KGEGFGN @ZQCGFHY]HE

YJ@GQGN RJQEJKAGCLGC @ZQCGFHY]HE ( MZCHG MGC HCMOCJYHG ), KJMHG

IJ]GE, QGMHO, ]JFJTHYH MGC KJMHG OCFHCJ

Kgegfgn Hch Mhsusuc Zctue Kjkjcunh ]ulgs Kgtg Eufhgn @urcgfhsthe

Mosjc Rjclgkpu 0 Mr. \hcmg Eusthgwgc, KG

Mhsusuc Ofjn

Ejfokpoe 7 0

7.  Fofg Dgnhrg Kutgngr (2727121722)

 
1. 9.
Qgkgmngch Cgcmg Gkjfhg
  Yygnruf Gdrhgcsygn (2727121772)
(2727121777)

RQOLQGK EOKZCHEGYH RJCXHGQGC HYFGK

DGEZF]GY MGE\GN MGC EOKZCHEGYH

ZCHTJQYH]GY HYFGK CJLJQH YZKG]JQG Z]GQG

]. G 1217
 

EG]G RJCLGC]GQ

Gssgfgku‘gfgheuk wgrgnkgtuffgnh wgagrgegtun 

wgagrgegtun  

Yjlgfg pu`h syueur egkh pgc`gtegc ejpgmg ]ungc Xgcl Kgng Jsg. Gtgs rgnkgt mgc egruchg-Cyg,
egkh mgpgt kjcyjfjsghegc tulgs pjcufhsgc kgegfgn kgtg eufhgn ygcl ajr`umuf "Yj`grgn
Rjrejkagclgc @urcgfhsthe Muchg Mgc Hcmocjshg, Kjmhg Ijtge, Qgmho, ]jfjvhsh Mgc Kjmhg
Ocfhcj" tjpgt wgetu. Kgegfgn hch mhsusuc lucg uctue kjkjcunh tulgs mosjc agpge Mr. \hcmg
Eusthgwgc, KG pgmg kgtg eufhgn @urcgfhsthe mh Zchvjrshtgs Hsfgk Cjljrh Yukgtjrg Ztgrg. ]hmge
sjrtg sgfgk tjriurgn ejpgmg Qgsufuffgn YG\ ygcl sygdg‘gtcyg ehtg cgcthegc ejfge. 
fupg sngfgwgt sjrtg ejfge.  

Egkh kjcluigpegc tjrhkg egshn sjajsgr-ajsgrcyg ejpgmg agpge Mr. \hcmg Eusthgwgc, KG
sjfgeu mosjc kgtg eufhgn @urcgfhsthe. Rjcufhsgc kgegfgn ajr`umuf ‖Yj`grgn Rjrejkagclgc
@urcgfhsthe Muchg Mgc Hcmocjshg, Kjmhg Ijtge, Qgmho, ]jfjvhsh Mgc Kjmhg Ocfhcj" mgpgt
mhsjfjsghegc egrjcg agctugc agcyge phnge. Egkh ajrngrgp kgegfgn tjctgcl sj`grgn
Rjrejkagclgc @urcgfhsthe mh muchg mgc hcmocjshg tjrkgsue `ulg kjmhg-kjmhg @urcgfhsthe mgpgt
kjcgkagn wgwgsgc aglh pjkagig. Yjfghc htu, egkh `ulg ajrngrgp glgr pjkagig kjcmgpgtegc
sumut pgcmgcl agru sjtjfgn kjkagig kgegfgn hch.

Rjcufhs kjcygmgrh kgegfgn ajrtjkg @urcgfhsthe hch kgshn kjkjrfuegc pjcyjkpurcggc, tjrutgkg
 pgmg aglhgc hsh. Egkh kjcjrhkg sjlgfg ajctue erhthe mgc sgrgc pjkagig mjkh pjcyjkpurcggc
kgegfgn. Gpgahfg tjrmgpgt agcyge ejsgfgngc pgmg kgegfgn hch, egkh kjkonoc kggd.

Mjkhehgc ygcl mgpgt egkh sgkpghegc. Genhr egtg, sjkolg kgegfgn @urcgfhsthe hch mgpgt
 ajrkgcdggt.

sgfgku‘gfgheuk wgrgnkgtuffgnh wgagrgegtun 

\gssgfgku‘gfgheuk
\gs wgagrgegtun  

Kjmgc, : Gprhf 1217

Rjcufhs
1
 

MGD]GQ HYH

EG]G RJCLGC]GQ ..............................................

...................................................................................................
..........................................................1
.....1

MGD]GQ HYH.......................................................................................................................9

AGA H RJCMGNZFZGC

G.Fgtgr Ajfgegcl .................................................................................................................=

A. Qukusgc Kgsgfgn ...........................................................................................................:

I. ]u`ugc Rjcufhsgc .............................................................................................................:

AGA HH RJKAGNGYGC

G.Yj`grgn Rjrejkagclgc @urcgfhsthe ( Muchg Mgc Hcmocjshg ) ...........................................4

A. Kjmhg Ijtge ..................................................................................................................7=

I.Qgmho ....................................................................................................................12

M.]jfjvhsh ....................................................................................................................1=

J.Kjmhg Ocfhcj ..................................................................................................................99

AGA fff RJCZ]ZR

G. Ejshkpufgc ...................................................................................................................98

A.Ygrgc ....................................................................................................................=2

MGD]GQ RZY]GEG ....................................................................................................

............................................... ........................................................=7
...=7

9
 

AGA f

RJCMGNZFZGC

G.  Fgtgr Ajfgegcl

@urcgfhsthe ajrkufg sjehtgr 722 ’ ==
== YK pgmg kgsg pjkjrhctgngc Igyus @ufhus
Igjsgr mh Qokgwh. @ufhus Igjsgr mhjaut sjaglgh agpge pjrs. Rgmg kgsg htu tjrmgpgt
Doruk Qokgcuk gtgu pgpgc tufhs puthn uctue kjcygkpghegc gsphrgsh rgeygt mgc
hcdorkgsh ygcl ajrjmgr pgmg sggt htu mh pusgt eotg. Rgmg mgsgrcyg, `urcgfhsthe gmgfgn
ejlhgtgc kjcygkpghegc pjsgc, hcdorkgsh, gtgupuc ajrhtg, ygcl ejkumhgc mhejkagclegc
ofjn pgrg wgrtgwgc mgc `urcgfhs nhcllg sggt hch.
Doruk Qokgcuk mufu ajrhsh tjctgcl fgporgc-fgporgc shclegt ngshf ejputusgc mgrh
shmgcl sjcgt ygcl pgmg sggt htu mhtufhs ofjn pgrg aumge ygcl mhajrh tulgs ofjn pjkhfhecyg

uctue kjclukpufegc hcdorkgsh, `ulg kjclngmhrh shmgcl-shmgcl sjcgt mgc kjfgporegc

sjkug ngshfcyg sjigrg fhsgc kgupuc tufhsgc. ]u`ugccyg supgyg tugccyg sjfgfu kjclheuth
ej`gmhgc-ej`gmhgc mh eotg Qokg.
Mh Hcmocjshg pgmg gwgfcyg ajrhtg mhsgkpghegc kjfgfuh pjrgctgrg kufut ej kufut.
Ejkumhgc pjrejkagclgc `urcgfhsthe mh Hcmocjshg mhkufgh mgrh `gkgc pjc`g`gngc Ajfgcmg.
Muchg `urcgfhsthe Hcmocjshg mhaglh kjc`gmh thlg kgsg 0 @urcgfhsthe Eofochgf ygcl mhtgcmgh
mjclgc kuciuf surgt egagr Ajfgcmg ajrcgkg Agtgvhgsinj Couvjffjsm. @urcgfhsthe Inhcg
mhaugt ofjn orgcl ejturucgc ]hoclnog ygcl kjcjrahtegc surgt egagr sjaglgh kjmhg
 pjclnuaucl mgc pjkjrsgtu eguk ]hoclnog Hcmocjshg. Mgc @urcgfhsthe Cgshocgf ygcl
mhaugt ofjn gcge agclsg gsfh Hcmocjshg sjaglgh kjmhg pjr`ugclgc mgc gfgt pjrljrgegc
ejkjrmjeggc pgmg gagm ej-12.
Kjmhg kgssg sggt hch kjkhfheh agcyge ajctue sjpjrth kjmhg ijtge (eorgc, kg`gfgn,
 arosur, dfyjr), kjmhg jfjetroche (tjfjvhsh, rgmho, dhfk), mgc kjmhg ocfhcj. Kjmhg ocfhcj
gmgfgn ajctue kjmhg agru ygcl sjkgehc ajrejkagcl sjegrgcl, ygcl agnegc kjmhg ijtge
sjpjrth eorgc sumgn kuciuf mgfgk ajctue ocfhcj.
 Cgkuc sjpjrth ygcl mgpgt
mgp gt mhejtgnuh sjegrgcl hch mjclgc ejkuciufgc ajrhtg
aj rhtg ocfhcj, kgeg
 `urcgfhsthe ajrejkagcl mgrh wgetu ej wgetu. @urcgfhsthe kuciuf mgfgk ajctue sjmjrngcg

sjajfukyg. Mgc sj`grgn ejkuciufgccyg `urcgfhsthe auegc ajrgsgf mgrh Hcmocjshg.

=
 

A.  Qukusgc Kgsgfgn

Qukusgc Kgsgfgn mgrh kgegfgn tjctgcl sj`grgn Rjrejkagclgc @urcgfhsthe Muchg Mgc
Hcmocjshg Kjmhg Ijtge Qgmho ]jfjvhsh Mgc Kjmhg Ocfhcj gmgfgn sjaglh ajrheut 0
7.  Aglghkgcg sj`grgn pjrejkagclgc @urcgfhsthe mh muchg mgc mh Hcmocjshg?
1.  Gpgegn pjcljrthgc, egrgetjrhsthe mgc `jchs-`jchs mgrh kjmhg ijtge?
9.  Aglghkgcg sj`grgn mgc prosjs pjkajrhtggc kjmhg ijtge?
=.  Gpgegn pjcljrthgc, sj`grgn, egrgetjrhsthe, `jchs-`jchs mgc prhcshp pjcufhsgc kjmhg
rgmho?
:.  Gpgegn pjcljrthgc, egrgetjrhsthe, dorkgt, Rjcufhsgc mgc `jchs-`jchs kjmhg tjfjvhsh?
4.  Gpgegn pjcljrthgc, sj`grgn, egrgetjrhsthe, hsthfgn mgc prhcshp mgfgk kjmhg ocfhcj?

I.  ]u`ugc Kgsgfgn

7.  Zctue kjcljtgnuh sj`grgn Rjrejkagclgc @urcgfhsthe Muchg Mgc Hcmocjshg

1.  Zctue kjcljtgnuh pjcljrthgc, egrgetjrhsthe, mgc `jchs-`jchs mgrh kjmhg ijtge
9.  Zctue kjcljtgnuh sj`grgn mgc prosjs pjkajrhtggc kjmhg ijtge
=.  Zctue kjcljtgnuh pjcljrthgc, sj`grgn, egrgetjrhsthe, `jchs-`jchs mgc prhcshp pjcufhsgc
kjmhg rgmho
:.  Zctue kjcljtgnuh pjcljrthgc, egrgetjrhsthe dorkgt, Rjcufhsgc mgc `jchs-`jchs kjmhg
tjfjvhsh
4.  Zctue kjcljtgnuh pjcljrthgc, sj`grgn, egrgetjrhsthe, hsthfgn mgc prhcshp kjmhg ocfhcj

:
 

AGA HH

RJKAGNGYGC

G.  Yj`grgn Rjrejkagclgc @urcgfhsthe ( Muchg mgc Hcmocjshg )

g.  Muchg
Gwgf kufgcyg kuciuf `urcgfhsthe mgpgt mhejtgnuh mgrh ajraglgh fhtjrgtur tjctgcl
sj`grgn `urcgfhsthe sjcgcthgsg kjru`ue pgmg ‖Gitg Mhurcg‛ pgmg zgkgc Qokgwh Euco
kgsg pjkjrhctgngc eghsgr @ufhus Igjsgr (722-== YK).
‖Gitg Mhurcg‛, ygech pgpgc pjclukukgc (sj`jchs kg`gfgn mhcmhcl gtgu pgpgc
hcdorkgsh sjegrgcl), mhygehch sjaglgh promue `urcgfhsthe pjrtgkg5 pjrs, kjmhg kgssg,
gtgu surgt egagr ngrhgc pjrtgkg mh muchg. @ufhus Igjsgr puc mhsjaut sjaglgh ‖Agpge
Rjrs Muchg‛. 
Muchg‛. 
Yjajcgrcyg, Igjsgr ngcyg kjcjrusegc mgc kjcljkagclegc trgmhsh ygcl kuciuf
 pgmg pjrkufggc ajrmhrhcyg ejrg`ggc Qokgwh. Yggt htu, gtgs pjrhtgn Qg`g Hkgk Glucl,
sjlgfg ej`gmhgc pjcthcl mhigtgt pgmg ‖Gccgfs‛, ygech pgpgc tufhs ygcl mhlgctuclegc
mh sjrgkah rukgn. Igtgtgc pgmg pgpgc tufhs htu kjrupgegc pjkajrhtgnugc aglh sjthgp
orgcl ygcl fjwgt mgc kjkjrfuegccyg.
Yggt ajreugsg, @ufhus Igjsgr kjkjrhctgnegc glgr ngshf shmgcl mgc ejlhgtgc pgrg
gcllotg sjcgt sjthgp ngrh mhukukegc pgmg ‖Gitg Mhurcg‛. Mjkhehgc pufg ajrhtg
tjctgcl ej`gmhgc sjngrh-ngrh, pjrgturgc-pjrgturgc pjcthcl, sjrtg gpg ygcl pjrfu

mhsgkpghegc mgc mhejtgnuh rgeygtcyg. Rgpgc pjclukukgc htu mhtjkpjfegc gtgu

mhpgsgcl mh pusgt eotg ygcl mhsjaut ‖Doruk Qokgcuk‛ (Ytgmhoc Qokgwh) uctue
mhejtgnuh ofjn ukuk.
Ajrhtg mh ‖Gitg Mhurcg‛ ejkumhgc mhsjagrfugsegc. Yggt htufgn kuciuf pgrg
‖Mhurcgrhh‛, ygech orgcl-orgcl
orgcl-orgcl ygcl ajejr`g kjkaugt igtgtgc-igtgtgc tjctgcl ngshf
rgpgt sjcgt mgrh pgpgc ‖Gitg Mhurcg‛ htu sjthgp ngrh, uctue pgrg tugc tgcgn mgc pgrg
ngrtgwgc. Mgrh egtg ‖Gitg Mhurcg‛ hchfgn sjigrg ngrdhgn egtg `urcgfhsthe ajrgsgf ygech
egtg ‖Mhurcgf‛ mgfgk Agngsg Fgthc ajrgrth ‖ngrhgc‛ gtgu 
gtgu   ‖sjthgp ngrh.‛ Mhgmopsh ej
mgfgk agngsg Rrgcihs kjc`gmh ‖Mu @our‛ mgc agngsg Hcllrhs ‖@ourcgf‛ ygcl ajrgrth

4
 

‖ngrh‛, ‖igtgtgc ngrhgc‛, gtgu ‖fgporgc‛. Mgrh egtg ‖Mhurcgrhh‛ kuciuf egtg
‖Mhurcgfhs‛ mgc ‖@ourcgfhst‛ (wgrtgwgc). 
(wgrtgwgc).  
Mgfgk sj`grgn Hsfgk, sjpjrth mheuthp Eustgmh Yungcmgcl (122=), ihegf agegf
 `urcgfhsthe ygcl pjrtgkg egfh
e gfh mh muchg gmgfgn pgmg zgkgc Cgah Cun. Yggt agc`hr ajsgr
kjfgcmg egukcyg, Cgah Cun ajrgmg mh mgfgk egpgf ajsjrtg sgcge ejfugrlg, pgrg
 pjclheut ygcl sgfjn, mgc sjlgfg kgigk njwgc. Zctue kjcljtgnuh gpgegn ghr agn
sumgn surut, Cgah Cun kjclutus sjjeor aurucl mgrg ej fugr egpgf uctue kjkgctgu
ejgmggc ghr mgc ejkuclehcgc gmgcyg kgegcgc. Ygcl aurucl mgrg ngcyg kjfhngt
mguc mgc rgcthcl ponoc zghtuc ygcl tgkpge kuciuf ej pjrkueggc ghr. Qgcthcl htu
 puc mhpgtue mgc mhagwgcyg pufgcl ej egpgf. Cgah Cun puc ajrejshkpufgc ghr agn
sumgn kufgh surut. Egagr htu puc mhsgkpghegc ejpgmg sjfurun pjcukpgcl egpgf.
Gtgs mgsgr dgetg tjrsjaut, Cgah Cun mhgcllgp sjaglgh pjcigrh ajrhtg mgc pjcyhgr
egagr (wgrtgwgc) pjrtgkg egfh mh muchg. Egpgf Cgah Cun puc mhsjaut sjaglgh egctor

 ajrhtg pjrtgkg mh muchg.

➡  KGYG RJQEJKAGCLGCCXG

Ejlhgtgc pjcyjagrgc hcdorkgsh kjfgfuh tufhs-kjcufhs kgehc kjfugs pgmg kgsg

 pjrgmgagc Kjshr, ejtheg kgsygrgegtcyg kjcjkuegc tjnche pjkaugtgc ejrtgs mgrh
sjrgt tukaungc ygcl ajrcgkg ‖Rngpyrus‛. 
‖Rngpyrus‛.  
Rgmg gagm > K., tjpgtcyg tgnuc 877 K, mh Ihcg kuciuf surgt egagr ijtge pjrtgkg
mjclgc cgkg ‖Ehcl Rgu‛ gtgu ]inhcl-
]inhcl- pgo,
 pgo, grthcyg ‖Egagr mgrh Hstgcg‛. ]gnuc 79:7
K, Eghsgr Wugcl Yoo kjcljmgregc surgt egagr htu sjigrg tjrgtur sjkhcllu sjegfh.
Rjcyjagrgc hcdorkgsh tjrtufhs kg`u sgclgt pjsgt sj`ge kjshc ijtge mhtjkuegc ofjn
@ongc Luttjcajrl pgmg 7=:2. Eorgc ijtgegc ygcl ajrajctue sjpjrth sjegrgcl hch
kuciuf pjrtgkg egfhcyg pgmg 7=:< mh Curjcajrl, @jrkgc. Ygfgn sgtu pjrhsthwg ajsgr
ygcl pjrtgkg egfh mhajrhtgegc sjigrg fugs mh surgtegagr gmgfgn pjclukukgc ngshf
jespjmhsh Inrhstopjr Iofukaus ej Ajcug Gkjrheg pgmg 7=89.
7= 89.
Rjfopor surgt egagr sjaglgh kjmhg ajrhtg pjrtgkg ygcl ajrcgkg ‖Lgzjttg‛ fgnhr mh
Tjcjshg, Htgfhg, tgnuc 7:94 K. Yggt htu Qjpuafhe Tjcjshg sjmgcl pjrgcl kjfgwgc
Yuftgc Yufghkgc. Rgmg gwgfcyg surgt egagr hch mhtufhs tgclgc mgc pgrg pjmglgcl
 pjcuegr ugcl mh Qhgfto kjcufhscyg mgc kjc`ugfcyg mjclgc kurgn, tgph ejkumhgc

surgt egagr hch mhijtge. Yurgt egagr ijtge ygcl pjrtgkg egfh tjraht tjrgtur sjthgp ngrh
<
 

gmgfgn Oxdorm Lgzzjtj mh Hcllrhs tgnuc 744: K. Yurgt egagr hch ejkumhgc ajrlgcth
cgkg kjc`gmh Focmoc Lgzzjttj mgc ejtheg Njcry Kummhkgc kjc`gmh jmhtorcyg
kjcllucgegc hsthfgn ‖Cjwspgpjr‛. Mh Gkjrheg
uctue pjrtgkg sjegfh mhg tjfgn kjcllucgegc
Yjrhegt hfku pjrsurgtegagrgc kufgh ajrejkagcl sj`ge tgnuc 7482 K mjclgc hsthfgn
‖@ourcgfhsk‛. Yggt htu tjraht surgt egagr mgfgk ajctue ygcl komjrc, Ruafhie
Oiiurjcijs Aotn Dorjhlc gcm Mokjsthie, mh Aostoc ygcl mhkotorh ofjn Ajc`gkhc
Ngrrhs.
Rgmg Gagm ej-7<, mh Hcllrhs eguk agclsgwgc ukukcyg kjkhfheh pjcufhs-pjcufhs
ygcl kjkaugt ajrhtg uctue ejpjcthclgc sgcl agclsgwgc. Rgrg pjcufhs htu
kjkautunegc supfgh ajrhtg. Orlgchsgsh pjkgsoe ajrhtg (shcmhegt wgrtgwgc gtgu
 pjcufhs) ajrkuciufgc ajrsgkg kgrgecyg `ukfgn eorgc ygcl mhtjrahtegc. Rgmg sggt
ygcl sgkg eorgc-eorgc jespjrhkjctgf, ygcl auegc ajrgsgf mgrh eguk agclsgwgc,
kufgh pufg mhtjrahtegc pgmg Gagm ej-7< htu, tjrutgkg mh Rrgcihs.Rgmg gagm ej-7< pufg,

@onc Khftoc kjkhkphc pjr`ugclgc ejajagsgc kjcygtgegc pjcmgpgt mh Hcllrhs ygcl

tjrejcgf mjclgc Grjopglhthig, G Mjdjcij od Zcfhijcijm Rrhcthcl. Yj`ge sggt htu
 `urcgfhsthe auegc sg`g kjcyhgregc ajrhtg (to hcdork), tjtgph `ulg kjkpjclgrunh
 pjkjrhctgn mgc kgsygrgegt (to hcdfujcij).
Mh Zchvjrshtgs Agzjf, Ywhss `urcgfhsthe uctue pjrtgkg egfh mheg`h sjigrg gegmjkhs
ofjn Egrf Auinjr (7>=<  ’   7892) mgc Kgx \jajr (7>4=  ’   7812) mjclgc cgkg
Pjhtuclseucmj tgnuc 7>>= K. Yjmgclegc mh Gkjrheg kufgh mhaueg Yinoof od
@ourcgfhsk mh Iofukahg Zchvjrshty pgmg tgnuc 7871 K/7879 K mjclgc
(7>=< ’  7877).
 pjcllglgscyg ajrcgkg @osjpn Rufhtzjr (7>=< ’  7877).
Rgmg Gagm ej-7>, `urcgfhskj fjahn kjrupgegc ahschs mgc gfgt pofhthe ejthkagcl
sjaugn prodjsh. Eokjctgr-eokjctgr tjctgcl pofhthe, khsgfcyg, sumgn ajrkuciufgc
 pgmg kgsg hch. Mjkhehgc pufg ejtrgkphfgc mjsghc/pjrwg`gngc kufgh ajrejkagcl
mjclgc ehgc kg`ucyg tjeche pjrijtgegc. Rgmg gagm hch `ulg pjrejkagclgc `urcgfhskj
kufgh mhwgrcgh pjr`ugclgc pgc`gcl ejajagsgc pjrs gctgrg wgrtgwgc mgc pjclugsg.
Rjrs Gkjrheg mgc Jropg ajrngshf kjcyhclehregc agtu-agtu sgcmuclgc sjcsorshp pgmg
genhr Gagm ej-7> mgc kjkgsueh jrg `urcgfhskj komjrc sjpjrth ygcl ehtg ejcgf
sjegrgcl.

>
 

Rjrijrghgc gctgrg `urcgfhskj mgc pofhthe tjr`gmh pgmg sjehtgr 7>1:-gc, sjnhcllg
wg`gn `urcgfhskj sjcmhrh kjc`gmh fjahn `jfgs0 hcmjpjcmjc mgc ajrwhagwg. Yj`ukfgn
 `urcgfhs ygcl kuciuf pgmg
p gmg gagm htu agnegc fjahn ajrpjclgrun
ajrpjclg run ejthkagcl toeon-toeon
toeon -toeon
 pofhthe gtgu pjkjrhctgngc. @gmhfgn `urcgfhskj sjaglgh ajctue prodjsh ygcl kgcmhrh
mgc igagcl ahschs agru.
Rgmg pjrtjclgngc 7>22-gc kufgh ajrejkagcl orlgchsgsh egctor ajrhtg ygcl
 ajrduclsh kjclukpufegc ajraglgh ajrhtg mgc tufhsgc uctue mhmhstrhaushegc ej
 ajraglgh pjcjraht surgt egagr mgc kg`gfgn. Egctor ajrhtg pjfopor ygcl kgshn
 ajropjrgsh nhcllg ehch gctgrg fghc Gssoihgtjm Rrjss (GY), Qjutjrs (Hcllrhs), mgc
Gljcij-Drgcij Rrjssj (Rrgcihs). ]gnuc 7>22-gc `ulg mhtgcmgh mjclgc kuciufcyg
hsthfgn Xjffow @ourcgfhsk (`urcgfhskj euchcl), sjaugn hsthfgn uctue ‖pjrtjkpurgc
njgmfhcj‛ gctgrg mug eorgc ajsgr mh Eotg Cjw Xore. Ygtu mhkhfheh ofjn @osjpn
Rufhtzjr mgc sgtu fglh mhkhfheh ofjn \hffhgk Qgcmofpn Njgrst.

Ihrh engs ‖`urcgfhskj euchcl‛ gmgfgn pjkajrhtggccyg ygcl aokagsths, sjcsgshocgf,

mgc pjkugtgc `umuf utgkg ygcl kjcgrhe pjrngthgc puafhe. ]u`ugccyg ngcyg sgtu0
kjchclegtegc pjc`ugfgc! Cgkuc, `urcgfhskj euchcl thmge ajrtgngc fgkg, sjhrhcl
mjclgc kuciufcyg ejsgmgrgc `urcgfhskj sjaglgh prodjsh. Yjaglgh igtgtgc, surgt egagr
ljcjrgsh pjrtgkg mh GY gwgfcyg kjkgcl pgrthsgc, sjrtg mjclgc kumgn kjcyjrgcl
 pofhthsh mgc prjshmjc, tgcpg pjkajrhtggc ygcl oa`jethd mgc ajrhkagcl. Cgkuc, pgrg
wgrtgwgccyg ejkumhgc kjkhfheh ejsgmgrgc agnwg ajrhtg ygcl kjrjeg tufhs uctue
 puafhe ngrusfgn kjkhfheh pjrtgcllucl`gwgagc soshgf.
Ejsgmgrgc gegc `urcgfhskj ygcl prodjshocgf kjcmorocl pgrg wgrtgwgc uctue
kjkajctue orlgchsgsh prodjsh kjrjeg sjcmhrh. Orlgchsgsh prodjsh wgrtgwgc pjrtgkg
egfh mhmhrhegc mh Hcllrhs pgmg 7>>9, ygcl mhheuth ofjn wgrtgwgc mh cjlgrg-cjlgrg fghc
 pgmg kgsg ajrheutcyg. Eursus-eursus `urcgfhskj puc kufgh agcyge mhsjfjcllgrgegc
mh ajraglgh uchvjrshtgs, ygcl ejkumhgc kjfgnhregc eocsjp-eocsjp sjpjrth
 pjkajrhtggc ygcl thmge ahgs mgc mgpgt mhpjrtgcllucl`gwgaegc, sjaglgh stgcmgr
eugfhtgs aglh `urcgfhskj prodjshocgf.
➡  ]jecofolh Hcdorkgsh
Ejlhgtgc `urcgfhskj tjreght jrgt mjclgc pjrejkagclgc tjecofolh puafhegsh mgc

hcdorkgsh. Rgmg kgsg gctgrg tgnuc 7>>2-7822, tjrmgpgt ajraglgh ejkg`ugc mgfgk
8
 

 puafhegsh `urcgfhsthe. Xgcl pgfhcl kjcoc`of gmgfgn kufgh mhlucgegccyg kjshc ijtge
ijpgt, sjnhcllg mjgmfhcj pjcufhsgc ajrhtg ahsg mhtucmg nhcllg kgfgk ngrh mgc kufgh
kuciufcyg doto mh surgt egagr.
Rgmg 7>89 uctue pjrtgkg egfhcyg surgt-surgt egagr mh GY kjcllucgegc thctg
wgrcg uctue eokhe mgc ajajrgpg aglhgc mh eorgc jmhsh Khcllu. Rgmg 7>88 kufgh
mhlucgegc tjecofolh kjrjegk ej mgfgk phtg, wgfgupuc ajfuk agcyge mhlucgegc ofjn
egfgclgc `urcgfhs sggt htu. Rgmg 7812-gc, surgt egagr mgc kg`gfgn kjcmgpgtegc
 pjsghcl agru mgfgk pjkajrhtggc, mjclgc kgrgecyg rgmho ajrhtg. Cgkuc mjkhehgc,
kjmhg ijtge thmge sgkpgh ejnhfgclgc pjkagigcyg, egrjcg ajrhtg ygcl mhshgregc rgmho
fjahn shclegt mgc shdgtcyg sjehfgs. Agru pgmg 78:2-gc pjrngthgc kgsygrgegt sjmheht
tjrgfhnegc mjclgc kuciufcyg tjfjvhsh. Rjrejkagclgc tjecofolh eokputjr ygcl
sgclgt pjsgt pgmg jrg 78<2-78>2 `ulg heut kjcluagn igrg mgc prosjs promuesh ajrhtg.
Yjfghc mjgmfhcj ahsg mhucmur sjpgc`gcl kuclehc, prosjs ijtge, iopy ijtge ygcl ahsg

mhfgeuegc sjigrg kgsshd, pjrwg`gngc, nhcllg hefgc, mgc kgrejthcl kjclgfgkh

 pjruagngc sgclgt ajsgr mjclgc pjcllucggc eokputjr
eokpu tjr mh hcmustrh kjmhg kgssg.
Kjkgsueh jrg 7882-gc, pjcllucggc tjecofolh eokputjr thmge tjragtgs mh rugcl
rjmgesh sg`g. Yjkgehc igcllhncyg tjecofolh eokputjr cotjaooe ygcl sumgn
mhfjclegph komjk mgc tjecofolh whrjfjss, sjrtg gesjs pjclhrhkgc ajrhtg tjes, doto,
mgc vhmjo kjfgfuh hctjrcjt gtgu vhg sgtjfht, tjfgn kjkumgnegc wgrtgwgc ygcl kjfhput
mh kjmgc pgfhcl sufht sjegfhpuc. Yjfghc htu, pgmg jrg hch `ulg kuciuf kjmhg `urcgfhsthe
kufthkjmhg. Rjrusgnggc-pjrusgnggc kjmhg rgesgsg sumgn kjrgkagn ajraglgh sjlkjc
 pgsgr mgc pjkagig ajrhtg. ]hmge ngcyg ahschs kjmhg ijtge, rgmho, mgc tjfjvhsh ygcl
kjrjeg `gfgcegc, tgph `ulg muchg hctjrcjt, mjclgc spgij hefgc ygcl tge egfgn fugscyg.
Yjthgp pjclusgng kjmhg mgc egctor ajrhtg `ulg mhtuctut uctue `ulg kjkhfheh kjmhg
hctjrcjt hch glgr thmge egfgn ajrsghcl mgc mjkh kjcyjagrfugsegc ajrhtgcyg ej
 ajraglgh egfgclgc. Yjthgp kjmhg ijtge gtgu jfjetroche tjrcgkg pgsth kjkhfheh shtus
 ajrhtg mh hctjrcjt, ygcl upmgthcl mgtgcyg ahsg mgfgk nhtuclgc kjcht. Gmg `ulg ygcl
kgshn kjcyg`hegc jmhsh hctjrcjtcyg sgkg pjrshs mjclgc jmhsh ijtge.
Yjmgclegc pgmg tgnuc 1222-gc kuciuf shtus-shtus prhagmh ygcl `ulg kjkugt
fgporgc `urcgfhsthe pjkhfhecyg. Hsthfgn uctue shtus prhagmh hch gmgfgn wjafol mgc sjrhcl

mhshclegt kjc`gmh afol sg`g.Kjkgcl thmge sjkug afol ajrhshegc fgporgc `urcgfhsthe.
72
 

]gph agcyge ygcl kjkgcl ajrhsh fgporgc `urcgfhsthe ajrkutu. Yjchor Jmhtor Ocfhcj
@ourcgfhsk Qjvhjw, @.M Fgshig pjrcgn kjcufhs agnwg afol kjrupgegc sgfgn sgtu
 ajctue `urcgfhskj mgc ahsg mh`gmhegc sukajr uctue ajrhtg.

a.  Hcmocjshg
Yjpjrth ngfcyg mh cjlgrg - cjlgrg fghc mh muchg, `urcgfhshe mh Hcmocjshg mh
 pjclgrunh ofjn shstjk pjkjrhctgngc ygcl ajrlgcth - lgcth. Mh Hcmocjshg pjrs kufgh
mhejcgf pgmg gagm 7>, tjpgtcyg pgmg tgnuc 7<==, ejtheg surgt egagr
 ajrcgkg ‛Agtgvhgsinj Couvjffjs‛ mhtjrahtegc mjclgc pjclusgnggc orgcl-orgcl
orgcl-orgcl
Ajfgcmg. Rgmg tgnuc 7<<4 tjraht mh @gegrtg `ulg ‛Tjcmu Chjws‛ ygcl kjclutgkgegc
mhrh pgmg ajrhtg pjfjfgclgc. Ejtheg kjclhc`ge gagm 78 tjraht ajraglgh surgt egagr
fghcyg ygcl ejsjkugcyg mhusgngegc ofjn orgcl-orgcl ajfgcmg uctue pjkagig-
 pjkagig orgcl-orgcl ajfgcmg gtgu agclsg prhaukh ygcl kjcljrth agngsg Ajfgcmg

ygcl pgmg ukukcyg kjrupgegc sjejfokpoe ejihf sg`g.

Yurgt egagr ygcl pjrtgkg uctue eguk prhaukh mhkufgh pgmg tgnuc 7>:= ejtheg
kg`gfgn " Ahgclfgfg ' mhtjrahtegc 5 mhsusuf ofjn " Arokgtgch " pgmg tgnuc 7>>:,
ejmugcyg - ejmugcyg mh \jftjvrjmjc, mgc pgmg tgnuc 7>:4 " Yojrgt Egagr Agngsg
Kjfg`oj " mh Yurgagyg.
Yj`ge htu ajrkuciuffgn ajraglgh surgt egagr mjclgc pjkajrhtggc cyg ajrshdgt
hcdorkgthd, sjsugh mjclgc shtugsh mgc eocmhsh pgmg zgkgc pjc`g`gngc htu. Mh Hcmocjshg,
 pjrejkagclgc ejlhgtgc `urcgfhsthe mhgwgfh ofjn Ajfgcmg. Ajajrgpg pj`ugcl
ejkjrmjeggc Hcmocjshg puc kjcllucgegc `urcgfhskj sjaglgh gfgt pjr`ugclgc. Mh jrg-
jrg hchfgn Ahctgcl ]hkur, Ahctgcl Agrgt, @gvg Aomj, Kjmgc Rrh`g`h, mgc @gvg Aomj
tjraht.
Rgmg kgsg pjcmumuegc @jpgcl kjclgkahf gfhn ejeugsggc, eorgc-eorgc hch mhfgrgcl.
Gegc tjtgph pgmg genhrcyg gmg fhkg kjmhg ygcl kjcmgpgt hzhc tjraht0 Gshg Qg`g,
]`gng`g, Yhcgr Agru, Yhcgr Kgtgngrh, mgc Yugrg Gshg.
Yjmgclegc sj`grgn pjrs pgmg gagm 12 mhtgcmgh mjclgc kuciufcyg eorgc khfhe
 agclsg Hcmocjshg. Komgf mgrh agclsg Hcmocjshg mgc uctue agclsg Hcmocjshg ygech "
Kjmgc Rrh`g`h " ygcl tjraht mh Agcmucl. Kjmgc Rrh`g`h ygcl mhkhfheh mgc mhejfofg ofjn

]hrto Ngmhsurm`o gfhgs Qgmjc Kgs M`oeokoco hch pgmg kufgcyg, ygech tgnuc 782<
77
 

 ajrajctue khcllugc ejkumhgc pgmg tgnuc 7872 mhuagn kjc`gmh ngrhgc. ]hrto
Ngmhsurm`o hch mhgcllgp sjaglgh pjfopor ygcl kjfjtgeegc mgsgr `urcgfhsthe komjrc mh
Hcmocjshg, aghe mgfgk igrg pjkajrhtggc, pjkugtgc egrgclgc, hefgc mgc fghc - fghc.

Mhthc`gu mgrh sumut `urcgfhsthe, sgfgn sjorgcl toeon ajrcgkg Mr. Gamojf Qhvgh
mhgcllgp sjaglgh wgrtgwgc ygcl pgfhcl tjrejcgf egrjcg tufhsgccyg ygcl tg`gk mgc
 pjmgs tjrngmgp eofochgfhskj Ajfgcmg. Ofjn Gmhcjloro, Mr. Qhvgh mhajrh `ufuegc "
Agpge @urcgfhsthe Hcmocjshg ", mgc mhgeuh ofjn sjkug wgrtgwgc pgmg wgetu htu
sjaglgh eofukchs Hcmocjshg ygcl pjrtgkg.
Yjhrhcl jrg Qjdorkgsh ygcl mheukgcmgclegc mgrh Ygagcl sgkpgh Kjrguej ofjn
 pgrg Qjdorkhs, kjcllgcthegc
kjc llgcthegc jrg totgfhtjrhskj Yojngrto,
Y ojngrto, kgeg muchg `urcgfhskj ehtg
kjcmgpgtegc gclhc sjlgr mgfgk kjcygkpghegc hcdorkgsh ejpgmg engfgyge ukuk
tgcpg tgeut gmgcyg gcigkgc pjkarjmjfgc.

]ge eurgcl mgrh 91 tgnuc muchg `urcgfhskj ehtg kgcmuf mgc ngrus ajrduclsh
sjaglgh iorocl pjkjrhctgngc Ormj Agru ygcl `gun mgrh hmjgfhskj pjrs sjaglgh
eoctrof soshgf. Agnegc sj`ge genhr kgsg ejeugsggc Yojegrco (ormj fgkg), puc muchg
 `urcgfhskj ehtg tjfgn mhgrgnegc kjc`gmh iorocl pjkjrhctgngc. Mh jrg ormj fgkg,
hcsthtushocgfhskj pjrs ygcl ajrejkagcl gmgfgn aglghkgcg sjaugn fjkaglg pjcjraht
 pjrs mgpgt kjfhagtegc mhrh mgfgk pjrtjctgclgc gctgr pgrtgh. Kgshcl-kgshcl kjmhg
ijtge ajrduclsh sjaglgh iorocl pjr`ugclgc pgrtgh-pgrtgh pjsjrtg pjkhfu 78::.
Ajajrgpg pgrtgh sjpjrth RCH kjkpucygh Yufun Hcmocjshg, Kgsyukh kjkpucygh
Gagmh, CZ kjkpucygh Mutg Kgsygrgegt, RYH kjkpucygh Rjmokgc mgc REH
kjkpucygh Ngrhgc Qgeygt. @gmh duclsh kjmhg mh jrg Ormj Fgkg tge fghc sjaglgh
kjmhg pjr`ugclgc pgrtghcyg kgshcl-kgshcl.
Yj`ge pjcigautgc pjclgturgc kjcljcgh YHZRR mgc ejajagsgc pjcyg`hgc ajrhtg
sjrtg hcdorkgsh mh ajraglgh ajctue pgmg tgnuc 7888 mhsgnegc ZZ Rjrs Co =2/7888.
Kufgh sggt htu muchg `urcgfhskj ehtg fjpgs mgrh pjkgsuclgc ygcl sjfgkg genhr kgsg
Ormj fgkg mgc ormj agru kjc`jrgt mjkoergthsgsh pjrs ehtg. ]ge fgkg ejkumhgc mgfgk
kjrgygegc ejkjcgclgc shstjk mjkoergsh kuciuf ajraglgh kgigk rhaugc kjmhg
kgssg aghe ijtge kgupuc jfjetroche ygcl tge tjrajcmucl fglh kjkajrhegc wgrcg

ejajagsgc mgfgk muchg `urcgfhskj ehtg.

71
 

 Cgkuc lglgsgc otocokh pjrs sjfgkg hch mhsgfgntgdshregc kjc`gmh ejajagsgc

ej ajagsgc pjrs
ygcl tgcpg agtgs jtheg. Agnegc njkgt sgyg, ejajagsgc pjrs mh jrg Qjdorkgsh tjfgn
 `gun kjchcllgfegc eomj jthe `urcgfhsthe mgc fjahn fhajrgf mgrh pjrs Gkjrheg ygcl
kjclgcut pgngk fjajrgfhskj pjrs sjegfhpuc. Ngf htu tjrfhngt mgrh ajajrgpg kjmhg pjrs
ehtg ygcl kjcyjagregc ajrhtg kjclgrgn ej muchg porcolrgdh, erhkhcgf, ejejrgsgc
sjrtg kjclgaghegc chfgh-chfgh pjr`ugclgc ejkgcushggc. Kjclhclgt sjsugh mjclgc ZZ
 Co =2 ]gnuc 7888 tjctgcl pjrs sjigrg tjlgs sjaglgh ejmgufgtgc rgeygt, mgc ajrduclsh
sjaglgh kjmhg hcdorkgsh, pjcmhmhegc, nhaurgc, mgc eoctrof soshgf.
AGLGHKGCG mjclgc mh Hcmocjshg? ]oeon pjrs cgshocgf, Yojaglh`o Hfngk
 Cotomhm`o`o mgfgk aueucyg ‖R\H mh Grjcg Kgsg‛ (788>) kjcufhs, ]hrtongmhsojr`o
gtgu Qgmjc M`oeokoco (7><:-787>), pjcmhrh khcllugc Kjmgc Rrhygyh ygcl sj`ge
7872 ajrejkagcl `gmh ngrhgc, sjaglgh pjkrgegrsg pjrs cgshocgf. Grthcyg, mhgfgn ygcl
 pjrtgkg egfh kjcmhrhegc pjcjrahtgc ygcl mhkomgfh komgf
komg f cgshocgf mgc pjkhkphccyg
pj khkphccyg

orgcl Hcmocjshg.
Mgfgk pjrejkagclgc sjfgc`utcyg, pjrs Hcmocjshg kjc`gmh sgfgn sgtu gfgt
 pjr`ugclgc ejkjrmjeggc
ejkj rmjeggc agclsg hch. Ngrygmh Yugmh
Yugm h kjcyjautegc,
kjcyj autegc, sgfgn sgtu dgshfhtgs
ygcl pjrtgkg egfh mhrjaut pgmg kgsg gwgf ejkjrmjeggc gmgfgn dgshfhtgs pjrijtgegc
khfhe pjrusgnggc eorgc @jpgcl sjpjrth Yojgrg Gshg (Yurgagyg), ]`gng`g (Agcmucl),
mgc Yhcgr Agroj (Yjkgrgcl) (‖RQ‛, 19 Glustus 122=). 
122=). 
Kjcurut Ngrygmh, eocmhsh pjrs Hcmocjshg sjkgehc kjclugt pgmg genhr 78=:
mjclgc tjrahtcyg ajajrgpg eorgc ygcl kjkpropglgcmgegc ejkjrmjeggc Hcmocjshg
sjpjrth, Yojgrg Kjrmjeg (Agcmucl), Ajrhtg Hcmocjshg (@gegrtg), mgc ]nj Tohij od
Drjj Hcmocjshg.
Yjpjrth `ulg mh ajfgngc muchg fghc, pjrs Hcmocjshg mhwgrcgh mjclgc gesh
 pjkauclegkgc nhcllg pjkarjmjfgc. Ngrygmh Yugmh
Yug mh kjcigtgt, pjkajrjmjfgc pjrtgkg
sj`ge ejkjrmjeggc tjr`gmh pgmg genhr 78=2-gc. ]jrigtgt ajajrgpg eorgc mgrh phnge
Droct Mjkoergsh Qgeygt (DMQ) ygcl mhgcllgp ajrngfugc ehrh sjpjrth Rgtrhot, Aurun,
mgc Yugrg Hau Eotg mharjmjf pjkjrhctgn. Yjagfhecyg, phnge DMQ kjkagfgs mjclgc
kjkauclegk eorgc Gph Qge`gt ygcl kjcyugrgegc ejpjcthclgc Droct Cgshocgf.
Yjkjctgrg htu phnge khfhtjr puc tjfgn kjkajrjmjf Yugrg Qge`gt mjclgc gfgsgc tjrfgfu

 agcyge kjclerhthe phngecyg.

79
 

@urcgfhskj euchcl puc sjkpgt kjwgrcgh muchg pjrs Hcmocjshg, tjrutgkg sjtjfgn
Yojngrto fjclsjr mgrh eursh prjshmjc. @umuf mgc ajrhtg ygcl aokagsths kjwgrcgh
ngfgkgc-ngfgkgc kueg eorgc-eorgc mgc kg`gfgn-kg`gfgn agru. Cgkuc tgkpgecyg,
 `urcgfhskj euchcl mh Hcmocjshg ajfuk sjpjcuncyg pumgr. ]jraueth nhcllg sggt hch
kgshn gmg eorgc-eorgc ygcl kgshn kjcyulunegc pjkajrhtggc sjcsgshocgf sjkgigk
htu.

A.  Kjmhg Ijtge

g.  Rjcljrthgc @urcgfhsthe Ijtge
@urcgfhsthe ijtge gmgfgn `urcgfhskj ygcl mhprgetheegc mh kjmhg ijtge eorgc,
tgafohm, mgc kg`gfgn. Ioffhc Mhithocgry kjclgrthegc `ucgfhskj ijtge sjaglgh ‖prodjsh
gtgu prgethe pjfgporgc, pjkotrjtgc, gtgu pjcyucthclgc ajrhtg uctue surgt egagr gtgu
kg`gfgn‛ (tnj prodjsshoc or prgithij 
prgithij   od rjporthcl gaout, pnotolrgpnhcl, or jmhthcl cjws

storhjs dor cjwspgpjrs or kglgzhcjs). @urcgfhsthe ijtge kjcyg`hegc ajrhtg gtgu hcdorkgsh
mgfgk ajctue tjes (tufhsgc) mgc lgkagr (doto) mh kjmhg
kjm hg ijtge.
Rjclgrun Kjmhg Yoshgf pgmg @urcgfhstheRjcljrthgc @urcgfhsthe sjigrg Agngsg mgc
HsthfgnRjcljrthgc mgc Rjrajmggc @urcgfhsthe, Kjmhg, Rjrs Rjcufhsgc ajrhtg mgfgk
 `urcgfhskj ijtge kjcllucgegc lgyg agngsg `urcgfhsthe ygcl ejtgt egrjcg ejtjragtgsgc
eofok gtgu ngfgkgc. Rjcllucggc pofg phrgkhmg tjragfhe, yghtu kjclutgkgegc dgetg
tjrpjcthcl mh aglhgc gwgf tufhsgc, kjc`gmh ihrh engs ajrhtg `urcgfhskj ijtge.

a.  Yj`grgn @urcgfhsthe Ijtge

Eorgc gtgu surgt egagr pjrtgkg ygcl mhtjrahtegc sjigrg tjrgtur gmgfgn ]nj Mghfy
Iourgct ygcl mhtjrahtegc mh Hcllrhs pgmg 7<21. Rrgethe `urcgfhsthe ijtge pjrtgkg mgfgk
sj`grgn `urcgfhsthe tjr`gmh pgmg zgkgc Qokgwh Euco, kgsg pjkjrhctgngc @ufhus Igjsgr,
sjehtgr gagm :8-42 Yjajfhk Kgsjnh (YK). Yggt htu fgnhr kjmhg kgssg pjrtgkg ajrupg
 pgpgc pjclukukgc sjkgigk eorgc ygcl mhsjaut Gitg Mhurcg (Mghfy Git). Mgfgk
 agngsg Fgthc, Gitg Mhurcg grthcyg ‖Igtgtgc Ngrhgc‛, egmgcl mhtjr`jkgnegc kjc`gmh
‖Igtgtgc Ruafhe Ngrhgc‛. Rgpgc pjclukukgc hch kjrupgegc uehrgc agtu gtgu folgk
ygcl ajrhsh ajrhtg puafhe mgc mhpgkjregc mh Doruk Qokgwh.

7=
 

Hshcyg gwgfcyg ajrupg igtgtgc prosjs mgc ejputusgc nueuk. Cgkuc genhrcyg
 ajrejkagcl kjc`gmh pjkajrhtgnugc puafhe mgc hcdorkgsh ajrlucg fghccyg, khsgfcyg
ejfgnhrgc, pjregwhcgc, mgc ejkgthgc mgrh ejfugrlg tjrpgcmgcl. Yjtjfgn ajajrgpg ngrh,
 pgpgc tjrsjaut mhturucegc mgc mhgrshpegc.
@g‘dgr Gssjlgd mgfgk aueu @urcgfhsthe Kgsg Ehch (@gegrtg0 Lgfhg Hcmocjshg, 7887)
kjcyjautegc Gitg Mhurcg sjaglgh ihegf-agegf hsthfgn `urcgfhsthe. Gitg Mhurcg ygcl
mhfjtgeegc mh Doruk Qokgcuk (Ytgmhoc Qokgwh) mh pusgt eotg uctue mhejtgnuh ofjn
ukuk, ajrhsh hcdorkgsh gtgu ajrhtg-ajrhtg mgc pjclukukgc, sjpjrth ejfgnhrgc, ejkgthgc,
mgc pjrchegngc. @ufhus Igjsgr, sjaglgh pjcllglgs Gitg Mhurcg, mhsjaut ‖Agpge Rjrs
Muchg‛. Kjseh igtgtgc sj`grgn `ulg kjcuc`ueegc, @ufhus Igjsgr sjajcgrcyg ‖ngcyg‛
kjfgc`utegc trgmhsh ygcl kuciuf pgmg pjrkufggc ajrmhrhcyg ejrg`ggc Qokgwh yghtu
kjmhg hcdorkgsh ygcl mhsjaut Gccgfs . Mgfgk agngsg Hcllrhs, gccgfs grthcyg ‖igtgtgc
sj`grgn‛.  
sj`grgn‛.

i.  Egrgetjrhsthe @urcgfhsthe Ijtge

Egrgetjr utgkg `urcgfhsthe ijtge gmgfgn ajrhtg mhpuafhegshegc kjfgfuh kjmhg ijtge
(prhctjm kjmhg). Egrgetjrhsthe fghccyg sjaglgh ajrheut0
7.  @urcgfhsthe ijtge kjfgfuh prosjs pgc`gcl, kjfhputh pjfhputgc, pjcufhsgc, pjcyucthclgc,
fgyout, mgc pjrijtgegc.
1.  Kjfhagtegc tgtg fjtge (fgyout), mjsghc lrgdhs, mgc pjrwg`gngc (iovjr).
9.  Ajrhtg mhsjagrfugsegc mgc ajrfgeu mgfgk sjngrh.
=.  Ngrlg eorgc ahgsgcyg turuc sggt sorj mgc kgfgk ngrh.
:.  Yjrhcl tjr`gmh sgfgn ijtge gtgu sgfgn ejthe sjnhcllg gmg rgfgt mh jmhsh ajrheutcyg.
4.  Kjkhfheh ajrhtg utgkg (njgmfhcj) ygcl mhtgkphfegc sjigrg kjcoc`of mh ngfgkgc
mjpgc (iovjr).
<.  Kjcyg`hegc ajrhtg gtgu hcdorkgsh mgfgk ajctue tjes (tufhsgc) mgc lgkagr (doto).
>.  @ukfgn ajrhtg mhagtgsh eofok mgc ngfgkgc.
8.  Kjcllucgegc agngsg `urcgfhsthe sjigrg ejtgt egrjcg ejtjragtgsgc rugcl (ngfgkgc).
72. Kjcljcgf tjcllgt wgetu (mjgmfhcj) ahgsgcyg kgfgk ngrh egrjcg ngrus sjljrg ijtge
sjajfuk pglh.

7:
 

m.  Rrosjs Rjkajrhtggc

Rrosjs ejr`g rjmgesh kjmhg ijtge kjfhputh Cjws Rroijsshcl sjaglgh ajrheut0
g.   Cjws Rfgchcl ; rgpgt rjmgesh, pjrjcigcggc hsh & pjfhputgc
 a.   Cjws Lgtnjrhcl/Nucthcl ; pjfhputgc, wgwgcigrg, rhsjt mgtg
i.   Cjws \rhthcl ; pjcufhsgc, pjcyusucgc cgsegn/tufhsgc
m.   Cjws Jmhthcl ; pjcyucthclgc cgsegn
j.   Cjws Fgyouthcl ; tgtg tjfge, sjtthcl, mjsghc lrgdhs, pjrwg`gngc
d.   Cjws Rrhcthcl ; prosjs ijtge.
l.   Cjws Fgyouthcl mgc Cjws Rrhcthcl
R rhcthcl kjc`gmh pjkajmg utgkg `urcgfhskj kjmhg ijtge
mjclgc `urcgfhsthe kjmhg pjcyhgrgc (rgmho & tjfjvhsh) mgc `urcgfhskj kjmhg ocfhcj.

j.  Egrgetjr Kjmhg Ijtge

Egrgetjrhsthe `urcgfhskj ijtge `ulg tjrlgkagr mgfgk egrgetjrsthe kjmhg ijtge sjaglgh

 ajrheut0
•  Hcdorkgsh yl gegc mhsg`hegc mgpgt mhchekgth kjfgfuh prosjs tjrijtge.
•  Hsh pjsgc tjrijtge sjnhcllg mgpgt mhagig mh kgcg mgc egpgc sg`g.
•  Hsh pjsgc mgpgt mhagig ajrufgcl-ufgcl.
•  Ngcyg kjcyg`hegc pjrhsthwg gtgu pjcmgpgt ygcl tjfgn tjr`gmh]hmge mgpgt kjcyg`hegc
 pjcmgpgt cgrgsukajr sjigrg fgclsucl (fhvj).
•  Rjcufhsgc mhagtgsh ofjn eofok mgc ngfgkgc.
•  Kgecg ajregfg mhagtgsh ofjn ngrh, khcllu, mgc aufgc.
•

  Mhstrhaush kjfgfuh trgcsportgsh mgrgt, fgut, mgc umgrg.

d.  @jchs-@jchs @ucgfhsthe Ijtge

Mgrh sjlh dorkgt gtgu ueurgc kjmhgcyg, `urcgfhsthe ijtge tjraglh kjc`gmh `urcgfhsthe eorgc
(cjwspgpjr `ourcgfhsk), `urcgfhsthe tgafohm (tgafohm `ourcgfhsk), mgc `urcgfhsthe kg`gfgn
(kglgzhcj `ourcgfhsk).
7.  @urcgfhskj Eorgc
Eorgc sjigrg agngsg grthcyg fjkagrgc(-fjkagrgc) ejrtgs ajrtufhsegc egagr (ajrhtg)
mgc sjaglghcyg, tjraglh mgfgk eofok-eofok (> ’ 8 eofok), tjraht sjthgp ngrh gtgu
sjigrg pjrhomhe, surgt egagr, ngrhgc. Eorgc mhsjaut `ulg surgt egagr gmgfgn kjmhg
74
 

ijtge mjclgc ueurgc ejrtgs arogmsnjjt, yghtu dorkgt surgt egagr tjrajsgr mgc mhtgcmgh
ofjn ngfgkgc vjrthegf pgc`gcl (ahgsgcyg 11 hcih gtgu :4 sjcthkjtjr) Egrjcg ahgsgcyg
tjraht ngrhgc, eorgc sjrhcl `ulg mhsjaugt surgt egagr ngrhgc (mghfy cjwspgpjr).
Eorgc ajrhsh hcdorkgsh pjrhsthwg ygcl tjr`gmh sjngrh sjajfukcyg. Egrjcg ngrus sumgn
mhijtge sjajfuk mhjmgregc pglh ngrh, kgeg eorgc ngrus mhijtge mhch ngrh, khsgfcyg
 pueuf 29.22 \HA.Eorgc ukukcyg tjraht sjthgp ngrh, agnegc agcyge eorgc ygcl
kjcyjaut kjmhgcyg sjaglgh Ngrhgc Rglh. Rgmg kgsg `gygcyg sjajfuk jrg hctjrcjt
gtgu jrg kjmhg ocfhcj, gmg eorgc ygcl tjraht sjngrh mug egfh, sjpjrth eorgc Yjputgr
Hcmocjshg (Yhcmo) ygcl tjraht sjthgp ngrh mh pglh mgc sorj.
Mgrh sjlh `gclegugc gtgu mhstrhaushcyg, eorgc mhaglh kjc`gmh mug0
g.  Eorgc cgshocgf.
Iocton0 Ngrhgc Eokpgs, Kjmhg Hcmocjshg, Yhcmo, Qjpuafheg, @gwg Ros, Ros Eotg,
mgc Ahschs Hcmocjshg.

 a.  Eorgc foegf.

Iocton0 Rhehrgc Qgeygt (Agcmucl/@gwg Agrgt), Qgmgr Ajegsh, Qgmgr Aolor,
Lgfgkjmhg, Fgkpucl Ros, ]rhauc @gagr, mgc kgshn agcyge fglh.
Egrgetjrhsthe Yurgt Egagr
Grmhgcto & Jfvhcgro mee (122<2 mgfgk Eokuchegsh Kgssg Yugtu Rjclgctgr
kjcyjautegc Egrgetjrhsthe Yurgt Egagr sjaglgh ajrheut0
g)  Ruafhshtgs. Mhsjagrfugsegc ejpgmg puafhe gtgu uctue mhejtgnuh ukuk.
 a)  Rjrhomjshtgs. ]jraht sjigrg ajregfg, pjrhomhe, ahgsgcyg ngrhgc.
i)  Zchvjrsgfhtgs. Rjsgc gtgu hcdorkgsh ajrshdgt ukuk (ajraglgh tophe) mgc
uctue ukuk.
m)  Getugfhtgs. Ajrhsh hcdorkgsh tjragru mgc kgshn ngclgt.
j)  ]jrmoeukjctgshegc. Ahsg mhaugt grshp gtgu efhpphcl.
1.  @urcgfhskj ]gafohm
]gafohm gmgfgn surgt egagr ueurgc ejihf (sjtjclgn mgrh ueurgc surgt egagr ahgsg) ygcl
 agcyge kjkugt ajrhtg sjigrg shclegt, pgmgt, mgc ajrlgkagr, kumgn mhagig ukuk,
surgt egagr sjcsgsh, surgt egagr euchcl.]gafohm gmgfgn kjmhg ijtge ueurgc sjtjclgn
mgrh dorkgt arogmsnjjt. Dorkgt hch mhpjrejcgfegc uctue kjrjeg ygcl sjfgfu shaue

sjnhcllg ngrus kjkagig eorgc mh koahf gtgu ejrjtg gph. Mjclgc ueurgc tgafohm,
7<
 

kjrjeg mjclgc kumgn kjkagig eorgc tgcpg ngrus kjkaueg fjagr-fjagr, ygcl ahsg
kjcllgcllu orgcl mh sjajfgncyg. Zeurgc tgafohm ukukcyg 182 kk x =12kk
mjclgc `ukfgn ngfgkgccyg 1=  ’   =2 ngfgkgc. Ajrajmg mjclgc eorgc ygcl tjraht
sjthgp ngrh, tgafohm ahgsgcyg tjraht khcllugc (sjthgp khcllu) gtgu mwh khcllugc (mug
khcllu sjegfh). ]gafohm ahgsgcyg mhtu`uegc pgmg pjkagig ygcl kjkhfheh wgetu
fugcl uctue kjkagig, sjnhcllg hsh pjkajrhtggccyg fjahn kjcmgfgk. Ajrajmg mjclgc
hsh eorgc ygcl shdgtcyg ukuk, tgafohm ahgsgcyg doeus pgmg tjkg tjrtjctu, khsgfcyg
■  ]gafohm Aofg (ofgnrglg),
■  ]gafohm Covg (ejfugrlg),
■  ]gafohm Ahctgcl (sjfjarhtgs/nhaurgc),
■  ]gafohm Gf-Nhekgn (glgkg Hsfgk).
Egrjcg ahgsgcyg ajrhsh ngf-ngf sjcsgshocgf, enususcyg kg`gfgn nhaurgc, kuciuf pufg
hsthfgn `urcgfhskj tgafohm (tgafohm `ourcgfhsk), yghtu lgyg `urcgfhskj ygcl

kjcgkphfegc ijrhtg ej`gngtgc sjcsgshocgf, eofok-eofok loshp tjctgcl pgrg sjfjarhtgs.

Egrgetjrhsthe ]gafohm0
•  Zeurgc ejrtgs sjtjclgn mgrh ueurgc surgt egagr.
•  Kjkhfheh iovjr mjclgc sgtu lgkagr ajsgr.
•  Zkukcyg tjraht khcllugc (sjthgp khcllu)
•  Rjkajrhtggccyg fjahn kjcmgfgk mgc pgc`gcl.
•  Ahgsgcyg doeus pgmg tjkg tjrtjctu.
9.  @urcgfhskj Kg`gfgn

Kg`gfgn gmgfgn tjrahtgc ajregfg ygcl hshcyg kjfhputh ajraglgh fhputgc `urcgfhsthe mgc
 pgcmgclgc tjctgcl tophe getugf ygcl pgtut mhejtgnuh pjkagig, kjcurut wgetu
 pjcjrahtgccyg mhajmgegc gtgs kg`gfgn aufgcgc, tjclgn aufgcgc, khcllugc, mgc
sjaglghcyg, kjcurut pjclenususgc hshcyg mhajmgegc gtgs kg`gfgn ajrhtg, wgchtg,
rjkg`g, ofgnrglg, sgstrg, hfku pjcljtgnugc tjrtjctu, mgc sjaglghcyg (EAAH).
(kglgzhcj)  ’ 
Kjcurut Jciyifopjmhg Arhtgcchig, kg`gfgn (kglgzhcj) ’  `ulg mhsjaut ajregfg ’  gmgfgn
  gmgfgn
eukpufgc tjes ygcl mhijtge gtgu mhtjrahtegc sjigrg mhlhtgf (jsgh, grthejf, ijrhtg, puhsh),
sjrhcl mhhfustrgshegc, ygcl mhpromuesh sjigrg ajregfg (thmge tjrkgsue eorgc).
Zeurgc ejrtgs kg`gfgn (kglgzhcj) ukukcyg sjtjclgn mgrh tgafohm. Zeurgc tjrajsgr
kg`gfgn stgcmgr 992.:kk^ 1=2.:kk. Zctue ueurgc stgcmgr kg`gfgn mh Hcmocjshg,
7>
 

sjpjrth Kg`gfgn ]jkpo, gmgfgn 172.:kk x 1<2,:kk. Gmg `ulg kg`gfgn ueurgc ejihf
(khch kglgzhcj), sjueurgc ejrtgs aueu tufhs, sjpjrth Kg`gfgn Ygahfh.
Ajrajmg mjclgc eorgc mgc tgafohm ygcl ajrupg fjkagrgc-fjkagrgc fjpgs, ngfgkgc-
ngfgkgc kg`gfgn ‖mhhegt‛ mgc kjcllucgegc sgkpuf (iovjr) mjclgc `jchs ejrtgs ygcl
fjahn tjagf sjpjrth aueu. Kg`gfgn `ulg kjkugt pjkajrhtggc rhclgc mgc kjcmgfgk.
 Cgkuc, kg`gfgn ahgsgcyg mhtjrahtegc sjfgkg sgtu aufgc sgtu egfh. Ngfgkgc kg`gfgn
 ahgsgcyg pjcun wgrcg. Mokhcgsh lgkagr kjc`gmh ejfjahngc tjrsjcmhrh sjaugn
kg`gfgn. Ngfgkgc `ulg iueup tjagf, ahsg kjcigpgh 122 ngfgkgc. Hsh kg`gfgn ahgsg
doeus pgmg tjkg tjrtjctu sjpjrth ngfcyg tgafohm.
  Egrgetjrhsthe Kg`gfgn
g.  Zeurgc ejrtgs sjtjclgn tgafohm.
 a.  ]jraht khcllugc gtgu aufgcgc.
i.  Kjkhfheh iovjr gtgu sgkpuf ajrwgrcg mjclgc ejrtgs fjahn tjagf mgrhpgmg

ngfgkgc mgfgk.
m.  Rjcyg`hgc fjahn mgfgk, ahgsgcyg ajrupg djgturj.
j.   Chfgh getugfhtgs hcdorkgsh fjahn tgngc fgkg
d.  Lgkagr gtgu doto fjahn agcyge
l.  Iovjr sjaglgh mgyg tgrhe
n.  ]jkg enusus, khsgfcyg gcge-gcge, wgchtg, prhg mjwgsg, kjseh gmg `ulg
kg`gfgn ajrhtg ukuk
Kg`gfgn auegc ngcyg mhtjrahtegc ofjn fjkaglg pjrs gtgu pjrusgnggc kjmhg, tgph
 `ulg egfgclgc hcstgcsh gtgu pjrusgnggc. Kg`gfgn ygcl mhtjrahtegc fjkaglg pjrs
mhsjaut kg`gfgn eokjrshgf gtgu kg`gfgn ukuk, aghe kg`gfgn ajrhtg sjpjrh ]hkj,
]jkpo, Lgtrg, kgupuc kg`gfgn mjclgc tjkg enusus sjpjrth kg`gfgn ejfugrlg,
kg`gfgn eokputjr, kg`gfgn ofgnrglg, kg`gfgn pjrtgchgc, kg`gfgn nueuk, msa.
Kg`gfgn ygcl mhtjrahtegc hcstgcsh/pjrusgnggc mhsjaut kjmhg hctjrcgf gtgu hcnousj
kglgzhcj. Kgsegpgh Rjcjrgclgc `ulg ukukcyg kjcjrahtegc kjmhg hctjrcgf
mhejcgf mjclgc sjautgc Kg`gfgn Rjcjragclgc ygcl mhshkpgc mh ajfgegcl
sgcmgrgc eursh pjcukpgcl. Gmg `ulg kg`gfgn ygcl ajrhsh egryg tufhs hfkhgn gtgu
ngshf pjcjfhthgc. Kg`gfgn hch mhejcgf mjclgc sjautgc
sjautg c @urcgf gtgu @urcgf Hfkhgn.

  @jchs-@jchs Kg`gfgn0
78
 

•  Kg`gfgn Ajrhtg Zkuk

•  Kg`gfgn Enusus
•  Kg`gfgn Hctjrcgf
•  @urcgf Hfkhgn
• 
 Cjwsfjttjr mgc Aufjthc
iocton cjwsfjttjr
 Cjwsfjttjr (Cgwgfg) gmgfgn fgporgc ajregfg ygcl kjkugt ajrhtg tjctgcl ejlhgtgc
 ahschs gtgu orlgchsgsh ygcl mhehrhkegc sjigrg tjrgtur ej sjkug gcllotg, pjfgcllgc,
egrygwgc, gtgu orgcl-orgcl ygcl tjrtgrhe. Cgwgfg ukukcyg ajrhsh sgtu tophe utgkg
ygcl kjcgrhe aglh pjcjrhkgcyg.
 Cjwsfjttjr ahgsgcyg kjrupgegc kjrupgegc gfgt eokuchegsh ygcl mhlucgegc
sjorgcl/sjejfokpoe nukgs mgfgk kjkajrhegc hcdorkgsh kjcljcgh pjrusgnggc, aghe
kjcygcleut promue ygcl mhngshfegc, orgcl ygcl tjrfhagt, sjrtg hcdorkgsh fghc ygcl
mgpgt kjkagctu puafhecyg mgfgk ajrnuauclgc mjclgc urusgc ahschscyg.

I.  Qgmho (Qgmho @ourcgfhsk)

g.  Yj`grgn @urcgfhsthe Qgmho

Ejngmhrgc rgmho mh Hcmocjshg sumgn gmg sj`ge zgkgc pjcmumuegc Ajfgcmg ygcl
mhtgcmgh mjclgc ajrmhrhcyg Agtgvhg Qgmho Tjrjcjlhcl (QQT) pgmg tgcllgf 74 @uch 781:.
Yjfgc`utcyg, ajrmhrhfgn ajraglgh kgigk stgshuc rgmho sjpjrth mh @gegrtg, Agcmucl,

Yurgegrtg, Kjmgc mgc mgjrgn fghccyg. Mjkhehgc `ulg ngfcyg ejtheg zgkgc @jpgcl
 ajraglgh stgshuc rgmho mhgkahf gfhn ofjn @jpgcl ygcl mhurusofjn `gwgtgc enusus ygcl
 ajrcgkg noso egcrh eyoeu.
Qgmho kjkgcl Kjkhfheh agcyge ejfjahngc, kjkhfheh ejsjmjrngcggc ajctue
(Rortgahfhty) mgc ejkgkpugc ygcl thcllh uctue kjc`gclegu sjthgp pjcmjclgrcyg ygcl
sjmgcl kjfgeuegc ejlhgtgc-ejlhgtgc fghccyg. Ahtcjr kjcigtgt agnwg pgmg tgnuc 78<<
sg`g mh Gkjrheg mjclgc 72.222 stgshuc pjkgcigr rgmho kgkpu kjcjkaus ejnhmupgc
ngkphr sjfurun pjcmumue muchg. Ejcygtggc tjrsjaut tjctu sg`g thmge thag-thag tjr`gmh. Mh
Htgfhg ajrgwgf mgrh sjaugn jespjrhkjc ygcl mhfgeuegc ofjn Lulfhjfko Kgrioch pgmg
tgnuc 7>8:, mjclgc kjcllucgegc trgcskhsh ygcl iueup sjmjrngcg hg mgpgt
12
 

kjcygkpghegc shlcgf mhsjpgc`gcl phcllhrgc pjrauehtgc mjegt rukgncyg. ]hmge fgkg

sjsumgn htu, Kgrioch kgkpu kjrjaut pjrngthgc muchg mjclgc kjcygkpghegc mgc
kjcjrhkg shlcgf kjfhctgs Gtfgcthe tgcpg kjfgfuh sgkauclgc egajf.Yggt htu gpg ygcl
mhejr`gegc Kgrioch tjctucyg kjkaugt orgcl egljt. Yj`ge htu sjpjrth mh`jfgsegc ofjn
Drgcihs pgmg tgnuc 7827 pjcjkugc tjrsjaut kufgh mhlucgegc sjaglgh eokuchegsh
gclegtgc fgut Gkjrheg uctue kjclnuauclegc gctgr egpgf ygcl sjmgcl ajrfgygr mjclgc
sj`ukfgn stgshuc mh mgrgt.
Rgmg jrg tjecofolh ajrheutcyg rgmho ngcyg ajrduclsh uctue kjcyhgregc kushe mgc
 ajrhtg ejpgmg
e jpgmg kgsygrgegt. ]gnuc 7828, Ingrfjs Mgvhm Njrrofm kjclumgrg fjwgt stgshuc
khfhecyg sjcmhrh mh Ygc @osj mgc pgmg tgnuc 78>7 sjaugn shgrgc mh Zchvjrshty od
\hsiocshc kuciuf uctue pjrtgkg egfhcyg sjaglgh rgmho cgshocgf coc-eokjrshgf. Ehch
sj`gfgc mjclgc pjrejkagclgc tjecofolh eokuchegsh hcdorkgsh, rgmho tjrus ajrejkagcl
sjrtg kgkpu kjkpjrtgngcegc poshshcyg sjaglgh tnj dhdtn jstgtj (ejeugtgc ejfhkg)

sjtjfgn pjrs mgfgk tgtgcgc ejnhmupgc soshgf. Ajmgcyg mjclgc surgt egagr,kg`gfgn mgc
 aueu,rgmho kjrupgegc kjmhg kgssg ygcl ajrshdgt vhsugf, yghtu ngcyg mgpgt mhmjclgr.
Egrjcgcyg rgmho thmge sjpjrth kjmhg kgssg ijtge ygcl mgpgt mhagig Zfgcl.

a.  Rjcljrthgc @urcgfhsthe Qgmho

Kjcurut @gkjs K.Cjgf mgc Khtinjf T.Ingrcfjy , ajrhtg rgmho sjagglgh fgporgc tjctgcl
sugstu pjrhsthwg,ophch, ejijcmjruclgc, sshtugsh
htugsh eocmhsh, hctjrprjstgsh ygcl pjcthcl,
kjcgrhe, kgshn agru, mgc ngrus sjijpgtcyg mh sgkpghegc ejpgmg engfgyge.
Ajrhtg rgmho kjrupgegc sugtu sg`hgc fgporgc ajrupg dgetg mgc ophch ygcl kjkpucygh
chfgh ajrhtg, pjcthcl, mgc kjcgrhe aglh agcyge orgcl, mgc mhshgregc kjfgfuh kjmhgrgmho
sjigrg ajregfg.

i.  Egrgetjrhsthe @urcgfhsthe Qgmho

Ajrmgsgregc mjdhchsh Ajrhtg Qgmho ygcl sumgn mh agngs sjajfukcyg, Kgsmueh
kjclgtgegc ajajrgpg egrgetjrhsthe rgmho 0
7.  Yjljrg mgc ijpgt,yghtu fgporgc pjrhsthwg gtgu ophch ngrus sjsjljrg kucehc mhfgeuegc
uctue kjcigpgh ejpugsgc pjcmjclgr mgc kjclopthkgfegc shdgt ejsjljrggc sjaglgh

ejeugtgc rgmho.
17
 

1.  Getugf mgc Dgetugf, yghtu ngshf fhputgc pjrhsthwg gtgu ophch tjrsjaut ngrus sjlgr mgc
getugf sjsugh dgetg,ygcl sjajfukcyg thmge mhejtgnuh ofjn engfgyge.ophch tjreght
mjclgc upgyg pjcmgfgkgc (hcvjsthlgsh) gtgs sugtu mgtg gtgu pjrhsthwg.
9.  Rjcthcl aglh kgsygrgegt fugs,yghtu ngrus gmg ejtjreghtgc mjclgc chfgh ajrhtg ygcl
 ajrfgeu mgfgk pjcljrthgc `urcgfhsthe sjigrg ukuk,lucg kjkjcunh ejpjcthclgc
kgsygrgegt.
=.  Qjfjvjc mgc ajrmgkpge fugs ,yghtu kgsygrgegt sjfgeu pjcmjclgr kjrgsg
kjkautunegc mgc gegc kjcmgpgtegc kgcdggt opthkgf mgrh ajrhtg rgmho,yghtu
 pjcljtgnugc,pjcljrthgc,mgc ejkgkpugc ajrshegp gtgu kjclgkahf ejputusgc
tjrtjctu,sjaglgh rjspoc gtgs sjaugn ajrhtg.
Egrgetjrhsthe `urcgfhsthe rgmho sjcmhrh thmge fjpgs mgrh egrgetjr rgmho, yghtu0
g)  Gumhthd. Zctue mhmjclgregc, uctue tjfhclg, uctue mhagigegc gtgu mhsugrgegc.
 a)  Ypoejc Fgcluglj. Kjcllucgegc agngsg tutur gtgu egtg-egtg ygcl ahgsg

mhuigpegc mgfgk oarofgc sjngrh-ngrh (spoejc worms). Egtg-egtg ygcl mhphfhn kjsth
sgkg mjclgc eosgegtg pjcmjclgr supgyg mgpgt fgclsucl mhkjcljrth.
i)  Yjehfgs. ]hmge ahsg mhufgcl. Egrjcgcyg ngrus `jfgs, sjmjrngcg, mgc sjegfh uigp
fgclsucl mhkjcljrth.
m)  Lfoagf. ]hmge mjtghf, thmge rukht. Gcleg-gcleg mhaufgtegc, dgetg-dgetg
mhrhclegsegc.

m.  @jchs mgc Ajctue Qgmho

Gmg thlg `jchs ajrhtg ygcl mgpgt mhlucgegc mgfgk pjcufhsgc cgsegn ajrhtg rgmho yghtu 0

7.  Fgclsucl (strghlnt cjws). Ajrhtg ygcl pjcthcl mgc ngrus sjljrg mhsgkpghegc
ejpgmg engfgyge fugs. Kgtjrhcyg ajrupg fgporgc fgclsucl wgrtgwgc sjsugh mjclgc
gpg ygcl mhg sgeshegc.
1.  Ajrhtg Qhclgc (sodt cjws). Ajrhtg ygcl kjcgkphfegc sjsugtu ygcl kjcgrhe, pjcthcl
mgc ajrshdgt hcdorkgthd.
9.  Ajrhtg Ehsgn (djgturj). Ajrhtg ygcl ajreghtgc mjclgc ej`gmhgc ygcl mgpgt
kjcllulgn pjrgsggc mgc kjcgkagn pjcljtgnugc aglh engfgyge.
Ajrheut hch jcgk ajctue ajrhtg mgfgk rgmho kjfhputh0

11
 

g)  Ajrhtg tufhs (\rhthcl cjws), yghtu ajrhtg pjcmje ygcl ajrsukajr mgrh kjmhg fghc
gtgu mhtufhs ufgcl
 a)  Ajrhtg ajrshshpgc (Cjws whtn hcsjrt), yghtu ajrhtg ygcl mhfjclegph gtgu mh khx
mjclgc shshpgc sugrg cgrgsukajr.
i)   Cjws djgturj, yghtu ajrhtg gtgu fgporgc `urcgfhs pgc`gcl ygcl fjahn ajrshdgt
nukgc hctjrjst.
m)  Rnocj hc cjws, ajrhtg ygcl mhsg`hegc kjfgfuh fgporgc fgclsucl rjportjr
kjcllucgegc gfgt agctu tjfjdoc.
j)  Aufjthc ajrhtg, kjrupgegc lgauclgc ajajrgpg ajrhtg pjcmje ygcl mhsg`hegc
mgfgk sgtu afoe wgetu.
d)  @urcgfhskj hctjrgethd, yghtu ajrhtg ygcl ajrsukajr pgmg sjajsgr kuclehc
ejtjrfhagtgc engfgyge.

j.  Rrhcshp Rjcufhsgc Cgsegn Ajrhtg Qgmho

Rrhcshp pjcufhsgc cgsegn ajrhtg rgmho kjfhputh 0
7.  JFD  ’   Jgsy Fhstjchcl Dorkufg. Yusucgc egfhkgt ygcl `heg mhuigpegc jcge
mhmjclgr mgc kumgn mhkjcljrth pgmg pjcmjclgrgc pjrtgkg gtgu
 pjcllucggcegfhkgt shclegt, pgmgt, sjmjrngcg, mgc `jfgs.
1.  EHYY  ’   Ejjp Ht Yhkpfj gcm Ynort. Njkgt egtg, thmge kjclukagr egtg.
Kjcllucgegc egfhkgt-egfhkgt pjcmje mgc thmge rukht. Lucgegc sjsjmheht kuclehc
egtg shdgt mgc gcge egfhkgt (gm`jithvjs).
9.  \]X]  ’   \rhtj ]nj \gy Xou ]gfe. ]ufhsegc sjaglghkgcg mhuigpegc. Kjcufhs
uctue ‖mhsugrgegc‛, auegc uctue mhagig.
=.  Rjcllucggc agngsg tutur, grthcyg pjcufhsgc cgsegn `urcgfhsthe rgmhokjcllucgegc
 agngsg pjrigegpgc sjngrh-ngrh gtgu spoejc fgcluglj. Ihrhagngsg tutur gctgrg fghc5
kjcllucgegc egfhkgt pjcmje mgc egtg-egtg ygclahgsg mhuigpegc (spoejc worm),
kjclnhcmgrh gcge egfhkgt, thmgekjcllucgegc egfhkgt fgclsucl.
:.  Agtgsgc wgetu, kgesumcyg mgfgk pjcufhsgc cgsegn rgmho mhagtgsh mjthe,kjcht, mgc
 `gk, cgkuc ahsg `ulg thmge tjragtgs. Ofjn egrjcg htu, sg`hgc dgetg mgc mgtg
mhsgkpghegc sjigrg to tnj pohct mgc thmge mjthf.

19
 

M.  Kjmhg ]jfjvhsh

g.  Rjcljrthgc @urcgfhs ]jfjvhsh

@urcgfhsthe ]T ajrsgkg `urcgfhsthe rgmho mhsjaut `ulg `urcgfhskj pjcyhgrgc
(arogmigst `ourcgfhsk) egrjcg sgkg-sgkg kjcllucgegc kjtomj shgrgc (arogmigsthcl)

mgfgk kjcyg`hegc ajrhtg. @urcgfhskj tjfjvhsh kjfhagtegc fjahn mgrh sjegmgr kjfgporegc
 ajrhtg mh tjfjvhsh. ]T @ourcgfhsk `ulg kjfhagtegc pjcjfhthgc mgc pjcufhsgc ijrhtg,
kjclukpufegc dgetg, kjclheuth thps, mgc agcyge fglh.
@urcgfhsthe ]jfjvhsh gmgfgn prosjs pjcigrhgc, pjclukpufgc, pjcyucthclgc, mgc
 pjcyjagrfugsgc ajrhtg kjfgfuh kjmhg tjfjvhsh. @urcgfhskj ]T kuciuf sj`ge tjfjvhsh ygcl
hmjcthe mjclgc nhaurgc `ulg kjcyhgregc prolrgk ajrhtg (cjws prolrgk). Ajrhtg ]T
mhgcllgp sjaglgh kjmhg ygcl pgfhcl ajrpjclgrun aglh `urcgfhskj. Jdje pgmg sjthgp
 pjcoctoc mhgcllgp fjahn pjrsugshd mhagcmhclgc kjmhg fghc.
Kjcurut igtgtgc sj`grgn `urcgfhsthe (nhstory od `ourcgfhsk), @urcgfhsthe ]T pjrtgkg
egfh kuciuf tgnuc 78=<, ejtheg stgshuc CAI kjcyhgregc gigrg ‖Kjjt ]nj Rrjss‛ ygcl
mhgmopsh mgrh prolrgk shgrgc rgmho. Gigrg hch kjcgkphfegc toeon pofhthe, jeocokh, mgc
kgsgfgn hctjrcgshocgf mjclgc `urcgfhs Kgrtng Qoucmtrjj sjaglgh komjrgtor.
Ejfjahngc Kjmhg ]jfjvhsh
•   Kjcihptgegc ejsgc (hkglj) mgc pjrsjpsh agnwg sugtu kugtgc mgfgk fgygt egig
(vhsugf kgpuc gumho vhsugf) kjc`gmh fjahn cygtg mgrhpgmg rjghhtgscyg.
•   Kjmhg kgssg kgkpu kjkaugt fhputgc gpg ygcl tjr`gmh kjc`gmh fjahn cygtg.
]jctucyg gtgs ejkgkpugc rjportjr mgfgk kjkdorkufgshegc gpg ygcl tjr`gmh (wngt
ngppjcs) htu kjc`gmh sykaof-shkaof vjragf, gumho kgupuc gumho vhsugf.
•   Rjcjfhthgc-pjcjfhthgc "usjs gcm lrgthdhigthocs" ygcl ahgsgcyg tjrdoeus pgmg jdje
hcmhvhmu kjcjkuegc dgetg agnwg eokuchegsh kjkagcluc kgecg rhtugf ygcl
kjcllgkagregc aglghkgcg orgcl ajrsgkg-sgkg mgc ajejr`g sgkg sjigrg tjrus
kjcjrus kjkgecgh kgecg tjrsjaut.
•   Yj`ge fgkg kjmhg mhygehch kjc`gmh sjkgigk egcgf ygcl ajrduclsh kjclgfhregc
jkosh mgc ejijcmjruclgc mjstruethd psheofolhs fghccyg kjc`gmh lj`gfg hctjrcgf
(hcmhvhmu)ygcl wg`gr mgc corkgf.

1=
 

a.  Egrgetjrhsthe @urcgfhsthe ]T

@urcgfhskj ]T kjkhfheh egrgetjrhsthe sjaglgh ajrheut0
7)  Gumho Thsugf
]T kjcyg`hegc lgkagr mgc sugrg.@urcgfhsthe tjfjvhsh kjrupgegc pgmugc kjmhg
eokuchegsh lgkagr (vhsugf) mgc sugrg (gumho).
1)  Kjclutgkgegc lgkagr
@urcgfhskj ]T gtgu ajrhtg ]T kjclutgkgegc rjegkgc lgkagr nhmup (vhmjo). Mgfgk
 pjclukpufgc mgtg (cjws lgtnjrhcl) , wgrtgwgc kjmhg tjfjvhsh ngrus sjfgfu gmg mh
foegsh ej`gmhgc, oc tnj spot, uctue kjcmgpgtegc lgkagr. Gmg uclegpgc co phiturjs,
co cjws. Agnegc, mgfgk pjrhsthwg tjrtjctu, egtg-egtg ngrus khchk mgc fjahn agcyge
kjcgkphfegc lgkagr. \orms kust fjss tngc phiturjs. ]hmge gmg ygcl fjahn aurue
 aglh sjorgcl rjportjr tjfjvhsh `heg hg mgtgcl ej egctor tgcpg kjkagwg lgkagr ygcl
 ahsg kjcuc`gcl ajrhtg ygcl gegc mhtufhscyg. ]jrfjahn ahfg stgshuc tjfjvhsh fghc `ustru

kjkhfheh lgkagr tjrsjaut.

Lgkagr vhmjo sjaugn ajrhtg ahsg kjc`gmh
kjc`gm h pjcjctu erjmhahfhtgs stgshuc ]T, ofjn egrjcg
htu sjorgcl rjportjr ajrhtg mhtuctut uctue kjcmgpgtegc lgkagr mgrh ajrhtg ygcl
mhfgporegccyg sjaghe kuclehc. @heg hg lglgf kjkpjrofjn lgkagr tjrsjaut, mgc
tjrcygtg stgshuc ]T fghc kjcmgpgtegccyg, kgeg erjmhahfhtgs stgshuc ]T ahsg ngciur
mgfgk sjej`gp.
9)  Kjfhagtegc Agcyge Orgcl
Rrosjs pjkajrhtggc mh ]T kjfhagtegc agcyge orgcl, kufgh mgrh promusjr, wgrtgwgc
(rjportjr, `urcgfhs
`urcgfhs ]T, `uru egkjrg (igkjrg pjrsoc), jmhtor lgkagr, mgc pjcyhgr
 ajrhtg (cjws gccoucijr ), pjkagig ajrhtg (cjws rjgmjr), gtgu pjcyg`h ajrhtg (cjws
 prjsjctjr).
]hk hcth mh fgpgclgc mgfgk kjfhput ajrhtg tjrmhrh mgrh rjportjr mgc `uru egkjrg.
Kjrjeg gmgfgn eucih utgkg mgrh prolrgk ajrhtg ]T. Ytgshuc ]T `ulg kjcjrhkg ajrhtg
mgrh rjportjr mgc `uru egkjrg drjj fgcij gtgu rjportjr gkgthr ygcl ejajtufgc kjkhfheh
rjegkgc ajrhtg ygcl mhautunegc gtgu ajrchfgh ajrhtg. Mgfgk egsus ajcigcg gfgk,
khsgfcyg ljkpg, stgshuc ]T ejrgp kjcgkphfegc vhmjo gkgthr ygcl mhaugt wgrlg
ygcl ejajctufgn kjrjegk pjrhsthwg.

=)  Rjcyg`h Ajrhtg

1:
 

Rjcyg`h ajrhtg (cjws prjsjctjr) kjc`gmh u`ucl tokage mh stumho mgfgk prolrgk ajrhtg.
Rjcgkphfgc pjcyg`h ajrhtg mgc rjportjr mh fgygr egig mgpgt
m gpgt kjkpjclgrunh
kjkpjcl grunh
 pjrsjpsh mgc pjcjrhkggc pjkhrsg tjfjvhsh.
:)  Lgyg Agngsg ]T
@urcgfhsthe ]T, sjpjrth ngfcyg `urcgfhsthe rgmho, kjcllucgegc agngsg tutur gtgu
 agngsg pjrigegpgc (fhsgc). Rjcufhs cgsegn ajrhtg ]T kjcufhs ajrmgsgregc lgkagr
(wrhtj to phiturjs), kjcufhs uctue lgkagr (wrhthcl dor vhsugf), gtgu ajrtutur tjctgcl
lgkagr.
4)  Rrosjs Rromuesh Qukht
<)  @urcgfhsthe ]T kjfgfuh prosjs promuesh ygcl rukht sjajfuk ajrhtg mhsgkpghegc
ejpgmg puafhe. Rrosjs pjkajrhtggc (cjws proijsshcl) `urcgfhsthe tjfjvhsh kjfhputh thlg
gethvhtgs poeoe0
g.   Cjws Lgtnjrhcl ’ 
Lgtnjrhcl ’  pjfhputgc
 pjfhputgc ofjn rjportjr mgc `uru egkjrg

 a.   Cjws Rromuithoc  ’   pjcufhsgc cgsegn mgc pjcljmhtgc lgkagr mjclgc murgsh
tjrtjctu. Cgsegn ajrhtg ]T ngrus shceroc mjclgc lgkagr.
i.   Cjws Rrjsjcthcl ’ 
Rrjsjcthcl ’   pjcyg`hgc
pjcyg`hgc ajrhtg ofjn cjws prjsjctjr mgfgk prolrgk ajrhtg
Egrgetjrhsthe @urcgfhsthe ]T fghccyg sgkg mjclgc egrgetjrhsthe kjmhg ]T htu
sjcmhrh, sjpjrth0 Mgpgt mhfhngt mgc mhmjclgr ngcyg sggt shgrgc ajrfgclsucl. Mgc
mgpgt mhfhngt mgc mhmjclgr ejkagfh ngcyg ahfg mhputgr ejkagfh rjegkgccyg.
>)  Yjehfgs
Egrgetjrhsthe hch sjegfhlus ejfjkgngc `urcgfhskj tjfjvhsh. Ajrhtg ygcl mhtgygclegc mh
fgygr tjfjvhsh ukukcyg ngcyg kuciuf sgtu egfh. @heg pjkhrsg thmge ahsg kjcgclegp
hsh ajrhtg pgmg tgygclgc pjrtgkg, hg tge pucyg pjfugcl uctue khctg mhufgcl.

i.  @jchs-@jchs Ajrhtg ]T

Mgfgk `urcgfhsthe mhejcgf agcyge `jchs ajrhtg. @jchs-`jchs ajrhtg mh `urcgfhsthe ]T kjfhputh0
7.  Ngrm Cjws
Ngrm Cjws gmgfgn ajrhtg tjrgetugf, fulgs, shclegt,
shclegt, fgclsucl ej poeoe pjrsogfgc, ygcl
sjljrg mhpuafhegshegc gtgu ngrus sjijpgtcyg ngrus mhejtgnuh engfgyge, mjclgc tophe
 pofhthe, jeocokh, ejgkgcgc, erhkhcgfhtgs, mgc egsus sjrhus fghccyg.
fghccy g. Gfur ajrhtg Ngrm

14
 

 Cjws kjclheuth struetur phrgkhmg tjragfhe (hcvjrtjm pyrgkhm) mjclgc aglhgc ygcl
tjrpjcthcl pgmg pjkaueggc ajrhtg.
1.  Yodt Cjws / Djgturj
Yodt Cjws gtgu ajrhtg rhclgc  ’ sjrhclegfh
sjrhclegfh `ulg mhsjaut mjclgc djgturj ’   yghtu ajrhtg
ygcl thmge tjreght mjclgc getugfhtgs, cgkuc kjkhfheh mgyg tgrhe aglh engfgyge
 pjkhrsg. Mjclgc egtg fghc, Ajrhtg fucge gtgu sodt cjws gmgfgn sjlgfg hcdorkgsh ygcl
 pjcthcl mgc kjcgrhe ygcl mhsgkpghegc sjigrg kjcmgfgk cgkuc thmge ajrshdgt ngrus
sjljrg mhtgygclegc. ]ophe sodtcjws gctgrg fghc ofgnrglg, nhaurgc, dgsnhoc, lgyg nhmup,
 aumgyg
9.  Hcvjsthlgthvj Qjports
Hcvjsthlgthvj Qjports gtgu mhsjaut `ulg fgporgc pjcyjfhmhegc (hcvjsthlgsh) gmgfgn `jchs
 ajrhtg jesefushd ygcl mhaugt sjigrg kjcmgfgk mgc eokprjnjcshd.
Mgtgcyg thmge mgpgt mhpjrofjn mh pjrkueggc, tjtgph ngrus mhfgeuegc ajrmgsgregc

 pjcyjfjmhegc. Rjcyg`hgc ajrhtg sjpjrth hch kjkautunegc wgetu fgkg mgc ahgsgcyg
mhsg`hegc mgfgk prolrgk enusus.

m.  Dorkgt Ajrhtg ]T

Ajrhtg mh kjmhg tjfjvhsh mgpgt mhsgkpghegc mgfgk ajraglgh dorkgt (]T Cjws Dorkgt).
Dorkgt ygcl gegc mhphfhn tjrlgctucl pgmg mgtg, lgkagr, mgc kokjctuk. Yjigrg ukuk,
dorkgt ajrhtg ]T ajrhsh sugrg mgc lgkagr, sjaglghkgcg egrgetjrhsthe ]T sjaglgh kjmhg
gumho-vhsugf. Ajrheut hch `jchs-`jchs dorkgt ajrhtg mgfgk `urcgfhskj ]T0
7)  Qjgmjr (QMQ)
Qjgmjr gmgfgn dorkgt ajrhtg ]T ygcl pgfhcl sjmjrngcg, yghtu ngcyg ajrupg fjgm hc
ygcl mhagig prjsjctjr, thmge kjkhfheh lgkagr gtgupuc lrgdhe. Qjgmjr ahgsgcyg sgclgt
shclegt. Murgsh kgeshkgf 92 mjthe. Qjgmjr ahgsgcyg mhphfhn egrjcg cgsegn ajrhtg
mhaugt mjegt mjclgc sggt mjgmfhcj mgc thmge sjkpgt mhpgmuegc mjclgc lgkagr.Ahsg
 `ulg egrjcg pjrejkagclgc pjrhsthwg agru sgkpgh ej tgclgc rjmgesh, ejtheg shgrgc
 ajrhtg sjmgcl ajrfgclsucl. Kgeg pjrejkagclgc tjragru hch puc mhshshpegc mh tjclgn
 prolrgk shgrgc. Hsh ajrhtg mgpgt ajrnuauclgc gtgu thmge ajrnuauclgc mjclgc ajrhtg
ygcl sjmgcl mhtgygclegc.
1)  Tohij Ovjr (TO)

1<
 

Tohij Ovjr (TO) gmgfgn dorkgt ajrhtg ]T ygcl fjgm hc mgc tuaun ajrhtgcyg
mhagigegc ofjn prjsjctjr sjfuruncyg. Mrgsh sgtu dorkgt ajrhtg TO gctgrg 12-92 mjthe.
Ejtheg prjsjctjr kjkagig tuaun ajrhtg, lgkagr puc mhshshpegc sjsugh mjclgc eoctjes
hsh cgrgsh. Hch `jchs ajrhtg pgfhcl agcyge mhlucgegc mgfgk `urcgfhsthe ]T.
9)  Tohij Ovjr Lrgdhe (TOL)TO Lrgdhe gmgfgn dorkgt ajrhtg ]T ygcl fjgm hc mgc tuaun
 ajrhtgcyg mhagigegc ofjn prjsjctjr sjfuruncyg. Cgkuc, ejtheg prjsjctjr kjkagig
tuaun ajrhtg, thmge gmg lgkagr ygcl kjcyjrtghcyg ejiugfh ngcyg lrgdhe gtgu tufhsgc.
Ngf hch kuclehc tjrpgesg mhfgeuegc egrjcg pjrhsthwg ygcl mhfhput sjmgcl ajrfgclsucl
mgc rjmgesh ajfuk kjcjrhkg ehrhkgc lgkagr pjfhputgc ygcl ahsg mhtgygclegc.
=)  Youcm oc ]gpj
(YO])Youcm oc ]gpj (YO]) gmgfgn dorkgt ajrhtg ]T ygcl ngcyg ajrhsh fjgm hc mgc
soucmahtj mgrh cgrgsukajr. Rrjsjctjr ngcyg kjkagigegc fjgm hc ajrhtg, ejkumhgc
mhsusuf ofjn pjrcygtggc cgrgsukajr (soucmahtj). Dorkgt ajrhtg hch mhphfhn `heg

 pjrcygtggc cgrgsukajr mhgcllgp fjahn pjcthcl mhtoc`ofegc mgrhpgmg mhsusuc mgfgk

 ajctue cgrgsh. Dorkgt YO] hch ahsg ajrshdgt sjaglgh
sjag lgh pjfjclegp mgrh ajrhtg ygcl agru
sg`g mhtgygclegc sjajfukcyg, gtgu ahsg `ulg ajrmhrh sjcmhrh. Murgsh YO] mhsjsughegc
mjclgc ejautungc, tgph ahgsgcyg kgeshkgf sgtu kjcht.
:)  Tohij Ovjr ’ 
Ovjr ’  Youcm
 Youcm oc ]gpj (TO-YO])
TO-YO] gmgfgn dorkgt ajrhtg ]T ygcl kjkgmuegc vohij ovjr (TO) mgc soucm oc
tgpj (YO]). Murgsh TO-YO] tge fjahn mgrh 42 mjthe0 =2 mjthe uctue TO mgc 12 mjthe
uctue soucmahtj. Fjgm-hc mgc hsh tuaun ajrhtg mhagigegc prjsjctjr. Fgfu mh genhr ajrhtg
mhkuciufegc soucmahtj gtgu ifhp mgrh cgrgsukajr sjaglgh pjfjclegp mgrh ajrhtg ygcl
tjfgn mhagigegc sjajfukcyg.
4)  Rgieglj (REL)
Rgieglj gmgfgn dorkgt ajrhtg ]T ygcl ngcyg fjgm hc-cyg ygcl mhagigegc ofjn
 prjsjctjr, tjtgph hsh ajrhtg kjrupgegc pgejt tjrphsgn, ygcl mhtgygclegc ajlhtu
 prjsjctjr sjfjsgh kjkagig fjgm hc. Rgejt ajrhtg sumgn mhejkgs `gmh sgtu ejsgtugc
ygcl utun mgc sjrgsh gctgrg lgkagr, cgrgsh, soucmahtj, mgc agnegc lrgdhs. Fgzhkcyg
tuaun ajrhtg mhtutup mjclgc cgrgsh. Egfgu mhrgsg pjcthcl, rjportjr mgpgt kuciuf mgfgk
 pgejt ajrhtg tjrsjaut (stgcm up) pgmg gwgf gtgu genhr ajrhtg. Murgsh kgeshkgf totgf
sjehtgr 1 kjcht 92 mjthe.

1>
 

<)  Fhvj oc Igk

Fhvj oc Igk gmgfgn dorkgt ajrhtg ]T ygcl mhshgregc fgclsucl mgrh fgpgclgc gtgu
foegsh pjfhputgc. Yjajfuk rjportjr mh fgpgclgc kjcygkpghegc fgporgc, prjsjctjr
fjahn mufu kjkagigegc fjgm hc mgc ejkumhgc hg kjkgcllhf rjportjr, mh fgpgclgc
uctue kjcygkpghegc ngshf fhputgccyg sjigrg fjclegp. Fgporgc hch `ulg ahsg mhshshph
lgkagr ygcl rjfjvgc. Egrjcg shgrgc fgclsucl kjkjrfuegc ahgyg tjfjeokuchegsh ygcl
kgngf, thmge sjkug ajrhtg pjrfu mhshgregc sjigrg fgclsucl. Dorkgt hch mhphfhn `heg chfgh
 ajrhtgcyg gkgt pjcthcl, fugr ahgsg, mgc pjrhsthwgcyg kgshn ajrfgclsucl.
>)  Fhvj oc ]gpj (FO])
Fhvj oc ]gpj gmgfgn dorkgt ajrhtg ]T ygcl mhrjegk sjigrg fgclsucl mh tjkpgt
ej`gmhgc, cgkuc shgrgccyg mhtucmg (mjfgy). @gmh, rjportjr kjrjegk mgc kjcyusuc
fgporgccyg mh tjkpgt pjfhputgc, mgc pjcyhgrgccyg agru mhfgeuegc ejkumhgc. Dorkgt
 ajrhtg hch mhphfhn uctue kjcuc`ueegc agnwg rjportjr ngmhr mh tjkpgt pjrhsthwg.

 Cgkuc, shgrgc tge ahsg mhfgeuegc sjigrg fgclsucl egrjcg pjrthkagclgc tjechs mgc
 ahgyg.
8)  Fhvj ay Rnocj
Fhvj ay Rnocj gmgfgn dorkgt ajrhtg ]T ygcl mhshgregc sjigrg fgclsucl mgrh tjkpgt
 pjrhsthwg mjclgc kjcllucgegc tjfjpoc ej stumho. Fjgm hc ajrhtg mhagigegc prjsjctjr,
mgc ejkumhgc hg kjkgcllhf rjportjr ygcl gmg mh fgpgclgc uctue kjcygkpghegc
fgporgccyg. \g`gn rjportjr mgc pjtg foegsh pjrhsthwg ahgsgcyg mhkuciufegc mgfgk
 ajctue lrgdhs. @heg tjrsjmhg, ahsg `ulg mhshshpegc lgkagr pjrhsthwg sjajfukcyg.
sjajfukcyg.
72) Rnocj Qjiorm
Rnocj Qjiorm gmgfgn dorkgt ajrhtg ]T ygcl mhrjegk sjigrg fgclsucl mgrh foegsh
rjportjr kjfhput, tjtgph pjcyhgrgccyg mhfgeuegc sjigrg tucmg (mjfgy). Dorkgt hch
sjajtufcyg ngkphr sgkg mjclgc Fhvj ay Rnocj, ngcyg tjechs pjcyhgrgccyg sjigrg
tucmg. Dorkgt hch `grgcl mhlucgegc, mgc ahgsgcyg ngcyg mhlucgegc `heg mhpjrehrgegc
gegc gmg lgcllugc tjechs sggt ajrhtg mhfgporegc sjigrg fgclsucl.
77) Thsugf Cjws
Thsugf Cjws gmgfgn dorkgt ajrhtg ]T ygcl ngcyg kjcgygclegc (roffhcl) lgkagr-
lgkagr gtgu vhmjo ygcl kjcgrhe mgc mrgkgths. Rrjsjctjr iueup kjkagigegc fjgm hc,
mgc ejkumhgc vhsugf mhtgygclegc tgcpg tgkagngc cgrgsh gpg puc, sjpjrth gpg gmgcyg.

18
 

71) Tox Rop
Yjigrg agngsg Tox Rop (Fgthc0 Tox Ropufh) grthcyg ‖sugrg rgeygt‛. Tox pop auegc
dorkgt ajrhtg, cgkuc ahgsg mhlucgegc uctue kjfjclegph dorkgt ajrhtg ygcl gmg.
Hshcyg ahgsgcyg gmgfgn eokjctgr gtgu ophch mgrh kgsygrgegt tjctgcl sugtu hsu. @ukfgn
cgrgsukajr ygcl mhwgwgcigrgh sjehtgr =-: orgcl.Tox Rop mhsjaut `ulg Gumhjcij
Ophchoc egrjcg ajrhsh pjcmgpgt gtgu eokjctgr wgrlg kgsygrgegt.

j.  Rjcufhsgc Cgsegn Ajrhtg ]T

Kjcufhs cgsegn ajrhtg ]T pgmg mgsgrcyg sgkg mjclgc kjcufhs ajrhtg rgmho, cgkuc sirhpt
 ajrhtg ]T mhsusuc ajrmgsgregc
a jrmgsgregc lgkagr (vhmjo) ygcl
yg cl tjrsjmhg. Rrhcshp pjcufhsgc
p jcufhsgc ajrhtg ]T
gctgrg fghc kjclgiu pgmg uclegpgc Iocduihus0 ‖Jgsy wrhthcl ngrm fhstjchcl. Ngrm
wrhthcl jgsy fhstjchcl‛. 
fhstjchcl‛. 
Rjcufhsgc cgsegn ajrhtg tjfjvhsh sjigrg lgrhs ajsgr kjclgiu pgmg lgyg agngsg ajrhtg ]T

mgc rukus :I.

■  Lgyg Agngsg Ajrhtg ]T
Lgyg agngsg ajrhtg ]T sjaglgh ajrheut 0
~ Kjcllucgegc agngsg sjngrh-ngrh gtgu lgyg pjrigegpgc
~Kjcllucgegc egfhkgt-egfhkgt pjcmje mgc fulgs. Ygtu egfhkgt sgtu hmj
~Kjkagtgsh cgrgsh gtgu ajrhtg ngcyg pgmg sgtu tjkg utgkg
■  Qukus :I
Rjcufhsgc ajrhtg mh Kjmhg ]T kjclgiu pgmg rukus :I, yghtu0
7.  Iocvjrsgthocgf  ’   pjrigegpgc, agngsg tutur, kjcufhs uctue mhmjclgr, tufhsfgn cgsegn
 ajrhtg sjpjrth lgyg orgcl ajrahigrg, egfhkgt pjcmje.
1.  Ifjgr  ’   `jfgs, fulgs, mjcotgthd, sgtu kgecg, nhcmgrh `grloc gtgu sfgcl ygcl ngcyg
mhejcgf egfgclgc tjrtjctu, kjclnhcmgrh susucgc egfhkgt ygcl rukht.
9.  Iocihsj ’  rhclegs,
Iocihsj ’  rhclegs, egfhkgt pjcmje, njkgt egtg.
=.  Iokpjffhcl  ”  kjcllucgegc
 kjcllucgegc egfhkgt gethd. Egfhkgt gethd `ulg fjahn pjcmje mgrhpgmg
egfhkgt pgshd.
:.  Ifhinè drjj  ”   ajags egtg efhsj gtgg egtg `jcun, yghtu egtg-egtg ygcl tjrfgfu sjrhcl
mhlucgegc. Egtg ehfsj sjrhcl mhpgegh mgfgk trgcshsh (pjrgfhngc) ajrhtg gtgu mh gwgf
fgporgc/tufhsgc0 sjkjctgrg htu, mgpgt mhtgkagnegc, pjrfu mhejtgnuh, mgfgk rgcleg,

92
 

 agnwgsgcyg, sjnuauclgc mjclgc ngf htu, sjfgc`utcyg, gmgpuc, mgpgt egkh

hcdorkgshegc, mgpgt egkh fgporegc

d.  ]jechs pjcufhsgc egtg

]jechs pjcufhsgc egtg mgfgk ajrhtg ]T pgmg mgsgregc sgkg mjclgc igrg kjcufhs ajrhtg
rgmho, yghtu kjcllucgegc agngsg tutur mjclgc prhcshp ‖\rhtj tnj \gy Xou ]gfe‛
(tufhsegc igrg pjcluigpgccyg).
7.  Gcleg
Gcleg 7-77 mhtufhs pjcluigpgccyg0 sgtu, mug, mst.. sgkpgh sjajfgs. Gcleg 71 ej gtgs
mhtufhs gclegcyg0 71, 79, 7=, mgc sjtjruscyg.
1.  Yhclegtgc mgc gerochk]ufhsegc ejpgc`gclgccyg fjahn mufu sjajfuk shclegtgc.
Iocton0 Mjwgc Rjrwgehfgc Qgeygt gtgu M-R-Q5 aueth pjfgcllgrgc gtgu thfgcl.
Yhclegtgc ygcl mhuigpegc pjr nurud mhphsgn mjclgc tgcmg nuaucl. Iocton0 K-Z-H, Y-

N-Z.
9.  Zcitugthoc (]gcmg Agig) @gclgc lucgegc tgcmg agig (pucitugthoc) mgfgk pjcufhsgc
 ajrhtg ]T mgc rgmho, sjpjrth ththe, eokg, mgc tgcmg pjthe.Lucgegc sfgsn gtgu grhs
khrhcl sgtu (/) uctue `jmg gtgu eokg. Lgrhs khrhcl mug (//) uctue ththe. Lgrhs khrhcl
thlg (///) uctue genhr cgsegn. ]ufhsegc ‖mgfgk tgcmg pjthe‛ `heg tjrpgesg gmg egtg -egtg
ygcl ajrkgecg eocotgthd.
=.  Gtrhaush + CgkgYjautegc hmjcthtgs, ljfgr, gtgu `gagtgc sjajfuk cgkg. Iocton0
Yjorgcl kgngshswh ZHC Agcmucl, Yhth Curngfhsg, kjclgtgegc mhrhcyg mhaugt pushcl
ofjn mosjc5 Mhrjetur Fjkaglg Yurvjh Hcmocjshg, Gnkgm Dufgc, kjclgtgegc ngshf
survjy.

l.  Gfur Cgsegn Ajrhtg ]T

7.  Qjportjr
Qjportjr kjkaugt ejputusgc ajsgr mjclgc kjcjctuegc gclfj, euthpgc ygcl
mhlucgegc, hcdorkgsh ygcl ngrus mhthcllgfegc, pjrtgcyggc gpg ygcl ngrus mhtgcygegc,
mff.
1.  Yua-Jmhtor / Gssoihgtj Jmhtor

97
 

Yua-jmhtor gmgfgn orgcl sjchor pjrtgkg ygcl kjfhngt serhp, ahgsgcyg uctue
kjclnhfgclegc ejsgfgngc, kjcluagn sumut (gclfj), vjrhdhegsh dgetg, mgc ukukcyg
kjcgwgregc pgcmugc ejpgmg rjportjr.
9.  Jmhtor Ajrhtg
Yua-Jmhtor ejkumhgc kjcjrusegc serhp ej Jmhtor, ygcl kjkaugt ejputusgc ajsgr
tjreght eoctjc. Gpg hcdorkgsh ngrus mhtgkagnegc, gpg ygcl ngrus mhngpus, ejpgtungc
tjrngmgp kgsgfgn jtheg mgc nueuk.
=.  Jmhtor Qjvhsh
Jmhtor rjvhsh ahgsgcyg mhlucgegc mgfgk kjchclegtegc lgyg serhp, kjcgkagnegc
wgrcg, mgc kjkaugtcyg kumgn mhagig.

n.  Dorkgt Ajrhtg ]jfjvhsh

7.  Qjgmjr, mgsgr pjcyg`hgc ajrhtg mjclgc igrg prjsjctjr kjkagig hsh ajrhtg tgcpg gmg

lgkagr pjcmueucl
1.  Lrgdhs, ahgsgcyg mhkuciufegc ejtheg ajrhtg mhchfgh pjcthcl mgc agru sg`g tjr`gmh egrjcg
 phnge stgshuc ajfuk kjcmgpgtegc gesjs lgkagr
9.  Tohij Ovjr, vhmjo gtgu lgkagr pjcmje yl mhhrhclh mjclgc egtg-egtg pjcyhgr
=.  Rgejt, fgporgc ajrhtg fjclegp mjclgc cgrgsh yl mhrjegk ej mgfgk phtg egsjt.
:.  Fgporgc Fgclsucl (fhvj), ajrhtg ygcl mhsgkpghegc fgclsucl ofjn prjsjctjr (oc ghr)
4.  Fhvj Ytumho, ajrhtg ygcl mhejkgs mfk ajctue wgwgcigrg mlc igrg kjcmgtgclegc
cgrgsukajr ej stumho
<.  Efhp, pjthegc fgclsucl pjrcygtggc sjsjorgcl yl mhtgkphfegc ajrmhrh sjcmhrh pgmg
sugtu prolrgk ajrhtg yl mhmgnufuh mjclgc hctro mgrh prjsjctjr
>.  Arjgehcl Ytory, ajrhrg yl kufgh tjr`gmh ejtheg sugtu prolrgk shgrgc ajrhtg kgshn
 ajrfgclsucl
8.  Youcmahtj oc ]gpj (YO]), iupfhegc wgwgcigrg mgrh cgrgsukajr yl pgc`gcl
72. Auttjm Youcmhtj. Mug soucmahtj yl mhjmht ajrturut-turut yl mhlucgegc uctue
kjcleoctrgsegc sjsjugtu
77. Ytgcm-up, rjportjr ajrahigrg mlc kjclgrgnegc mhrh kjclngmgp ej egkjrg mgrh foegsh
 pjkajrhtggc (fhvj)

91
 

71. Hhc nousj Rgieglj (hc nousjr), pgejt yl mhtufhs wrhttjr, mhjmht rjmgetur, mjclgc murgsh
1,: kjcht
  Cgturgf Youcm Rgieglj (Cgt REL), pgejt
79. Cgturgf p gejt yl tge kjkgegh cgrgsh mgrh prjsjctjr. ]gph
kjclgcmgfegc ejeugtgc vhmjo mgc sugrg cgturgf
7=. Opjc, mug gtgu thlg TO mhjmht sal pjkaueggc prolrgk ajrhtg yl ajrtu`ugc kjcgrhe
 pjrngthgc pjkhrsg
7:. ]jgsjr, TO yl mhjmht uctue kjcgrhe pjrngthgc pjkhrsg glgr tjtgp kjcoctoc.
74. Yyci, egtg-egtg yl mhuigpegc pjkahigrg ejtheg tgkphf mh fgygr ]T
7<. Rroko, hcdorkgsh kjcljcgh sugtu gigrg yl gegc mhsgkpghegc
7>. Qucchcl Ytory, ajrhtg yl ajrejkagcl sjfgkg ajajrgpg ngrh, khcllu agnegc aufgc
78. Tox Rop, mhejcgf mlc cgkg vohij od pjopfj, vox popufh gmfn eokjctgr1 mgrh
kgsygrgegt yl ajrgmg mh `gfgc uctue kjrjdfjeshegc ophch puafhe tjctgcl sugtu ajrhtg.

J.  Kjmhg ocfhcj

Kjcurut Qokfh (1271092), Rjr mjdhchsh, ocfhcj kjmhg (kjmhg ocfhcj) mhsjaut `ulg iyajr
kjmhg (kjmhg shajr), hctjrcjt kjmhg (kjmhg hctjrcjt), mgc cjw kjmhg(kjmhg agru) mgpgt
mhgrthegc sjaglgh kjmhg ygcl tjrsg`h sjigrg ocfhcj mh shtus wja (wjashtj) hctjrcjt. Yjigrg
tjechs gtgu dhshe, kjmhg ocfhcj gmgfgn kjmhg ajragshs tjfjeokuchegsh mgc kufthkjmhg
(eokputjr mgc hctjrcjt). ]jrkgsue egtjlorh kjmhg ocfhcj gmgfgn portgf, wjashtj (shtus wja,
tjrkgsue afol mgc kjmhg soshgf sjpjrth dgijaooe mgc twhttjr), rgmho ocfhcj, ]T ocfhcj, mgc
jkghf.
Ruafhe mjwgsg hch tge ngcyg kjcljcgf surgt egagr, kg`gfgn, rgmho, gtgu tjfjvhsh sjaglgh
kjmhg kgssg, tjtgph `ulg shtus-shtus ajrhtg mh mgfgk rugcl iyajr. Kjmhg kgssg ajrtgkagn
gcllotg mjclgc ejfgnhrgc shtus-shtus ajrhtg mh rugcl iyajrmgfgk egtjlorh ygcl mhsjaut
mjclgc Rortgf Ajrhtg. Rortgf ajrhtg tjrmhrh mgrh mug egtg, yghtu portgf mgc ajrhtg. Rortgf
kjkhfheh pjcljrthgc sjaglgh shtus gtgu ngfgkgc wja, sjmgclegc ajrhtg mgpgt mhmjdhchshegc
sjaglgh hcdorkgsh tjragru kjcljcgh sjsugtu ygcl sjmgcl tjr`gmh. @gmh, sjigrg ukuk portgf
 ajrhtg mgpgt mhgrthegc sjaglgh shtus gtgu ngfgkgc wja ygcl ajrhsh kjcljcgh ajraglgh `jchs
 ajrhtg.
Ejngmhrgc kjmhg ocfhcj kjkuciufegc ljcjrgsh agru `urcgfhsthe ygech `urcgfhsthe ocfhcj.
@urcgfhsthe ocfhcj (ocfhcj `ourcgfhsk) mhsjaut `ulg iyajr`oucgfhsk, `urcgfhsthe hctjrcjt, mgc

99
 

 `urcgfhsthe wja (wja `ourcgfhsk) kjrupgegc ‖ljcjrgsh agru‛ `urcgfhsthe sjtjfgn `urcgfhsthe
eocvjcshocgf (`urcgfhsthe kjmhg ijtge,sjpjrth surgt egagr) mgc `urcgfhsthe pjcyhgrgc
`ourcgfhsk ’  rgmho
(arogmigst `ourcgfhsk ’  rgmho mgc tjfjvhsh).
Mgfgk `urcgfhsthe ocfhcj hch, prosjs pjcygkpghgc hcdorkgsh mhfgeuegc mjclgc kjcllucgegc
kjmhg hctjrcjt. Rjrejkagclgc hctjrcjt ygcl pjsgt sggt hch tjfgn kjfgnhregc ajrglgk ajctue
kjmhg ocfhcj sjpjrth ioctoncyg wjashtj mgc portgf ygcl mhlucgegc sjaglgh kjmhg uctue
kjcyjagregc ajrhtg mgc hcdorkgsh. Yj`grgn kjmhg kgssg kjkpjrfhngtegc agnwg sjaugn
tjecofolh agru thmge pjrcgn kjclnhfgclegc tjecofolh ygcl fgkg, cgkuc kjcsuastgcshcyg.
@urcgfhskj ocfhcj thmge gegc kjclngpusegc `urcgfhskj trgmhshocgf, cgkuc kjchclegtegc
hctjcshtgscyg mjclgc kjcllgauclegc duclsh-duclsh mgrh tjecofolh hctjrcjt mjclgc kjmhg
trgmhshocgf.
Mh mgfgk kjmhg ocfhcj, tjecofolh kjc`gmh dgetor pjcjctu. Ajmg wgrtgwgc ocfhcj mjclgc
wgrtgwgc fghccyg gmgfgn pgmg tgctgclgc ajrhtg iyajr ygcl ajlhtu ijpgt, ngkphr thgp kjcht
 pjruagngccyg, mgc rugcl pjkajrhtggc ygcl sjagtgs fgygr kochtor. Rjkajrhtggccyg ahsg
mhtgcllgph fgclsucl engfgyge, mgc mgpgt tjrnuauclegc mjclgc ajraglgh ajrhtg, grshp, mgc
sukajr fghc, kjfgfuh dorkgt nypjrfhces. Rgvfhe (1227) kjcyjaut `urcgfhskj hch sjaglgh
ioctjxtugfhzjm `ourcgfhsk, mhegrjcgegc ejkgkpugccyg mgfgk kjcllgauclegc ejkgkpugc
kufthkjmhg mhlhtgf, hctjrgesh ocfhcj, mgc tgtg rupg dhturcyg.1=Rjrajmggc utgkg `urcgfhsthe
ocfhcj mjclgc `urcgfhsthe trgmhshocgf (ijtge, rgmho, ]T) gmgfgn ejijpgtgc, ejkumgngc gesjs,
 ahsg mh-upmgtj mgc mhngpus egpgcsg`g, mgc hctjrgesh mjclgc pjkagig gtgu pjcllucg (usjr).
g.  Rjcljrthgc @urcgfhsthe Ocfhcj
@urcgfhsthe Ocfhcj gmgfgn pjfhputgc, pjcufhsgc, mgc pjcyjagrfugsgc ajrhtg kjfgfuh hctjrcjt,
shtus wja (wjashtj), gtgu kjmhg ocfhcj. @urcgfhsthe Ocfhcj gmgfgn "dorkgt eoctjkporjr
 `urcgfhskj" mjclgc kjcmhstrhaushegc eoctjc jmhtorhgf kjfgfuh hctjrcjt, auegc puafhegsh
kjfgfuh kjmhg ijtge gtgu pjcyhgrgc (rgmho/tjfjvhsh).`urcgfhsthe ocfhcj mgpgt mhmjdhchshegc
sjaglgh prosjs pjcygkpghgc hcdorkgsh kjfgfuh kjmhg hctjrcjt, utgkgcyg wjashtj gtgu
 portgf ajrhtg.

a.  Yj`grgn @urcgfhsthe Ocfhcj.

Yj`grgn `urcgfhsthe ocfhcj kjrupgegc aglhgc mgrh sj`grgn mgc pjrejkagclgc tjecofolh
eokputjr ygcl mhheuth ejkuciufgc tjecofolh hctjrcjt ygcl mhejkagclegc tgnuc 7882-gc.

9=
 

]gcllgf 7< @gcugrh 788> mhsjaut-sjaut sjaglgh "tocllge sj`grgn ejfgnhrgc `urcgfhsthe
ocfhcj", yghtu ejtheg Kgre Mrulj, ajrajegf sjaugn fgptop mgc komjk, kjkpuafhegshegc
ehsgn pjrsjfhcleungc Rrjshmjc Gkjrheg Yjrhegt Ahff Ifhctoc mjclgc Kochig Fjwhcsey
(Kochiglgtj) mh wjashtjcyg, Mrulj Qjport.Mrulj kjkpuafhegshegc Kochiglgtj sjtjfgn
kg`gfgn Cjwswjje kjcofge uctue kjkugt ehsgn segcmgf ngshf hcvjsthlgsh Khingjf
Hsheodd htu. Rgmg gwgf 1222 ajrkuciufgc shtus-shtus wja prhagmh (pjrsocgf wjashtj) ygcl
kjcgkphfegc fgporgc `urcgfhsthe pjkhfhecyg ygcl ehch mhejcgf mjclgc wjashtj afol,
wjafol, gtgu afol sg`g.
Mh Hcmocjshg, kuciuf `urcgfhsthe ocfhcj pgmg genhr Ormj Agru. Gctgrg fghc mjclgc
kuciufcyg mjthe.iok ygcl kjrupgegc rjhcegrcgsh mgrh tgafohm Mjthe ygcl mharjhmjf
 pjkjrhctgn. Kjmhg ocfhcj hch suesjs kjkajrhtgegc pjcyjraugc egc
egctor
tor RMH 1< @ufh 7884.
]ocllge sj`grgn `urcgfhsthe ocfhcj gmgfgn mh genhr pjkjrhctgngc rjzhk Ormj Agru sggt
Rrjshmjc Yojngrto kjclucmuregc mhrh pgmg 17 Kjh 788>. Yjtjfgn htu, ajrglgk kjmhg
ocfhcj puc ngmhr, sjpjrth sgtucjt.iok, oejzocj.iok mgc fghccyg. @urcgfhsthe Ocfhcj
 agnegc ijpgt ajrejkagcl mjclgc kjkuciufegc "`urcgfhsthe agru‖ koahfj `ourcgfhsk
(`urcgfhsthe koahf), yghtu gethvhtgs `urcgfhsthe kjfgfuh koahfj mjvhij, koahfj pnocj,
skgrpnocj, tgafjt iokputjr, msa. Koahfj @ourcgfhsk ehgc kjkpjrijpgt prosjs pjcufhsgc
mgc pjcyjagrfugsgc ajrhtg mh kjmhg ocfhcj. \grtgwgc ahsg kjfgporegc pjrhsthwg
(kjcufhs ajrhtg) egpgc mgc mh kgcg sg`g, agnegc sggt sjaugn pjrhsthwg sjmgcl
 ajrfgclsucl.

i.  Hsthfgn-hsthfgn @urcgfhsthe Ocfhcj

7.  @urcgfhsthe Ocfhcj (Ocfhcj @ourcgfhsk)
1.  @urcgfhskj Mhlhtgf (Mhlhtgf @ourcgfhsk)
9.  @urcgfhskj Hctjrcjt (Hctjrcjt @ourcgfhsk)
=.  @urcgfhskj Yhtus \ja (\jashtj @ourcgfhsk)
:.  @urcgfhsthe Kufthkjmhg (Kufthkjmhg @ourcgfhsk)
4.  @urcgfhskj Yhajr (Iyajr @ourcgfhsk).
<.  @urcgfhskj Mgrhcl (Mgrhcl @ourcgfhsk). Egtg "mgrhcl", shclegtgc "mgfgk `grhclgc"
(ocfhcj)

9:
 

g)  Egrgetjrhsthe @urcgfhsthe Ocfhcj

■  Qjgf ]hkj, Qucchcl Cjws - ajrhtg sjfgfu upmgtj mgc getugf. Ahsg mhajrhtgegc sggt
ej`gmhgc ajrfgclsucl gtgu ajajrgpg mjthe sjtjfgn pjrhsthwg.
■  Lfoagf Gumhjcs - pjkagig mh sjfurun muchg sjfgkg gmg eocjesh hctjrcjt pfus
 pjrgclegt eokputjr mgc lgmljt.
■  ]hkjfjss. Ajrhtg mgpgt mhsjagr mgc mhgesjs egpgc sg`g, mh kgcg sg`g, 1= `gk
cocstop. Ajrhtg fgkg kgupuc agru.

a)  Egrgetjrhsthe @urcgfhsthe Ocfhcj kjcurut @gkjs I. Doust

➡  Gumhjcij Ioctrof - ejcmgfh mh tgclgc pjkagig. @urcgfhsthe ocfhcj kjkuclehcegc
 pjkagig (usjr/vhshtor) fjfugsg mgfgk kjkhfhn ajrhtg ygcl mhhclhcegc. Kjrjeg ahsg
 phcmgn mjclgc ijpgt mgrh sgtu ajrhtg ej ajrhtg fghc gtgu mgrh sgtu portgf ajrhtg ej
wjashtj fghc. @urcgfhskj mgrhcl kjkajrh ejsjkpgtgc ygcl fjahn fugs ejpgmg pgrg
gumhjcs uctue tjrfhagt fgclsucl mgfgk kjkhfhn mgc kjcigrh ajrhtg ygcl
mhhclhcegccyg.
➡  Cocfhjcgrhty
 Cocfhjcgrhty - thmge fhchjr, mgpgt mhsg`hegc sjigrg gige. @urcgfhsthe ocfhcj
kjkuclehcegc sjthgp ajrhtg ygcl mhsgkpghegc mgpgt ajrmhrh sjcmhrh sjnhcllg
 pjkagig thmge ngrus kjkagig sjigrg ajrurutgc. Rjkagig ahsg kjkufgh mjclgc
 ajrhtg tjragru, agnegc ahsg kufgh mjclgc ajrhtg ygcl mhposthcl sgtu-mug tgnuc fgfu.
➡  Ytorglj gcm rjtrhjvgf. Ocfhcj `urcgfhskj kjkuclehcegc ajrhtg tjrshkpgc,
tjrgrshpegc, gtgu tjrmoeukjctgshegc mgc mhgesjs ejkagfh mjclgc kumgn ofjn

 pjkagig. @urcgfhskj mgrhcl kjkajrhegc ejkumgngc aglh gumhjcs uctue

kjcyhkpgc mgc kjclgesjs ejkagfh hcdorkgsh-hcdorkgsh ygcl gmg.
➡  Zcfhkhtjm Ypgij. Qugcl tgcpg agtgs. @urcgfhsthe ocfhcj rjfgthd tgcpg gmg agtgsgc
 `ukfgn ajrhtg gtgu hcdorkgsh ygcl
ygc l gegc mhpuafhegshegc, `ulg rjfgthd tgcpg agtgsgc
 `ukfgn nurud mgc egtg/egfhkgt. Ajrajmg mjclgc kjmhg ijtge ygcl mhagtgsh
eofok/ngfgkgc gtgu rgmho/tjfjvhsh ygcl mhagtgsh murgsh (wgetu).
➡  Kufthkjmhg Igpgahfhty. Ejkgkpugc kufthkjmhg. @urcgfhskj ocfhcj
kjkuclehcegc ajrhtg mhsgkpghegc thmge ngcyg mgfgk dorkgt tjes, tgph `ulg ahsg
mhfjclegph gumho mgc vhmjo. • Hctjrgithvhty. Hctjrgethvhtgs. @urcgfhskj ocfhcj
kjkuclehcegc gmgcyg pjchclegtgc pgrthshpgsh pjkagig mgfgk sjthgp ajrhtg,

94
 

mjclgc gmgcyg eofok eokjctgr mgc/gtgu dgshfhtgs kjmhg soshgf ygcl

kjkuclehcgc pjkagig kjcyjagregc/kjkaglh (sngrj) ajrhtg mh geuc kjmhg
soshgf.
➡  Hkkjmhgiy. Ejsjljrggc, ejijpgtgc. @urcgfhskj ocfhcj kjkuclehcegc hcdorkgsh
mgpgt mhsgkpghegc sjigrg ijpgt mgc fgclsucl ejpgmg pjkagig. Hctjrcjt gmgfgn
kjmhuk tjrijpgt uctue kjcyjagregc hcdorkgsh. @gkjs I. Doust mgfgk aueu
Ocfhcj @ourcgfhsk. Rrhcihpfjs gcm Rrgithijs od Cjws dor ]nj \ja (Nofioka
Ngtngwgy Ruafhsnjrs, 122:).

m.  Rrhcshp @urcgfhsthe Ocfhcj

Gmg : Rrhcshp Mgsgr @urcgfhsthe Ocfhcj ygcl mhshclegt AGYHI
(Arjvhty, Gmgptgahfhty, Yigccgahfhty, Hctjrgvithvhty, mgc Iokkuchty & Iocvjrsgthocs)0
7.  Arjvhty
Qhclegs mgc to tnj pohct. Ajrgrth mgfgk pjcufhsgc `urcgfhskj ocfhcj ngrus shclegt,
 pgmgt mgc `jfgs. uctue kjcyjsughegc ejnhmupgc kgcushg mgc thclegt ejshauegccyg
ygcl sjkgehc thcllh .Mhtu`uegc glgr gumhjcij ajtgn kjkagig. Ngf hch sjsugh hsthfgn
ukuk eokuchegsh „EHYY‘, ygech Ejjp Ht Ynort gcm
gc m Yhkpfj. 
Yhkpfj. 
1.  Gmgptgahfhty gmgfgn pjcyjsughgc mhrh tjrngmgp tjecofolh.
]jecofolh sjkgehc ajrejkagcl, sjorgcl `urcgfhs mhtuctut uctue kgkpu ajrgmgptgsh
mh sjkug eocmhsh tjrkgsue ajrgmgptgsh mjclgc tjecofolh agru. wgrtgwgc ocfhcj
ngrus kgkpu ajrgmgptgsh mjclgc ajrhtg kufthkjmhg, thmge ngcyg tjes (cgsegn), tgph

 `ulg doto, gumho, vhmjo, lrgdhs, mff.

9.  Yigccgahffhty
Yg`hgc ajrhtg ngrus kumgn mhphcmgh gtgu kumgn mhagig mh fgygr kochtor. Zctue
kjkumgnegc pgrg gumhjcs, shtus-shtus tjreght mjclgc `urcgfhskj mgrhcl njcmgecyg
kjkhfheh shdgt mgpgt mhphcmgh, glgr pjkagig thmge pjrfu kjrgsg tjrpgesg mgfgk
kjkagig hcdorkgsh gtgu ajrhtg
=.  Hctjrgithvhty
Gmg hctjrgesh gctgrg gmkhc/wgrtgwgc/jmhtor mjclgc pjkagig sjigrg fgclsucl.
Eokuchegsh mgrh puafhe ejpgmg `urcgfhs mgfgk `urcgfhskj mgrhcl sgclgt
mhkuclehcegc mjclgc gmgcyg gesjs ygcl sjkgehc fugs. Rjkhrsg (vhjwjr) mhahgregc

9<
 

uctue kjc`gmh pjcllucg (usjr). Ngf hch sgclgt pjcthcl egrjcg sjkgehc gumhjcs
kjrgsg mhrhcyg mhfhagtegc, kgeg kjrjeg gegc sjkgehc mhngrlgh mgc sjcgcl kjkagig
 ajrhtg ygcl gmg.
:.  Iokkuchty gcm Iocvjrsgthocs
]jrajctue eokuchtgs mgc doruk pjrigegpgc gctgr - pjkagig. Kjmhg mgrhcl kjkhfheh
 pjrgc ygcl fjahn ajsgr mgrhpgmg kjmhg ijtge gtgu kjmhg eocvjcshocgf fghccyg, ygech
ygec h
sjaglgh pjc`grhcl eokuchtgs. @urcgfhs `ulg ngrus kjkajrh `gwgagc gtgu thkagf agfhe
ejpgmg puafhe sjaglgh sjaugn agfgsgc gtgs hctjrgesh ygcl mhfgeuegc puafhe tgmh.

9>
 

AGA fff

RJCZ]ZR

G.  Ejshkpufgc
Ajrmgsgregc kgegfgn mhgtgs mgpgt mhshkpufegc agnwg sj`grgn pjrejkagclgc
@urcgfhsthe mh muchg mgfgk sj`grgn Hsfgk agnwg ihegf agegf `urcgfhsthe ygcl pjrtgkg egfh
mh muchg gmgfgn pgmg zgkgc Cgah Cun. Gtgs mgsgr dgetg tjrsjaut, Cgah Cun mhgcllgp
sjaglgh pjcigrh ajrhtg mgc pjcyhgr egagr (wgrtgwgc) pjrtgkg egfh mh muchg. Egpgf Cgah
 Cun puc mhsjaut sjaglgh egctor ajrhtg pjrtgkg mh muchg.
Mgc gwgf kufgcyg kuciuf `urcgfhsthe mgpgt mhejtgnuh mgrh ajraglgh fhtjrgtur
tjctgcl sj `grgn `urcgfhsthe sjcgcthgsg kjru`ue pgmg ‖Gitg Mhurcg‛ pgmg zgkgc Qokgwh
(722-== YK).‖Gitg Mhurcg‛, ygech pgpgc
Euco kgsg pjkjrhctgngc eghsgr @ufhus Igjsgr (722-==
 pjclukukgc (sj`jchs kg`gfgn mhcmhcl gtgu pgpgc hcdorkgsh sjegrgcl), mhygehch sjaglgh
 promue `urcgfhsthe pjrtgkg5 pjrs, kjmhg kgssg, gtgu surgt egagr ngrhgc pjrtgkg
p jrtgkg mh muchg.
Yjnhcllg @ufhus Igjsgr puc mhsjaut sjaglgh ‖Agpge Rjrs Muchg. 
Muchg. 
@urcgfhsthe sgkpgh ej Jropg agnegc mh Gshg tjrkgsue cjlgrg Hcmocjshg,mh
Hcmocjshg sjcmhrh pjrejkagclgc ejlhgtgc `urcgfhsthe mhgwgfh ofjn Ajfgcmg, @jpgcl, kgsg
rjvofush dhshe, Mjkoergsh fhajrgf, kgsg ormj agru, rjdorkgsh nhcllg sggt hch . Ajajrgpg
 pj`ugcl ejkjrmjeggc Hcmocjshg puc kjcllucgegc ejwgrtgwgcgc sjaglgh gfgt
 pjr`ugclgc. Mh jrg-jrg hchfgn Ahctgcl ]hkojr, Ahctgcl Agrgt, @gvg Aomj, mgc Kjmgc
Rrh`g`h tjraht.
@jchs-`jchs kjmhg sjpjrth kjmhg ijtge (eorgc, kg`gfgn, arosur, dfyjr), kjmhg
jfjetroche (tjfjvhsh, rgmho, dhfk), mgc kjmhg ocfhcj. Kjmhg ocfhcj gmgfgn ajctue kjmhg
 agru ygcl
ygc l sjkgehc ajrejkagcl sjegrgcl, ygcl agnegc kjmhg ijtge sjpjrth eorgc sumgn
kuciuf mgfgk ajctue ocfhcj.
Ejuctuclgc ygcl mhthkaufegc ofjn kjmhg ocfhcj sgclgt kjkagctu mgc mgpgt
kjkpjregyg wgwgsgc sjtrg hfku pjcljtgnugc, gegc tjtgph mh jrg Hcdorkgsh sggt hch ehtg
ngrus pjrfu lgtjehpjr uctue kjcygrhcl hcdorkgsh ygcl mhmgpgt mjclgc kjfhngt tjrfjahn

mgnufu gpgegn hcdorkgsh ygcl mhmgpgt mgrh kjmhg-kjmhg tjrsjaut ajcgr gmgcyg mgc mgpgt
mhpjrigyg sjnhcllg hcdorkgsh ygcl mhmgpgt thmge sgfgn.
sgfgn.
98
 

A.  Ygrgc
Egkh kjcygmgrh agnwg kgegfgn hch agcyge sjegfh ejsgfgngc mgc sgclgt `gun mgrh
ejsjkpurcggc.]jctucyg, egkh gegc tjrus kjkpjragheh kgegfgn mjclgc kjclgiu pgmg
sukajr ygcl mgpgt mhpjrtgcllucl`gwgaegc cgcthcyg. Ofjn egrjcg htu, egkh sgclgt
kjclngrgpegc erhthe mgc sgrgc tjctgcl pjkagngsgc kgegfgn mhgtgs.

=2
 

MGD]GQ RZY]GEG

Ageshc, Gseurhdgh. 1224. @urcgfhsthe ]jfjvhsh0 ]jorh mgc Rrgethe. Agcmucl0 Yhkahosg Qjegtgkg
Kjmhg

Jdjcmy, Zin`gcg Ococl, Hfku Eokuchegsh ]jorh mgc Rrgetje, R] Qjkg`g Qosmgegryg, Agcmucl,
1277.

M`urghm,Nuscuc C.122<,Rgcmugc Kjcufhs Ajrhtg 0Jmhsh Qjvhsh.Kgfgcl 0 ZKK n.>=

n.> =

Ngrgngp, Grhdhc Y. 1224. @urcgfhsthe ]jfjvhsh0 ]jeche Kjkauru mgc Kjcufhs Ajrhtg. @gegrtg0 R]
Hcmjes

@A \gnyumh, Mgsgr-Mgsgr @urcgfhsthe Qgmho mgc ]jfjvhsh, Rustgeg Ztgkg Lrgdhth. @gegrtg, 7884.

Kgsmueh.1227.@urcgfhsthe Qgmho 0 Kjcgtg Rrodjshocgfhskj Qjportjr mgc Rjcyhgrgc.Xolygegrtg0

 Curumhc. Rjclgctgr Eokuchegsh Kgssg. (@gegrtg 0 R] Qg`g Lrgdhcmo Rjrsgmg. 122<). n. 7>>.

Qhswgcmh. 1228. Mgsgr-Mgsgr Rjcyhgrgc.Xolygegrtg0Lrgng Hfku n.11

Qokfh, Gsjp Yygksuf K. @urcgfhsthe Ocfhcj. Rgcmugc Rrgeths Kjcljfofg. Kjmhg Ocfhcj.
(Agcmucl 0 Cugcsg Ijcmhehg. 1271). n. 7=.

Yuprgto, ]okky, Rjclgctgr ]jorh mgc Kjc`jkjc Eokuchegsh, KjmRrjss, Xolygegrtg, 1228.

]. G. Fgthjd Qousymy, Mgsgr-mgsgr Qnjtorheg Egkuchegsh mgc Hcdorkgsh (Kjmgc0 Dhrkg Qhkaow,
78>8), n.7<4.

\hrygcto, ]jorh Eokuchegsh Kgssg, R] Lrgshcmo, @gegrtg, 1222.

nttps0//rokjftjg.iok/`jchs-`jchs-`urcgfhsthe-ajrmgsgregc-kjmhg-ijtge-rgmho-tv-ocfhcj/

nttp0//covytgchg.afolspot.iok/1271/72/sj`grgn-`urcgfhsthe-hcmocjshg.ntkf

nttp0//nokjwore-uhc.afolspot.iok/1228/71/sj`grgn-`urcgfhsthe.ntkf

nttps0//www.sfhmjsngrj.cjt/koahfj/MhgcgGkjfhgAglth/`urcgfhsthe-ocfhcj-kgtjrh-7
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