Given Data:

 D=12 mm
 T i=1150 K , T c =T =400 K
W
 T ∞=325 K , h=20
m2 K
W kg J
 k =40 , ρ=7800 3 , c=600
mK K
m kgK

Start of by setting up characteristic length as the ratio of the solid's volume to surface
area.
V ro
Lc ¿ =
As 3
0.006
Lc ¿ =0.004 m
3

Check the Biot number

h Lc 20 ⋅0.004
Bi= =
k 40
Bi=0.001<0.1

Condition for lumped capacitance is satisfied.

Hence:
θi ≡ T i−T ∞
ρVc θ i
t ¿ ln ⁡
h As θ
ρVc T i −T ∞
t ¿ ln ⁡
h As T −T ∞
ρπDc T i−T ∞
t ¿ ln ⁡
6h T −T ∞
7800 ⋅0.012⋅ 600 1150−325
t ¿ ln ⁡
6 ⋅20 400−325
t ¿ 1122 s
Given Data:
 D=0.1 m
 T i=300 K , T c =T =800 K
W
 T ∞=1200 K , h=100
m2 K
2
W kg −5 m
 k =51.2 , ρ=7832 , α=1.21 ×10
mK K m3 s

Start of by setting up characteristic length as the ratio of the solid's volume to surface
area.
r o 0.05
Lc ¿ = =0.025 m
2 2
¿ ¿
Check the Biot number

h Lc 100 ⋅0.025
Bi= =
k 51.2
Bi=0.0488<0.1

Condition for lumped capacitance is satisfied.

Hence:

θ /θ i ¿(T −T ∞ )/(T ¿ ¿ i−T ∞) ¿ θ/ θi ¿ exp ( −hρVcA t )=859 s ¿

s

¿ ¿ ¿
Given Data:
 D=1 m m
 T e =6 00 ° C, T i=25 ° C
 T sur =1 000 ° C ,
 V =3 m/ s
W kg J
 k =0.26 , ρ=1350 3 , c=12 60
mK
K
m kgK
Since the pellets can be considered isothermal, lumped capacitance method may be used.
Since there are only radiation and energy stored present. Assumeing that coal pellet
emissivity, ϵ=1
V π D3 D
= =
A s 6 π D2 6

t=
ρVc
3
{|
4 ε A s , r σ T sur  
T +T
ln ⁡ sur
| |
T sur −T
T +T
− ln ⁡ sur i
T sur −T i |
[ T )−tan ⁡( T )]}
+ 2 tan ⁡
( T
−1

sur
−1 Ti
sur

t=
1350 ⋅ 0.001 ⋅1260
−8
4 ⋅ 6 ⋅1 ⋅ 5.67 ⋅10 ⋅ 1273 {ln ⁡|
3
1273+873
1273−873 |−ln ⁡|
1273+298 |
1273+298

[ ( )
+2 tan−1 ⁡
873
1273
−tan −1 ⁡ (
298
1273 )]}
t=1.179 s
Length of the tube can be found using velocity and total time calculated
L=V ⋅ t=3 ⋅ 1.179
L=3.54 m
Radiation heat transfer coefficient can be found at maximum and at minimum
temperature of the pellets

h r=ϵσ ( T s +T sur   ) ( T s +T sur   )

2 2

h r ,min =1 ⋅ 5.67 ⋅10−8 (298+1273) ( 2982 +12732 )

W
h r ,min =152.26 2
m K
hr ,max =1 ⋅5.67⋅10 (873+1273) ( 873 +1273 )
−8 2 2

W
h r ,max =289.92 2
m K

With the radiation heat transfer known, Biot number can be found in order to check to
validity of the lumped capacitance method.

hD
Bi=
6k
152.26⋅ 0.01
B i min = =0.0976
6 ⋅ 0.26
289.92⋅ 0.01
B imax = =0.1858
6 ⋅ 0.26

from Biot number, it can be seen that at the initial temperature, lumped capacitance
method may be used, but as the temperature incerease, the method becomes invalid.
Question 5.29
As permanent space stations increase in size, there is an attendant increase in the
amount of electrical power they dissipate. To keep station compartment temperatures
from exceeding prescribed limits, it is necessary to transfer the dissipated heat to space.
A novel heat rejection scheme that has been proposed for this purpose is termed a Liquid
Droplet Radiator (LDR). The heat is first transferred to a high vacuum oil, which is then
injected into outer space as a stream of small droplets. The stream is allowed to traverse
a distance L, over which it cools by radiating energy to outer space at absolute zero
temperature. The droplets are then collected and routed back to the space station.

Consider conditions for which droplets of emissivity ε = 0.95 and diameter D = 0.5 mm
are injected at temperature of Ti = 500 K and a velocity of V = 0.1 m/s. Properties of the
oil are ρ = 885 kg/m3 , c = 1900 J/kg ⋅ K, and k = 0.145  W/m ⋅ K. Assuming each drop to
radiate to deep space at Tsur = 0  K, determine the distance L required for the droplets to
impact the collector at a final temperature of Tf = 300 K. What is the amount of thermal
energy rejected by each droplet?

Known:

 ϵ=0.95
 D=0.5 mm
 T i=500 K
m
 V =0.1
s
kg J W
ρ=885 ,c =1900 , k=0.145
 kg kgK mK
3
m
  T sur =0 K
 T f =300 K

Start of by checking if the lumped capacitance method may be used by calculating Biot
number. Since there is only radiation present, radiation heat transfer coefficient must be
used.
hr =ϵσ ( T i +T sur ) ( T i +T sur )
2 2

hr =0.95 ⋅5.67 ⋅10−8 (500+0) ) ( 5002 +0 2 ) )

W
hr =6.733 2
m K
r o 0.00025 −5
Lc = = =8.333⋅10 m
3 3
hr Lc 6.733 ⋅8.333 ⋅10−5
Bi= =
k 0.145
Bi=0.00387

Lumped capacitance may be used

3
V πD D
= 2
=
A s ,r π D 6 6
t=
ρVc 1
(
3 ε As,r σ T T i
3
1
− 3
)
t=
885 ⋅ 0.0005 ⋅1900
−8
1
3
−
3⋅ 6 ⋅0.95⋅ 5.67⋅10 300 500
1
3( )
t=25.18 s

Hence distance is:

L=V ⋅t=0.1 ⋅25.18

L=2.518 m

Change of the droplets internal energy is the amount of energy rejected.

3
0.0005
Ei− f =ρVc ( T i−T f )=885 ⋅ π ⋅ 1900 (500−300)
6
E i−f =0.02201 J