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Weeks 4-8 - M - Inductor Part
Weeks 4-8 - M - Inductor Part
Weeks 4-8 - M - Inductor Part
Qatar University
Overhead
Transmission Line
2
Dr. S.M.Muyeen 1
3
Dr. S.M.Muyeen 2
Non Uniform Current Density
If current density is represented by J, then :
𝐽 = constant for uniform current density
𝐽 = 𝐽0 𝑒 −𝑑Τ𝛿 for skin effect currents
Where, 𝐽0 = current density at the surface of the conductor
𝑒 = base of the natural logarithm
𝑑 = distance measured from the surface toward the center of the
conductor
𝛿 = skin depth
𝛿
Skin depth is defined as the point where the current density is the
current density at the surface 𝐽0 divided by e,
𝛿 = 𝐽0 Τ𝑒
The skin depth defines the effectives cross sectional area of the
conductor
2𝜌
SkinDepth =
𝜔𝜇
Where, 𝜌 is resistivity of conductor, 𝜔 is the angular speed, 𝜇 is the
permeability.
Skin depth is inversely proportional to the square root of the
frequency
Dr. S.M.Muyeen 3
Non Uniform Current Density
There are three possible reasons we might care about skin effect.
Corona/Corona Discharge
Corona discharge is an ionization of air adjacent to high voltage conductor. It
is caused by the leakage of current from the conductor into the air. Corona is a
phenomenon associated with all energized transmission lines. Under certain
conditions, the localized electric field near an energized conductor can be
sufficiently concentrated to produce a tiny electric discharge that can ionize
air close to the conductors [1]. This partial discharge of electrical energy is
called corona discharge, or corona.
Dr. S.M.Muyeen 4
Corona/Corona Discharge
• Electric transmission lines can generate a small amount of sound energy
as a result of corona.
•Corona is a phenomenon associated with all transmission lines. Under
certain conditions, the localized electric field near energized components
and conductors can produce a tiny electric discharge or corona that
causes the surrounding air molecules to ionize, or undergo a slight
localized change of electric charge.
•Utility companies try to reduce the amount of corona because in addition
to the low levels of noise that result, corona results a power loss, and in
extreme cases, it can damage system components over time.
•Corona occurs on all types of transmission lines, but it becomes more
noticeable at higher voltages (345 kV and higher). Under fair weather
conditions, the audible noise from corona is minor and rarely noticed.
•During wet and humid conditions, water drops collect on the conductors
and increase corona activity. Under these conditions, a crackling or
humming sound may be heard in the immediate vicinity of the line.
•Corona results in a power loss. Power losses like corona result in
operating inefficiencies and increase the cost of service for all ratepayers;
a major concern in transmission line design is the reduction of losses.
9
Corona/Corona Discharge
Sources of Corona:
•The amount of corona produced by a transmission line is a function of the
voltage of the line, the diameter of the conductors, the locations of the
conductors in relation to each other, the elevation of the line above sea level, the
condition of the conductors and hardware, and the local weather conditions.
Power flow does not affect the amount of corona produced by a transmission
line.
•Irregularities (such as nicks and scrapes on the conductor surface or sharp
edges on suspension hardware) concentrate the electric field at these locations
and thus increase the electric field gradient and the resulting corona at these
spots.
•Corona also increases at higher elevations where the density of the atmosphere
is less than at sea level. Audible noise will vary with elevation.
•Raindrops, snow, fog, hoarfrost, and condensation accumulated on the
conductor surface are also sources of surface irregularities that can increase
corona.
•During wet or foul weather conditions, the conductor will produce the greatest
amount of corona noise.
10
Dr. S.M.Muyeen 5
Corona/Corona Discharge
Effect of Corona:
•audible noise
• radio
• television and computer monitor interference
• gaseous effluents/discharge
• shock potential
• fuel ignition
Methods to minimize corona effect:
• By minimizing the voltage stress and electric field
gradient
•Surface Treatments
•Homogenous Insulators
•Using Bundled Conductors (by increasing GMR)
•Elimination of sharp points
•Using Corona rings by distributing electric field
gradient
•New Conductor
•By increasing the spacing between the conductors
•By increasing the diameter of the conductor
11
Key points:
• Underground cables have lower visibility and are less affected by bad
weather than overhead lines.
• However, costs of insulated cable and excavation are much higher than
overhead construction.
• Faults in buried transmission lines take longer to locate and repair.
• Underground lines are strictly limited by their thermal capacity, which
permits less overload or de-rating than overhead lines.
• Long underground cables have significant capacitance, which may reduce
their ability to provide useful power to loads.
12
Dr. S.M.Muyeen 6
Types of Underground Cables
Types of underground cables are given below-
• High-pressure, fluid-filled pipe (HPFF)
• High-pressure, gas-filled pipe (HPGF)
• Self-contained fluid-filled (SCFF)
• Solid cable, cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE)
13
XLPE Cable
An important advantage of
XLPE as insulation for
medium and high voltage
cables is their low dielectric
loss. The dielectric loss factor
is about one decimal power
lower than that of paper
insulated cables and about
two decimal powers lower
than that of PVC (polyvinyl
chloride) -insulated cables.
Since the dielectric constants
is also more favorable the
mutual capacitance of XLPE
cables is also lower, thus
reducing the charging
currents and earth-leakage
currents in networks without
the rigid star-point earthing. Fig. XLPE cables
14
Dr. S.M.Muyeen 7
XLPE Cable
(a)
Also used as
sub-marrine
cable
(b)
15
XLPE Cable
(a) Cables buried directly in trefoil formation (b) Cables buried inside ducts in trefoil formation
(c) Cables directly buried in flat formation (d) Cables buried flat in ducts
Dr. S.M.Muyeen 8
XLPE Cable
17
18
Dr. S.M.Muyeen 9
Transmission Line Parameters
❑ A transmission line has 4 parameter as follows-
❑Resistance
❑Inductance
❑Capacitance
❑Conductance
❑ Resistance and Inductance uniformly distributed along the
line form the series impedance.
❑ The conductance and capacitance existing between
conductors of a single phase line or from a conductor to
neutral of a three-phase line form the shunt admittance.
For overhead transmission line, we may neglect it, but not
for underground cable.
19
Dr. S.M.Muyeen 10
Type of Conductor
❑ Conductor Types:
❑ AAC – all-aluminum
conductors
❑ AAAC – all-aluminum-alloy
conductor
❑ ACSR – aluminum
conductor, steel reinforced
❑ ACAR – aluminum
conductor, alloy reinforced Fig. cross section of a steel-
reinforced conductor, 7 steel strands,
and 24 aluminum strands
❑ Various tensile strength, current
capacities, and conductor sizes
are obtained by using different
combinations of steel and
aluminum.
21
Resistance
❑ The effective resistance of a conductor is :
❑ Direct-current resistance :
𝜌𝑙
𝑅0 = Ω
𝐴
22
Dr. S.M.Muyeen 11
Circular Mill Area
❑ Circular mil area
Circular mean area (CM area) is unit denoting cross-sectional size of a wire or cable.
1 CM = area of circle with diameter 0.001 (10 -3) inch ≈ 0.7854.10-6 inch2
❑ MIL:
mil = 1000 x d ; where d = diameter of cable of wire (inch)
Example: Mils of a (1/2) inch wire=1000 x (½in)=500
❑ Circular Mil
Area of wire or cable equal to its diameter-expressed in mils squared:
CM = mil2 ➔ mil = CM1/2
Example: the mil of an circular wire with area 140625 CM can be calculated
as, mil=1406251/2=375 mils
❑ Square Mil Area
One square mil = (1x10-3)2 = 1x10-6 inch2
23
Conversion
❑ Circular Mil to Square Inch
❑ 1 Circular Mil = 0.7854 x 10-6 Square Inch
24
Dr. S.M.Muyeen 12
Effect of Temperature on Resistance
❑ The variance of resistance of
metallic conductor with temperature
is practically linear as shown in
Figure.
From the figure :
𝑅2 𝑇 + 𝑡2
=
𝑅1 𝑇 + 𝑡1
Where 𝑅1 and 𝑅2 are the resistance of
the conductor at temperatures 𝑡1 and 𝑡2
Fig. resistance of a metallic conductor
❑ Values of the constant T in degrees as a function of temperature
Celsius depends on the conductor
materials property, e.g., for annealed
copper of 100% conductivity it is
234.5, but for hard-drawn copper of
97.3% conductivity it is 241
25
26
Dr. S.M.Muyeen 13
Variation in Line Resistance Example
27
Example
2% spiraling effect, so
length increase by 2%
28
Dr. S.M.Muyeen 14
Example
29
mmf = ∮ 𝐻 ∙ 𝑑𝑠 = 𝐼 𝐴𝑡
where 𝐻 is magnetic field intensity, 𝑠 = distance Fig. cross section of a cylindrical
conductor
along path, 𝐼 current enclosed
To obtain an accurate value for the inductance of a transmission line, it is necessary to consider the
Flux inside each conductor as well as the external flux
30
Dr. S.M.Muyeen 15
Let the field intensity at a distance x meters form the center of the
conductor be designated Hx. As the field is symmetrical, 𝐻𝑥 is constant,
∮ 𝐻𝑥 ∙ 𝑑𝑠 = 𝐼𝑥 2𝜋𝑥𝐻𝑥 = 𝐼𝑥
where 𝐼𝑥 is the current enclosed.
32
Dr. S.M.Muyeen 16
Flux linkage between Two Points External to an Isolated
Conductor
❑ The magnetic intensity at a tubular element
which is x meters far from the center of the
conductor is assumed as Hx. The mmf around
the element
2𝜋𝑥𝐻𝑥 = 𝐼
❑ Flux density : D2
𝜇𝐼
𝐵𝑥 = WbtΤm
2𝜋𝑥
❑ Flux per meter : Fig. A conductor and external points
𝜇𝐼 P1 and P2
𝑑𝜙 = 𝑑𝑥 WbtΤm
2𝜋𝑥
❑ Flux between P1 and P2 :
𝐷2
𝜇𝐼 𝜇𝐼 𝐷2
𝜆12 = න 𝑑𝑥 = ln WbtΤm
𝐷1 2𝜋𝑥 2𝜋 𝐷1
33
𝐷2
𝜆12 = 2 × 10−7 𝐼 ln WbtΤm
𝐷1
❑ The inductance due to only the flux included between two external points
P1 and P2:
𝐷2
𝐿12 = 2 × 10−7 ln WbtΤm
𝐷1
34
Dr. S.M.Muyeen 17
35
𝐷
𝐿1 = 2 × 10−7 ln 𝜀 1Τ4 + ln
𝑟1
Dr. S.M.Muyeen 18
❑ Similarly, the inductance due to current in conductor 2:
𝐷
𝐿2 = 2 × 10−7 ln HΤm
𝑟2 ′
𝐷
𝐿 = 𝐿1 + 𝐿2 = 4 × 10−7 ln HΤm
𝑟1 ′𝑟2 ′
❑ If 𝑟′1 = 𝑟′2 = 𝑟′, thus
𝐷
𝐿 = 4 × 10−7 ln HΤm
𝑟′
37
due to 𝐼1 :
1
𝐼1 𝐷1𝑃 n
𝜆1𝑃1 = + 2𝐼1 ln × 10−7
2 𝑟1
𝐷1𝑃
𝜆1𝑃1 = 2 × 10−7 𝐼1 ln WbtΤm
𝑟1 ′ Fig. Cross-sectional view of group of
n conductors carrying currents whose
sum is zero. Point P is remote from
the conductor
38
Dr. S.M.Muyeen 19
❑ The Flux linkage of conductor 1 due to 𝐼2 :
𝐷2𝑃
𝜆1𝑃2 = 2 × 10−7 𝐼2 ln WbtΤm
𝐷12
❑ By expanding
1 1 1
𝜆1𝑃 = 2 × 10−7 𝐼1 ln + 𝐼2 ln + ⋯ + 𝐼𝑛 ln + 𝐼1 ln 𝐷1𝑃 + 𝐼2 ln 𝐷2𝑃 + ⋯ + 𝐼𝑛 ln 𝐷𝑛𝑃 +
𝑟1 ′ 𝐷12 𝐷1𝑛
39
1 1 1
𝜆1𝑃 = 2 × 10−7 𝐼1 ln + 𝐼2 ln + ⋯ + 𝐼𝑛 ln + 𝐼1 ln 𝐷1𝑃 + 𝐼2 ln 𝐷2𝑃 + ⋯ + 𝐼𝑛 ln 𝐷𝑛𝑃 +
𝑟1 ′ 𝐷12 𝐷1𝑛
Internal External
40
Dr. S.M.Muyeen 20
Inductance of Composite Conductor Lines
Composite Conductor:
Conductors composed of two or
more elements electrically in
parallel, e.g., stranded conductor.
I 1 1 1 I 1 1 1
𝜆𝑎 = 2 × 10−7 ln + ln + ⋯ + ln − 2 × 10−7 ln + ln + ⋯ + ln
𝑛 𝑟𝑎 ′ 𝐷𝑎𝑏 𝐷𝑎𝑛 𝑚 𝐷𝑎𝑎′ 𝐷𝑎𝑏′ 𝐷𝑎𝑚
41
From which
𝑚
−7
𝐷𝑎𝑎′ 𝐷𝑎𝑏′ ⋯ 𝐷𝑎𝑚
𝜆𝑎 = 2 × 10 𝐼 ln 𝑛
WbtΤm
𝑟𝑎 ′𝐷𝑎𝑏 ⋯ 𝐷𝑎𝑛
𝑚
𝜆𝑎 𝐷𝑎𝑎′ 𝐷𝑎𝑏′ ⋯ 𝐷𝑎𝑚
𝐿𝑎 = = 2𝑛 × 10−7 ln 𝑛 HΤm
𝐼 Τ𝑛 𝑟𝑎 ′𝐷𝑎𝑏 ⋯ 𝐷𝑎𝑛
𝑚
𝜆𝑏 𝐷𝑏𝑎′ 𝐷𝑏𝑏′ ⋯ 𝐷𝑏𝑚
𝐿𝑏 = = 2𝑛 × 10−7 ln 𝑛 HΤm
𝐼 Τ𝑛 𝐷𝑏𝑎 𝑟𝑏 ′ ⋯ 𝐷𝑏𝑛
42
Dr. S.M.Muyeen 21
❑ The average inductances of filaments of conductor X:
𝐿𝑎 + 𝐿𝑏 + ⋯ + 𝐿𝑛
𝐿𝑎𝑣 =
𝑛
❑ Inductance of conductor X (n filaments are electrically in parallel) :
𝐿𝑎𝑣 𝐿𝑎 + 𝐿𝑏 + ⋯ + 𝐿𝑛
𝐿𝑋 = =
𝑛 𝑛2
❑ Combines the term:
𝑚𝑛
𝐷𝑎𝑎′ 𝐷𝑎𝑏′ ⋯ 𝐷𝑎𝑚 𝐷𝑏𝑎′ 𝐷𝑏𝑏′ ⋯ 𝐷𝑏𝑚 ⋯ 𝐷𝑛𝑎′ 𝐷𝑛𝑏′ ⋯ 𝐷𝑛𝑚
𝐿𝑋 = 2 × 10−7 ln 𝑛2
HΤm
𝐷𝑎𝑎 𝐷𝑎𝑏 ⋯ 𝐷𝑎𝑛 𝐷𝑏𝑎 𝐷𝑏𝑏 ⋯ 𝐷𝑏𝑛 ⋯ 𝐷𝑛𝑎 𝐷𝑛𝑏 ⋯ 𝐷𝑛𝑛
43
Where
❑ The numerator, the mn root of the product of the mn distances is
called the geometric mean distance (GMD) between conductor X
and conductor Y. It is abbreviated as Dm and also known as mutual
GMD between two conductors.
❑ The denominator, the n2 root of these terms is called the self GMD
of conductor X and 𝑟′ is called the self GMD of the filament. Self
GMD is also called geometric mean radius (GMR). It is abbreviated
as Ds
❑ In terms of 𝐷𝑚 and 𝐷𝑠
𝐷𝑚
𝐿𝑋 = 2 × 10−7 ln HΤm
𝐷𝑠
❑ The inductance of the line is
𝐿 = 𝐿𝑥 + 𝐿𝑌
44
Dr. S.M.Muyeen 22
Use of Conductor Datasheet
❑ Inductive reactance of one conductor of a single phase two-
conductor line:
𝐷𝑚
𝑋𝐿 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐿 = 2𝜋𝑓 × 2 × 10−7 ln
𝐷𝑠
𝐷𝑚
= 4𝜋𝑓 × 10−7 ln ΩΤm
𝐷𝑠
𝐷𝑚
𝑋𝐿 = 2.022 × 10−3 𝑓 ln ΩΤm
𝐷𝑠
❑ Some table gives values of inductive reactance in addition of GMR.
By expand the algorithm:
1
𝑋𝐿 = 2.022 × 10−3 𝑓 ln + 2.022 × 10−3 𝑓 ln 𝐷𝑚 ΩΤm𝐢
𝐷𝑠
Xa Xd
Xa is the inductive reactance at 1-ft spacing
Xd is the inductive reactance spacing factor
45
Example
Problem
Find the inductive reactance per mile of a single-phase line operating at 60 Hz. The conductor is Partridge,
and spacing is 20 ft between centers.
46
Dr. S.M.Muyeen 23
Inductance of Three-Phase Lines with Equilateral Spacing
❑ Assume three-balanced phasor
current 𝐼𝑎 + 𝐼𝑏 + 𝐼𝑐 = 0
❑ Since 𝐼𝑎 = − 𝐼𝑏 + 𝐼𝑐
1 1
𝜆𝑎 = 2 × 10−7 𝐼𝑎 ln − 𝐼𝑎 ln
𝐷𝑠 𝐷
𝐷
= 2 × 10−7 𝐼𝑎 ln WbtΤm
𝐷𝑠
❑ and
𝐷 Fig. Cross-sectional view of the
𝐿𝑎 = 2 × 10−7 ln HΤm equilaterally spaced conductor of
𝐷𝑠
three-phase line
47
Example
Problem
One circuit of a single-phase transmission line is composed of three solid O.25 cm radius wires. The return
circuit is composed of two O.5 cm radius wires. The arrangement of conductors is shown in Figure below.
Find the inductance due to the current in each side of the line and the inductance of the complete line in
henrys per meter (and in millihenrys per mile).
48
Dr. S.M.Muyeen 24
Example
In this example, the conductors in parallel on one side of the line are separated by 6m, and the distance
between two sides of the line is 9m. Here the calculation of mutual GMD is important. For stranded
conductors the distance between sides of a line composed of one conductor per side is usually so great that
the mutual GMD can be take as equal to the center-to-center distance with negligible error.
49
Example
Problem
50
Dr. S.M.Muyeen 25
Example
51
Therefore in
general Dab
Dac Dbc
Unless something
was done this would
Typical Transmission Tower result in unbalanced
Configuration phases
52
Dr. S.M.Muyeen 26
Inductance of Three-Phase Lines With Unsymmetrical
Spacing
1
❑ When three phases are not spaced equilaterally, the flux linkage and
inductance of each phase are not the same.
❑ The balanced of the three phase can be restored by exchanging the
positions of the conductors at regular intervals along the line.
❑ Conductor position exchange called transposition.
53
54
Dr. S.M.Muyeen 27
Line Transposition Example
55
1 1 1
𝜆𝑎1 = 2 × 10−7 𝐼𝑎 ln + 𝐼𝑏 ln + 𝐼𝑐 ln WbtΤm
𝐷𝑠 𝐷12 𝐷31
❑ With a in position 2, b in position 3 and c in position 1
1 1 1
𝜆𝑎2 = 2 × 10−7 𝐼𝑎 ln + 𝐼𝑏 ln + 𝐼𝑐 ln WbtΤm
𝐷𝑠 𝐷23 𝐷12
❑ And with a in position 3, b in position 1 and c in position 2
1 1 1
𝜆𝑎3 = 2 × 10−7 𝐼𝑎 ln + 𝐼𝑏 ln + 𝐼𝑐 ln WbtΤm
𝐷𝑠 𝐷31 𝐷23
56
Dr. S.M.Muyeen 28
❑ The average value of the flux of a
𝜆𝑎1 + 𝜆𝑎2 + 𝜆𝑎3
𝜆𝑎 =
3
2×10−7 1 1 1
= 3𝐼𝑎 ln + 𝐼𝑏 ln + 𝐼𝑐 ln
3 𝐷𝑠 𝐷12 𝐷23 𝐷31 𝐷12 𝐷23 𝐷31
❑ With restriction 𝐼𝑎 = − 𝐼𝑏 + 𝐼𝑐
2 × 10−7 1 1
𝜆𝑎 = 3𝐼𝑎 ln − 𝐼𝑎 ln
3 𝐷𝑠 𝐷12 𝐷23𝐷31
3
𝐷12 𝐷23 𝐷31
= 2 × 10−7𝐼𝑎 ln WbtΤm
𝐷𝑠
❑ The average inductance
𝐷𝑒𝑞
𝐿𝑎 = 2 × 10−7 ln HΤm
𝐷𝑠
Where,
3
𝐷𝑒𝑞 = 𝐷12 𝐷23𝐷31
Ds is the GMR of the conductor and Deq is the geometric mean of the three
distances of the unsymmetrical line which is the equivalent equilateral spacing.
57
Example
Problem
A single circuit three-phase line operated at 60Hz is arranged, as shown in Figure below. The condutors
are ACSR Drake. Find the inductive reactance per mile per phase.
58
Dr. S.M.Muyeen 29
Inductance calculations for bundled conductors
59
60
Dr. S.M.Muyeen 30
Capacitance of Transmission Lines
61
62
Dr. S.M.Muyeen 31
Review of Electric Fields
❑ To develop a model for line capacitance, we need to
review the electric field concept, more specificly the
Gauss’s law.
q= 𝑫 𝑨. 𝒅𝑨
(Integrate over close surface)
where
D = the electric flux density, coulombs/m2
da = differential area da with normal to surface
A= total closed surface area, m2
q= total charge in coulombs enclosed
63
64
Dr. S.M.Muyeen 32
Electric Field of A Long, Straight Conductor
❑ The electric flux density at x meters
from the conductor to the point where
electric flux density is computed can be
expressed as:
𝑞
𝐷𝑓 = CΤm2
2𝜋𝑥
65
𝐷2 𝐷2
𝑞 𝑞 𝐷2
𝑣12 = න 𝐸 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑑𝑥 = ln V
𝐷1 𝐷1 2𝜋𝑥𝑘 2𝜋𝑘 𝐷1
66
Dr. S.M.Muyeen 33
Capacitance of a Two-Wire Line
❑ Capacitance per unit length of the line
𝑞
𝐶= FΤm
𝑣
For convenience we refer to capacitance
per unit length as capacitance.
❑ Converting to phasor notation
Fig. cross section of parallel-wire
𝑞𝑎 𝐷 𝑞𝑏 𝑟𝑏 line
𝑉𝑎𝑏 = ln + ln V
2𝜋𝑘 𝑟𝑎 2𝜋𝑘 𝐷
❑ Since 𝑞𝑎 = −𝑞𝑏
𝑞𝑎 𝐷 𝑟𝑏
𝑉𝑎𝑏 = ln − ln V
2𝜋𝑘 𝑟𝑎 𝐷
67
❑ If 𝑟𝑎 = 𝑟𝑏 = 𝑟 Can=2Cab Cbn=2Cab
𝜋𝑘 Fig. representation of line-
𝐶𝑎𝑏 = F Τm
ln 𝐷 Τ𝑟 to–neutral capacitance
68
Dr. S.M.Muyeen 34
Example
Problem
Find the capacitive susceptance per mile of a single-phase line operating at 60 Hz. The conductor is
Partridge, and spacing is 20 ft between centers.
69
1 2.862 𝐷
𝑋𝐶 = = × 109 ln Ω. m to neutral
2𝜋𝑓𝐶 𝑓 𝑟
❑ Divided by 1609 to convert to miles
1.779 𝐷
𝑋𝐶 = × 106 ln Ω. mi to neutral
𝑓 𝑟
1.779 1 1.779
𝑋𝐶 = × 106 ln + × 106 ln 𝐷 Ω. mi to neutral
𝑓 𝑟 𝑓
Xa ’ Xd ’
Xa’ is the capacitive reactance at 1-ft spacing
Xd’ is the capacitive reactance spacing factor
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Dr. S.M.Muyeen 35
Capacitance of three-phase line with equilateral spacing
1 𝐷 𝑟
𝑉𝑎𝑏 + 𝑉𝑎𝑐 = 2𝑞𝑎 ln + 𝑞𝑏 + 𝑞𝑐 ln V
2𝜋𝑘 𝑟 𝐷
❑ If no other charges, the sum of charges on three phase is zero, thus:
3𝑞𝑎 𝐷
𝑉𝑎𝑏 + 𝑉𝑎𝑐 = ln V
2𝜋𝑘 𝑟
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Dr. S.M.Muyeen 36
❑ From line a to neutral of three-phase circuit:
𝑞𝑎 2𝜋𝑘
𝐶𝑛 = = FΤm to neutral
𝑉𝑎𝑛 ln 𝐷Τ𝑟
73
❑ As the rms voltage varies along the line, the charging current is not the
same everywhere.
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Dr. S.M.Muyeen 37
Capacitance of Three-Phase Line with Unsymmetrical Spacing
2
❑ In the un-transposed line
the capacitances of each D12
phase to neutral are D23
unequal
1 3
D31
Fig. cross section of three-phase line unsymmetrical spacing
1 𝐷12 𝑟 𝐷23
𝑉𝑎𝑏 = 𝑞𝑎 ln + 𝑞𝑏 ln + 𝑞𝑐 ln V
2𝜋𝑘 𝑟 𝐷12 𝐷31
❑ With phase 𝑎 in position 2, 𝑏 in position 3 and 𝐶 in position 1
1 𝐷23 𝑟 𝐷31
𝑉𝑎𝑏 = 𝑞𝑎 ln + 𝑞𝑏 ln + 𝑞𝑐 ln V
2𝜋𝑘 𝑟 𝐷23 𝐷12
75
1 𝐷31 𝑟 𝐷12
𝑉𝑎𝑏 = 𝑞𝑎 ln + 𝑞𝑏 ln + 𝑞𝑐 ln V
2𝜋𝑘 𝑟 𝐷31 𝐷23
3
𝐷𝑒𝑞 = 𝐷12 𝐷23 𝐷31
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Dr. S.M.Muyeen 38
❑ Similarly, the average voltage drop form conductor 𝑎 and 𝑐:
1 𝐷𝑒𝑞 𝑟
𝑉𝑎𝑐 = 𝑞𝑎 ln + 𝑞𝑐 ln
2𝜋𝑘 𝑟 𝐷𝑒𝑞
❑ Voltage to neutral
3𝑉𝑎𝑛 = 𝑉𝑎𝑏 + 𝑉𝑎𝑐
1 𝐷𝑒𝑞 𝑟 𝑟
= 2𝑞𝑎 ln + 𝑞𝑏 ln + 𝑞𝑐 ln
2𝜋𝑘 𝑟 𝐷𝑒𝑞 𝐷𝑒𝑞
❑ Since 𝑞𝑎 + 𝑞𝑏 + 𝑞𝑐 = 0
3 𝐷𝑒𝑞
3𝑉𝑎𝑛 = 𝑞𝑎 ln V
2𝜋𝑘 𝑟
𝑞 2𝜋𝑘
❑ And 𝐶𝑛 = 𝑉 𝑎 = ln FΤm to neutral
𝑎𝑛 𝐷𝑒𝑞 Τ𝑟
77
𝑉𝑎𝑏
1 𝐷12 𝐻12
= ൭𝑞 ln − ln
Equipotential surface 2𝜋𝑘 𝑎 𝑟 𝐻1
𝑟 𝐻2
+ 𝑞𝑏 ln − ln
𝐷12 𝐻12
𝐷23 𝐻23
+ 𝑞𝑐 ln − ln ൱
𝐷31 𝐻31
Fictitious conductors
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Dr. S.M.Muyeen 39
❑ Knowing the sum of the charges is zero:
2𝜋𝑘
𝐶𝑛 = 3
FΤm
𝐷𝑒𝑞 𝐻12 𝐻23 𝐻31
ln 𝑟 − ln 3
𝐻1 𝐻2 𝐻3
(Earth effect term)
When the conductors are very high above the ground, the effect of
earth effect term becomes negligible.
79
𝑉𝑎𝑏
1 𝑞𝑎 𝐷12 𝐷12 𝑞𝑏 𝑟 𝑑 𝑞𝑐 𝐷23 𝐷23
= ln + ln + ln + ln + ln + ln
2𝜋𝑘 2 𝑟 𝑑 2 𝐷12 𝐷12 2 𝐷31 𝐷31
1 𝐷12 𝑟𝑑 𝐷23
𝑉𝑎𝑏 = 𝑞𝑎 ln + 𝑞𝑏 ln + 𝑞𝑐 ln
2𝜋𝑘 𝑟𝑑 𝐷12 𝐷31
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Dr. S.M.Muyeen 40
Fig. Cross section of a bundled-conductor three-phase line
2𝜋𝑘
𝐶𝑛 = FΤm to ne𝑢𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑙
𝐷𝑒𝑞
ln
𝑟𝑑
𝑏
❑ If we let 𝐷𝑠𝐶 stand for the modified GMR,
2𝜋𝑘
𝐶𝑛 = 𝐷𝑒𝑞
FΤm to neutral
ln
𝐷𝑏
𝑠𝐶
81
𝑏 4 2
𝐷𝑠𝐶 = 𝑟×𝑑 = 𝑟𝑑
❑ For a three-strand bundle
𝑏 9 3
𝐷𝑠𝐶 = 𝑟×𝑑×𝑑 3 = 𝑟𝑑 2
❑ For a four-strand bundle
𝑏
16 4 4
𝐷𝑠𝐶 = 𝑟×𝑑×𝑑×𝑑× 2 = 1.09 𝑟𝑑 3
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Dr. S.M.Muyeen 41
Parallel-circuit Three-Phase Lines
83
Example
Problem
A three-phase double circuit line is composed of 300,000 cmil 26/7 Ostrich conductors arranged as shown
in figure below. Find the 60 Hz inductive reactance and capacitive susceptance in ohms per mile per phase
and siemens per mile per phase, respectively.
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Dr. S.M.Muyeen 42
Example
85
Example
86
Dr. S.M.Muyeen 43
Example
87
Appendix
88
Dr. S.M.Muyeen 44
Appendix
89
Appendix
90
Dr. S.M.Muyeen 45
Appendix
91
Reference
1. Glover, Sarma and Overbye, "Power System Analysis and Design" 6th Edition, Cengage
Learning, 2017.
2. Hadi Saadat, "Power System Analysis", 2nd Edition, McGraw Hill, 2004.
3. Grainger and Stevension, Jr, “Power System Anslysis”, McGRAW Hill, 1994
4. Stephen J Chapman, “Electric Machinery Fundamentals”, 4th Edition, McGrawHill, 2005
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Dr. S.M.Muyeen 46