FINAL GRADING RESEARCHWORK 1

Serafica, Cedie A. Date: April 22, 2022

MWF 8:00-9:00AM Instructor: Engr.
Jasmin G. Madayag

1. Define the Adjustment Factors on the stresses of Timber

The adjustment factors of stresses on Timber are factors that affects the strength of wood and
are important to consider for the computation of its stress. These were used as reference
factors for computation of load bearing structural uses.

The adjustments shall be as set forth in the footnotes to the

appropriate stress tables and to the requirements of this
section:
C = load duration
D factor
C
= wet service factor
M
C
= size factor
F
C
= form factor
f
C
= flat use factor
fu
C
= support factor
g
C
= incising factor
i
C
= temperature factor
t
C = repetitive member
r factor
C = column stability
P factor
C = beam stability
L factor
C
= slenderness factor
S
C = coefficient of
V variation
C
= volume factor
V
Preservative Treatment.
The values for wood pressure impregnated with an
approved process and preservative need no adjustment for
treatment but are subjected to other adjustments.

Fire-Retardant Treatment
The values for lumber and plywood pressure impregnated
with approved fire-retardant chemicals, including fastener
values, shall be recommended by the treater and submitted
to the building official for approval. Submittal to the
building official shall include all substantiating data. Such
values shall be developed from approved test methods and
procedures that consider potential strength-reduction
characteristics, including effects of elevated temperatures
and moisture.
Other adjustments are applicable, except that the impact
load-duration factor shall not apply.

Duration of Load
Values for wood and mechanical fastenings (when the
wood determines the load capacity) are subjected
adjustments based on the following variations in the
duration of load:
1. Where a member is fully stressed to the maximum
allowable stress, either continuously or cumulatively,
for more than 10 years under the conditions of
maximum design load, the values shall not exceed 90
percent of those in the tables.
2. When the accumulated duration of the full maximum
load during the life of the member does not exceed the
period indicated below, the values may be increased in
the table as follows:
Increas
Period CD
e
for seven days duration, as for
25.0 % roof 1.25
loads
33.3 % for earthquake 1.33
for wind (for connections and
33.3 % 1.33
fasteners)
60.0 % for wind (members only) 1.60
100.0
for impact 2.0
%
The foregoing examples are not cumulative. For combined
duration of loadings the resultant structural members shall
not be smaller than the required for the longer duration of
loading.
The duration of load factors in this item shall not apply to
compression-perpendicular-to-grain design values based on
a deformation limit, or to modulus of elasticity.
3. Values for normal loading conditions may be used
without regard to impact if the stress induced by impact
does not exceed the values for normal loading.

Size Factor Adjustment

When the depth of a rectangular sawn lumber bending
member 125 mm or thicker exceeds 300 mm, the bending
values, Fb, shall be multiplied by the size factor, CF, as
where:
C = size factor
F = depth of beam in
d mm
For beams of circular cross section that have a diameter
greater than 340 mm, or 300 mm or larger square beams
loaded in the plane of the diagonal, the size factor CF may
be determined on the basis of an equivalent conventionally
loaded square beam of the same cross-sectional area.

Slenderness Factor and Flexural Stress.

When the depth of a bending member exceeds its breadth,
lateral support may be required and the slenderness factor
The effective lengths, le in the table are based on an lu/d
ratio of 17. For other ℓu/d ratios, these effective lengths may
be multiplied by a factor equal to 0.85+2.55/(lu/d) except
that this factor shall not apply to a single-span beam with
equal end moments (le =1.84lu) or to a single span or
cantilever beam with any load (le =1.92lu).
When the slenderness factor Cs does not exceed 10, the full
allowable unit stress in bending Fb may be used.

Effective Length of Beams

Type of Beam Span and Nature of Value of
Load Effective
 Length, le
Single-span beam, load concentrated
1.61l
at the center.------------------------------
u
Single-span beam, uniformly
1.92l
distributed load.--------------------------
u
Single-span beam, equal end
1.84l
moments.----------------------------------
u
Cantilever beam, load concentrated
1.69l
at unsupported end.----------------------
u
Cantilever beam, uniformly
1.06l
distributed load.--------------------------
u
Cantilever beam, uniformly
1.69l
distributed load with concentrated
u
load at cantilever end.-------------------
1.92l
Single-span or cantilever beam, any
u
other load.--------------------------------
l
u = unsupported length of beam, mm

Form Factor Adjustments

The allowable unit stress in bending for non-prismatic
members shall not exceed the value established by
multiplying such stress by the form factor Cf determined as
follows:

Modulus of Elasticity Adjustment

The use of average modulus of elasticity E values is
appropriate for the design of normal wood structural
members and assemblies. In special applications where
deflections are critical to the stability of structures or
structural components, and where exposed to varying
temperature and relative humidity under sustained loading
conditions, the average values of the modulus of elasticity E
listed in Table 6.1 shall be reduced to account for
variability. Coefficients of variation CV in the modulus of
elasticity E for lumber as follows:
CV
Visually graded sawn lumber 0.25
Machine stress-rated sawn lumber 0.11
The average modulus of elasticity E values listed in the
table shall be multiplied by 1-CV , or 1-1.65CV to obtain a
modulus of elasticity E value exceeded by 84 percent or 95
percent individual pieces, respectively.
 The duration-of-load adjustments specified in Section
615.3.4 do not apply to modulus of elasticity values.

Temperature
The allowable unit stress for untreated and preservativetreated wood specified in
this chapter and as modified in
this section applies to uses within the range of climatic
temperature ordinarily encountered in buildings. Wood
members shall not be used in areas subject to temperatures
above 66C unless the exposure is infrequent and any
permanent loss in strength is accounted for in the design.
The allowable unit stress for fire-retardant-treated solidsawn lumber and plywood,
including fasteners values,
subject to prolonged elevated temperatures from
manufacturing or equipment processes, but not exceeding
66C , shall be developed from approved test methods that
properly consider potential strength-reduction
characteristics, including effects of heat and moisture.

Moisture Service Condition

Where sawn lumber and fastenings are exposed to service
conditions causing the wood to possess more than 19
percent moisture content, the tabulated design values shall
be reduced as specified in Table 6.16

Bolted Joints
Bolt values used in conjunction with metal side plates shall
be in accordance with Section 619.

2. Table of Working Stresses for Visually Stress-Graded Unseasoned Structural Timber of

Philippine Woods