Salahaddin University-

Hawler
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering
Department

Piled Raft Foundation

A Project Submitted to the Civil Engineering Department

University of Salahaddin-Erbil
In the Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of Bachelor of Science
In Civil Engineering

Prepared By:

Mahmoud Luqman
Karez Haitham

Supervisor:
Assist.Prof.Dr.Yousif Ismail Mawlood

2022-2023
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 Abstract:

Lower base of a structure is a very

supreme
part as it links the main body
superstructure to the earth.
That lower base is known as
Foundation. In this paper we
are going to discuss about the types of
foundations
Lower base of a structure is a very
supreme
part as it links the main body
superstructure to the earth.
That lower base is known as
Foundation. In this paper we
are going to discuss about the types of
foundations
As we know the lower base of any structure is very supreme part as it links the
main body superstructure to the earth. That lower base is known as Foundation.

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In this report we are going to discuss one types of foundation
Which is Piled Raft Foundation. This type is typically used for large structures,
and in situation where soil is not suitable to prevent excessive settlement. And it’s
increasingly popular choice for high-rise buildings.
And two programs were used to design piled raft foundation
First, were used FOUNDATION PRO program to design a single pile and analyze
it and then we will use this data in the second program.
Second program was SAFE 2012 we designed a mat…. To be cont.

Contents

Abstract:...................................................................................................................2
Chapter one...........................................................................................................5
Introduction:............................................................................................................5
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Types of foundation:................................................................................................7
Types of shallow foundation:..................................................................................8
Types of deep foundation:.......................................................................................9
Types of Piles According to the Method of Construction:.................................10
Piled raft foundation:............................................................................................11
Types of piled raft..................................................................................................12
Outline....................................................................................................................14

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Dedicated to:

Our parents who have learned us the way of live, brothers, sisters. And our
supervisor who tell us science Dr. Yousif Ismael with all other teachers, and our
dear friends that help us in preparing this project, and those who want to learn.

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 Chapter one
Introduction:

A foundation is defined as that part of the structure that supports the weight of the
structure and transmits the load to underlying soil or rock. In general, foundation
engineering applies the knowledge of geology, soil mechanics, rock mechanics,
and structural engineering to the design and construction of foundations for
buildings and other structures.

The concept of piling construction is one that can be dated all the way back to
ancient times, where people used piles for constructing foundations on weak soil
that would be situated near rivers. Considering that villages and towns were
located close to lakes and rivers, they had to ensure that there was proper
protection. To reinforce some security, the use of a pile foundation ensured that the
weak ground was fully secured. To illustrate this, there are several instances of the
Romans using timber piles for bridge words which can be seen throughout
England.

As briefly mentioned, timber was often used for piling because of its strength,
lightness and durability. However, steel and concrete have been introduced in more
recent times because these materials can be cut to any desired length.

Under the high applied loads coming from the superstructure, the addition of piles
is primarily required to improve the factor of safety against failure when a raft does
not provide adequate bearing capacity. If the bearing capacity of the raft is
sufficient to carry the total load with a reasonable safety margin, then the addition
of piles is usually intended to reduce the settlements to an acceptable amount. In
current practice, the design process for pile-supported raft foundations

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conservatively concentrates on providing solely the pile capacity to carry the total
structural load without taking the contribution of the raft into account.

In the past few years, there has been an increase recognition that the use of piles to
reduce raft settlement and differential settlements can lead to considerable
economy without compromising the safety and performance of the foundation.
such a foundation makes of both raft and piles. and is referred to here as a pile-
enhanced raft or a piled raft. Piled rafts optimize the advantages of pile foundations
and raft foundations and have emerged as a way to provide economical foundation
systems for very tall buildings, thereby satisfying the bearing capacity and
settlement considerations in the best possible way. They are relatively new and are
becoming increasingly popular. basement slab from the superstructure that is in
contact with the soil and the numer-ous piles distributed over the footprint of the
building act together with the raft in carrying the building load. As discussed later
in this chapter, piles are used mainly to reduce settlement, but they also contribute
to the bearing capacity. Piled rafts are very effective in stiff clay and dense sand.
They are not effective in loose sand, soft clay, or expansive soil and in situations
where compressible layers are present at shallow depths. figure1,1 shows piled raft
foundation.

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 Fig 1,1 piled raft foundation

Types of foundation:

In general, all foundations are divided into two categories, - shallow and deep
foundations. Typically, shallow foundations used when the range of Df/B≤ (1-4)
They are suitable for the ground with relatively strong soil layers immediately
below the superstructure. Otherwise, deep foundations (such as pile foundations)
are referred to those Df/B >4. In addition to the types and dimensions of the
foundation system, the design should be constructible at a reasonable cost, and the
completed foundation should meet the performance requirements on a long-term
basis. However, deep foundation and shallow foundation can be classified as
shown in the following chart.

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 Fig 1,2 types of foundation

Types of shallow foundation:

1. Wall footing: Also called strip footing, this footing is a continuous strip that
supports structural and non-structural load bearing walls. Found directly
under the wall, it is width is commonly 2-3 times wider than the wall above
it.
2. Mat Foundations: These foundations support two-dimensional arrays
(regular or irregular) of columns.
3. Combined Footings: When more than one column shares the same footing,
these are called combined footing. Utilized when the spacing of the columns
is too restricted, that if isolated footing were used, they would overlap one
another.
4. Strap Footings: These footings support more than one column or wall.

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 5. Isolated spread footing: Also called single-column footing, it is a square,
rectangular, or circular slab that supports the structural members
individually.

Fig 1,3 types of shallow foundation

Types of deep foundation:

1. Pile foundation: pile foundation is needed in areas where the structures are
large & heavy and the soil underlying is weak. In area when settlement

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 issues are common due to soil liquefaction or water table issues, pile
foundation is better choice.

2. Caisson (pier foundation) foundation: are prefabricated hollow

substructures designed to be constructed on or near the surface of the ground
sunk to the desired depth and then filled with concrete, thus ultimately
becoming an integral part of the permanent structure.

Fig 1,4 pile foundation

Fig 1,5 caisson (pier foundation) foundation

Types of Piles According to the Method of Construction:

There are two types of pile foundations according to their construction methods
which are:

 Driven piles: is a specific type of pile foundation where structural elements

are driven into the ground using a large hammer. They are commonly
constructed of timber, precast prestressed concrete (PPC), and steel (H-
sections and pipes).

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 Fig 1,6 driven piles

 Bored piles: they are cylindrical bodies made of concrete (with or without
reinforcement) which are installed in the ground by variety of methods.
They transmit high structural loads into lower, load-bearing soils.

Fig 1,7 bored piles

Piled raft foundation:

Design of a safe and economical foundation system is an important task in tall

building design. Deep foundations such as piled foundations are generally adopted
to transfer heavy loads from superstructure to the bearing stratum. Providing
adequate geotechnical capacity and limiting the deferential settlement are two
important design considerations in the design of piled foundations. The foundation
design becomes economical when both the criteria of bearing capacity and
settlement are satisfied in an optimum way. A piled raft foundation is an advanced
concept in which the total load coming from the superstructure is partly shared by

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the raft through bearing from soil and the remaining load is shared by piles through
skin friction and end bearing.

In situations where a raft foundation alone does not satisfy the design requirements
it may be possible to enhance the performance of the raft by the addition of piles
the use of limited number of piles strategically located may improve both the
ultimate load capacity and the settlement and differential settlement performance
of the raft. A pile foundation transfers its load to deeper layers.

If we combine a pile and a raft, the interaction between the two types of structures
is very complex. It depends on the rigidity of the raft, the nature of soil below and
also the nature and the number of piles below the raft. High rise buildings are
usually founded on some form of piled foundation which is subjected to a
combination of vertical, lateral and overturning forces.

Fig 1,8 combination of pile and raft foundation

Types of piled raft

We may classify piled rafts into two types:

Type 1. Piled raft for settlement reduction

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Type 2. Piled raft for load transfer.

Fig 1,10 piled raft foundation

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  Piled raft for settlement reduction:
Settlement reducing piles are usually incorporated beneath the central part of raft
foundation in order to reduce differential settlement to an acceptable level. Such
piles act to reinforce the soil beneath the raft and help to prevent dishing of the raft
in the Centre.

Fig 1,11 settlement reducing pile in pile basement and shaft

 Piled Raft for Load Transfer:

The second type of piled rafts is the conventional type which is used in
situations where the subsoil is very weak with high water level and rafts
have to be adopted. These rafts should resist the buoyancy forces from the
ground water and must transmit all the net loads from the structure to the
piles to be carried to deeper and stronger layers of the foundation.

Fig 1,12 load transfer mechanism in piled raft

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Outline

In the next chapter we will introduce the design of pile foundation by foundation
pro V1.1 we use this program to determine the axial load for a single pile and the
methods that we use for the design purpose.

Using SAFE 2016 program to design the Mat Foundation and piles as spring loads
then check the design.

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