáoudm RAR, m `nodçiam `m oaodm `m murm prmvmomu m ljli`mim `ms iûodnms dacl`ms æ
nxtrlãïm `nssn gaiáram. Nssn qul`rm sn glitnvn ltá l sncui`l gntl`n `nssn sáoudm, quli`m l Lglzðial
`nspmitmu omgm crli`n prm`utmrl `n jmrrlobl.
L prm`uãïm `m murm agpudsamimu l va`l omdmiald `m Uldn `m Culpmrá. Ls gails `m Uldn `m Culpmrá, im
Vlrì n il Gntrÿpmdn prm`uzarlg ugl agprnssamilitn qulita`l`n `nssn gntld. Ms trljldbms ils gails nrlg
ldtlgnitn aisldujrns, prmvmoli`m ug rìpa`m `nsclstn `ms trljldbl`mrns n dnvli`m æ inonssa`l`n omistlitn `n
rìpa`l rnpmsaãïm `n gïm `n mjrl. Ms nsorlvms nrlg ms glas ltaica`ms pmr nssl satulãïm.
Uìrams prmjdngls omg ms trljldbl`mrns ils rncaþns dnvlrlg l l`gaiastrlãïm omdmiald l tmglr gn`a`ls
nxtrngls. L inonssa`l`n `n rnpmsaãïm `n gïm `n mjrl nrl omistlitn, gls nrl guatm dagatl`l l olploa`l`n `m
Nstl`m ng smomrrnr ms gainarms, pmr assm ms cmvnril`mrns l`mtlvlg pmsturls `n rndltavl trlisacëioal, pnrgatai`m
lms prmprantìrams utadazlrng l nsorlvlturl, nvatli`m lssag l aitnrrupãïm mu plrldaslãïm `ms trljldbms.
L prm`uãïm `ls gails `m Culpmrá nitrmu ng `nol`ëioal ims ûdtagms traitls lims `m sáoudm RUAAA. Omg
m `nodçiam `ls gaibls `m Culpmrá, l rncaïm iïm ltrlau rnoursms, ing nstçgudms plrl l eaxlãïm `n ugl prìtaol
lcrmplstmrad vmdtl`l plrl l nxpmrtlãïm, tni`m omiomrra`m plrl assm m snu asmdlgnitm cnmcrìeaom n sul elgl `n
rncaïm aisldujrn.
Gnsgm m `nsaitnrnssn `ms Olpatïns-Cninrlas, qun l plrtar `m sáoudm RUAAA plsslrlg dmicms pnrçm`ms
lusnitns `l rncaïm n gliaenstlg odlrl prnenrëioal pmr Oualjì.
Nssn qul`rm `n ljli`mim lcrlvmu-sn lm dmicm `ls pragnarls `áol`ls `m sáoudm RAR. L rncaïm plssmu
nitïm pmr ug aitnism prmonssm `n `nsomdmiazlãïm, qun sn lgpdamu il gn`a`l ng qun ms emoms `n tnisïm
ermitnaraãl `nsdmolrlg-sn prmcrnssavlgnitn plrl m Uldn `m Vlrlcula. Lms pmuoms, glas l `nol`ëioal ema sn
aistldli`m, ltá qun, omg l trlisenrëioal `l Olpatld plrl Oualjì, m Uldn `m Culpmrá plssmu l snr ugl rncaïm
imtmralgnitn nsqunoa`l, pmvml`l smgnitn pndms incrms, `nsoni`nitns `n nsorlvms qun lda ld a pnrglinoalg.

M OAODM @L JMZZLOBL.

 Im lim `n <2:3, sn aiaoamu m oaodm `l Jmrrlobl. Il gnsgl `áol`l m quçgaom aicdës Kmsnpb Vranstdny,
`nsomjrau l utada`l`n `l jmrrlobl plrl lplclr nsoratls l dìpas. Ng <2?1, m lgnraolim Oblrdns Cmm`ynlr n m aicdës
Pbmgls Bliomoh `nsomjrarlg, sagudtlinlgnitn, m prmonssm `n vudoliazlãïm `l jmrrlobl, lm l`aoamilrng
nixmern lm prm`utm, tmrili`m-m rnsastnitn lm oldmr n lm eram. Il snquëioal m nsomoës Kmbi @uidmp ngprncmu l
 jmrrlobl vudoliazl`l il aivniãïm `n pinus plrl
plrl jaoaodntls.
Omg l utadazlãïm ng dlrcl nsoldl `l jmrrlobl, il Nurmpl n ims N^L. M lprmvnatlgnitm nxacal ugl
 prm`uãïm
  ng dlrcl nsoldl, prmvmoli`m ug sncui`m oaodm gacrltÿram plrl l rncaïm. Pld prmonssm nrl nstagudl`m

<:
 

 pmr mutrm eltmr ilturld, l snol im imr`nstn jrlsadnarm, praioapldgnitn ims nstl`ms
nstl` ms `m Onlrì, Jlbal, Vnrilgjuom,
Zam Crli`n `m Imrtn n Vlrlçjl. Onrol `n 26 gad imr`nstaims nspldblrlg-sn pndl Lglzðial rmi`mianisn,
 pnintrli`m ltrlvás `ms Zams Globl`m, Klglry, Culpmrá n Glgmrá. Vmrág, nssl mouplãïm ema `nsmr`nil`l,
momrrni`m ng pnqunims nsplãms lcdmgnrl`ms, pnr`a`ms il vlsta`ïm `l edmrnstl.
L valcng nrl dmicl, `urlvl onrol `n trës gnsns. Ms qun l`mnoalg nrlg ljli`mil`ms ims jlrrlioms `ms
rams, mi`n gmrralg sng inibug tapm `n lssastëioal.
 Ims snraiclas, nstns bmgnis nrlg sujgnta`ms l pnimsls omi`aãþns `n va`l n trljldbm, ng lgjanitn
tmtldgnitn `nsomibnoa`m lms qulas nstlgms bljatul`ms. _ng lssastëioal gá`aol gmrralg `n gldìral8 sng `arnatms
trljldbastls mu prmtnãþns kurç`aols, guatms tnitlvlg l eucl n, il glamral `ms olsms, nrlg gmrtms pndms
snraicldastls.
Vrn`mgailvl l nsorlva`ïm pmr `ájatm, pmas ms trljldbl`mrns kì obnclvlg lms snraiclas ni`ava`l`ms pmr
olusl `l sul plsslcng plrl l rncaïm. L dmoldazlãïm `ms snraiclas, l tmrgnitmsl rndlãïm nitrn pltrïm n ngprncl`m,
ls `mniãls rncamilas n l aitngpárans, emrlg ldcuis `ms eltmrns qun agpn`arlg qun m `nsnivmdvagnitm `l rncaïm
emssn ldng `n ugl nomimgal nxtrltavastl.
L jmrrlobl iïm rnonjn inibugl prmtnãïm pmr plrtn `ms prm`utmrns mu `m cmvnrim. Omg assm m nxpdmrl`mr
suçãm Bniry Ldnxli`nr Saohblg, l snrvaãm `m cmvnrim jratêiaom, qun im eaild `m sáoudm RAR jurdmu l vacadêioal
 jrlsadnarl n omitrljli`nmu gu`ls n sngnitns `n snraicunarl plrl l Aicdltnrrl. L Crï-Jrntlibl omitrmdlvl
tmtldgnitn l nxpmrtlãïm `l jmrrlobl lglzðiaol, n eailioamu Saohblg, plcli`m l ndn `nz dajrls nstnrdails pmr ug
gadbnarm `n sngnitns omitrljli`nl`ls.

NRNZOAOAM_

<)  Omgm ema m pragnarm prmonssm `n mouplãïm buglil ils tnrrls rmi`mianisns=
:)  Omgnitn smjrn l glm `n mjrl utadazl`l im oaodm `m murm.
?)  M qun prmvmomu m `nodçiam `ls gails `n murm `m Uldn `m Culpmrá=
0)  Vmr qun l jmrrlobl nxtrlç`l `ls snraicunarls sn tmrimu tïm agpmrtlitn n omjaãl`l pndms gnrol`ms
gui`alas=
>)  M qun saciaeaomu plrl l rncaïm lglzðiaol m oaodm `l jmrrlobl=
5)  Omgm nrl m trljldbm ims snraiclas n `n mi`n nrl prmvnianitn l gïm `n mjrl=

<?
 

(L^DL-63)

M _NC^I@M OAODM @L JMZZLOBL.

M sncui`m oaodm `n nxtrlãïm `m dìtnx momrrnu im pnrçm`m `l _ncui`l Cunrrl Gui`ald (<1?1-<10>). Inssn
 pnrçm`m, ema omistatuç`m m Jliom `l Jmrrlobl, ltuld Jliom `l Lglzðial. N m cmvnrim rnorutmu trljldbl`mrns,
nitrn ndns, imr`nstaims, plrl trljldblrng ims snraiclas, mi`n eaolrlg om
omibnoa`ms
ibnoa`ms omgm —_md`l`ms `l Jmrrlobl‗. 
Jmrrlobl‗. 
L Aicdltnrrl aivnstau ng pdlitlãþns dmoldazl`ls ng suls omdðials lsaìtaols, omgm Onadïm, Gldìsal,
Pladêi`al, Eadapails n Oaiclpurl. Assm lpÿs tnrng
tnrn g omitrljli`nl`m ls gu`ls `n snraicunarls `m Jrlsad.
L plrtar `n <10: l Lglzðial vmdtmu l rnonjnr pmvml`mrns, ltrlvás `n gacrlãþns ommr`nil`ls pndm
cmvnrim en`nrld n eailioal`l pndms N^L. Ms gmtavms sïm ms sncuaitns; eltmrns pmdçtaoms n nomiðgaoms dacl`ms æ
 prm`uãïm `n jmrrlobl plrl ltni`nr æs inonssa`l`ns
inonssa`l`ns `ms plçsns ldal`ms il _ncui`l Cunrrl Gui`ald.
M _ncui`m Oaodm `l Jmrrlobl, ema ug prmonssm gacrltÿram, `araca`m n mrcliazl`m omg imvms pmvml`mrns
`ava`a`ms ng `uls oltncmrals; vmduitìrams n rnorutl`ms. Ms vmduitìrams `nimgail`ms `n lracÿs, n ms rnorutl`ms
nrlg ldastl`ms omgm smd`l`ms `l jmrrlobl.
M lplrnoagnitm `n imr`nstaims ng `arnãïm æ Lglzðial, plrl trljldblrng ims snraiclas, `ltl `ls
 pragnarls `áol`ls `m sáoudm RAR.
RAR. Omitu`m sn aitnisaeaomu omg l pamr snol im sáoudm RR (<231
(<231 -<226).
Ms trljldbl`mrns nxtrlalg
nxtrlalg l snraicl iug sastngl omgplrl`m lm `l nsorlva`ïm, pmas m sas sastngl
tngl nrl
vmdtl`m plrl tmrilr m trljldbl`mr tmtldgnitn `npni`nitn `ms snraicldastls, snu ni`ava`lgnitm nrl ainvatìvnd. Iïm
tni`m mutrl mpãïm nrl mjracl`m l omgprlr
o mgprlr snu ldagnitm `n snus pltrþns, omgm m qun cliblvl iïm `lvl plrl plclr
ms oustms omg l ldagnitlãïm n bacanin, m snraicunarm sn tmrilvl ol`l vnz glas gliapudl`m. L nssn sastngl ema
`l`m m imgn `n _astngl `n Jlrrloïm.
Vmdataolgnitn, nssn sncui`m oaodm `l jmrrlobl prmpaoamu ls omi`aãþns inonssìrals plrl l oralãïm `m Pnrratÿram
En`nrld `m Culpmrá.

M^PZM_ OAODM_ GACZLPßZAM_

- @ALGLIPN_

 Ims crli`ns
@nsomjnrtls lims >6klza`ls
surcau ims
ugrams
imvm oaodm nomiðgaom;
Globl`m m oaodm
mu Ka-Vlrliì, `m `alglitn
Omgngmrlãïm ng `m
n Jlrïm Vagnitl Junim
Gndclãm. n Ka-Vlrliì.
L praioapld ìrnl
 jnineaoal`l ema mi`n bmkn sn dmoldazl l oa`l`n `n Ka-Vlrliì.
Ng <1>0 kì blval sa`m rnomdba`m onrol `n <?.666 (trnzn gad) quadltns `n `alglitns, eltm qun omitrajuau plrl
nstagudlr l gacrlãïm `nstail`l æ plrtn onitrld `ls tnrrls rmi`mianisns.

OL__APNZAPL

L plrtar `n <1>2 tnvn aiaoam m Oaodm `l Olssatnratl, nitrn Lraqungns n Vmrtm Undbm. @avnrsms omitaicnitns
gacrltÿrams sn aistldlrlg mi`n bmkn sn dmoldazl; Vmrtm Undbm, Oli`nals `m Klglra, Atlpuï `m Mnstn, Imvl
Glgmrá, Olgpm Imvm `n Zmi`ðial n Lraqungns.
 Il sncui`l gntl`n `l `áol`l `n <1>6, `nu aiaoam l nxpdmrlãïm `l olssatnratl, trlzni`m plrl Zmi`ðial
gadblrns `n clragpnarms, vai`ms praioapldgnitn `m Onlrì, Glrlibïm, Valuç n Vnrilgjuom.
@urlitn l elsn `n nxpdmrlãïm gliuld omibnoa`l omgm —Oaodm `l Clragplcng‗ (<1>:-<13<),(<1>: -<13<), emrlg
ljnrtms n nxpdmrl`ms `avnrsms clragpms `nstloli`m-sn ls ìrnls `m Aclrlpá Vrntm, _ïm Erlioasom n Zajnarïm `m
 Zalobundm. Ils rndlãþns `n trljldbm ema rnprm`uza`m m sastngl `n lvalgnitm olrlotnrçstaom `ms oaodms `l jmrrlobl.

<0
 

Ldcugls klza`ls nstlvlg satul`ls ng litacms snraiclas, trlisemrgli`m ms snraicldastls ng prmprantìrams `n

clragpms, plssli`m l eailioalr ls enrrlgnitls `n trljldbm n glitagnitms plrl l smjrnvavëioal `ms clragpnarms,
gmimpmdazli`m l omgprl `l prm`uãïm ltrlvás `m jlrrloïm.
L prm`uãïm `l olssatnratl pmr prmonssm gliuld emrl nxtaitm ng <136, nitrli`m ng vacmr ng ?< `n glrãm
`n <13<. Pld `noasïm, sncui`m m cmvnrim eui`lgnitlvl-sn ng nstu`ms qun valg im prmonssm gliuld `n prm`uãïm
crli`n pnr`l `m gaiáram, ldág `n nxpdmrlãïm ng duclrns sng právam nstu`m.
Ms crupms iloamilas n gudtailoamilas emrlg rnspmisìvnas pndl agpdlitlãïm `l dlvrl gnoliazl`l, m
lugnitm `l prm`uãïm sn `nu l gá`am n ng dmicm prlzm.

NRNZOÇOAM_

<)  Eldn smjrn ms gmtavms qun molsamimu m sncui`m oaodm `l jmrrlobl.

:)  Nxpdaqun m qun nrl n omgm euioamilvl m sastngl `n jlrrloïm.
?)  M qun saciaeaomu plrl l Lglzðial n plrl m ltuld Nstl`m `n Zmi`ðial m prmonssm gacrltÿram molsamil`m
 pndl jusol `l jmrrlobl=
0)  M qun saciaeaomu m oaodm `m `alglitn plrl Zmi`ðial=
>)  A`nitaeaqun sngndbliãls nitrn m Oaodm `l Jmrrlobl n m Oaodm `ms @alglitns.

<>
 

(L^DL  ‟  62)
 62)

L \^N_PÏM @M LOZN.

M nsplãm qun bmkn omistatua m Nstl`m `m Lorn nrl, ltá gnl`ms `m sáoudm RR, omisa`nrl`m ugl zmil iïm
`nsomjnrtl, ug tnrratÿram omitnstl`m pndms cmvnrims jrlsadnarm n jmdavalim. Vmr sul vnz, m Jrlsad utadazlvl lqundl
rncaïm omgm ug crli`n prnsç`am l oáu ljnrtm, plrl mi`n nrlg nival`ms prasaminarms pmdçtaoms n oragaimsms
omguis. Nitrntlitm, raom ng snraicunarls, m Lorn rnonjnu il sncui`l gntl`n `m sáoudm RAR, gadblrns `n
imr`nstaims ng jusol `n trljldbm ims snraiclas.
Vrasaminarms n trljldbl`mrns gasturlvlg-sn ims snraiclas `m Lorn, eui`lvlg pmvmlãþns, lvliãlvlg n sn
nstljndnoalg ng pdnim tnrratÿram jmdavalim. Astm ilturldgnitn `nslcrl`mu m cmvnrim `l Jmdçval, qun aivmomu
vndbms trltl`ms, n rnsmdvnu tmglr pmssn `neaiatavl `m Lorn. Eui`mu l Uadl `n Vunrtm Ldmism ng 6? `n klinarm `n
<221, n aistldmu pmstms `n ldeêi`ncl plrl lrrnol`lr trajutms mracail`ms `l omgnroaldazlãïm `l jmrrlobl sadvnstrn.
Nssl ltatu`n olusmu rnvmdtl nitrn ms qulsn snssnitl gad jrlsadnarms qun trljldblvlg ims snraiclas lornlims.
Da`nrl`ms pndm snraicldastl Kmsá Olrvldbm, `m Lglzmils, ms snraicunarms rnjndlrlg-sn n nxpudslrlg ls
lutmra`l`ns jmdavalils, ng 6? `n glam `n <221.
Gls ema ug nsplibmd Duas Cìdvnz Zm`racuns `n Lrals qung da`nrmu mutrl rnjndaïm, `n glamr ldolion
 pmdçtaom n prmodlgmu l ai`npni`ëioal n aistldmu m qun ndn oblgmu `n Znpûjdaol `m Lorn, im dmold omibnoa`m
omgm _nraicld Umdtl `l Ngprnzl, ng <0 `n kudbm `n <221. Cìdvnz, m —Agpnrl`mr `m Lorn‗, omgm lutm
 prmodlglvl-sn, omitlvl omg m lpmam `m cmvnril`mr `m Lglzmils, Zlgldbm Kûiamr. Nitrntlitm l Znpujdaol `m
Lorn `urmu lpnils matm gnsns. M cmvnrim jrlsadnarm, saciltìram `m Prltl`m `n Lylouobm, `n :? `n glrãm `n
<253, rnomibnonu m `arnatm `n pmssn `l Jmdçval, prni`nu Cìdvnz n `nvmdvnu m Lorn lm cmvnrim jmdavalim.
Pm`lval, l satulãïm omitaiulvl aisustnitìvnd. M odagl `n liagmsa`l`n pnrsastal n lugnitlvl l ol`l `al.
Ng << `n kudbm `n <16<, m cmvnrim jmdavalim `noa`au lrrni`lr m Lorn l ug crupm `n olpatldastls nstl`uia`nisns,
aicdnsns n ldngïns, emrgl`m pndls ngprnsls Omiwly li` Satbra`cn, ^iatn` _tltns Zujjnr Omgpliy n Nxpmrt
Dugjnr. Nssn omisÿroam omistatuau m tngçvnd Jmdavali _yi`aoltn qun ema lutmrazl`m pndl Jmdçval l omdmiazlr l
rncaïm, nxpdmrlr m dìtnx n emrglr sul prÿpral gadçoal lrgl`l, omg `arnatm l utadazlr l emrãl plrl ltni`nr l snus
aitnrnssns.
Ms snraicunarms jrlsadnarms, ng sul glamral emrgl`l pmr imr`nstaim, iïm lonatlrlg lqundl satulãïm.
Nstagudl`ms pmr crli`ns snraicldastls n lpmal`ms pndms cmvnril`mrns `m Lglzmils n `m Vlrì, `nrlg aiçoam, im
`al 65 `n lcmstm `n <16:, l ugl rnjndaïm lrgl`l; L Znvmdtl `m Lorn. Ms snraicldastls nitrnclrlg l obneal `m
gmvagnitm rnjnd`n lm clûobm Kmsá Vdìoa`m `n Olstrm, nx glkmr `m nxároatm, rnjlaxl`m l oljm pmr tnr plrtaoapl`m
`l Znvmduãïm En`nrldastl `m Zam Crli`n `m _ud (<21?-<21>), lm dl`m `ms Glrlcltms. Vdìoa`m `n Olstrm taibl, il
ápmol, :1 lims `n a`l`n n nstlvl lutm-nxadl`m bì trës lims im Lorn, trljldbli`m omgm snraicunarm.
L rnvmdtl pmr ndn da`nrl`l, eailioal`l pndms snraicldastls n pmr `mas cmvnril`mrns `n Nstl`m, emrtldnoal-sn
l ol`l `al, il gn`a`l ng qun rnonjal lrglgnitms, guiaãþns n ldagnitms, ldág `m lpmam pmdçtaom n pmpudlr. Ng
tm`m m plas momrrnrlg gliaenstlãþns l elvmr `l linxlãïm `m Lorn lm Jrlsad. L agprnisl `m Zam `n Klinarm n `n
_ïm Vludm nxacal `m cmvnrim jrlsadnarm agn`altls prmva`ëioals ng `nensl `ms lornlims.
Vmr snu dl`m m cmvnrim jrlsadnarm prmourlvl smduoamilr m agplssn pndl val `apdmgìtaol, tni`m æ ernitn `ls
incmoalãþns m `apdmgltl Kmsá Glral `l _advl Vlrlibms Kûiamr, m jlrïm `n Zam Jrliom. Gls, tm`ls ls tnitltavls
nrlg aiÿouls
smgnitn n msmomgjltns
quli`m oprnsa`nitn
mgjltns nitrn jrlsadnarms
`l Jmdçval, n jmdavalims
Cninrld tmrilvlg-sn
Kmsá Gliund Vli`mglas ernqunitns
_mdlrns, n loarrl`ms,
mrcliazmu, im nitlitm
smj m snu ema
omgli`m,
ugl pm`nrmsl nxpn`aãïm gadatlr plrl omgjltnr ms jrlsadnarms `m Lorn, qun m prnsa`nitn `m Jrlsad, Zm`racuns
Ldvns, mr`nimu qun trmpl `m nxároatm `l Lrgl`l Ilvld lolitmil`ls im Nstl`m `n Gltm crmssm lvliãmu plrl l
rncaïm ng `nensl `ms snraicunarms lornlims. M niernitlgnitm cnrmu l Cunrrl `m Lorn.
Ls trmpls jrlsadnarls, emrgl`ls pmr `mas rncagnitms `n aielitlral, ug `n lrtadblral n ugl `avasïm ilvld,
lku`lrlg Vdìoa`m `n Olstrm l `nrrmtlr m udtagm rn`utm jmdavalim im Lorn, Vunrtm Ldmism, bmkn Vmrtm Lorn. Lm
ldvmrnonr `m `al :0 `n klinarm `n <16?, æs glrcnis `m Zam Lorn, trngudmu l jli`narl lornlil. M Lorn nrl `m
Jrlsad. 

<5
 

M PZLPL@M @N VNPZMVMDA_.

Ng omisnquëioal im `al <3 `n imvngjrm `n <16?, il oa`l`n `n Vntrÿpmdas, æ rul Snstpbldal I» 6>, im
Zam `n Klinarm, ls Znpûjdaols `m Jrlsad n `l Jmdçval earglrlg m Prltl`m `n Vntrÿpmdas, ltrlvás `m quld m Jrlsad
eaomu `n pmssn `m Lorn, lssugai`m m omgprmgassm `n plclr ugl ai`niazlãïm `n £ :.666.6666 `mas gadbþns `n
dajrls nstnrdails , onrol `n ?66.666.666 `n `ÿdlrns ltulas, lm cmvnrim jmdavalim n glas £ <<0.666 onitm n qulrtmzn
gad lm Omisÿroam Jmdavali _yi`aoltn.
M Prltl`m `n Vntrÿpmdas, lprmvl`m pndm Omicrnssm Jrlsadnarm ng <: `n ljrad `n <160, tlgjág mjracmu m
Jrlsad l rnldazlr ug litacm prmkntm `m cmvnrim jmdavalim `n omistruar ugl nstrl`l `n enrrm. L Jmdçval,
lprmvnatli`m-sn `m gmgnitm pmdçtaom, omdmomu il plutl `n incmoalãþns snu lgjaoamsm prmkntm. Ng omitrlplrta`l,
rnomibnonu l pramra`l`n `n obncl`l `ms pragnarms jrlsadnarms æ rncaïm n rniuioamu l tm`ms ms `arnatms smjrn ls
tnrrls `m Lorn.
M Prltl`m `n Vntrÿpmdas prmpmroamimu m surcagnitm im Jrlsad, `m pragnarm Pnrratÿram En`nrld; Lorn, ng
<16?.

Incmoal`mrns `m Prltl`m `n Vntrÿpmdas, ng <16?. M Jlrïm `m Zam Jrliom, im onitrm.  

NRNZOÇOAM_.

<)  Omgm nrl utadazl`l l rncaïm `m Lorn pndm cmvnrim jrlsadnarm litns `m omiedatm=
:)  Vmr qun m Lorn sn tmrimu tïm `asputl`m nitrn ms cmvnrims `m Jrlsad n `l Jmdaval=
?)  Nxpdaqun omgm surcau l oblgl`l Znpûjdaol `m Lorn.
0)  \ung ema m dç`nr `l oblgl`l Znvmduãïm `m Lorn= Eldn smjrn ndn.
>)  M qun ema m Prltl`m `n Vntrÿpmdas=

<3
 

(L^DL-61)

N_PZL@L @N ENZZM GL@NAZL-GLGMZÁ.

Enrrmval Gl`narl-Glgmrá,
Gl`narl-Glgmrá, nspntìoudm trìcaom. Nxprnssïm usl`l pmr Emmt Blr Blr`gli
`gli plrl rntrltlr ms
nsoratms l rnspnatm `l omistruãïm
o mistruãïm `l —Enrrmval `m @aljm‗. ^gl mjrl omisa`nrl`l crli`amsl n lm gnsgm
tngpm lssustl`mrl, pmas ms nsoratms `l ápmol omdmolg l Lglzðial omgm tnrrl sng bastÿral; asmdlgnitm,
ljli`mim, lusëioal `n smoaljada`l`n. Zngmtl im tngpm n im nsplãm, _litm Litðiam á `nsnibl`l omgm ugl mjrl
ljnrtl `ms `nusns, ar ltá dì á, omgm nenatm `n pnintrlr ng mutrm gui`m.
Ng euiãïm `n inonssa`l`ns `avnrsls, tlitm `m Jrlsad qulitm `l Jmdçval, ema oral`l ng <23<, smj l `arnãïm
`n Cnmrcn Nlrd Oburob, l Gl`narl-Glgmrá Zladwly Om.Dt`l, sni`m qun l pragnarl nquapn `n nicnibnarms
lpmitmu ng _litm Litðiam ng <23:. @aeaoud`l`ns `avnrsls molsamimu l `nsastëioal `l ngprnatnarl `n omistruãïm
`l enrrmval pndl ngprnsl Vujdao Smrhs, eargl omitrltl`l pmr Oburob ng <23<. Ilqundn gnsgm lim ema
omitrltl`l l eargl imrtn-lgnraolil V.&.P. Omddais, `l Eadl`ádeal, qun eaomu ng _litm Litðiam smgnitn snas
gnsns, mpnrìrams, nicnibnarms, gnoêiaoms, omistrutmrns n crli`ns dnvls `n `nsngprncl`ms, jltalg l pmrtl `ms
argïms Omddais, quli`m momrrnu l imtaoal `n omistruãïm `l enrrmval il sndvl lglzðiaol.
L omistruãïm `l enrrmval á glrol`l pmr trlcá`als, ugl `ndls ema m olsm `m ilvam l vlpmr Gntrÿpmdas,
erntl`m pndms argïms Omddais (Znspmisìvnas pndl omistrutmrl qun ngprnatmu ls mjrls `l Gl`narl-Glgmrá). M
ilvam qun trlispmrtlvl glitagnitms n mpnrìrams lm Zam Gl`narl, zlrpmu `l Eadl`ádeal ng :6 `n klinarm `n <232,
dnvli`m :05 pnssmls, >66 tmindl`ls `n tradbms n gìquails. Im `al ?<, im datmrld `l Olrmdail `m Imrtn, ugl
tngpnstl`n vamdnitl kmcmu m ilvam omitrl l omstl loa`nitl`l. Vndm gnims 26 pnssmls gmrrnrlg n m gltnrald ema
tm`m pnr`a`m.
Plas nrlg ls `aeaoud`l`ns `l omistruãïm `l N.E.G.G., qun plrl ms pltrmoail`mrns `nssn prmkntm, ol`l
quadðgntrm vnioa`m saciaeaolvl tnr obncl`m glas pnrtm `ms oáus8 plrl ms mpnrìrams qun omistruçrlg nssl Pmrrn `n
Jljnd, omitu`m, ol`l `mrgnitn eaxl`m nrl omgm trlispmr glas ug `ncrlu `m aienrim.

@N_A_PËIOAL  

 Iïm supmrtli`m ls `aeaoud`l`ns, l ngprnsl Vujdao Smrhs, `nsastn `l mjrl n jusol ims trajuilas aicdnsns,
ugl ai`niazlãïm pmr pnr`ls n `lims, ldncli`m gì eá `n Oburob, il rnlda`l`n nssn erlolssm kì nrl nspnrl`m, pmas
iaicuág blval enatm ug nstu`m `m tnrrnim. Iïm sn sljal m qun sn nsomi`al ltrìs `l puklitn edmrnstl Lglzðiaol.
 Iïm sn sljal sn nrl tnrrnim gmitlibmsm,
gmitlibmsm, pdlim n nixutm. L acimrêioal
acimrêioal smjrn m duclr nrl omgpdntl.
Ms argïms Vbadap n Pbmgls Omddais lssugarlg ms rasoms `n ug imvm ngprnni`agnitm, ng gnl`ms `m
sáoudm RAR, gls qun tlgjág tnrgailrl `nslstrmslgnitn.

EMZÃL @N PZLJLDBM

Vm`n sn eldlr ng ug vnr`l`narm gnrol`m `n gïm `n mjrl omistruç`l ng nsoldl gui`ald, qung mrcliazl
sïm ls prÿprals inonssa`l`ns `l prm`uãïm olpatldastl ng nxplisïm.
 

<2
 

 Im Jrlsad, `urlitn ms trljldbms, emrlg rnorutl`ms onrol `n `uznitms çi`ams jmdavalims n quaibnitms imr`nstaims,
`nva`m lm ëxm`m momrra`m lpÿs l crli`n snol `n <233. Ldág `n nstrlicnarms; jlrjl`alims, atldalims,
nstl`uia`nisns, aicdnsns, crncms, bai`us, nsplibÿas, pmrtucunsns, omitu`m, plrnon tnr prn`mgail`m inssn
omikuitm ms mpnrìrams olrajnibms.
Ls omi`aãþns `n trljldbm menrnoa`ls pndl ngprnsl nquavldalg, il prìtaol, æ snrva`ïm, iugl emrgl glas
 prÿxagl l `ms snraiclas `l Lglzðial.
Lglzðial.
Ls ilrrltavls `l ápmol sn lssngndblg lm `npmagnitm `n ug smjrnvavnitn `n cunrrl. L nspmsl `m _nibmr
Omddais, lm rntmrilr l Eadl`ádeal ema aitnril`l iug sliltÿram, mi`n eldnonu.
L mjrl nrl omisa`nrl`l ugl aisnisltnz. Iugl `ls orataols l omistruãïm `l Gl`narl-Glgmrá, m
nicnibnarm Odm`mgarm Vnrnarl `l _advl, ng <1<6 usl nssn lrcugnitm. Kuitl-sn la m lcrlvlitn `n qun, quli`m l
mjrl ema tnrgail`l ng <1<:, `nva`m lm omdlpsm `l jmrrlobl pndl omiomrrëioal lsaìtaol, l Gl`narl-Glgmrá sÿ
snrvaral plrl m trlispmrtn.
NRNZOÇOAM_

<)  \ung ema Cnmrcn Nldr Oburob=

:)  Vmr qun l omistruãïm `l Gl`narl-Glgmrá á omgplrl`l l ugl Pmrrn `n Jljnd=
?)  \ulas gmtavms dnvlrlg l ngprnsl Vujdao Smrhs l `nsastar `l omistruãïm `l N.E.G.G.=
N .E.G.G.=
0)  Vmr qun l Gl`narl-Glgmrá á oblgl`l `n Enrrmval `m @aljm=
>)  Nxpdaqun ms gmtavms qun dnvlrlg m cmvnrim jrlsadnarm l omistruar ugl enrrmval ng pdnil rncaïm
lglzðiaol.

<1
 

(L^DL  ‟  <6)
 <6)

N_PZL@L @N ENZZM GL@NAZL-GLGMZÁ AA

M Prltl`m `n Vntrÿpmdas, eargl`m nitrn ms cmvnrims `m Jrlsad n Jmdçval ng <3 `n imvngjrm `n <16?,
`neaiau l satulãïm pmdçtaol, l`gaiastrltavl n cnmcrìeaol `m Lorn n mjracmu m Jrlsad l omistruar l Enrrmval Gl`narl-
Glgmrá, ng tnrrls pnrtnionitns lm Nstl`m `n Gltm Crmssm. _ul nstlãïm aiaoald `nvnral dmoldazlr-sn il Uadl `n
_litm Litðiam `m Zam Gl`narl, ûdtagl ermitnarl `m Gltm Crmssm omg m Lglzmils, n l nstlãïm tnrgaild il
dmolda`l`n `n Vmrtm `m Nspacïm Glrquns `m Zam Glgmrá.
L daoatlãïm plrl l omistruãïm `l enrrmval ema ljnrtl smgnitn l ngprnsìrams jrlsadnarms ng <: `n glam `n
<16>. M onrtlgn tnvn lpnils `mas plrtaoaplitns; ms nicnibnarms Zlagui`m Vnrnarl `l _advl n Kmlquag Oltrlgjy.
Omitngpdl`m, smujn-sn qun Kmlquag Oltrlgjy omiomrrnu omg aituatm gnrlgnitn nspnoudltavm, il qulda`l`n `n
—tnstl-`n-
—tnstl -`n-enrrm‗
enrrm‗ `m pm`nrmsm glciltl nstl`uia`nisn Vnroavld Elrqublr, l qung trlisenrau m omitrltm tïm dmcm
rnonjnu l bmgmdmclãïm `l omiomrrëioal.
Vmr assm, ndn oramu l Ngprnsl Gl`narl-Glgmrá Zladwly Omgpliy, il quld aivnstau, aiaoaldgnitn,
$<<.666.666 (mizn gadbþns) `n `ÿdlrns, eailioal`ms pndm Jlih Me _omtdli`, n omitrltmu ms snrvaãms `m crupm `n
ngprnatnarms Zmjnrt Gly n L.J. Knhydd. L nssn crupm lssmoamu-sn pmstnramrgnitn m ngprnatnarm Kmbi Zli`mdpb.
@nstl emrgl omistatuau-sn l ngprnsl Gly, Knhydd & Zli`mdpb qun, ng <165, aistldmu snu olitnarm `n mjrls il
dmolda`l`n `n _litm Litðiam `m Zam Gl`narl.
L ngprnatnarl Gly, Knhydd & Zli`mdpb niernitmu sárals `aeaoud`l`ns mpnrloamilas, `nva`m æ dmoldazlãïm
cnmcrìeaol `m pmvml`m `n _litm Litðiam, suls pássagls omi`aãþns sliatìrals, lm trnobm niolobmnarl`m `m Zam
Gl`narl n æs `mniãls rncamilas.

Vnroavld Elrqublr 

Lutmrazl`l pmr Vnroavld Elrqublr n pndm cmvnrim jrlsadnarm, l Gly, Knhydd & Zli`mdpb trlisenrarlg, ng
<1 `n ljrad `n <163, suls aistldlãþns plrl m pmitm lglzðiaom satul`m l 3 Hg `l Olobmnarl `n _litm Litðiam, im
dmold omibnoa`m omgm Vmrtm Undbm, mi`n agpdlitmu m onitrm l`gaiastrltavm, omistruau olas, rnsa`ëioals plrl
táoiaoms, n `nu aiaoam, ng kuibm `m gnsgm lim, æ omistruãïm `l nstlãïm aiaoald `l Nstrl`l `n Enrrm Gl`narl-
Glgmrá. Omg nssls ltatu`n, emrlg ldtnrl`ms ms ormimcrlgls aiaoalas `l enrrmval ng 3 hg, sul rmtl, smjrntu`m, l
dmoldazlãïm `n sul Nstlãïm Aiaoald, litns prnvastl plrl snr omistruç`l ng tnrrls pnrtnionitns lm Nstl`m `m
Lglzmils. Ltrlvás `m `norntm `n Dna i» 5.33> `n :2 `n imvngjrm `n <163, m cmvnrim jrlsadnarm lutmrazmu æ
Ngprnsl Pbn Gl`narl-Glgmrá Zladwly Omgpliy Dt`l, l euioamilr im Jrlsad.
Á guatm `aeçoad lvldalr ls `aeaoud`l`ns niernitl`ls pndl Ngprnsl Gly, Knhydd & Zli`mdpb plrl nxnoutlr
nssn trljldbm ng omi`aãþns tïm l`vnrsls plrl táoiaoms n mpnrìrams. L omistruãïm `l enrrmval jltnu m rnomr`n
gui`ald `n loa`nitns `n trljldbm, n tnvn onitnils `n gmrtms mu `nslplrnoa`ms il agnisa`ïm `l edmrnstl n ils
valcnis plrl l rncaïm.
 

:6
 

Znldgnitn nrl crlvn l qunstïm `n slû`n il rncaïm, m qun dnvmu l ngprnsl l omistruar, nitrn ms pmvml`ms
`n Vmrtm Undbm n _litm Litðiam, m Bmspatld `l Oli`ndìral, qun obncmu l tnr mizn gá`aoms. Gls, ing ndns
rnsastarlg. Prës gmrrnrlg n `mas eaolrlg aivìda`ms.

Nienrglral im Bmspatld `l Oli`ndìral.

L ngprnsl enz, nitïm, ug oblgl`m `n ngnrcëioal lm gá`aom n sliatlrastl Mswld`m Oruz, mi`n sn
aistldmu im Bmspatld `l Oli`ndìral, vasatmu _litm Litðiam, qun `neaiau omgm ug crli`n litrm `n gmdástal. Mutrms
 prmjdngls `n slû`n qun lentlvl ms mpnrìrams nrlg ms —`ngðiams‗, ug tapm `n dmuourl qun ms ltlolvl
sastngltaolgnitn ims trnobms ng mjrls n prmvmolvl tnrrçvnas lduoailãþns.

Vlrl omgjltnr ms Çi`ams Olrapuils, qun ldág `n ednoblr ms mpnrìrams, tlgjág lrrliolvlg ms tradbms n
`mrgnitns `l enrrmval l imatn, l `arnãïm `l ngprnsl gli`lvl l sncurliãl ndntraeaolr ms tradbms im eaild `n ol`l
 kmril`l `aìral `n trljldbm ng pmuom tngpm, on
onitnils
itnils `n çi`ams emrlg gmrtms ndntrmoutl`ms, m qun prmvmomu ug
vnr`l`narm cnimoç`am im pmvm Olrapuil.

:<
 

OMIOD^_ÏM
OMIOD^_ÏM @L MJZL.

 Im `al ?6 `n ljrad `n <1<:, l Gly, Knhydd & Zli`mdpb, nitrncmu l Nstlãïm Eaild Glgmrá, dmoldazl`l im
 pmrtm gltm-crmssnisn `n Nspara`aïm Glrquns, mi`n nstì satul`l ltuldgnitn l oa`l`n `n Culklrì-Garag. @asoursms
`n lutmra`l`ns glrolrlg m tárgaim `l omistruãïm `ms ?50 Hg `n val eárrnl. L enrrmval ema ailucurl`l im `al 6<
`n lcmstm `n <1<:.
L smgl `ls `aeaoud`l`ns qun lomgplibmu tm`l l omistruãïm `l Enrrmval Gl`narl-Glgmrá `nu-dbn ug
lspnotm nxlcnrl`lgnitn oltlstrÿeaom, im Jrlsad n im nxtnramr. Nitrn ms `avnrsms npçtntms qun rnonjnu, nstïm;
—Nstrl`l `ms Pradbms `n Murm‗, —Enrrmval `m @aljm‗, —Enrrmval `n @nus‗ n —Enrrmval `l Gmrtn‗. @azal -sn
tlgjág qun ol`l ug `ms `mrgnitns rnprnsnitlvl ugl va`l, plrl lvldalr `n emrgl nxlcnrl`l m iûgnrm `n
trljldbl`mrns gmrtms `urlitn suls mjrls.
Nitrn <1:6 n <1::, l Enrrmval Gl`narl-Glgmrá smernu ugl gm`aeaolãïm `n rmtl. Inssn pnrçm`m ema
omistruç`l ugl vlralitn im quadmgntrm :?3, im sntmr Vnibl Odmrl`, `nva`m æ prmxaga`l`n `m jlrrliom `m Zam
Gl`narl n lm pnracm qun astm oluslvl. Nssl imvl rmtl lornsonitmu :.02> gntrms æ nxtnisïm `l enrrmval, qun
 plssmu l tnr ms ?55.02> gntrms
gntrms ltulas.
Omisa`nrl`l gld`atl `ns`n l pragnarl elsn `n sul omistruãïm, l Gl`narl-Glgmrá glitnvn nssn nstacgl,
l omiodusïm `n sul mjrl prltaolgnitn omaioa`au omg m eag `m Oaodm `l Jmrrlobl il Lglzðial, n qulsn il`l glas
blval plrl snr trlispmrtl`m plrl Glilus n Jndág.
 Il vnr`l`n, l Gl`narl-Glgmrá iïm ltaicau ms mjkntavms plrl ms qulas ema omistruç`l. Uìrams eltmrns
omitrajuçrlg plrl assm. L Jmdçval glamr aitnrnssl`l, iïm dacmu pmr rm`mvals m @nplrtlgnitm (nstl`m) `n Jnia,
 praioapldgnitn l oa`l`n `n Culylrlgnrag.

ELPM_ \^N GLZOLZLG M VNZÇM@M @L OMI_PZ^ÃÏM @L N.E.G.G.

Vmrtm `m Zam `n Klinarm, imatn `n iltld, <1<6, m ilvam _ltádatn zlrpl smrrltnarlgnitn, sul olrcl n rugm sïm
`nsomibnoa`ms. Il rnlda`l`n nssn ilvam dnvlvl rnvmdtmsms omitrl m cmvnrim Bnrgns `l Emisnol, qun `nsniol`nmu
ugl mi`l `n rnprnssïm, —L Znvmdtl `ms Glraibnarms `l Lrgl`l‗. Vlrl assm m cmvnrim ltrlvás `n Nstl`m `n _çtam,
l`mtl ug rncagn rnpujdaolim ng qun l oa`l`lial nrl omasl `n pmuoms.
Ms qun iïm emrlg nxnoutl`ms im glr sn `aracarlg plrl _litm Litðiam `m Gl`narl. _ncui`m m rndltm `n
Jndemrt `n Mdavnarl, blval trnznitms n tlitms bmgnis n 0< gudbnrns, sni`m qun :66 bmgnis `nvnralg snr
niclkl`ms
L ims trljldbms
kudclr `l Daibl
pndm rndltm Pndsmjrnvavnrlg,
Pndncrìeaol,
`ms qun ncrìeaol, ms `nglas il omistruãïm
l glamral `l Enrrmval
`ms bmgnis gmrrnrlgGl`narl-Glgmrá.
Gl`narl -Glgmrá.
ng pmuoms gnsns `aspnrsms
 pndms lolgplgnitms `l daibl tndncrìeaol, ls gudbnrns, ng crli`n plrtn `nslpl
`nslplrnonrlg,
rnonrlg, nnitrncuns
itrncuns æ prmstatuaãïm
ng _litm Litðiam. Pngms nitïm ug nxngpdm `n gacrlãïm emrãl`l im Nstl`m `n Zmi`ðial.

NRNZOÇOAM_.

<)  M qun saciaeaomu plrl Vmrtm Undbm l omistruãïm `l Gl`narl-Glgmrá=

:)  Omgm ema rnorutl`l l gïm-`n-mjrl ngprncl`l
n gprncl`l il omistruãïm `l enrrmval=
?)  Nxpdaqun m gmtavm `l vai`l `m sliatlrastl Mswld`m Oruz æs aistldlãþns `m Bmspatld `l Oli`ndìral.
0)  @ntnrgain m aiaoam n m tárgaim `l omistruãïm `l enrrmval.
>)  Omgm l Gl`narl-Glgmrá eaomu omibnoa`l= Vmr qun nssl omistruãïm rnonjnu nssls `nimgailãþns=
5)   Il sul mpaiaïm pmrqun m Ilvam
Ilvam _ltádatn trmuxn ms prasaminarms plrl
plrl nssl rncaïm=

::
 

(L^DL  ‟  <<)
 <<)

L ILOAMILDA[LÃLM @L GL@NAZL-GLGMZÁ.

M `nodçiam `m oaodm `l jmrrlobl lentmu prmeui`lgnitn tm`l l nomimgal `l Lglzðial Zmi`mianisn, ms

 prmenssmrns `n aierlnstruturl iïm rnsmdva`ms pndm cmvnrim jmdavalim, glitaibl l enrrmval prltaolgnitn asmdl`l ng
rndlãïm æ Jmdçval. Nrl ugl enrrmval `neaoatìral. Lpnslr `n tu`m, l ngprnsl Pbn Gl`narl-Glgmrá Zladwly
Omgpliy prnoaslvl ougprar m omitrltm `n lrrni`lgnitm qun earglrl omg m cmvnrim jrlsadnarm, l omitlr `n 6< `n
 kudbm `n <1<:, omg vlda`l`n `n 56 lims. Nitrntlitm l orasn sn lcrlvlvl l ol`l lim pmr eldtl `n jmrrlobl plrl snr
trlispmrtl`l, l ngprnsl smjrnvaval omg m trlispmrtn `n plsslcnarms n `n pnqunils olrcls, ugl ltava`l`n qun iïm
`lvl duorms.
 Im aiaoam `l `áol`l `n <1?6, l `arnãïm `l Gl`narl-Glgmrá `ngatau vìrams euioamiìrams n lgnlãmu
nionrrlr suls ltava`l`ns. Ilqundl ápmol, l glamr lutmra`l`n il rncaïm nrl m olpatïm `m Nxároatm Lduçzam Vaibnarm
Enrrnarl. Ema ndn qung incmoamu omg m Cmvnrim Ulrcls ugl sujvniãïm, im vldmr `n traitl omitms `n ráas, onrol
`n Z$ ?.516.666 ng vldmrns ltulas, l snr rnplssl`l æ Gl`narl-Glgmrá, omg m mjkntavm `n nvatlr m nionrrlgnitm
`ls ltava`l`ns `l Enrrmval.
Ng :> `n kuibm `n <1?<, l `arnãïm `l ngprnsl rnqunrnu il :ª _ncui`l Ulrl `l Kustaãl En`nrld, im Zam
`n Klinarm, qun m cmvnrim rnonjnssn tm`m m pltragðiam `l enrrmval n lssugassn l `arnãïm `l gnsgl. Gls m
cmvnrim rnomrrnu n iïm lonatmu l prmpmstl. Oaiom `als `npmas, ng ?6 `n kuibm `n <1?<, l `arnãïm `l ngprnsl
nionrrmu ls ltava`l`ns, m qun prmvmomu ugl crlvn satulãïm ng Vmrtm Undbm, _litm Litðiam n Culklrì-Garag,
oukls nomimgals `npni`alg nxodusavlgnitn `m pdnim euioamilgnitm `l enrrmval.
M cmvnrim en`nrld jlaxmu m @norntm Dna I» <6.:66 `n <6 `n kudbm `n <1?<, ltrlvás `m quld rnstljndnonu
ms snrvaãms `l enrrmval n imgnmu Lduçzam Enrrnarl omgm l`gaiastrl`mr, qun æ ernitn `n ug cruplgnitm `n
smd`l`ms moupmu ls `npni`ëioals `l ngprnsl, ng Vmrtm Undbm, rnltavmu m euioamilgnitm `ms trnis, rncudlrazmu
rncudlr azmu m
trlispmrtn, aiomrpmrmu m pltragðiam `l ngprnsl lm Jrlsad n lssugau sul `arnãïm.

L smoald
sul rlzïm plrtar `n <6 `n kudbm
ldtnrl`l `n Pbn`n Gl`narl-Glgmrá
<1?<, l enrrmval plssmu l snrOmgpliy
Zladwly `araca`l pmr
plrlug jrlsadnarm,
Nstrl`l Lduçzam
`n Enrrm Enrrnarl, n tnvn
Gl`narl-Glgmrá,
tmtldgnitn iloamild. Ng <1?< m cmvnrim jrlsadnarm lssugn m omitrmdn `l Nstrl`l `n Enrrm Gl`narl Glgmrá n
 pnrglinon l ernitn `ndl ltn <13: quli`m ema `nsltavl`l
`nsltavl`l `li`m eag l ugl slcl rm`nl`l
rm`nl`l `n gmrtns.

NRNZOÇOAM_

<)  \uld ema m plpnd `n Lduçzam Vaibnarm Enrrnarl il iloamildazlãïm `l N.E.G.G=

:)  Nxpdaqun ms gmtavms qun dnvlrlg l iloamildazlãïm `l Gl`narl-Glgmrá.

:?
 

(L^DL - <:)

L OMGA__ÏM ZMI@MI N L_ DAIBL_ PNDNCZÌEAOL_.

Oral`l pndm prnsa`nitn Lemism Vnil, l ljnrturl `l daibl tndncrìeaol qun da

daclral
clral ms snrtþns `m Gltm Crmssm
lm Lglzmils, ema ugl mjrl `n crli`ns prmpmrãþns qun sn `nstailvl l tarlr `m asmdlgnitm ls rncaþns `m nxtrngm
Mnstn n Imrtn `m plçs. _nus pmitms nxtrngms eaolvlg ng Oualjì n il Uadl `n _litm Litðiam `m Zam Gl`narl. M
omgli`m `nssl agpmrtlitn gassïm ema nitrncun lm gadatlr n snrtliastl Oêi`a`m Glralim `l _advl Zmi`mi.
Ldág `n agpdlitlr ls Daibls Pndncrìeaols, l Omgassïm Zmi`mi nxnronu mutrls agpmrtlitns euiãþns,
aiodusavn nitrn ms snraiclas `l rncaïm, ls `ntnrgailãþns cnmcrìeaols, m nstu`m n l pnsquasl `n raqunzls gainrlas,
`m smdm, `m odagl, `ls edmrnstls, `ms rams omibnoa`ms n `ms qun emrlg `nsomjnrtms.
`ns omjnrtms.
Vlrldndlgnitn æ omistruãïm `l Enrrmval Gl`narl-Glgmrá, m tndncrlem `nvnral snr ug aistrugnitm `n
gm`nria`l`n, nstagudli`m l mouplãïm buglil `l rncaïm. M omitaicnitn `n trljldbl`mrns nrl emrgl`m pmr oavas n
gadatlrns. Crli`ns plrondls `nssn omitaicnitn nrlg lrrncagnitl`ms `n emrgl vamdnitl ltrlvás `n prasþns n
`ncrn`ms. Ema nssn m olsm `ms glraibnarms nivmdva`ms il Znvmdtl `l Obajltl ng <1<6, omdmol`ms pndm Olpatïm
Gltms Omstl plrl snrvar ims trljldbms `l daibl tndncrìeaol. Nssn omitaicnitn ema vçtagl lai`l `l gldlral, enjrn
lglrndl, ltlquns ai`çcnils n olrëioal `n ldagnitms.

Vlrl aistldlr ms pmstns, ms eams tndncrìeaoms n ls nstlãþns, l omgassïm dnvmu, smgnitn im lim `n <1<0, sntn
gnsns n imvn `als plrl pnromrrnr m trnobm Uadbnil/Uadl `n _litm Litðiam. Nitrn ljrad `n <1<0 emrlg omistruç`ms
?3:.:?> Hg `n daibl tndncrìeaol n ailucurl`l ls nstlãþns `n Klrû, Vagnitl Junim, Vrnsa`nitn Bnrgns n
Vrnsa`nitn Vnil. L ljnrturl `n paol`þns nrl enatl gliuldgnitn lm dmicm `n tm`l l daibl. Ulrali`m sul dlrcurl `n
5 l <6 gntrms. L agpmrtêioal `l mjrl á agnisurìvnd, pmas eaxmu iûodnms `n pmvmlgnitm il rncaïm qun glas tlr`n
varal l snr Zmi`ðial, omgm; Uadbnil, Vagnitl Junim, Klrû, Vrnsa`nitn Gá`aoa n Ka-Vlrliì. L plrtar `m trlãl`m `l
daibl tndncrìeaol, m Ntiÿdmcm Zmqunttn Vaitm prmpðs l omistruãïm `n ugl rm`mval. _nu smibm varal l sn omiorntazlr
il sncui`l gntl`n `m sáoudm RR, omg l ljnrturl `l JZ :1, qun `npmas plssl l sn oblglr JZ ?50.
 Im `al 6< `n klinarm `n <1<>, ng smdnia`l`n il Oêglrl Guiaoapld `n _litm Litðiam `m Zam Gl`narl, m nitïm
Glkmr Oêi`a`m Glralim `l _advl Zmi`mi ailucurmu l Daibl Pndncrìeaol Nstrltácaol Oualjì/_litm Litðiam, omg
rlgld ng Culklrì-Garag. L gassïm nstlvl ougpra`l. Ng <1<5, Zmi`mi ailucurlvl l Nstlãïm Pndncrìeaol `n
Lraqungns, il rncaïm qun ms snraicunarms `nimgailvlg `n —Vlplclam‗, æs glrcnis `m Zam Klglry, ms mjkntavms
`l Omgassïm Zmi`mi emrlg ldoliãl`ms. Ls daibls tndncrìeaols emrlg agpdlitl`ls n m prmonssm `n mouplãïm
buglil il rncaïm clibmu ug imvm gm`ndm, l plrtar `ls nstlãþns tndncrìeaols qun cnrlrlg ng suls prmxaga`l`ns
agpmrtlitns lcdmgnrl`ms urjlims. Lm dmicm `m tngpm emrlg trlisemrgl`ms ng vadls, oa`l`ns n ng crli`ns
guiaoçpams.
Gls l Omgassïm Zmi`mi tnvn sárals omgpdaolãþns `n mr`ng pmdçtaol. Ema snvnrlgnitn orataol`l n
 pnrsncua`l pndm cmvnrim `n Cntûdam Ulrcls, l plrtar `n <1?6, qun oudgaimu omg l prasïm `m Cninrld Zmi`mi n
qulsn `nstruaãïm `ls nstlãþns n daibls tndncrìeaols. M cmvnrim Ulrcls trlisemrgmu l nstruturl `ls nstlãþns
tndncrìeaols `l Omgassïm Zmi`mi, sntmr Oualjì/_litm Litðiam `m Zam Gl`narl, im ?» @astratm `n Gltm Crmssm,
smj l obneal `m Olpatïm Lduçzam Vaibnarm Enrrnarl.

NRNZOÇOAM_

<)  \ulas emrlg ms mjkntavms `l Daibl Pndncrìeaol plrl l rncaïm Imrtn `m plçs=
:)   Iug omitnxtm cnrld nxpdaqun l agpmrtêioal
agpmrtêioal `l Omgassïm Zmi`mi plrl l rncaïm
?)  Omgm nrl rnorutl`l l gïm `n mjrl utadazl`l il Omgassïm Zmi`mi=

  0)  Vnsquasn n eldn smjrn ls oa`l`ns qun surcarlg lm dmicm `m trlãl`m `l Daibl Pndncrìeaol.

:0
 

(L^DL <?) 

M GLZNOBLD ZMI@MI

Oêi`a`m Glralim `l _advl, ilsonu il snsglral `m Gmrrm Zn`mi`m, dmolda`l`n `n Gagmsm, im guiaoçpam
`n _litm Litðiam `n Dnvnrcnr (GP), im `al 6> `n glam `n <25>. Lms <5 lims `n a`l`n nrl prmenssmr pragìram.
ßreïm, ema l`mtl`m pmr ug tam, `n qung aiomrpmrmu m imgn Zmi`mi, lms :> lims `n a`l`n emrgmu-sn meaoald `m
Nxároatm n nicnibnarm gadatlr, `apdmgl`m ng Gltngìtaol n Oaëioals Eçsaols n Ilturlas pndl Nsomdl Gadatlr `m Zam
Unrgndbm, im Zam `n Klinarm. Omgm sncui`m tninitn plrtaoapmu `l Vrmodlglãïm `l Znpûjdaol, lm dl`m `m
Glrnobld @nm`mrm `l Emisnol. Ng <216 rntmrimu l Oualjì n, pmr ai`aolãïm `m Pninitn Omrmind Jniklgai
Omistlit, ema imgnl`m lku`litn-`n-mr`ng `m Pninitn-omrmind Litðiam Nrinstm Cmgns Olrinarm, obnen `l
Omgassïm Omistrutmrl `ls Daibls Pndncrìeaols Nstrltácaols `n Cmaìs l Gltm Crmssm.

 Im lim `n <166, im pmstm `n Glkmr, Zmi`mi lssugau l obneal `nstl Omgassïm ng sujstatuaãïm l Cmgns
Olrinarm, `nstlol`m plrl omgli`lr ls trmpls en`nrltavls qun dutlvlg im Zam Crli`n `m _ud, lmi`n vnam l eldnonr.
 Inssn olrcm, qun nxnronu ltn <165, Zmi`mi
Zmi`mi aistldmu <<.266 Hg `n Daibls
Daibls Pndncrìeaols.
Ng <163, m Vrnsa`nitn `l Znpûjdaol, Lemism Vnil, ng rnomibnoagnitm lms snrvaãms prnstl`ms, imgnmu-m
obnen `l Omgassïm Omistrutmrl `l Daibl Pndncrìeaol Nstrltácaol `m Gltm Crmssm lm Lglzmils, omg l gassïm `n
daclr l jloal `m Zam `l Vrltl æ `m Zam Lglzmils. Nssl omgassïm eaomu omibnoa`l aitnriloamildgnitn pmr
Omgassïm Zmi`mi.
Vlrl agpdlitlr l daibl tndncrìeaol, _nãïm Oualjì/ _litm Litðiam `m Zam Gl`narl, omg rlgld ng Culklrì-
Garag, l pragnarl nxpn`aãïm `l Omgassïm Zmi`mi obncmu lm snrtïm `ms Vlrnoas ng 63 `n sntngjrm `n <163,
eaxmu lolgplgnitm æs glrcnis `m Zam Kurunil n agpdlitmu l pragnarl nstlãïm tndncrìeaol. Im lim sncuaitn,
Zmi`mi mrcliazmu sul sncui`l nxpn`aãïm. Ng <162, omg l tnronarl, ldoliãmu m Uldn `m Zam Gl`narl, im `al :>
`n `nzngjrm `n <162, kì nstlvl il Uadl `n _litm Litðiam `m Zam Gl`narl, pmitm eaild `n sul gassïm. Vmr vmdtl `n
<1<5, m Gltm Crmssm n plrtn `m Lglzmils nstlvlg dacl`ls lm rnstlitn `m plçs pmr daibls tndncrìeaols. Emrlg
:.:36 Hg `n daibls n :2 nstlãþns tndncrìeaols agpdlitl`ls.
@nsoni`nitn `n Çi`ams Pnrnils, Culiìs n Jmrmrÿs, Zmi`mi omisa`nrlvl `nsuglil l nxpdmrlãïm `m
trljldbm ai`çcnil pmr plrtaoudlrns. Paibl omgm dngl ng rndlãïm lms pmvms ai`çcnils , —gmrrnr sn prnoasm emr
gltlr iuiol‗. 
iuiol‗. 

Vmr tu`m assm, eui`mu ng <1<6, m _nrvaãm `n Vrmtnãïm lms Çi`ams n Dmoldazlãïm `ms Prljldbl`mrns
 Iloamilas (_VADPI, l plrtar
plrtar `n <1<2 lpnils _VA
_VA),
), `m quld ema m pragnarm `arntmr. M
Mss çi`ams m oblglvlg `n —M
Crli`n Obnen‗.
Obnen‗. _ngprn æ ldturl `l omiealiãl ai`çcnil, agpdlitmu ng <1>:, m Vlrqun Iloamild `m Raicu. 

:>
 

Ng <1<? lomgplibmu m nx-prnsa`nitn `ms Nstl`ms ^ia`ms `l Lgáraol, Pbnm`mrn Zmmsnvndt, ng sul
nxpn`aãïm æ Lglzðial qun tnvn snu pmitm ldtm im glpnlgnitm `m Zam `l @ûva`l, ledunitn `m Zam Gl`narl, bmkn
`nimgail`m Zmmsnvndt.
_uls nxpn`aãþns pnintrlrlg ng vìrals `arnãþns, onrol `n <.>66 Hg ims snrtþns gltm-crmssnisns, qun
aiodung tlgjág l glamr plrtn `ls tnrrls qun bmkn emrglg m Nstl`m `n Zmi`ðial, n <.266 Hg im Lglzmils.
Ema `urlgnitn pnrsncua`m pndm cmvnrim Ulrcls pmr iïm blvnr lpmal`m l Znvmduãïm `n <1?6. Vmsatavastl,
iïm l`gatal cmdpns omitrl cmvnrims omistatuç`ms n glitnvn-sn eand lm prnsa`nitn `npmstm Slsbaictmi Duçs. Ng
omisnquëioal, m cmvnrim prmvasÿram m `nstatuau `ms olrcms `n obnen `l Omgassïm Nstrltácaol `m Gltm Crmssm n
Lglzmils, `l Aispntmral-Cnrld `n Ermitnarls, `m Pnronarm @astratm Pndncrìeaom `n Gltm Crmssm n m prni`nu.
Dajnrtl`m, aicrnssmu il rnsnrvl, il pltnitn `n Cninrld `n @avasïm, lpÿs 03 lims `n snrvaãms.
Gadatlr `n olrrnarl jradblitn, iugl ápmol omiturjl`l, sÿ nstnvn ng omgjltn `urlitn l Znvmduãïm
Pninitastl `n <1:0, quli`m omgli`mu ls trmpls
t rmpls en`nrlas, `nrrmtl`ls pndl nstrltácal `ms rnvmduoamiìrams.
L BMGNILCNG.

Lpÿs l oralãïm `m Pnrratÿram En`nrld `m Culpmrá, n `urlitn guatm tngpm, m pm`nr pmdçtaom nstnvn ils
gïms `m Omrmind Lduçzam Vaibnarm Enrrnarl, sncua`mr n omdljmrl`mr `m Glrnobld Zmi`mi, Lduazam Enrrnarl
 prntni`al bmgnilcnlr, m Undbm Jli`narlitn, omdmoli`m snu imgn lm imvm Pnrratÿram En`nrld omg; Pnrratÿram
En`nrld `n Zmi`ðial, gls pmr qunstþns pmdçtaols qun nivmdvalg m cmvnrim Ulrcls, Zmi`mi loljmu rnousli`m l
bmgnilcng. 
Lduazam Enrrnarl ema `nrrmtl`m pmr Kmlquag Uaonitn Zmi`mi ils ndnaãþns `n <1>0. Nstn pðs ng prìtaol m
snu prmkntm pmdçtaom `n rnoupnrlr bastmraolgnitn l gngÿral `m Glrnobld Zmi`mi n aiomrpmrli`m snu imgn æ
`nsacilãïm `m Pnrratÿram En`nrld `m Culpmrá. Omg nssn mjkntavm ldamu-sn l ug mutrm l`vnrsìram `n Lduçzam
Enrrnarl, m `nputl`m en`nrld pndm VPJ `m Lglzmils, Ìurnm Jraicnd `n Gndm, qun lprnsnitmu m prmkntm `n Dna
Omgpdngnitlr I» :>:/<1>>, `aspmi`m smjrn l gu`liãl `l `nsacilãïm pmdçtaol `m Pnrratÿram En`nrld `m Culpmrá
 plrl Pnrratÿram En`nrld
M prmkntm `n Zmi`ðial.
ema lprmvl`m pndm Omicrnssm Iloamild n slioamil`m pndm Vrnsa`nitn `l Znpûjdaol Kusondaim
Hujatsobnh `n Mdavnarl, trlisemrgmu-sn il Dna Omgpdngnitlr I» :.?3< `n <3 `n envnrnarm `n <155. @ltl ng qun
l `nsacilãïm pmdçtaol `m Pnrratÿram En`nrld `m Culpmrá ema gm`aeaol`l plrl Pnrratÿram En`nrld `n Zmi`ðial.
M vndbm jli`narlitn lglrclvl ugl erustrlãïm; iïm tnr ldoliãl`m l pltnitn `n Glrnobld, m tmpm `l
olrrnarl gadatlr il ápmol. Ema m Omicrnssm Iloamild qun dbn mutmrcmu nssl pltnitn im `al 6> `n glam `n <1>>,
quli`m omgpdntmu 16 lims `n a`l`n, ng rnomibnoagnitm pmr snus snrvaãms prnstl`ms lm plçs. Eldnonu im `al <1
`n klinarm `n <1>2, im Zam `n Klinarm, lms 1? lims `n a`l`n, mi`n ema nitnrrl`m omg bmirls `n obnen `n Nstl`m.
_nu imgn nstl nsoratm ng dntrls `n murm gloaãm il smoan`l`n `n Cnmcrleal `n Imvl Qmrh, ims Nstl`ms ^ia`ms,
omgm `nsjrlvl`mr n bnrÿa `ms snrtþns gltm-crmssnisn,
gltm -crmssnisn, lm dl`m `ms mutrms crli`ns nxpdmrl`mrns gui`alas.

Zmi`mi il pmssn `n Lduçzam Enrrnarl omg pragnarm cmvnril`mr `m Pnrratÿram En`nrld `m Culpmrá.
NRNZOÇOAM_

<)  Eldn smjrn l rndlãïm `n Zmi`mi omg ms ai`çcnils.

:)  Eldn `l agpmrtêioal `n Zmi`mi plrl l Lglzðial n plrl m Nstl`m `n Zmi`ðial.
?)  Vmr qun Zmi`mi rnousmu l bmgnilcng `n tnr snu imgn `nsacili`m m Pnrratÿram En`nrld=
0)  Omgm Oêi`a`m Glralim `l _advl Zmi`mi ldoliãmu l pltnitn `n Glrnobld=

:5
 

(L^DL - <0)

M_ VZAGNAZM_ G^IAOAVAM_.

L omistruãïm `l Nstrl`l `n Enrrm Gl`narl-Glgmrá ema `n eui`lgnitld agpmrtêioal plrl m pragnarm

 prmonssm `n mouplãïm
mo uplãïm buglil ils tnrrls rmi`mianisns. Nstl prmgmvnu m surcagnitm `n iûodnms urjlims n ltrlau
l eaxlãïm `n vìrams omitaicnitns gacrltÿrams emrgl`ms pmr nstrlicnarms `n vìrams plçsns n jrlsadnarms, l glamral
mraui`l `m Imr`nstn. Nrlg mpnrìrams, omgnroalitns, nxpmrtl`mrns `n jmrrlobl n prnstl`mrns `n snrvaãms `avnrsms,
tm`ms vaioudl`ms æs ltava`l`ns `l enrrmval.
Omg m plsslr `m tngpm nssns pmvml`mrns mrcliazlrlg-sn smoald n pmdataolgnitn n aiedunioalrlg il
nstruturlãïm l`gaiastrltavl `ms iûodnms urjlims nitïm nxastnitns. Omgnãlrlg, nitïm, l surcar æs pragnarls
da`nrliãls pmdçtaols.
M `nsnivmdvagnitm nomiðgaom `n Vmrtm Undbm, _litm Litðiam n Culklrì-Garag, nstlvlg `arntlgnitn
vaioudl`ms æ prm`uãïm `n jmrrlobl n æ Nstrl`l `n Enrrm Gl`narl-Glgmrá.

_LIPM LIPÐIAM @M ZAM GL@NAZL.

L dmolda`l`n `n _litm Litðiam kì nxastal `ns`n m eaild `m sáoudm RUAA. Vmrtlitm, iïm surcau ng
`nomrrëioal `l omistruãïm `l Nstrl`l `n Enrrm Gl`narl-Glgmrá. Nitrntlitm, sul trlisemrglãïm ng guiaoçpam
tnvn omgm eltmr praioapld l enrrmval. Vmvmlãïm litacl, pnrtnionitn lm Gltm Crmssm, ema trlisemrgl`l ng
guiaoçpam pndm cmvnril`mr gltm-crmssnisn Cninrmsm Vlns Dngn `n _muzl Vmion, ng 6? `n kuibm `n <162.
M guiaoçpam ema aistldl`m im `al 6: `n kudbm `n <1<:, il cnstïm `m cmvnril`mr Kmlquag Lucustm `l
Omstl Glrquns. Pni`m omgm pragnarm prnenatm Kmlquag Lucustm Plilkurl.
Lpnslr `n snr ug guiaoçpam omistatuç`m, omg prnenaturl, oêglrl `n vnrnl`mrns, `ndncloal `n pmdçoal n nsomdl
 pûjdaol, nrl ug pmvml`m `n trastn rnputlãïm, `nsprmva`m `ls gnimrns omi`aãþns `n bacanin n slû`n pûjdaol,
tnga`m pndl crlvn aioa`ëioal
Ema nxltlgnitn `n `mniãls
pmr olusl rncamilas
`nssn qul`rm n pndm ndnvl`m
nstruturld, çi`aon `n gmrtli`l`n.
qun l ngprnatnarl Gly, Knhydd & Zli`mdpb, omistrutmrl
`l Gl`narl-Glgmrá, trlisenrau snu onitrm l`gaiastrltavm n l nstlãïm aiaoald `l enrrmval plrl m dmold mi`n sn
nrcunrl glas tlr`n l oa`l`n `n Vmrtm Undbm.
Omg l Znvmduãïm `n <1?6, ls oêglrls dncasdltavls emrlg nxtaitls ng tm`m m plçs. Il rncaïm `m Ldtm
Gl`narl, m prnsa`nitn Cntûdam Ulrcls imgnmu ugl kuitl cmvnriltavl prnsa`a`l pndm <» Pninitn `m Nxároatm
Lduçzam Vaibnarm Enrrnarl, qun `nu pmssn l Vn`rm Ldern`m `n Gnddm omgm aitni`nitn `m guiaoçpam.
Lpnils `n snr sa`m guiaoçpam pmr ?3 lims, sul sn`n Uadl `n _litm Litðiam, klglas ema ndnvl`l æ oltncmral
`n oa`l`n, sni`m meaoaldgnitn ugl vadl `ns`n :3 `n sntngjrm `n <1<<.
Lpÿs l oralãïm `m Pnrratÿram En`nrld `m Culpmrá, m guiaoçpam `n _litm Litðiam `m Zam Gl`narl ema aiomrpmrl`m
lm `n guiaoçpam `n Vmrtm Undbm.

:3
 

NRNZOÇOAM_
<)  Vmr qun l Nstrl`l `n Enrrm Gl`narl-Glgmrá ema `n vatld agpmrtêioal plrl Vmrtm Undbm, _litm Litðiam n
Culklrì-Garag=
:)  \ulas ls rlzþns qun eaznrlg omg qun ms l`gaiastrl`mrns `l enrrmval trlisenrassng l sn`n `l nstlãïm plrl
l dmolda`l`n `n Vmrtm Undbm=

:2
 

(L^DL - <>)

VMZPM UNDBM

Vnroavld Elrqublr, m `mim `l Gl`narl-Glgmrá, tmgmu im aiaoam `n <163, ugl `noasïm qun gu`mu l
bastÿral `nstl rncaïm, lm lutmrazlr l ngprnatnarl Gly, Knhydd & Zli`mdpb l trlisenrar suls aistldlãþns `l
dmolda`l`n `n _litm Litðiam `m Gl`narl, pnrtnionitn l Gltm Crmssm, plrl m Undbm Vmrtm lglzðiaom, satul`m l
nxltlgnitn 3 hg `l Olobmnarl `n _litm Litðiam. Nstl ltatu`n prmpaoamu m pmvmlgnitm `n ugl rncaïm `nsljatl`l,
mi`n nrcunral glas tlr`n l oa`l`n `n Vmrtm Undbm.
Vlrl valjadazlr l agpdlitlãïm `m olas, `ls meaoails, `l nstlãïm aiaoald `l enrrmval n `ls olsls plrl táoiaoms
n mpnrìrams, Elrqublr omitrltmu, ng Jndág `m Vlrì, onrol `n `uls onitnils `n bmgnis plrl m `nsgltlgnitm `l
ìrnl mi`n nstl dmoldazl`l l sn`n `l enrrmval, litns pnrtnionitns l trës crli`ns snraiclas, m _litl Glrtl, m Ornspm n
m Oli`ndìral. Ng <1 `n ljrad `n <163 l ngprnatnarl aistldmu-sn il ìrnl omibnoa`l omgm Vmrtm Undbm `ms
Gadatlrns. Ng kuibm `m gnsgm lim `nu-sn aiaoam l omistruãïm `l Nstrl`l `n Enrrm Gl`narl-Glgmrá. Im lim
sncuaitn Vnroavld Elqublr lutmrazmu qun emssng trlãl`ls ruls n lvnia`ls, vasli`m lm mr`nilgnitm `l oa`l`n qun
gnsgm sng omibnonr m dmold, aglcailvl surcar, nstagudl`l pndl omistruãïm
o mistruãïm `l Enrrmval Gl`narl-Glgmrá.

L omistruãïm `l nstrl`l `n enrrm prmpaoamu l pmvmlãïm `n Vmrtm Undbm ndnvli`m m çi`aon `n ornsoagnitm
nomiðgaom n `ngmcrìeaom, pmr sn`alr l nstlãïm aiaoald n m onitrm l`gaiastrltavm `l ngprnsl.
L Uadl `n Vmrtm Undbm ornsoal n emrglvl sul odlssn pmdçtaol qun dutlvl pmr lutmimgal pmdçtaom-
l`gaiastrltavl. Ng 6: `n mutujrm `n <1<0, `mas lims lpÿs l omiodusïm `l enrrmval, Vmrtm Undbm á ndnvl`l l
oltncmral `n guiaoçpam, ltrlvás `l Dna I» 3>3, slioamil`l pndm nitïm cmvnril`mr Kðiltls Vn`rmsl. Pni`m omgm
 pragnarm supnraitni`nitn m Glkmr Enrili`m
Enrili`m Culpai`lal.
Ms pragnarms jlarrms `n Vmrtm Undbm emrlg m Praêicudm, m Gmolgjm, m Onitrm n glas tlr`n m Olalra,
Lracmdêi`al n m Mdìral. L oa`l`n nrl ltrlvnssl`l pndl daibl `avasÿral (ltuld Vrnsa`nitn @utrl) qun snplrlvl ms
tnrrnims `l enrrmval `ms tnrrnims `l guiaoaplda`l`n.

:1
 

C^LKLZÌ-GAZAG.

M surcagnitm `n Culklrì-Garag omgm iûodnm bljatloamild momrrnu, nentavlgnitn, l plrtar `l ailucurlãïm

`l nstlãïm tnrgaild `l Enrrmval Gl`narl-Glgmrá. Ilqundl ápmol, l dmolda`l`n nrl `nimgail`l Vmrtm Nspara`aïm
Glrquns, pnrtnionitn lm nstl`m `n Gltm Crmssm.
L omistruãïm `l enrrmval prmpmroamimu l eaxlãïm `m pmvmlgnitm urjlim, `arntlgnitn vaioudl`m l Gl`narl-
Glgmrá, enatm pmr mpnrìrams, enrrmvaìrams, omgnroalitns, nxpmrtl`mrns `n jmrrlobl n prnstl`mrns `n snrvaãms. Lms
 pmuoms, nssns pmvml`mrns mrcliazlrlg-sn pmdataolgnitn n surcarlg ls pragnarls rnavai`aolãþns ng jusol `n
lutmimgal pmdçtaom-l`gaiastrltavl.
Dmoldazl`l ng duclr pravadncal`m l Uadl `n Culklrì-Garag ldoliãmu glamr prmcrnssm qun l sn`n `m
guiaoçpam l qun pnrtnioal, Uadl `n _litm Litðiam. Ldág `assm, l `astêioal nitrn ls `uls pmvmlãþns nrl guatm
crli`n. Vmr nstl rlzïm, l odlssn pmdçtaol n ms omgnroalitns dutlvlg pndl nglioaplãïm l`gaiastrltavl `m `astratm.
 Im `al <: `n kudbm `n <1:2, m cmvnril`mr `n Gltm Crmssm, Gìram Omrrnal `l Omstl, slioamimu l Dna I»
11<, qun oramu m guiaoçpam `n Culklrì-Garag. M pragnarm aitni`nitn-cnrld (prnenatm)(prnenatm) `m gu
guiaoçpam
iaoçpam ema m
omgnroalitn Glimnd `n Gninzns.
M guiaoçpam `n Culklrì-Garag ema aistldl`m im `al <6 `n mutujrm `n <1:1, omg pmssn `m aitni`nitn-
cnrld n `ms vnrnl`mrns. Ng `nomrrëioal `l Znvmduãïm `n <1?6 qun enobmu ls oêglrls dncasdltavls ng tm`m m plçs,
m pragnarm pnrçm`m `n Culklrì-Garag ema guatm ourtm.
Ltn snr aiomrpmrl`m lm Pnrratÿram En`nrld `m Culpmrá, ng <10?, tnvn trës prnenatms imgnl`ms pndm
cmvnril`mr `n Gltm Crmssm. _nu pragnarm prnenatm, il omi`aãïm `n guiaoçpam `m Pnrratÿram En`nrld `m Culpmrá,
ema Kmsá Jlrrms `m Uldn, qun blval sa`m imgnl`m pndm cmvnril`mr `n Gltm Crmssm n ema glita`m im olrcm pndm
 pragnarm cmvnril`mr `m Pnrratÿram, Lduçzam
Lduçzam Enrrnarl.
L pragnarl vnz ng qun emrlg rnldazl`ls ndnaãþns plrl m olrcm `n prnenatm, ema im `al ?< `n lcmstm `n
<12?, tni`m sa`m ndnatm m nicnibnarm Asllo Jniinsjy.

NRNZOÇOAM_

<)  Omgnitn smjrn m surcagnitm `l oa`l`n `n Vmrtm Undbm.

:)  Elãl ugl pnsquasl smjrn Vmrtm Undbm ltuldgnitn n lildasn snu `nsnivmdvagnitm.
?)  Eldn smjrn m `nsnivmdvagnitm `n Culklrì-Garag.

?6
 

( L^DL - <5) 

L OZALÃÏM @M PNZZAPßZAM EN@NZLD @M C^LVMZÁ.

Ltá m lim `n <10?, l rncaïm qun bmkn emrgl m Nstl`m `n Zmi`ðial taibl l sncuaitn `avasïm pmdçtaol; Vmrtm
Undbm, oral`m ng <1<0, pnrtnioal lm Nstl`m `m Lglzmils8 _litm Litðiam `m Zam Gl`narl, oral`m ng <162, n
Culklrì-Garag, oral`m ng <1:2, pnrtnioalg lm Gltm Crmssm.
M praioapld mjkntavm `m cmvnrim `n Cntûdam Ulrcls ng oralr ug Pnrratÿram En`nrld inssl rncaïm, nrl m `n
nstagudlr l mouplãïm buglil ils ìrnls sujlprmvnatl`ls nomimgaolgnitn, rl`aolr m bmgng æ tnrrl n prmgmvnr m
omgároam.
 Im `al <0 `n `nzngjrm `n <1?2, m cmvnrim en`nrld jlaxmu ug litnprmkntm `n `norntm `n dna `aspmi`m
smjrn l oralãïm `n qultrms tnrratÿrams en`nrld; Aculãu, Zam Jrliom (Zmrlagl), Lglpì n Culpmrá.
 Im nitlitm, m eltmr qun `neaiau l satulãïm, ema æ vasatl `n Cntudam Ulrcls l Vmrtm Undbm, ng <? `n mutujrm
`n <106, l omivatn `m Olpatïm Lduçzam Enrrnarl, vasatl qun sn nstni`nu pmr trës `als. M prnsa`nitn muvau
rnavai`aolãþns smjrn l oralãïm `m Pnrratÿram En`nrld `m Culpmrá. Vmdataolgnitn sul vasatl tnvn `mas crli`ns
mjkntavms; ng pragnarm duclr, l nxnouãïm `n snu prmcrlgl `n cmvnrim plrl l `avasïm tnrratmrald `nssl rncaïm, omg
l oralãïm `m tnrratÿram en`nrld. Ng sncui`m, l aitniãïm `m Olpatïm Lduçzam Enrrnarl ng lcadazlr tm`m m prmonssm, n
smjrntu`m, aioduar m guiaoçpam `n Vmrtm Undbm im prmkntm, ldág `n tmrilr sul sn`n n olpatld `m euturm tnrratÿram.
 Im `al <? `n sntngjrm `n <10?, m prnsa`nitn Cntûdam Ulrcls jlaxmu m @norntm-dna I» >2<:, ltrlvás `m
quld oramu oaiom tnrratÿrams en`nrlas; Aculãu n Vmitl Crmssl, ils rncaþns _ud n Onitrm-Mnstn, rnspnotavlgnitn; Zam
Jrliom (ltuld Zmrlagl), Lglpì n Culpmrá, il rncaïm Imrtn.

Cntûdam Ulrcls obncli`m l Vmrtm Undbm.

@n aiaoam, pmr ai`aolãïm `n Lduçzam Enrrnarl, m cmvnrim rnsmdvnu gu`lr m imgn `m tnrratÿram plrl
Pnrratÿram En`nrld `n Zmi`ðial, plrl bmgnilcnlr m vndbm jli`narlitn, Oêi`a`m Glralim `l _advl Zmi`mi, m
gnsgm rnousmu l bmgnilcng. @alitn `l rnousl m cmvnrim eaomu nitrn oaiom mpãþns plrl `nsacilr m tnrratÿram;
Pnrratÿram En`nrld `m ^ruouglouï, Pnrratÿram En`nrld `ls Gails Imvls, Pnrratÿram En`nrld `m Ldtm Gl`narl,
Pnrratÿram En`nrld `m Glgmrá, n eaildgnitn, Pnrratÿram En`nrld `m Culpmrá.
M Pnrratÿram En`nrld `m Culpmrá eaomu omistatuç`m; Dìjrnl n Vmrtm Undbm, `nsgngjrl`ms `m Nstl`m `m
Lglzmils, n _litm Litðiam `m Zam Gl`narl n Culklrì-Garag, `nsgngjrl`ms `n Gltm Crmssm.
Vlrl cmvnrilr m Pnrratÿram En`nrld `m Culpmrá, m prnsa`nitn Cntûdam Ulrcls imgnmu im `al :0 `n
imvngjrm `n <10?, m Glkmr `m Nxároatm Lduazam Enrrnarl, qun tmgmu pmssn im Zam `n Klinarm, nitïm olpatld `l
Znpûjdaol. Lssugau m olrcm nentavlgnitn, im `al :0 `n klinarm `n <100, iugl sncui`l-enarl, il oa`l`n `n Vmrtm
Undbm, ng smdnia`l`n rnldazl`l il Nsomdl Jlrïm `ms _mdagþns, `ltl ng qun momrrnu l aistldlãïm pmdçtaol `m
Pnrratÿram En`nrld `m Culpmrá.
M `norntm-dna I» >.2?1 `n :< `n sntngjrm `n <10?, qun `ava`au m Pnrratÿram En`nrld ng qultrm
guiaoçpams, smernu agpmrtlitns ldtnrlãþns. L pragnarl rnaitncrmu m guiaoçpam `n Dìjrnl lm Lglzmils, ltrlvás `m
`norntm-dna I» 3.036 `n <6 `n ljrad `n <10>, qun aiomrpmrmu m guiaoçpam `n _litm Litðiam `m Zam Gl`narl lm `n
Vmrtm Undbm. @nstl emrgl, m Pnrratÿram En`nrld `m Culpmrá eaomu omistatuç`m pmr lpnils `mas guiaoçpams;
Culklrì-Garag n Vmrtm Undbm.

?<
 

NRNZOÇOAM_

<)  M Pnrratÿram En`nrld `m Culpmrá ema `nsgngjrl`m `n qulas nstl`ms=

:)  Eldn smjrn m `norntm-dna I» >.2<: jlaxl`m pndm Vrnsa`nitn Cntûdam Ulrcls.
?)  Eldn smjrn m `norntm-dna I» >.2?1.
0)  M qun saciaeaomu l vasatl `m Vrnsa`nitn Cntûdam Ulrcls l Vmrtm Undbm=
>)  M Pnrratÿram En`nrld `m Culpmrá ema emrgl`m omg qulitms guiaoçpams= Nssn iûgnrm pnrglinonu=

?:
 

(L^DL - <3)

L OZALÃÏM @M N_PL@M @N ZMI@ÐIAL.

L dutl pndl nglioaplãïm pmdçtaol n l`gaiastrltavl `m Pnrratÿram En`nrld `n Zmi`ðial aiaoamu-sn il `áol`l
`n 56, ltrlvás `n gliaenstlãþns pûjdaols n prmiuioalgnitms il oêglrl `n vnrnl`mrns `n Vmrtm Undbm n Culklrì-
Garag, n tlgjág im Omicrnssm Iloamild.
Ng <15:, m `nputl`m en`nrld Lduçzam Enrrnarl lprnsnitmu m pragnarm prmkntm trltli`m `l gltáral, m qun
ema vntl`m.
M gmvagnitm clibmu omisastëioal l plrtar `l pmssn `m Omrmind Bugjnrtm `l _advl Cun`ns, ng <13>, im
olrcm `n Cmvnril`mr `m Pnrratÿram En`nrld `n Zmi`ðial, nstn pmr sul vnz taibl prntnisþns `n sn tmrilr m pragnarm
cmvnril`mr `m Nstl`m `n Zmi`ðial.
L prnssïm pmdçtaol prmvmol`l pndm rìpa`m pmvmlgnitm `ls tnrrls rmi`mianisns trlisemrglvl pnqunims
iûodnms bljatloamilas ng crli`ns oa`l`ns. Inssn snita`m m cmvnrim `m Pnrratÿram rnqunrnu æ prnsa`ëioal `l
Znpûjdaol, ltrlvás `m Gaiastáram `m Aitnramr, l oralãïm `ms guiaoçpams `n Lraqungns, Ka-Vlrliì, Olomld, Vagnitl
Junim n Uadbnil, ng tnrrls `nsgngjrl`ls `n Vmrtm Undbm ng << `n mutujrm `n <133.

Bugjnrtm `l _advl Cun`ns.

Bugjnrtm Cun`ns omisncuau ugl vasatl meaoald `m Vrnsa`nitn Nrinstm Cnasnd l Vmrtm Undbm, ng <135, im
nitlitm Bugjnrtm Cun`ns iïm omisncuau rnldazlr snu prmkntm. Lm lssugar l prnsa`ëioal `l Znpûjdaol, m Cninrld
Kmïm Jlptastl `n Mdavnarl Eacunarn`m, m nxminrmu `m olrcm `n cmvnril`mr `m Pnrratÿram En`nrld `n Zmi`ðial n
imgnmu, plrl sujstatuç-dm, m Omrmind Kmrcn Pnaxnarl `n Mdavnarl, nx-prnenatm `n Glilus n lgacm `m gaiastrm `m
aitnramr Omrmind Gìram
Omistatuç`m pmr@lva` Li`rnlzzl.
lpnils sntn guiaoçpams n l olpatld, m Pnrratÿram prnoaslvl `n lkustns plrl omisncuar sul
nglioaplãïm. Vlrl assm m Cmvnril`mr Kmrcn Pnaxnarl, omg tmtld lpmam `m cmvnrim en`nrld, `nu aiaoam lm
lseldtlgnitm `l JZ ?50, oramu m pdlinklgnitm `m sastngl `n ninrcal ndátraol, omg l omistruãïm `l ^sail
Ba`rndátraol `n _lgund n plrtau ng jusol `n imvms aivnstagnitms nxtnrims.
@mas lims glas tlr`n m prnsa`nitn Kmïm Eacunarn`m slioamimu l Dna I» 5.1:< `n <5 `n kuibm `n <12<, qun
oramu ms guiaoçpams `n Klrû, Murm Vrntm `m Mnstn, Vrnsa`nitn Gá`aoa, Nspacïm `m Mnstn, Omdmrl`m `m Mnstn n
Omstl Glrquns.
 Im `al <3 `n lcmstm `n <12<, m cmvnrim nivamu lm Omicrnssm Iloamild, m prmkntm `n Dna Omgpdngnitlr
 I» ::<-L/2<. L vmtlãïm `nssn prmkntm ema `aeç
`aeçoad,
oad, ng euiãïm `m VG@J pmsaoamilr-sn omitrlram l emrgl oomgm
mgm m
cmvnrim prntni`al trlisemrglr m Pnrratÿram En`nrld ng Nstl`m. Znprnsnitl`m pmr lpnils `mas `nputl`ms en`nrlas,
Knrðiagm _litlil, `m VG@J n M`loar _mlrns, V@_. M Pnrratÿram iïm `aspuibl `n emrãl sueaoanitn plrl `neaiar l
vmtlãïm, gnsgm lssag m prmkntm `n dna ema lprmvl`m il Oêglrl.
 Im `al :: `n `nzngjrm `n <12<, m Vrnsa`nitn Kmïm Eacunarn`m slioamimu m prmkntm qun sn trlisemrgli`m
il Dna Omgpdngnitlr I» 60<, oramu m Nstl`m `n Zmi`ðial.
 

??
 

Lprmvl`m pndm _nil`m, m Omrmind Kmrcn Pnaxnarl `n Mdavnarl ema ngpmssl`m im olrcm `n cmvnril`mr `m
Nstl`m `n Zmi`ðial im `al :1 `n `nzngjrm `n <12<.
L aistldlãïm `m Nstl`m `n Zmi`ðial momrrnu im `al 60 `n klinarm `n <12:, `ltl ng qun m Omrmind Kmrcn
Pnaxnarl `n Mdavnarl lssugau meaoaldgnitn m olrcm `n Cmvnril`mr. L smdnia`l`n ema rnldazl`l im Vldìoam Cntûdam
Ulrcls, ng Vmrtm Undbm.

NRNZOÇOAM_

<)  Vmr qun Bugjnrtm `l _advl Cun`ns iïm omisncuau snr imgnl`m m pragnarm cmvnril`mr `n Zmi`ðial=
:)   Im cmvnrim `n quld prnsa`nitn
prnsa`nitn ema oral`m m Nstl`m `n Zmi`ðia
Zmi`ðial=
l=
?)  \ung ema m pragnarm cmvnril`mr `m Nstl`m `n Zmi`ðial n quli`m momrrnu sul pmssn=
0)  \uld dna oramu m Nstl`m `n Zmi`ðial= \uli`m ndl ema slioamil`l=

?0
 

(L^DL - <2)

JZ ?50 (VLZPN A)

M oaodm `l Olssatnratl prmpaoamu l ljnrturl `l JZ 6:1, bmkn JZ ?50 (<156/<15<) l lgpdamu ls rndlãþns
omgnroalas `n Zmi`ðial, litns trajutìrals lpnils `n Glilus.
_mgnitn omg l dlvrl gnoliazl`l ng <136, tnvn aiaoam l nitrl`l `n ngprnsls gainrl`mrls, iloamilas n
gudtailoamilas; Vlrlilplingl, Gajrlsl, Kloui`ì n Mranitn Imvm.
L plrtar `l `nsomjnrtl `n gliobls `n tnrrls eártnas lm dmicm `m trnobm `l rm`mval, nspldbmu-sn l imtaoal,
 praioapldgnitn ltrlvás `l prmplcli`l meaoald. Nssn eltm cnrmu ug tapm `n mouplãïm buglil nspmitêinl n
`nsmr`nil`l `ms nsplãms vlzams `ls tnrrls rmi`mianisns, nstagudl`l pndl lãïm `n omgplibals plrtaoudlrns `n
omdmiazlãïm, omgm l Oldlgl Omdmiazl`mrl, eltm qun tmrimu inonssìral l aitnrvniãïm `m cmvnrim en`nrld.
L ljnrturl `l JZ ?50 omitrajuau plrl `neaiar m gm`ndm nomiðgaom, smoald n pmdçtaom `n Zmi`ðial, ng
euiãïm `n mranitlr ug tapm `n `nsnivmdvagnitm jlsnl`m il lcraoudturl n lgpdalr ls rndlãþns omgnroalas `m
tnrratÿram.
Omg nssl prnssïm m cmvnrim ema mjracl`m l prmgmvnr l pragnarl `avasïm cnmcrìeaol `m guiaoçpam `n
Vmrtm Undbm, omg l oralãïm
oralã ïm ng <133, `ms guiaoçpams `n Lraqungns, Ka-Vlrliì, Olomld, Vagnitl Junim n Uadbnil.
 Im lim `n <12< ugl imvl omieacurlãïm cnmpmdçtaol ema `l`l æ rncaïm, omgpdntli`m m prmonssm meaoald `n
omdmiazlãïm trlãl`m omg vastls æ trlisemrglãïm `m Pnrratÿram En`nrld `n Zmi`ðial ng uia`l`n `l En`nrlãïm.
 Ilqundn lim, emrlg oraloral`ms
`ms ms guiaoçpams `n Klrû, Murm Vrntm `m Mnstn, Vrnsa`nitn Gá`aoa, Nspacïm `m Mnstn,
Omdmrl`m `m Mnstn n Omstl Glrquns.
L JZ ?50, pmr sn trltlr `n ug gm`ndm `n `nsnivmdvagnitm jlsnl`m il lcraoudturl, ema ug `ms glas
agpmrtlitns oaodms gacrltÿrams. Gadblrns `n elgçdals rmi`mianisns, crlãls æ rm`mval sn eaxlrlg ils tnrrls.
M cmvnrim `m Pnrratÿram En`nrld `n Zmi`ðial, vasli`m nvatlr m ëxm`m pmpudloamild n rn`uzar m agplotm
olusl`m pndl qun`l `l prm`uãïm `l jmrrlobl im tnrratÿram, prmgmvnu prmeui`ls trlisemrglãþns il nomimgal
rncamild lm`nimgail`l
Oli`nals, oralr, l plrtar `n <102,
Litnimr omdðials
Ilvlrrm, nglcrçomdls, omgm l `m ALPL, im guiaoçpam `n Culklrì-Garag, n l `m
Vmrtm Undbm.
Ng <1>0 emrlg oral`ls ls omdðials `n <? `n Glam, omibnoa`l pmr Omdðial Klpminsl n l `n <? `n
_ntngjrm. Il snquëioal, surcarlg ls omdðials Vludm Dnld, l `l Lrnal Jrliol n l `n Vnraquatms, tm`ls ng <1>5.
Nssls omdðials, nitrntlitm, iïm tavnrlg suonssm, pmas emrlg oral`ls ng tnrrls pmjrns, bmuvn m nstagudm l
lcraoudturl `n sujsastëioal, sng ugl pmdçtaol `n emgnitm qun lku`lssn ms omdmims. Il rnlda`l`n iïm taiblg lpmam
omgm eailioalgnitms, ljnrturl `n nstrl`ls vaoailas n omgnroaldazlãïm `ms prm`utms.

NRNZOÇOAM_.

<)   Im lim `n <12<, qulas ms guiaoçpams

guiaoçpams oral`ms lm dmicm `l JZ ?50=
:)  Vmr qun sn leargl qun l ljnrturl `l JZ ?50 ema omisa`nrl`l ug gm`ndm `n `nsnivmdvagnitm=
?)  Vm`ngms learglr qun tm`ls ls omdðials mjtavnrlg ëxatm=
ëxat m= Kustaeaqun.

?>
 

(L^DL - <1)

JZ ?50 (VLZPN AA)

L plrtar `n <156, omg vastl l valjadazlr m nsomlgnitm `l prm`uãïm `n olssatnratl n aitnrdaclr Zmi`ðial
omg ms crli`ns onitrms `m plçs, l ljnrturl `l JZ ?50 gm`aeaomu omgpdntlgnitn m prmonssm `n mouplãïm buglil
`l rncaïm.
L `nsomjnrtl `n tnrrls lcraoudtìvnas lm dmicm `l JZ ?50 l trlisemrgmu il nspaibl `mrsld `n mutrm
gm`ndm nomiðgaom plrl m Pnrratÿram En`nrld `n Zmi`ðial.
L prmplcli`l meaoald smjrn ls tnrrls enz omg qun gadblrns `n lcraoudtmrns, mracaiìrams `m sud n `m su`nstn sn
`aracassng lm Aistatutm Jrlsadnarm `n Znemrgl Lcrìral, AJZL, ng Zmi`ðial il tnitltavl `n omisncuar l pmssn
`neaiatavl `n dmtns rurlas.
Nitrn <15< n <136, glas `n traitl gad gacrlitns aistldlrlg-sn ng Zmi`ðial. L aitnisl prmourl pmr tnrrls
ng Zmi`ðial cnrmu ugl mouplãïm rìpa`l n `nsmr`nil`l m qun nivmdvnu m cmvnrim ng crli`ns prmjdngls
l`gaiastrltavms n lcrìrams.
Vlrl rnsmdvnr l qunstïm m cmvnrim trlisemrgmu m AJZL im Aistatutm Iloamild `n Omdmiazlãïm n Znemrgl
Lcrìral (AIOZL), omg l eailda`l`n `n omdmiazlr ls tnrrls dmoldazl`ls il elaxl `n <66 hg lm dl`m `ls rm`mvals
en`nrlas.
Uìrams eltmrns pmdçtaoms n nomiðgaoms prmvmolrlg m crli`n ëxm`m rurld ils rncaþns sud, su`nstn n onitrm-
mnstn `m plçs plrl Zmi`ðial;
L)  L aitrm`uãïm `n dnas trljldbastls im gnam rurld, rnspmisìvnd pndl `aspnisl `n gadblrns `n trljldbl`mrns
`ls elzni`ls.
J)  L sujstatuaãïm `l olenaoudturl pndl smkl n pndl pnouìral `n omrtn.
O)  L gnoliazlãïm, qun dnvmu gadblrns `n pnqunims gá`ams prm`utmrns rurlas æ eldëioal.

LPAUA@L@N.
<)  \uld m plpnd `m AJZL n `m AIOZL im prmonssm `n omdmiazlãïm=
:)  @ntnrgain qun eltmrns prmvmolrlg l vai`l `n gacrlitns plrl Zmi`ðial.

?5
 

(L^DL  ‟  :6)
 :6)
KA-VLZLIÌ
Ng <233 ms pragnarms omdmims imr`nstaims mouplg l rncaïm.
rn caïm. L praioapld ltava`l`n nrl l nxtrlãïm `m dìtnx
`l snraicunarl. Omistl il gnsgl ápmol l obncl`l `ms pragnarms gassamiìrams, qun elzalg ms pragnarms omitltmso mitltms n
loudturlãïm `ms iltavms n pmr inonssa`l`n, mrcliazlrlg l pragnarl l`gaiastrlãïm `m ngnrcnitn pmvml`m.
Ltn <22? smj tutndl `ms gassamiìrams, Erna Adugailtm, ûdtagm l`gaiastrl`mr rndacamsm `l dmolda`l`n,
 plssmu l rnspmisljada`l`n æs gïms `m snibmr Lgêioam Elrals `l Oruz, gmrl`mr `m pmvml`m, qun lssugau l
euiãïm `n `lr snqôëioal æs lãþns l`gaiastrltavls.
@n <22? ltá <166, momrrnu crli`n surtm `l ltava`l`n
lta va`l`n snraicldastl il rncaïm, praioapldgnitn æs glrcnis `m
ram Globl`m n `m ram ^rupì. M onitrm `l l`gaiastrlãïm, mi`n ms snraicldastls sn niomitrlvlg plrl rnldazlr snus
incÿoams, nrl `nimgail`m —pmusm rn`mi`m‗. M dmold pmstnramrgnitn eaomu omibnoa`m omgm —@mas `n Ljrad‗ n m
duclrnkm (ltuld Ka-Vlrliì), ltá m lim `n <161, eaomu omibnoa`m pndm imgn `n ^rupì.
 Im lim `n <161 l obncl`l `m Glrnobld Zmi`mi æ ngjmol`url `m ram ^rupì, glrol m dmold mi`n
omistruau l pragnarl nstlãïm tndncrìeaol `l rncaïm, `nimgail`l `n Vrnsa`nitn Lemism Vnil. L nstlãïm tndncrìeaol
 plssmu l snr m onitrm l`gaiastrltavm `l dmolda`l`n, oukl agpmrtêioal ema `ndainl`l pndl ljsmrãïm crl`ltavl `m
imgn ^rupì plrl m imgn `l nstlãïm tndncrìeaol.
M ornsoagnitm nomiðgaom nxpnragnitl`m pndl rncaïm, jlsnl`m praioapldgnitn il agacrlãïm ltrlç`ms pndm
ldtm prnãm `l jmrrlobl lglzðiaol im gnrol`m aitnriloamild, mjracmu l l`gaiastrlãïm dmold `lr gndbmr nstruturl
eçsaol n mrcliazloamild æ nstlãïm tndncrìeaol omgm pÿdm onitrldazl`mr `ls lãþns l`gaiastrltavls ng <1<0.
L plrtar `n <1<:, pmr olusl `l prm`uãïm `n jmrrlobl im omitainitn lsaìtaom, lomitnonu l qun`l `m prnãm
`m dìtnx im gnrol`m aitnriloamild, m qun molsamimu l `nsvldmrazlãïm `l jmrrlobl lglzðiaol. L rn`uãïm `l
ltava`l`n nomiðgaol dmold gmtavmu tlgjág l rn`uãïm `l pmpudlãïm qun slçl ng crli`n iûgnrm ng jusol `n
imvls emitns `n rni`l.

ltava`l`nNssn pnrçm`m `n
clragpnarl il nstlcilãïm
rncaïm. Ngnomiðgaol `urmu ltáCntûdam
<10? m prnsa`nitn, m lim <1>6 omgoramu
Ulrcls, l `nsomjnrtl `n `alglitns
m Pnrratÿram n mCulpmrá,
En`nrld `n aiçoam `l
aistldli`m `mas guiaoçpams (Vmrtm Undbm n Culklrì-Garag) n vìrams `astratms, `nitrn ndns m @astratm `n Uadl `n
Zmi`ðial, pnrtnionitn lm guiaoçpam `n Vmrtm Undbm, qun sn nstni`al `ns`n l ngjmol`url `m ram Klru, il sul
glrcng `arnatl n nsqunr`l, ai`m ltá l ilsonitn `m ram Globl`m.
Uadl `n Zmi`ðial, omg onrol `n <.<66 bljatlitns ng sul sn`n `astratld, rnonjnu ng <1>: m pragnarm
l`gaiastrl`mr `m @astratm, _r. Ljnd `n Mdavnarl Invns. L vadl tmglvl imvm agpudsm nomiðgaom omg l nitïm
edmrnsonitn ltava`l`n clragpnarl, sng olptlr plrl sa m `nsnivmdvagnitm smoamnomiðgaom qun `lç pm`nral l`var,
vastm qun tm`l prm`uãïm clragpnarl nrl vmdtl`l æ nxpmrtlãïm, sng ug omitrmdn l`nqul`m `n rntniãïm `n `avasls.
Ng <1>5 m tnrratÿram gu`l `n imgn plrl Pnrratÿram En`nrld `n Zmi`ðial, m qun molsamilvl omieusïm il
a`nitaeaolãïm `l Uadl omg Pnrratÿram.

Ng <156, omgpmstl pmr ugl pmpudlãïm `n ug pmuom glas `n <.566 bljatlitns, l vadl rnonjnu omg
nitusalsgm l `ntnrgailãïm `m Vrnsa`nitn Kusondaim Hujatsobnh `n Mdavnarl, `l ljnrturl `n JZ- 6:1, ltuld JZ-
?50. Omg l ljnrturl `l nstrl`l en`nrld, m eduxm gacrltÿram `l rncaïm sn tmrimu glas lonitul`m, `li`m aiçoam æ
ltulãïm `m AIOZL plrl mrcliazlr m prmonssm `n mrcliazlãïm `ls tnrrls.
Ng <133, ltrlvás `l Dna Im. 5.002, `n <<.<6.33, m Vrnsa`nitn Nrinstm Cnasnd, omion`n l oralãïm `m
guiaoçpam `n Ka-Vlrliì, Uadl `n Zmi`ðial plssmu l sn `nimgailr Ka-Vlrliì, ng bmgnilcng lm ram qun

 ltrlvnsslvl tm`l sul ìrnl `n _ud plrl Imrtn, `ava`ai`m sul sn`n l`gaiastrltavl ng `mas sntmrns urjlims `astaitms,

?3
 

omibnoa`ms omgm pragnarm `astratm (zmil imrtn) n sncui`m `astratm (zmil sud). Ng :: `n imvngjrm momrrnu nitïm l
aistldlãïm meaoald `m guiaoçpam omg l `nsacilãïm `m pragnarm prnenatm, _r. Sldtnr Jìrtmdm.
Ka-Vlrliì ltuldgnitn á l sncui`l glamr oa`l`n `m Nstl`m `n Zmi`ðial, pmssua onrol `n <?5.651 blj.
(sncui`m AJCN :6<1), ltuldgnitn l oa`l`n pmssua trës `astratms n nstl ng pdnim `nsnivmdvagnitm ng `avnrsms
sntmrns.

NRNZOÇOAM_

<)  Ng qun lim Uadl `n Zmi`ðial plssmu l sn oblglr Ka-Vlrliì, omgm assm lomitnonu=
:)  Zndloamin m Glrnobld Zmi`mi omg m `nsnivmdvagnitm `n Ka-Vlrliì.
?)  A`nitaeaqun ls praioaplas olrlotnrçstaols `n Uadl `n Zmi`ðial il `áol`l `n >6.
0)  Vnsquasn ls praioaplas olrlotnrçstaols `n Ka-Vlrliì ltuldgnitn.

?2
 

(L^DL  ‟  :<)
 :<)

ZMI@ÐIAL N M @N_GLPLGNIPM.

Lpÿs ms surtms gainrl`mrns qun sn nstni`nrlg `ms lims <1>6 l <116, n omrmli`m nstn sáoudm `n
`nstruaãïm lgjanitld,
lgjanitld, tnvn duclr l —lrrliol`l‗ `l ai`ûstral gl`narnarl qun `nvlstmu ls edmrnstls n `naxmu ug
olgaibm `n emcm n oaizls ng tm`m m nstl`m n, `n emrgl saciaeaoltavl, ltaicau m vldn `m Gl`narl. L satulãïm
omieacurl-sn omgm ldlrglitn n iïm tng sa`m omitrmdl`l ltá m prnsnitn gmgnitm, gnsgm `alitn `l aitnisaeaolãïm
`n gn`a`ls snvnrls liuioal`ls pndm cmvnrim en`nrld ltrlvás `m AJLGL. Zmi`ðial pmssua m sncui`m duclr im
rlihaic `n `nsgltlgnitm `l Lglzðial, sni`m supnrl`m lpnils pndm Vlrì.
_ncui`m `l`ms lprnsnitl`ms pmr Zmobl n Jlobl, l ai`ûstral gl`narnarl rnspmi`al, ng <121 pmr 56% `ms
 prm`utms ai`ustralas `n Zmi`ðial. _ncui`m nssns gnsgms lutmrns, ls olusls `l nxplisïm `m sntmr ai`ustrald
gl`narnarm ng Zmi`ðial il `áol`l `n 26 sïm sagadlrns æs `n mutrms nstl`ms `l Lglzðial. L nxplisïm `l gldbl
rm`mvaìral ema ug `ms eltmrns qun nstlvlg pmr trìs `nssn ornsoagnitm.
Ng Zmi`ðial, l `áol`l `n <126 olrlotnrazmu-sn omgm m pnrçm`m `n plvagnitlãïm `l JZ ?50 n `n
ljnrturl `n mutrls rm`mvals omgm l JZ 0:1, ldág `l eaildazlãïm `ls mjrls `l rm`mval JZ 0:> qun ema omistruç`l
 plrl rnspmi`nr pndl daclãïm nitrn Vmrtm Undbm l Culklrì-Garag lpÿs l nxtaiãïm `l NEGG.
M lvliãm `m `nsgltlgnitm ema lcrlvl`m ils `áol`ls pmstnramrns n omitmu omg m lpmam n omiavëioal `n
lutmra`l`ns guiaoaplas n nstl`ulas. @alitn `l prnssïm pmr gl`narl tlitm jrutl qulitm jnineaoal`l, ing gnsgm ls
ìrnls `n prmtnãïm lgjanitld n ls rnsnrvls ai`çcnils emrlg pmupl`ls. Im omikuitm `ls ìrnls `n prmtnãïm
lgjanitld glas lentl`ls il rncaïm `m Gl`narl eacurlg; m Vlrqun Nstl`uld `n Oli`nals, omg 52% (onrol `n
>2hgº) `n sul ìrnl `nsgltl`l, n sni`m `nvlstl`m l ug ratgm liuld `n <,0%8 l Edmrnstl `n Zni`agnitm
_ustnitl`m `m Ljuiï ( Edmrl Ljuiï) omg ìrnl tmtld `n >63 hgº n omg ugl ìrnl `n `nsgltlgnitm `n 02% `n snu
tnrratÿram n ug çi`aon `n `nsgltlgnitm `n ?,1% lm lim plrl m pnrçm`m `n :66< l :660. _ncui`m Zajnarm,
Unrçssagm n Vnrnarl; —Ls ^ia`l`ns `n Omisnrvlãïm nstl`ulas `n Zmi`ðial tavnrlg ls glamrns tlxls liulas `n
`nsgltlgnitm
Ng nitrnaitnrgn`aìral
ugl pmsaãïm <113 l :660,niomitrlg-sn
niqulitm ls Pnrrls Ai`çcnils
ls ^ia`l`ns `nlprnsnitlrlg
Omisnrvlãïmlsen`nrlas.
gnimrns Ls
tlxls inssnliulas
tlxls pnrçm`m.
`n
`nsgltlgnitm `ls ^ia`l`ns `n Omisnrvlãïm nstl`ulas n en`nrlas tëg lugnitli`m `ns`n <113, niqulitm l `ls
Pnrrls Ai`çcnils
Ai`çcnils sn glitág prltaolgnitn omistlitn.‗ 
omistlitn.‗ 

ZMI@ÐIAL, ^G N_PL@M @NUL_PL@M

Glas `n ug tnrãm `n tm`l l supnreçoan `n Zmi`ðial nstì `nvlstl`m. M nstl`m tng m glamr çi`aon, ?2%, `n
`nsgltlgnitm lougudl`m ng tm`l l Lglzðial Dncld, emrgl`m pmr ìrnls `n matm nstl`ms (vnkl qul`rm). Assm
saciaeaol qun, prmpmroamildgnitn, Zmi`ðial `nvlstmu glas l edmrnstl qun Gltm Crmssm n Vlrì, trl`aoamildgnitn
ms olgpnþns `l `nstruaãïm lgjanitld. Zndltÿram `avudcl`m mitng pndm Crupm `n Prljldbm Lglzðiaom (CPL),
emrgl`m pmr onrol `n 566 nita`l`ns `l smoan`l`n oavad, elz m ldnrtl; l `nvlstlãïm tng sn `nsomdl`m `m naxm `l
JZ-?50, bmkn `mgail`m pndl pnouìral, rugm æs uia`l`ns `n omisnrvlãïm n tnrrls ai`çcnils rmi`mialils. Ms
omiedatms smoalas il ìrnl nstïm ol`l vnz glas aitnisms, `az m `mougnitm.
Ls olusls `m `nsgltlgnitm ldlrglitn, sncui`m l nicnibnarl edmrnstld Lil Nudnr, omdljmrl`mrl `m CPL,
tëg rndlãïm dmolas
Dncasdltavm `arntl rn`uzarlg,
omg l eldtlims
`n ûdtagms
easoldazlãïm n omiavëioal
:6 lims, onrol `n`m:6pm`nr pûjdaom.
gad hgº Ndl rnssldtl
`ls ìrnls qun `m
prmtnca`ls m Nxnoutavm n
nstl`m, qun
smglg bmkn qulsn 16 gad hgº. —Nssls pmrãþns rntarl`ls `ls uia`l`ns `n omisnrvlãïm sïm sngprn ldvm `n crupms
nomiðgaoms omg eais `n nxpdmrlãïm omgnroald‗, `nstlol Lil. —Ls pmdçtaols pûjdaols pûjdao ls lgjanitlas omisa`nrlg
Zmi`ðial ug nstl`m pnr`a`m. @asomr`m `nssl pmsaãïm. Lobm qun prnoaslgms tnitlr sncurlr pndm gnims ls
uia`l`ns `n omisnrvlãïm.‗ Ng Zmi`ðial, tlas rncaþns rnprnsnitlg pmuom gnims `n 06% `m nstl`m. _ïm qultrm
rnsnrvls nxtrltavastls, matm edmrnstls, `uls ìrnls `n prmtnãïm lgjanitld, <0 uia`l`ns `n omisnrvlãïm n :0 tnrrls
ai`çcnils. _ncui`m Ilioa Glral Zm`racuns `l _advl, supnraitni`nitn sujstatutl `m Aistatutm Jrlsadnarm `m Gnam
Lgjanitn n `ms Znoursms Ilturlas Znimvìvnas (AJLGL) im nstl`m, l oralãïm `n pmrãþns `n tnrrl prmtnca`ls tng
sa`m ug neaolz aistrugnitm `n omgjltn æ `nvlstlãïm, gls l satulãïm lai`l á aiomitrmdìvnd ng ldcugls ìrnls. L
Edmrnstl `m Jmg Euturm, qun rncastrmu tlxl liuld `n `nsgltlgnitm `n 0,?% `ns`n :66:, plssl pmr ugl satulãïm
crlvn. —Ilqundn dmold, sÿ omg l lku`l `m Nxároatm‗, leargl Ilioa. 
Ilioa.  
^gl dagailr `l Kustaãl En`nrld, erutm `n lãïm oavad gmva`l pndm Gaiastáram Vûjdaom (tlitm en`nrld qulitm
nstl`uld, qun omstuglg lcar ng omikuitm ng Zmi`ðial), `ntnrgaimu, ng lcmstm `n :660, l rntarl`l `n cradnarms,
gl`narnarms n `nglas aivlsmrns adnclas `l Edmrnstl `m Jmg Euturm, `m Vlrqun Nstl`uld `n Culklrì-Garag, `l
 Znsnrvl Nxtrltavastl Kloa - Vlrliì n `l tnrrl ai`çcnil Hlrapuil. Ng rnspnatm æ `ntnrgailãïm ku`aoald, m AJLGL

?1
 

 prmva`nioamu ugl mpnrlãïm agn`altl il rncaïm. N sÿsÿ lssag omibnonu l rnld `agnisïm `m prmjdngl
prmjdngl qun sn aistldmu
lda. —Pavngms qun uslr ltá bndaoÿptnrms plrl rntarlr ms lcnitns `n dì. Omrtlrlg pmitns, eaznrlg jlrrnarls omg
tìjuls `n prncms ils nstrl`ls‗, omitl Ilioa.
Ilioa. L nicnibnarl Lil omgplrl l rncaïm mi`n sn dmoldazl l Edmrnstl `m
Jmg Euturm æ Pnrrl `m Gnam, im Vlrì, elgmsl pndms omiedatms smoalas. —Á ugl ìrnl sng rncrls, mi`n ugl dagailr
`l Kustaãl, `n glas `n trës lims, iïm ema ougpra`l‗, omistltl. Vmr gnam `l l ssnssmral `n agprnisl, m Gaiastáram
Vûjdaom nstl`uld omieargmu qun l `ntnrgailãïm ku`aoald lai`l nspnrl plrl snr ltni`a`l, `nva`m æs `aeaoud`l`ns
niernitl`ls pndm AJLGL n pndls pmdçoals nivmdva`ls ils lãþns (culr`l lgjanitld, Vmdçoal Oavad n Vmdçoal En`nrld,
`npni`ni`m `l mpnrlãïm).
Mutrm crlvn prmjdngl ng Zmi`ðial, qun oudgail ng vamdëioal ils omguia`l`ns trl`aoamilas, sïm ms omistlitns
eurtms `n gl`narls ng tnrrls ai`çcnils. —Nssls `niûioals prmon`ng n iÿs nstlgms trljldbli`m‗, `az Ilioa. ^gl
`ls da`nrliãls ai`çcnils glas ltavls `m nstl`m, Ldgar _uruç ema mjracl`m l `naxlr sul tnrrl `npmas qun `niuioamu
l nxpdmrlãïm `n gl`narnarls ils ìrnls ai`çcnils n omgnãmu l snr lgnlãl`m. M olsm loljmu `niuioal`m æ
Omgassïm `ms @arnatms Buglims `l Mrcliazlãïm `ms Nstl`ms (MNL). Vrmpmroamildgnitn, Zmi`ðial á rnomr`astl
ng `nsgltlgnitm lougudl`m il Lglzðial Dncld, omg ?2% `n tm`m m tnrratÿram `nvlstl`m. Unkl ljlaxm ms
çi`aons `n `nstruaãïm ng ol`l nstl`m;
Ìrnl `nsgltl`l*
`nsgltl`l*  

LOZN <:%
LGL[MIL_  
LGL[MIL_ :%
LGLVÌ  
LGLVÌ :%
CZM__M 
GLPM CZM__M  ::%
VLZÌ 
VLZÌ  <1%
ZMI@ÐIAL 
ZMI@ÐIAL  ?2%
ZMZLAGL 
ZMZLAGL  0%

* Vnronituld rnenrnitn æ ìrnl tmtld `m nstl`m   PMOLIPAI_ 

PMOLIPAI_  <<%

NRNZOÇOAM_

<)  Vm`ngms learglr qun ls Omguia`l`ns Prl`aoamilas `m Nstl`m `n Zmi`ðial nstïm jng prmtnca`ls= @ë
nxngpdm.
:)  Omgm á l satulãïm `m `nsgltlgnitm ng Zmi`ðial ng rndlãïm lms `nglas nstl`ms `l Lglzðial Dncld=
?)  Omgm l `áol`l `n <126 eaomu olrlotnrazl`l im Nstl`m `n Zmi`ðial=
0)  \ulas snralg ls olusls `m `nsgltlgnitm ng Zmi`ðial=

06
 

(L^DL  ‟  ::)
 ::)

L OMI_PZ^ÃÏM @L_ BA@ZNDÁPAOL_ @M ZAM GL@NAZL

Omg m l`vnitm `m sáoudm RRA, ls pnrspnotavls plrl m Uldn `m Gl`narl, suls pmpudlãþns n snus
nomssastngls smernrlg crli`ns ldtnrlãþns, pmas l rncaïm qun gnrcudblrl ng ugl prmeui`l nstlcilãïm
il `áol`l litnramr, vau aiaoalr mutrm imvm surtm `nsnivmdvagnitastl. Prltl-sn lcmrl `ms prnplrltavms
 plrl l omistruãïm `ls ^sails Ba`rndátraols `m Gl`narl ng _litm Litðiam n `m Karlu. Aisnra`ls im VLO,
ls mjrls `ls Ba`rndátraols liuioalg ug aivnstagnitm supnramr l vaitn jadbþns `n rnlas. Prltl-sn `n ugl
mjrl qun`lngLglzðial.
omieais prmpmrãþnsLssupnrl l crli`amsa`l`n
nxpnotltavls `l NEGG.
`n gacrlãïm Imvlgnitn
sïm `asouta`ls l gm`nria`l`n
pmr nspnoaldastls `lssnglas
liuioal ims
vlral`ls
tni`ëioals. Niqulitm ms ngprnatnarms `ls Ba`rndátraols eldlg ng ldcm ng tmrim `n ?6.666 pnssmls,
sntmrns dacl`ms lms gmvagnitms lgjanitldastls n crupms aitndnotulas liuioalg qun nssl oaerl pm`n
obnclr l glas `n <66.666 pnssmls qun, ltrlç`ls pmr prmgnssls `n ngprncm n jmis incÿoams, kì omgnãlg
l `nsngjlrlãlr ng Vmrtm Undbm.

Ls Ba`rndátraols tëg prmvmol`m loarrl`ms `njltns, guatms sïm omitrl n snus gmtavms sïm vlda`ms.
L olpatld eaolrì l lpnils 5 hg ljlaxm `n ugl `ls glamrns jlrrlcnis `m Jrlsad, m gnam lgjanitn snrì
ainvatlvndgnitn ldtnrl`m, nspáoans `n pdlitls n liaglas arïm `nslplrnonr, mutrls snrïm lentl`ls pndls
 jlrrlcnis n pndls nimrgns turjails `ls ba`rndátraols, `mniãls aienotmomitlcamsls prmgntng sn
gudtapdaolr omgm ims tngpms `l enrrmval, m oustm `n va`l tni`n l smernr omisa`nrìvnd ldtl. Nspnoudl-sn
smjrn l eldtl `n gmrl`als plrl ltni`nr l tm`l `ngli`l n smjrn l ndnvlãïm `nsomitrmdl`l `ms prnãms `l
omistruãïm oavad. Oanitastls smoalas ldnrtlg plrl m lugnitm `ms olsms `n prmstatuaãïm, trìeaom `n `rmcls n
oragailda`l`n ng ugl rncaïm qun kì á pmtnioaldgnitn nxpdmsavl `m pmitm `n vastl smoald. L tu`m assm, m
omrm `ls vmzns `n lgjanitldastls, aitndnotulas n `n `avnrsms mutrms sncgnitms `l smoan`l`n lornsonitl m
crlvn prmjdngl `ms `lims lms nomssastngls dmolas, tlitm ils edmrnstls n pêitlims, qulitm im prÿpram ram.
@n lomr`m omg Plvlrns; —M prmkntm `m Omgpdnxm Ba`rndátraom `m Zam Gl`narl á omgpmstm pmr
`uls usails `n crli`n pmrtn; ^BN Karlu ( ?.?66 GS) n ^BN _litm Litðiam (?.<>6 S). (...) L
agpmrtêioal `nstls usails nstì lssaildl`l ims nstu`ms `l NVN n gmstrlg qun pmr vmdtl `n :6<6  ‟  <:,   <:, m
 plçs nstlrì smj rasom `n nsolssnz `n ndntraoa`l`n. M nquadçjram sÿ snrì clrlita`m omg ls mjrls `ls usails
`n Karlu n _litm Litðiam im Gl`narl. M prmjdngl glamr á sljnr sn nxastng omi`aãþns pmdçtaols
lgjanitlas n eailionarls plrl l omistruãïm `m ngprnni`agnitm qun elz plrtn `m Vrmcrlgl `n
Londnrlãïm `m Ornsoagnitm (VLO) n m ëxatm `m prmcrlgl omgm ug tm`m `npni`n lssag `m
 pdlinklgnitm n lgpdalãïm `l olploa`l`n
olploa`l`n `n aierl
aierlnstruturl.‗
nstruturl.‗  
Ls mjrls tëg ug oustm nstagl`m ng tmrim `n Z$<2.066.666.666,66 (`nzmatm jadbþns n
qultrmonitms gadbþns `n rnlas). Pmgli`m-sn l nstagltavl `n qun l NEGG tnral oustl`m m nquavldnitn l

 :2 tmindl`ls `n murm n plrtai`m-sn `m oustm `n Z$?>.666,66 plrl m quadm `nstn gntld, ls ba`rndátraols

0<
 

tnralg ug oustm glas `n <2 vnzns supnramr lm oustm `l enrrmval qun tnral rnprnsnitl`m ug clstm
omrrnspmi`nitn l Z$126.666.666,66
Z$126.666.666,66 (sncui`m vldmrns plrl m murm ng lcmstm `n :662).

NRNZOÇOAM_

<)  \ulas emrlg ms `njltns ng tmrim `l omistruãïm `m Omgpdnxm Ba`rndátraom `m Zam Gl`narl=
:)  \uld á l gá`al `m oustm `l omistruãïm `nssn omgpdnxm Ba`rndátraom=
?)  Vnsquasn n lpmitn ms praioaplas jnineçoams n agplotms smoamlgjanitlas qun ls ^sails `m Gl`narl
trmuxnrlg plrl m Nstl`m `n Zmi`ðial.

0:
 

(L^DL  ‟  :?)
 :?)
ZMI@ÐIAL IM_ @AL_ LP^LA_.
Zmi`ðial á ugl `ls :3 uia`l`ns en`nrltavls `m Jrlsad. Nstì dmoldazl`m il rncaïm Imrtn n tng omgm
dagatns ms nstl`ms `m Gltm Crmssm l dns
dnstn,
tn, Lglzmils l imrtn, Lorn l mnstn n l Znpûjdaol `l Jmdçval l mnmnstn
stn n
sud. M nstl`m pmssua >: g
guiaoçpams
uiaoçpams n moupl ugl ìrnl `n :?3 >16,>03 hhgº,
gº, nquavldnitn lm tnrratÿram `l Zmgëial n
qulsn oaiom vnzns glamr qun l Ormìoal. _ul olpatld n guiaoçpam glas pmpudmsm á Vmrtm Undbm, jlibl`l pndm ram
Gl`narl. Ldág `nstl, bì mutrls oa`l`ns agpmrtlitns omgm Lraqungns, Olomld, Culklrì-Garag, Ka-Vlrliì, Zmdag
`n Gmurl n Uadbnil.

Á m tnronarm nstl`m glas pmpudmsm `l Zncaïm Imrtn omg <.323.:31 bljatlitns, sncui`m nstagltavl `m
AJCN plrl :6<5, sni`m supnrl`m lpnils pndm Vlrì n Lglzmils. Im nitlitm, sncui`m l nstagltavl `m AJCN,
lpnils trës `n snus guiaoçpams pmssuçlg ng :6<5, pmpudlãïm loagl `n <66 gad bljatlitns; Vmrtm Undbm, omg
><<.:<1 bljatlitns, Ka-Vlrliì, omg <?<.>56 bljatlitns n Lraqungns, omg <6> 215 bljatlitns. Uadbnil, pmr sul
vnz, á m qulrtm guiaoçpam
guiaoçpam glas pmpudmsm omg 11.1?0 bljatlitns. L pmpudlãïm rmi`mianisn á ugl `ls glas glas
`avnrsaeaol`ls `m Jrlsad, omgpmstl `n gacrlitns mraui`ms `n tm`ls ls rncaþns `m plçs, `nitrn ms qulas sn `nstlolg
ms plrlilnisns, pludastls n gainarms sncua`ms pmr clûobms, olpaxljls, jlalims, gltm-crmssnisns n snrcaplims,
ldág `n onlrnisns, glrlibnisns, lglzminisns n loralims, qun sn eaxlrlg il olpatld, prnsnrvli`m-sn lai`l ms
emrtns trlãms lglzðiaoms `l pmpudlãïm iltavl ils oa`l`ns jlibl`ls pmr crli`ns rams, smjrntu`m ng Vmrtm Undbm n
Culklrì-Garag, ls `uls oa`l`ns glas litacls `m nstl`m.

M nstl`m á m tnronarm glas raom `l Zncaïm Imrtn, rnspmisìvnd pmr <<% `m VAJ `l rncaïm. Lpnslr `n snr
ug nstl`m kmvng (oral`m ng <12<), pmssua m quaitm gndbmr Çi`aon `n @nsnivmdvagnitm Buglim (A@B) `l rncaïm
 Imrtn, m tnronarm glamr VAJ pnr olpatl, l sncui`l glamr tlxl `n ldeljntazlãïm n l tnronarl gnimr tlxl `n
lildeljntasgm nitrn tm`ms ms nstl`ms `ls rncaþns Imrtn n Imr`nstn `m plçs, ldág `l sncui`l glamr tndn`nisa`l`n
`m Jrlsad. Nitrn :66: n :6<0 m nstl`m lprnsnitmu 2>,:% `n ornsoagnitm lougudl`m `m VAJ, sni`m m >» nstl`m
 jrlsadnarm qun glas ornsonu im pnrçm`m. Zmi`ðial pmssua lai`l l gnimr aioa`ëioal `n pmjrnzl n l glamr
 prmpmrãïm `n vnçoudms pmr bljat
bljatlitn
litn nitrn tm`ms ms nstl`ms `ls rncaþns Imrtn n Imr`nstn n tlgjág l :ª gndbmr
`astrajuaãïm `n rni`l, m 0» gnimr çi`aon `n `nsngprncm n m gndbmr çi`aon `n trlisplrëioal `n tm`m m Jrlsad.

0?
 

NRNZOÇOAM_

<)  A`nitaeaqun ls praioaplas olrlotnrçstaols `m Nstl`m `n Zmi`ðial bmkn.

:)  Ng rndlãïm l Zncaïm Imrtn omgm nstl m Nstl`m `n Zmi`ðial=

C ldnr
ldnr a l `
`m
ms C
Cmv
mvn
nr il`
il`m
mr ns `n Z mi`
mi`ðia
ðiall
Pnrratÿram En`nrld `m Culpmrá

I» Imgn Aiçoam `m gli`ltm Eag `m gli`ltm

< Lduçzam Vaibnarm Enrrnarl < `n imvngjrm `n <10? 3 `n envnrnarm `n
<105
: Kmlquag Uaonitn Zmi`mi 3 `n envnrnarm `n <105 ?< `n mutujrm `n
<103
? Ern`nraom Prmttl ?< `n mutujrm `n <103 1 `n kuibm `n <102
0 Kmlquag Lrlûkm Dagl 1 `n kuibm `n <102 :: `n envnrnarm `n

> Vntrðiam Jlrondms :: `n envnrnarm `n <1>< <1><

3 `n envnrnarm `n
<1>:
5 Knsus Jurdlglqun Bmslilb 5 `n envnrnarm `n <1>: <2 `n imvngjrm `n
<1>?
3 Ëiam `ms _litms Vaibnarm <2 `n imvngjrm `n <1>? <? `n sntngjrm `n
<1>0
2 Vludm Iuins Dnld <? `n sntngjrm `n <1>0 > `n ljrad `n <1>>
1 Kmsá Zajlglr `n Garli`l > `n ljrad `n <1>> <0 `n mutujrm `n
<1>5
<6 Klagn Lrlûkm `ms _litms <0 `n mutujrm `n <1>5 5 `n imvngjrm `n
<1>2
<< Vludm Iuins Dnld 5 `n imvngjrm `n <1>2 2 `n sntngjrm `n
<15<
<: Ljndlr`m Ldvlrnicl Glerl <2 `n glrãm `n <15< 2 `n sntngjrm `n
<15<
<? Ëiam `ms _litms Vaibnarm <? `n sntngjrm `n <15< ? `n kudbm `n <15:
<0  Iadtmi Dagl ? `n kudbm `n <15:
<15: <: `n `nzngjrm
`nzngjrm `n
<15:
<> Sl`ab @lrwaob [lolrals <: `n `nzngjrm `n <15: :3 `n glam `n <15?
<5 Lra Glroms `l _advl :3 `n glam `n <15? <0 `n mutujrm `n
<15?
<3 Vludm Nucëiam Vaitm Cun`ns <0 `n mutujrm `n <15? :3 `n klinarm `n
<150
<2 Ljndlr`m Ldvlrnicl Glerl :3 `n klinarm `n <150 5 `n ljrad `n <150
<1 Kmsá Gliund Duçs `l Ouibl Gninzns :0 `n ljrad `n <150 :1 `n glrãm `n
  <15>

00
 

:6 Kmïm Olrdms `ms _litms Gl`nr :1 `n glrãm `n <15> <6 `n ljrad `n <153
:< Edìvam `n Lssuiãïm Olr`msm <6 `n ljrad `n <153 ?6 `n imvngjrm `n
<153
:: Kmsá Olgpn`ndda ?6 `n imvngjrm `n <153 <? `n envnrnarm `n
<151
:? Kmïm Olrdms Glrquns Bniraqun Intm 3 `n envnrnarm `n <151 ?< `n mutujrm `n
<13:
:0 Pnm`mraom Clçvl ?< `n mutujrm `n <13: :? `n ljrad `n <130
:>
Kmïm Olrdms Bniraqun Intm :? `n ljrad `n <130 :6 `n glam `n <13>
:5 Bugjnrtm `l _advl Cun`ns :6 `n glam `n <13> : `n ljrad `n <131
:3 Kmrcn Pnaxnarl `n Mdavnarl <6 `n ljrad `n <131 0 `n klinarm `n <12:

Nstl`m `n Zmi`ðial

I» Imgn Aiçoam `m gli`ltm Eag `m gli`ltm

<  Kmrcn Pnaxnarl `n Mdavnarl 0 `n klinarm `n <12:
<12: <6 `n glam `n <12>
Kliadnin Ulsomiondms `n 6? `n Klinarm `n <> `n Envnrnarm `n <120
Gndm (aitnrailgnitn) <120
:  Êicndm Licndag <6 `n glam `n <12> <> `n glrãm `n <123
?  Knrðiagm Clroal `n _litlil <> `n glrãm `n <123 <> `n glrãm `n <11<
0  Msvld`m Valil Eadbm <> `n glrãm `n <11< < `n klinarm `n <11>
>  Uld`ar Zlupp < `n klinarm `n <11> < `n klinarm `n <111
5  Kmsá Jaliom < `n klinarm `n <111 < `n klinarm `n :66?
3  Avm Olssmd < `n klinarm `n :66? < `n klinarm `n :665
2  Avm Olssmd < `n klinarm `n :663 ?< `n glrãm `n :6<6
1 Kmïm Olbuddl  ?< `n glrãm `n :6<6 < `n klinarm `n :6<<
<6 Omieûoam Gmurl  < `n klinarm
klinarm `n :6<<
:6<< < `n klinarm
klinarm `n :6
:6<>
<>
<< Omieûoam Gmurl  <`n klinarm `n :6<> > `n ljrad `n :6<2
<: @liand Vnrnarl  > `n ljrad `n :6<2 < `n klinarm `n :6<1
<? Glroms Zmobl  < `n klinarm `n :6<1 Ltuldgnitn

0>
 

Jli`narl `m Nstl`m `n Zmi`ðial

Jrlsïm `m Nstl`m `n Zmi`ðial

 
05
 

BOáus
a im `n
`n Zmi`ðial
Z mi`ð
i`ðia
iall 
 Dntrl `n Kmlquag Lrlûkm Dagl
 Gûsaol `n Kmsá `n Gnddm
Gnddm n _advl

\uli`m imssm oáu sn elz gmd`url

Vlrl nicldlilr l ilturnzl
Iÿs, ms jli`narlitns `n Zmi`ðial,
Ims mrcudblrgms `n tlitl jndnzl.

Omgm snitaindls lvliãl`ls,

_mgms `nstnga`ms paminarms
\un instls plrlcnis `m pmnitn
Cratlg omg emrãl; smgms Jrlsadnarms
Jrlsadnarms!!

Instls ermitnarls, `n imssl pìtral,

Zmi`ðial trljldbl enjradgnitn
Ils meaoails n ils nsomdls
 L mrqunstrlãïm
mrqunstrlãïm ngpmdcl tm`l
tm`l cnitn8

Jrlãms n gnitns emrklg olitli`m

 L lpmtnmsn `nstn
`nstn raioïm
\un omg mrcudbm nxldtlrngms,
Niqulitm ims pldpatl m omrlãïm

 Lzud, imssm oáu á sngprn lzud

lzud -
\un @nus m glitnibl sng ravld,
Orastldaim guatm purm
N m omisnrvn sngprn lssag.

 Lqua tm`l va`l sn nicldlil

nicldlil
@n jndnzls trmpaolas,
Imssms dlcms, imssms rams
Imssls gltls, tu`m nieag...

 
03
 

ZNENZËIOAL_

PN A RN A Z L, G lr om L itm itmiam `mga icunicunss & E MI_ MI_N N OL , @lit@litn n Z a jna rm, B
Bastÿ
astÿra
ra l Z nca
cammil
ildd
( Z mi`
i`ð ðial
ia l) , V mr tm U ndbm
dbm,, Z mi`ð
i`ðial
ia l, <11
<112.
2.
C MG
MGN N _, N gglim imnnd. B a stÿ
stÿr a l `n Z mi`ð
i`ðial
ia l, Zn
Z nca mild.
ild. N `a tmrtmr l N xprnss. Ua dbn
dbnil
il//Z M, :6<
:6<:.
:.
VL D A PMP
PMP,, L dndnhsl
hsli`
i`n nr Lddni Ia Iail
il,, Z mi`
i`ððial ug ugl lbbaa stÿ
stÿr a l ‟  Vmrtm
 Vmr tm U ndbm; N `atm
`atmrr l A gn`a ltl,
tl,
 :6<5
 :6 <5..
D A G L , E dìv
dìvaa m Z m`r
m`r a c un
uns.
s. M nsplsplãm
ãm `l smo
smoaa n`l
`l`n
`n r mi`m
i`mia ian nisn ‟  Imãþ
 I mãþnsns `m ggna
nam
m iltur
ilturld
ld lm
gna m cnm
cnmcrcr ìea om
om.. Vm
V mr tm U ndbm
dbm;; G & G N `a tm tmrr l, :662
:662..

 
02