VIVA QUESTIONS

1. What do you mean by experimental pharmacology?

2. Differentiate between pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics.
3. Differentiate between clinical and preclinical trials
4. Differentiate in vitro, in vivo and ex vivo studies
5. Differentiate acute and chronic toxicity studies?
6. What is the significance of acute, and chronic toxicity tests performed on animals?
7. What is the importance of exposing lab animals with di-urnal cycles?
8. Why are the controlled temperature and humidity a prerequisite for lab animals?
9. What do you mean by adaptation period for animals?
10. What are the basis on which various lab animals are selected for a particular study?
11. Give some points how restraining an animal is helpful in performing a test on lab
animals?
12. Name the types of lab animals used.
13. Why the above named animals are used for experimental pharmacology that is later used
as a basis for human studies?
14. Demonstrate one-handed restraining method of mice
15. Demonstrate two-handed restraining method of mice
16. What route of administration can be used to give drugs to mice?
17. Why administering IV isn’t preferable for mice?
18. Why Guinea pigs are susceptible to infections and highly sensitive to action of many
drugs?
19. What vitamin the guinea pigs are deficient with and how to cope with that?
20. Why do you need to support hindquarters of rabbits and guinea pigs unlike rats or mice?
21. Why are rabbits highly susceptible to lumbar spinal luxation?
22. How possibly you can restrain a rabbit for lab work?
23. Name the angle of IV, ID, SC, and IM injections.
24. Why is the angle of IM 90 degrees (give the position of a muscle tissue)?
25. Why intra-gastric gavaging is preferred over oral route to animals?
26. If intra-gastric is preferred, why is there an oral route of administration still used for
animals?
27. What is enteral route of administration?
28. Name various parenteral route of drug administration and their points of injection.
29. How IV route can be given to the rats and mice.
30. Why parenteral route of administration is preferred over oral route?
31. If parenteral route is preferred, why do we use oral route altogether?
32. Where do you administer IP drug to animals?
33. Where do you administer SC drug to animals?
34. Where do you administer IM drug to animals?
35. What is the optimal volume to be administered against most used route of administration
36. to the animals?
 Route Optimal volume Site

Gavage 5mL/kg (to 20mL/kg) Intragastric

IV Up to 5mL/kg Tail or Retro-orbital vein
Sc. Maximum 5mL/kg per site Intrascapular (Scruff), neck
IM Maximum of0.05mL/kg per site Caudal Thigh , Quadriceps muscles
IP Maximum of 10 mL/kg Lower Ventral Quadrants

37. What do we mean by gauge and length of a syringe, how are these two related?
38. What are the various parts of a syringe?
39. Classification of nervous system.
40. How is somatic nervous system different from autonomic nervous system
41. How sympathetic NS differs from parasympathetic NS on the basis of function
42. How sympathetic nerves differ from parasympathetic nerves on the basis of its
neurotransmitters and receptors?
43. What are cholinergic receptors?
44. What are adrenergic receptors
45. What neurotransmitters are involved in SNS?
46. What neurotransmitters are involved in PNS?
47. What super family of receptors (Among ligand gated, G protein, intracellular, enzyme
linked receptors) the nicotinic receptors belong to?
48. What super family of receptors (Among ligand gated, G protein, intracellular, enzyme
linked receptors) the nicotinic muscarinic belong to?
49. What super family of receptors (Among ligand gated, G protein, intracellular, enzyme
linked receptors) the alpha receptors belong to?
50. What super family of receptors (Among ligand gated, G protein, intracellular, enzyme
linked receptors) the beta receptors belong to?
51. Effect of SNS and PNS on the heart.
52. Effect of SNS and PNS on eye.
53. Effect of SNS and PNS on bladder.
54. Does SNS use cholinergic receptors for nerve impulse propagation?
55. What part of the CNS Sympathetic nerves originate from?
56. What part of the CNS Parasympathetic nerves originate from?
57. What structures in the eye do you see?
58. What eye muscles are present in the eye?
59. Which autonomic nerve is innervated into circular eye muscles? Name the nerve
60. Which autonomic nerve is innervated into dilator eye muscles? Name the nerve
61. What is the other name for circular eye muscle?
62. What is the other name for dilator eye muscle?
63. How do the eye muscles impart in pupil size (direction of their pull)?
64. What is miosis and mydriasis? Which autonomic NS does what of the two?
65. Effect of parasympathomimetics and parasympatholytics on eye? MOA!
66. Effect of sympathomimetics and sympatholytics on eye? MOA!
67. What class of drug pilocarpine belong to?
68. What class of drug atropine belong to?
69. Differentiate active and passive miosis?
70. Differentiate active and passive mydriasis?
71. What major class of drug is given to achieve passive miosis? (Answer; Sympatholytics,
because we have to block the effect of sympathetic nerves on the dilator/radial mucsles of
the eye to get pupil dilation).
72. What major class of drug is given to achieve passive mydriasis? (Answer;
Parasympatholytics, because we have to block the effect of parasympathetic nerves on
the circular/sphincter of the eye to get pupil constriction).
73. Clinical significance of miosis?
74. Clinical significance of mydriasis?
75. Why don’t we see corneal and light reflex in mydriasis?
76. What are laxatives and its uses?
77. Types of laxatives based on their mechanism of action.
78. What type of laxative, castor oil is?
79. How do you differentiate osmotic laxative from stool softeners?
80. Why do you think laxatives are used for weightloss?
Eye Anatomy

Chambers
• Front to back eye parts : Cornea → iris → lens→ retina
• The eyeball also contains three chambers of fluid:
o Anterior chamber, between the cornea and iris.
o Posterior chamber, between the iris and the lens.
o Vitreous chamber, between the lens and the retina.
Fluids

• Eye contains 2 fluids:

o Aqueous humor is a clear liquid found between the cornea and the lens of eye
o Vitreous humor is a clear gelatinous mass found in the rear part of the eyeball
between the lens and retina.
o The eye fluids provide nutrition to the eye, as well as maintains the shape of the
eye in a pressurized state
Flow of Aqueous Humor

• The aqueous humor is secreted by the epithelium of ciliary body.

• The fluid flows over the surface of the lens, out through the pupil into the anterior
chamber.
• Flows into Schlemm’s canal and is collected in the scleral veins and back to circulation
• Increased tension in the ciliary body removes the Aqueous humour continuously by
drainage into the canal of Schlemm.
• In some people dilatation of their pupil will block canal of schlemm, therefore it impeds
drainage of aqueous humour.
• The accumulation of aqueous humour leads to an increase in intraocular pressure (IOP).
• Increased IOP may lead to glaucoma, and retinal detachment.
• Retinal detachment: The retina pulls away from the layer of blood vessels that provides it
with oxygen and nourishment.
• To decrease the IOP, pupil constriction is favored.