UNIT I.

INTRODUCTION TO GLOBALIZATION
Overview
This unit is designed to inform you about the increasing awareness of people's
interconnectedness and places around the globe, which was the result of economic and socio-
political integration among different countries, and advances in technology and other facets
that have allowed people to experience living in a borderless world. As such, this unit
examines the multifaceted phenomenon of globalization thru the lenses of various
disciplines.
Learning Objectives

At the end of the unit, I am able to:

1. differentiate the competing conceptions of globalization;
2. identify the underlying philosophies of the varying definitions of
globalization; and
3. agree on a working definition of globalization for the course.
Setting Up

Name: _____________________________________________________ Date: ____________________

Course/Year/Section: ___________________________________
Directions: Make a concept map of your current knowledge about Globalization. Include all
your ideas and information that is relevant to the globalization. Write it in a separate sheet of
paper.

Lesson Proper

Defining Globalization

According to Al-Rodhan (2006), Globalization is not a single concept that can be

defined and encompassed within a set time frame, nor is it a process that can be defined
clearly with a beginning and an end. It is because Globalization involves economic and
political integration; global policies; knowledge transmission, cultural stability; the
reproduction, relations, and discourses of power; it is a universal process, a concept, a
revolution, and "an establishment of the worldwide market free from sociopolitical control.
The study says that some people believe that Globalization brought progress, development,
and stability. According to Larsson (2001), Globalization is the process of world shrinkage,
distances getting shorter, and things moving closer. It pertains to the increasing ease with
which somebody on one side of the world can interact, to mutual benefit, with somebody on
the other side of the world. However, others believe that Globalization brought regression,
colonialism, and destabilization. These beliefs are actually supported by Martin Khor, the
president of the third world network in Malaysia, who stated that Globalization is a form of
colonization. Hence, Globalization can be defined as narrow and exclusive, or broad and
inclusive.
Defining Globalization as Broad and Inclusive
According to Ohmae (1992), Globalization means the onset of the borderless world.
This definition proposes that barriers are no longer considered a hindrance because there
are so many ways by which we can access information and goods from other countries as if
we are living in one place without any boarders. From the viewpoint of Ray Kiely and Phil
Marfleet (1998), Globalization is a situation wherein societies, cultures, politics, and
economics have, in some sense, come closer together. This claim supports the idea of Ohmae
by which, as we live in this world, we experience oneness in terms of culture, policies, and
technology. Besides, Jan Aart Scholte (1999) states that "Globalization refers to processes
whereby social relations acquire relatively distance less and borderless qualities so that
human lives are increasingly played out in the world as a single place." Likewise,
Globalization can be viewed as the compression of time and space (Harvey, 1998). These

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definitions are inclined with the view of Globalization as broad and inclusive. It can be seen
that there are common themes from these definitions, such as the elimination of borders
among different countries and that the definition is somehow vague and does not clearly
define the implication of Globalization in a particular area.

Defining Globalization as Narrow and Exclusive

According to Robert Cox (1999), Globalization is characterized by the
internationalizing of production, the new international division of labor, migration from
south and north, and a competitive environment, which increases processes such as
manufacturing of goods and commodities. This definition presents us an idea that specific
activities are happening under Globalization such as the acquisition of products of a
particular country to other parts of the world, the categorization of states when it comes to
the division of labor as presented in the world system theory, the migration of people to other
wealthy nations, and the existence of a free market that allows competition in an open
economy. From the viewpoint of Bairoch & Kozul-Wright (1996), Globalization is a process
in which the production and financial structures of countries are becoming interlinked by an
increasing number of cross-border transactions to create an international division of labor in
which national wealth creation comes, increasingly, to depend on economic agents in other
countries. In this sense, countries from different parts of the world are actively engaging in
transactions with others about the products, labor, investment, and policies that are
beneficial to each state. On the other hand, Langhone (2001) explains that Globalization is the
latest stage in a long accumulation of technological advance, which has given human beings
the ability to conduct their affairs across the world without reference to nationality,
government authority, time of day or physical environment. All of these definitions provide a
specific description of Globalization by which it tackles particular areas of human activity.
However, this kind of meaning can be limiting in terms of application. Thus, defining
Globalization through exclusive and narrow can only be applied with a particular scope of
activity.
METAPHORS OF GLOBALIZATION
1. Solid- it refers to the barriers that may prevent free movement and it can be natural
or man-made. It may also refer to people, things, information, and places “harden
“over time and therefore have limited mobility.
2. Liquidity- It refers to increasing ease of movement of people, things, information, and
places in the global age.
Characteristics:
I. Liquid is forever ready to change whatever shape it might take on momentarily
and it is in continuous flux. This scenario can be seen in global finance by which
an economy has never been stable at it changes from time to time
II. Liquid is difficult to stop once it is on the move such as the advances in
technology.
III. Liquid tends to melt whatever stands in its path such as the political and
economic barriers.
3. Flows- It refers to the movement of people, things, ideas, and culture across the globe
due to the advances in technology, economic and political integration, and
establishment of global policies that lessens and eliminates the existing borders.

ORIGINS AND HISTORY OF GLOBALIZATION

THE FIVE PERSPECTIVES ON THE ORIGIN OF GLOBALIZATION

1. Hardwired proposes that globalization originated from the basic motivation of
human beings to seek a better life (Chanda, 2007). History shows that our ancestors
travel from Africa to other places in search of food and security.
2. Cycles: it explains that there is no single point of origin in globalization but it is a long-
term cyclical process wherein the current global age today is only a modification of

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 the global age in the past. Thus, it should be noted that the global age today will be
replaced by a new cycle of globalization in the future
3. Epochs: if cycles explain a continuous long-term cyclical process, the epochs explain
that there are waves of globalization that took place in the past and each of them has
its own origin. Epoch is different from the perspective of the cycle as it argues that
the previous epochs are not returning in the future. The following are the great epoch
according to Therborn (2000).
I. The fourth to the seventh centuries which witnessed the globalization of
religions (e.g. Christianity, Islam).
II. The late fifteenth-century highlighted by European colonial conquests.
III. The late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries during which various Intra
- European wars led to globalization.
IV. The mid-nineteenth century to 1918; the heyday of European imperialism.
V. The post - World War II period. 6. The post - Cold War period.
4. Events: this perspective is different from cycles and epochs as it specifies the event
that is somehow responsible for the origin of globalization. Some are examples of the
point of origin from the perspective of Events:
I. The spread of Christianity after the fall of the Roman Empire.
II. The Other important Voyages such as the discovery of America by
Christopher’s Columbus in 1942, Vasco Da Gama rounding the Cape of Good
Hope in 1498, and the circumnavigation of the globe completed in 1522 by
one of Ferdinand Magellan’ s ships (Rosenthal, 2007)
III. European Colonialism
IV. The founding of the modern Internet-based on Arpanet (which was created in
1969).
5. Broader, more recent Changes: this perspective views that the origin of globalization
has taken place during the recent changes that happened in the 2nd half of the 20th
century. Scholars have identified three significant changes that shape the course of
humanity towards globalization.
I. The emergence of the United States as the global power in the years following
WW II
II. The emergence of multinational corporations (MNCs).
III. The demise of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War

Criticism on the Existing Evidences of Globalization

GLOBALIZATION AS GLOBALONEY

1. Rejectionist: People who are against the utility of globalization as an incorrect

analytical concept.
2. Sceptics: it emphasizes the limited nature of the globalizing process and that the
world is not as integrated as it is.
3. Modifiers: It disputes the novelty of the process, implying that the label
‘globalization’ has often been applied in a historically imprecise manner.

THEORIES OF GLOBALIZATION

1. World System Theory: this theory believes that capitalism has spread around the world
for the last five centuries from 1500 to the present. In world Capitalism, the key structure
is the three major division of labor of each country that has created hierarchy.
a. Core: powerful, wealthy, and industrialized countries that usually control and benefit
from the global market. Countries that are not as rich as the core countries usually
depend on these core countries. These countries own most of the world’s capital and
technology and have great control over world trade and economic agreements.
b. Peripheral: countries that are dependent on core countries for capital and have an
underdeveloped industry. They generally provide labor and materials to core countries.

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 c. Semi-Peripheral: Countries that share characteristics of both core and periphery
countries. However, they also exploit peripheral countries just as core exploits the
natural resources of peripheral countries.
2. World Polity Theory: It was developed as an analytical frame for interpreting global
relations, structures, and practices. Invoking an image of the world as a system of
interrelated interdependent units. It views the world system as a social system with a
cultural framework called world polity, which encompasses and influences the actors,
such as nations, international organizations, and individuals under it.
3. World Culture Theory: It is a label for a particular interpretation of globalization that
focuses on the way in which participants in the process become conscious of and give
meaning to living in the world as a single place.

Impact of Globalization

1. HOMOGEINITY- It means an increasing sameness as information and ideas flow across

boundaries.
a. Cultural Imperialism: it is the growing international influence of a particular
culture
I. Cultural: the role played by the American culture or the Americanization,
the spread of Christianity
II. Economic: Spread of the market economy throughout the world
III. Political: Worldwide spread of models of the nation-state or the single
model of governance around the world. Often times, this is called as
Mcworld.

b. Media Imperialism: It is a subcategory under the broader umbrella of cultural

imperialism. From the traditional point of view, the western media and its
technologies dominate countries belonging to less developed nations.
c. Mcdonaldization: It is the process wherein the principle of one of the dominant
fast-food restaurants in the United States of America is employed and used in
almost different societies across the world. Its principle usually revolves around
Efficiency, Predictability, and technological advancement in production and
marketing.
d. Globalization: It is the desires and ambitions of different entities such as
organizations, corporations, and other nations to influence others and impose
their power throughout the world. Their major goals include expanding their
power and seeing that their profits grow across different parts of the world.

2. HETEROGENEITY: It is associated with the creation of local inputs leading to a

variety of cultural hybrids. In other words, the predominance of locals would make a
difference on a global scale. Thus, local is associated with heterogeneity and the
dominance of global is related to homogenous.
a. Globalization: it is the integration of global and local cultural inputs to create
a blend resulting in a variety of cultural hybrids. It emphasizes diversity,
hybridity, and independence.

DYNAMICS OF GLOBAL AND LOCAL CULTURE

THREE PERSPECTIVES IN GLOBAL CULTURAL FLOW

1. Cultural Differentialism: It states that cultural differences are immutable and there
is a likelihood that other culture which is significantly different from one culture may
clash if they get to interact.
2. Cultural Hybridization: It refers to a politics of integration without the need to give
up cultural identity” (Pieterse, 2003, p. 56).
3. Cultural Convergence: it supports the idea of global cultural homogeneity. It is the
process of increasing sameness by adopting global culture, ideas, and practices.

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 Assessing Learning

Activity 1
Name: __________________________________________________ Score:______________
Course/Year/Section: ________________________________ Date: _______________
Directions: This is an individual activity by which each student will find and read three
editorials (local or international) discussing globalization. Write 50-word summaries of each
opinion editorial, identifying the underlying definition of globalization. Write it in a separate
sheet of paper.

Activity 2
Name: __________________________________________________ Score:______________
Course/Year/Section: ________________________________ Date: _______________
REFLECTION: Write it in a separate sheet of paper.
1. Among the five perspectives on the history of globalization, which of them is most
likely the reason behind the origin of globalization? Explain your answer and
make it brief and concise.
2. In defining globalization, which of them is the most likely accepted definition for
you? Explain your answer and make it brief and concise.

Activity 3
Name: __________________________________________________ Score:______________
Course/Year/Section: ________________________________ Date: _______________

Directions: Write the word True if the Statement is correct and write False if the statement is
wrong. Write your answer on the space provided before the item.

_______________1. According to Ohmae (1992), Globalization means the onset of a world without
borders.
_______________2. Klely and Marfleet (1998) defines globalization as a world by which societies,
economies, and politics becomes distinct of one another.
_______________3. One of the criticisms against the broad and inclusive definition of
Globalization is the vagueness of definition and did not explain the
implication of it in the world.
_______________4. According to Cox (2000), the globalization has changed the role of the nation-
states by which nations become agencies of globalizing the world.
_______________5. Bairoch & Kozul-Wright (1996), Globalization creates an international
division of labor as cross-border transaction increases among countries.
_______________6. One of the criticisms against the narrow and exclusive definition of
globalization is that it is too broad and the scope is very vague
_______________7. Solidity refers to the barriers that may prevent free movement and it can be
natural or man-made
_______________8. According to Cultural Hybridization, Cultural Hybridization: It refers to a
politics of integration without the need to give up cultural identity.
_______________9. Cultural Convergence explains that through globalization values and cultures
become the same over time.
_______________10. There are two opposing views on the impact of Globalization, Sameness and
Heterogeneity.

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UNIT II. THE GLOBAL ECONOMY
Overview
This unit will provide you a deeper understanding of how economic globalization
takes place in our society. Nonetheless, this unit will enlighten you of the possible realities
when it comes to the role of each and every institution in our economic system. the different
forms of economic integration will also be included in this unit to help you decide on the
advantages and disadvantages of a specific economic integration.
Learning Objectives

At the end of the unit, I am able to:

1. define economic globalization;
2. identify the actors that facilitate economic globalization;
3. define the modern world-system; and
4. articulate a stance on global economic integration.
Setting Up

Name: __________________________________________________ Date:____________

Course/Year/Section: ________________________________
Directions: According to Immanuel Wallerstein the modern world system is composed of
nations under the category of Core, Semi-Periphery, and periphery. In this regard, identify
the 5 nations for each category: Periphery, Semi-Periphery, and Core. Write it in a separate
sheet of paper.

Lesson Proper

GLOBAL ECONOMY

Local products of the Philippines such as Marikina Shoes, Datu Puti Vinegar,
Philippine Dried Fish, and other products are usually available not only here in the
Philippines but also in other countries such as in America and Canada. The accumulation,
importation, and exportation of goods and commodities from one country to other countries
and vice-versa is best explained by the economic globalization.
Economic Globalization refers to the increasing interdependence of world economies
as a result of the growing scale of cross-border trade of commodities and services, flow of
international capital and wide and rapid spread of technologies (Shangquan, 2000).
Economic globalization is not only limited in goods as it also involves, capital, labor, migration
and anything that is related to goods and services.
From the viewpoint of the International Monetary Fund, Economic Globalization is a
historical process that was the outcome of human evolution from traditional and primitive
technology to the present technological advancement. It refers to the increasing integration
of economies around the world, mainly through the movement of goods, services, and capital
across borders.
Interconnected Dimensions of Economic Globalization
1. Goods and Services: Goods are tangible objects that satisfy people's wants. Services are
actions, such as haircuts and car repair, which also satisfy people's wants.
2. Capital: It is the total assets a company needs to stay solvent. A company’s capital assets
are significant because organizations use capital assets to create wealth.
3. Communication and Technology: Advances in Communication and technology has
allowed the integration of economies worldwide through increases in trade, investment
flows, and technology transfer.
4. Market Exchange: it is an economic system in which goods and services are produced,
distributed, and exchanged by the forces of price, supply, and demand.

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ECONOMIES ASSOCIATED WITH ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION
PROTECTIONISM: Protectionism refers to government policies that restrict international
trade by imposing tariffs, quotas, product standards, and subsidies.
Reason for the implementation of strict policies
a. Its goal is to improve the domestic economy by forcing its citizen either direct or indirect
to purchase local products instead of imported products.
b. For safety and quality concerns of both imported and exported products
Primary policy tools
a. Tariffs: These are charges to importing countries in the form of either money or goods
that will serve as a payment for allowing its international products to be sold in the local
market. It also raises revenues of the government and protects domestic products from
foreign competition due to the price hike of imported goods.
b. Import Quotas: This is a kind of tariffs that lessens the number of products that can be
imported for a certain period of time. It protects its domestic businesses by allowing its
local businesses to cover the shortfall of certain products. Thus, it helps the local market
to increase its production that may also increase the number of local products in market.
c. Product Standards: This is a kind of barrier that imposes strict standards in imported
products which may make it difficult for different importing countries to bring their
goods in the local market. Thus, the restriction increases the volume of local products.
d. Government Subsidies: incentives and cash payments are distributed to domestic
businesses to encourage them to expand their market globally by increasing international
export. Thus, the government may strengthen its local market.
Advantages of Protectionism:
a. Taxes imposed on exporter countries may increase government revenues.
b. Strict and rigid policies may protect domestic product
c. Encourages the exportation of national products which may expand their products
globally.
Disadvantages of protectionism:
a. Protectionism policies often time support other countries to make their own
protection policy as well. Hence, it inhibits the exportation of each other products that
may result in less profit
TRADE LIBERALIZATION:
It is the process of removing or reducing the barriers or restrictions in the exchange for
goods between and among nations. With the reduction of barriers such as tariffs and import
quotas in the process of exchanging goods and services, it significantly reduces the cost of
goods sold by the importing countries. Thereby, allowing an increase of exchange between
and among countries. Thus, the proponents of trade liberalization believe that reduction of
barriers ultimately lessen consumer costs while increasing efficiency, and fostering the
growth of the economy.
Advantages of Trade Liberalization
a. As it promotes free trade between and among countries, the cost of importing nations
in bringing their goods to other countries is most likely to be lessened. This event may
likely result in lower consumer prices due to lower fees of importing nation and an
increase in competition among local and international businesses.
b. Promotes efficient use and allocation of world resources
c. Increases Capital Flow
d. Allows developing countries access to the heavily protected markets of the developed
world thus helping promote development
e. It encourages specialization among countries by maximizing their capabilities
whether to manufacture goods or provide services. This scenario is related to the
concept of comparative advantage wherein one specializes in which they can gain the
most profitable.
f. It can lead to a higher efficiency of producers.
g. It can attract foreign investment

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 Disadvantages of Trade Liberalization
a. It can affect local businesses and their domestic product.
b. The possible risk may be experienced if the products or raw materials coming from
other countries have a lower environmental standard.
c. Developing nations may be threatened to back out in the global market as they are
forced to compete in the same market with other nations possessing stronger
economies.
d. Countries with lower educational standards may struggle to adapt to a changing
economic environment.
e. It can exploit the natural resources due to the competition and shallow environmental
policies in a country.
f. It can lead to structured unemployment whereby countries and companies who
cannot compete with others may lose gain and have less profit that may result in
layoff.
The effect of Trade Liberalization to its stakeholder as explained in the table:

Consumer, Worker, Companies and Consumer, Worker, Companies and

Countries who have benefited from the
Trade Liberalization
1. Consumer: they get products at lowest
and cheapest price
2. Worker: Low wage worker earned more
3. Countries: they are able to gain out of the
trade for the cheaper price and sell it to a
higher price
4. Corporation who earned more profit
either due to increase in sale and low labor
cost for manufacturing its good
Countries who did not benefit from the
Trade Liberalization
1. Consumer: they get products that are
cheap yet have the least and lowest quality
2. Worker: Low wage workers work in
hazardous environment
3. Countries: they did not gain as much as
the countries who have bought their raw
materials for a cheaper price.
4. Corporation who lose out to foreign
competition.

Main Actors of Economic Globalization

WORLD SYSTEM THEORY

For Wallerstein, "a world-system is a social system that has boundaries, structures,
member groups, rules of legitimation, and coherence. Its life is made up of the conflicting
forces which hold it together by tension and tear it apart as each group seeks eternally to
remold it to its advantage. A world-system is what Wallerstein terms a "world economy",
integrated through the market rather than a political center, in which two or more regions
are interdependent concerning necessities like food, fuel, and protection, and two or more
polities compete for domination without the emergence of one single center forever. World-
system theory is, in many ways, an adaptation of the dependency theory. Wallerstein draws
heavily from the dependency theory, a neo-Marxist explanation of development processes,
famous in the developing world. Dependency theory focuses on understanding the
"periphery" by looking at core-periphery relations, and it has flourished in peripheral regions
like Latin America.
Wallerstein proposes different categories, core, semi-periphery, and periphery into
which all regions of the world can be placed. Of the three, two are of the uttermost

8
importance: core and periphery. These are geographically and culturally different, focusing
on labor-intensive (Periphery), and the other on capital-intensive production(core). The
core-periphery relationship is structural. Semi-peripheral states act as a buffer zone between
core and periphery and have a mix of the kinds of activities and institutions that exist on them

ECONOMIC INTEGRATION

El-Agraa (1998) defines the term economic integration as the discriminatory removal
of all trade impediments between at least two participating countries and the establishment
of certain elements of coordination and cooperation between them. In other words, Economic
integration is an arrangement among nations that typically includes the reduction or
elimination of trade barriers and the coordination of monetary and fiscal policies. Economic
integration aims to reduce costs for both consumers and producers and to increase trade
between the countries involved in the agreement.
Levels of Economic Integration

• Preferential trading area. Allow member countries to have access to some of their
products. Tariffs are not eliminated but it is lessened as compared to non-
participating countries
• Free trade. It aimed to reduce the tariff significantly between or among partnered
countries. In regards to external countries which are not part of their agreement, each
of them has its own decision making in regards to the tariff they will impose on those
external countries. The general goal of free trade agreements is to develop economies
of scale and comparative advantages, which promotes economic efficiency.
• Custom union. It almost the same with free trade agreement as it aims to reduce and
abolish the tariff but it differs from free trade as the member country has common
external tariffs among member countries, implying that the same tariffs are applied
to third countries; a common trade regime is achieved.
• Common market. It is an integration by which member countries are able to move
their capital and services within their organization. This leads to the expansion of
scale economies and the maximization of comparative advantages. However, each
national market has its own regulations such as product standards.
• Economic union: known as a single market. In this integration, Tariffs are eliminated
within the member countries by which they are able to exercise free trade among
other countries. Likewise, workers from a member country of this organization can
migrate and work to another member country. At this level, some policies related to
economic and political aspects are also integrated such as the existence of a common
currency to be used by each member country like the Euro of European Union.
• Political union. It is a form of integration wherein member countries abide by the
rules presented by a common government in which the member country’s
sovereignty is reduced significantly.

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Assessing Learning

Activity 4
Name: __________________________________________________ Score:______________
Course/Year/Section: ________________________________ Date: _______________
Directions: Read the article, “The Philippine Rice Tariffication Law: Implications and issues”
By Annette M. Tobias. Afterwards, Answer the following critical questions regarding the
article. Reference: http://ap.fftc.agnet.org/ap_db.php?id=960&print=1. Write it in a separate
sheet of paper
1. What is Rice Tariffication law?
2. Cite the (2) two most important provision under the rice Tariffication Law.
3. Identify (3) three advantages and (3) three disadvantages of Rice Tariffication Law in the
Philippines Economy.

Activity 5
Name: __________________________________________________ Score:______________
Course/Year/Section: ________________________________ Date: _______________
MULTIPLE CHOICE: Choose the letter of your answer and write it on the provided space.
1. It refers to the increasing integration of economies around the world particularly
through the movement of goods, services, and capital across borders.
a. Trade Liberalization c. Economic Integration
b. Economic Globalization d. Modern world System.
2. Which of the following is not included in interconnected dimensions of Economic
Globalization?
a. Production c. Capital Markets
b. Technology d. Non-governmental Organizations
3. Which of the following statements describe Protectionism?
a. It refers to government policies that allows free flow of trade
b. It protects domestic products through implementation of tariff.
c. It refers to the removal of trade barriers between countries
d. Both A & B
4. Which of the following statements is true about the tariff?
a. It protects domestic products c. It is viewed as a barrier to free trade
b. It raises revenue for the Governments d. All of the above
5. All of the following statements are advantages of Trade Liberalization, except one.
a. Encourages Countries to specialize
b. Can attract foreign investment
c. Can lead to lower prices for the consumers
d. Can result in exploitation of the environment
6. For Wallerstein, countries under this category specialize in exporting raw material
a. Periphery c. Core
b. Semi-periphery d. Both a & b
7. According to Wallerstein, Countries under this category are technological
advanced.
a. Periphery c. Core
b. Semi-periphery d. Both b & c
8. It refers to an agreement among countries in a geographic region to reduce and
remove tariff barriers.
a. Trade Liberalization c. Economic Integration
b. Economic Globalization d. Modern world System.
9. A level of Economic integration wherein countries freely exchange all goods,
services, labor and capital.
a. Free Trade Area c. Common Market
b. Custom union d. Economic Union
10. A level of Economic integration wherein country members share one trade policy
with non-members.
a. Free Trade Area c. Common Market
b. Custom union d. Economic Union

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UNIT III. MARKET INTEGRATION
Overview
This unit will provide a brief history of Global Market Integration that will lead to the
understanding of market integration and its effect in our current situation. The Different
Financial institutions, international Organization and Global Corporation will also be
discussed to identify the significant influence of these Institutions to economic globalization
and market Integration. Types and levels of market integration will be tackled to determine
the possible effects of each level of integration in our economy.
Learning Objectives

At the end of the unit, I am able to:

1. explain the role of international financial institutions in the creation of a
global economy;
2. narrate a short history of global market integration in the twentieth century;
and
3. identify the attributes of global corporations.
Setting Up

Name: __________________________________________________ Date:_______________

Course/Year/Section: ________________________________
Directions: This is an individual activity wherein each student will stimulate a corporate social
responsibility project of a multinational corporation using the GRASP methodology.
GOAL
To develop a Basic Hygiene Campaign that is relevant to the current situation of the
Philippines which is about a fight against the pandemic (COVID19).

ROLE
You are a member of the corporate social responsibility committee of a certain
Multinational Company.

SITUATION
There is a pandemic that is currently being experienced by every other nation,
particularly by the Philippines. The World Health Organization determined that the
transmission of this virus can be prevented by avoiding crowded places, staying at home,
maintaining social distance, and by practicing proper hygiene. The World Health
Organization approached your company to help because of your company manufacture
and sells personal cleansing products globally.

PERFORMANCE
Develop a single campaign that will teach and encourage Filipinos to practice proper
hygiene. The campaign material should be culturally appropriate and applicable to the
Filipino Community. Likewise, the campaign material that you will develop should only
be in the form of comic-brochure.

Lesson Proper

HISTORY OF GLOBAL MARKET INTEGRATION

Roman Period and Early Voyages

The history of economic globalization can be traced back to the early years of the
Roman Empire, as evidenced by their extensive transportation network and the existence of
everyday language, the legal system, and currency. Years went by, and during the early 15th
century, the different voyages of Vasco Da Gama, Columbus, Magellan, and others have
proved that technological advances have made it possible to sail over the other continents

11
and to facilitate intercontinental trade. Different global powers that exist during those times,
such as Spain, Portugal, Britain, and Italy, have controlled international trade, which further
their territory and sovereignty. Thus, from this point onwards, the Expansion of international
trade was evident, and the growth of economic globalization was vividly experienced by
different countries.
Napoleonic Wars in 1815 and the Beginning of World War 1
During this time, the international trade expanded significantly as did cross-border
flows of financial capital and labor. Technological advancement in this year can be seen from
the replacement of the sail and railroads by the steam power. The opening of the Suez Canal
has helped to reduce travel times between Europe and Asia.Trade expanded the variety of
available goods, both in Europe and elsewhere. As the trade monopolies of earlier times were
replaced by intense competition, prices converged globally for a wide range of commodities,
including spices, wheat, cotton, pig iron, and jute (Findlay and O'Rourke, 2002). In general,
the Government's policies were favorable to the openness of trade, capital mobility, and
migration. During this time, Economic structure followed the core-periphery pattern by
which the core countries were the center of trading, while periphery countries with abundant
natural resources provide the raw materials and labor for the core countries.
Two world wars (I & II) and the Great Depression; Post World Wars and Post Great
depression
The heightened economic integration achieved during the early 19th century was
ruined by the two world wars and the great depression. The major powers of those times, the
United States, Western Europe, and Japan, have undertaken the task of rebuilding the
economic system, including Infrastructure, International Trade, and Monetary policies.
The Bretton Wood System
This agreement was enacted during the post-world wars. It is the United States of
America who was at that time owned the two-third of world’s Gold had led this conference in
July 1944 with delegates from 44 countries at Bretton Woods, New Hampshire. Hence, the
name Bretton Woods Agreement. The goal of this agreement was to create an efficient foreign
exchange system, prevent competitive devaluations of currencies, and promote international
economic growth. As mentioned earlier, the scenario has led the delegates of this conference
to establish the fixed exchange rate with the U.S. dollar to be pegged to the value of Gold.
Moreover, all other currencies in the system were then pegged to the U.S. dollar's value.
During those times, the exchange rate applied at the time set the price of Gold at $35 an ounce.
As mentioned earlier, the scenario has led the delegates of this conference to establish the
fixed exchange rate with the U.S. dollar to be pegged to the value of Gold. Moreover, all other
currencies in the system were then pegged to the U.S. dollar's value. During those times, the
exchange rate applied at the time set the price of Gold at $35 an ounce.
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank
These two institutions were established as part of the Bretton woods agreement in
1945. Both of these two institutions were created to address specific concerns in regard to
the economic crisis that the world has experienced.
International Monetary Fund (IMF): this Institution was created to oversee the world’s
monetary system’s stability. The IMF was compromised of 189 member countries that
cooperate and collaborate towards the goal of fostering global monetary cooperation,
establishing financial stability, maintaining international trade, and promoting growth in the
economy.
World Bank: this Institution was established to provide financial assistance and strategic
advice to nations profoundly affected by the previous world wars. The two main goals of the
world bank are to end extreme poverty and increase overall prosperity. It supplies qualifying
governments with low-interest loans, zero-interest credits, and grants to support the
development of individual economies. In reality, the World Bank has four other
branches/organizations that have specific goals to which realization of that particular Goal
may help the world bank attain its main goal.

12
 a. International Bank for reconstruction and development that provides debt
financing to government that is considered middle income.
b. International Development Association (IDA) which gives interest-free loans
to the government of low-income countries.
c. International Finance Corporations focuses on private sectors and developing
countries with investment financing and financial advisory services.
d. Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency that promotes investment in
developing countries
e. International Centre for Settlement of Investment disputes is an institution
that provides arbitration on international investment disputes.
The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
The agreement was signed into law on January 1, 1948 with 23 countries after the
world war to monitor world trade that may lead to economic recovery. Its main objective was
to eliminate barriers in international trade by either reducing or removing tariffs and quotas.
As time passed by, the agreement was replaced by the world trade organization in 1995.
World Trade Organization
The World Trade Organization is a global organization made up of 164
member countries that deals with the rules of trade between nations. It was born out of the
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which was established in 1947. Most of the
time, the WTO resolve trade disputes between and among its member countries. Its goal is to
ensure that trade flows as smoothly and predictably as possible.
MARKET INTEGRATION

Market integration is a term used to identify a phenomenon in which markets of

goods and services that are related to one another is experiencing similar patterns of increase
or decrease in terms of the prices of those products. The term can also refer to circumstances
in which the prices of related goods and services sold in a defined geographical location also
begin to move in some sort of similar pattern to one another.
Types of Market Integration
Negative integration: this implies eliminating barriers that restrict the movement of goods,
services, and factors of production. Also, the Government plays a minor role in policymaking
regarding manufacturing, distribution, and flow of goods
Positive Integration: The Government may adjust domestic policies and institutions
through the creation of supranational arrangements. Likewise, It is often identified with
positive values like social protection and the correction of market failures
Degree of Economic Integration (Levels of Economic integration)
a. Preferential Agreement is considered to be the first stage to which it lessens tariffs
and quotas between member countries who have signed the agreement. It allows
member countries to have access to some of their products. Tariffs are not eliminated
but it is lessened as compared to non-participating countries
b. Free Trade Area is considered to be the second stage of economic integration for
which it reduces barriers to trade among member countries to zero, but each member
country has its own decision when it comes to the external rate of tariff to non-
member countries
c. Custom Union is almost similar to the free trade area but it differs from the former
economic integration as Custom Union has a common external rate of tariff to non-
member countries.
d. Common Market is second to the highest degree of economic integration by which
labor and capital are included in the trade. It is to integrate both product and factor
markets of member countries.
e. Economic Union is considered to be the final step in complete integration by which
the member countries have common policies that involve common currency among
member nations, fiscal and political policies.

13
International Financial Institution
International Financial Institutions were founded by groups of countries to promote
public and private investment to foster economic and social development in developing and
transitioning countries. These Institution are the World Bank, International Monetary
Fund, World Trade Organization. As mentioned beforehand, these institutions are
established to alleviate and help the economy of each member country. These institutions can
help the economy of the country to obtain stability by supporting economic development
through financial assistance and advisory assistance in the implementation of large-scale
infrastructure projects in emerging markets.
INTERNATIONAL/REGIONAL ORGANIZATION AND ALLIANCES

Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD): is an international

organization that works to build better policies for better lives. Their goal is to shape policies
that foster prosperity, equality, opportunity and well-being for all. Together with
governments, policymakers and citizens, they work on establishing evidence-based
international standards and finding solutions to a range of social, economic and
environmental challenges. From improving economic performance and creating jobs to
fostering strong education and fighting international tax evasion, they provide a unique
forum and knowledge hub for data and analysis, exchange of experiences, best-practice
sharing, and advice on public policies and international standard-setting
The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC): is a permanent,
intergovernmental Organization, created at the Baghdad Conference on September 10–14,
1960, by Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela. It was established to monitor and
stabilize the price of OIL that is both beneficial and fair with the stakeholders such as the
producer and consumer.
Association of South East Nations (ASEAN): was formed in 1967 by Indonesia, Malaysia,
the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand to promote political and economic cooperation and
regional stability. The Economic, Political-Security, and Socio-Cultural Community are the
three pillars of ASEAN Community. The annual meeting is usually held to promote the
economic, social and cultural development of the region to protect the stability of its politics
and economy against rivalry with enormous power. For some reason, it is also held to serve
as a forum for the resolution of intra-regional differences.
Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC): was established in 1989. Currently, the APEC
has a twenty-one member over the four continents. APEC Member Economies works together
to sustain economic growth through a commitment to open trade, investment and economic
reform. The economic growth is usually accomplished through the reduction of barriers such
as tariffs and import quotas. Its Goal is to ensure the sustainability of growth and
development of the region for the good of its people. Likewise, the reduction of barriers
among member economies is in consistent with the principles of GATT, where applicable, and
without detrimental effect to its member country.
European Union: adheres to the economic and political union where its member countries
have a single currency, Euro. Through its harmonization of its political and economic policy,
the European Union was able to deliver peace, prosperity, and stability for more than fifty
years by which it increases the standards of living of its people. The EU remains focused on
making its governing institutions more transparent and democratic. Decisions are taken as
openly as possible and as close as possible to the citizen. The European Union is the
largest trade block in the world. The European Union is one of the largest exporters of goods
and services and considered to be the biggest import market for over a hundred countries.
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA): was formed in 1994 by the Canada,
Mexico and America for the reason of elimination of barriers when it comes to trade and
investment. The agricultural sector, production and manufacturing sector, investment, and
other services are some of the economic sectors wherein tariffs are eliminated. This
organization has also given importance to the protection of intellectual property rights,
environments, and rights of workers or laborers. Small businesses were among those that
were expected to benefit the most from the lowering of trade barriers since it would make
doing business in Mexico and Canada less expensive and would reduce the red tape needed
to import or export goods.

14
GLOBAL CORPORATIONS
A global corporation, also known as a global company, is coined from the base term
‘global’, which means all around the world. It is a company that operates beyond its local
boundary. Thus, most of the global companies works in more than one country and has
some foreign investment. Global corporations are deemed to be one of the major players in
economic integration as their goods and commodities allow other countries to engage in
foreign trading and exchange. Their existence has significant influenced to the consumer
behavior such as changes of lifestyles, spending pattern, practices and traditions.
The nature of Global Corporations usually varies depending on the classification to
where it can be categorized. However, most of the global corporations as stated above has
foreign investment and operating beyond the borders. They conduct activities outside their
origin countries such as manufacturing, distribution, research and development,
marketing, and selling of products. In some ways, the Global Corporation can influence local
and global laws in regard with trade and exchange. Lastly, most well-known global
corporations have strong brand recognition.
Types of Global Corporations
International Companies: this company operates primarily in a single country but has
some exposure to foreign markets. These are basically importers and exporters. The most
common type of American international business is one that purchases products or raw
materials from international markets. Best Buy is an example of this type of business. The
company operates in the United States and employs mostly American citizens, but it sells a
large amount of imported goods yet they don’t have foreign investments.
Multinational Companies: this Company operates in more than one country and receive
substantial income from these foreign operations qualify as multinational in nature.
Multinational companies, while usually controlled by management based in a single
country, cater to markets in individual countries. It invests directly in foreign nations, but
this is usually limited to a few areas. Products are customized to local preferences, rather
than homogenized, limiting the ability to create economies of scale.
Transnational Companies: transnational companies are the very largest multinational
businesses with separate divisions that operate with a significant independence in their
assigned markets. A transnational company invests directly in dozens of countries and has
a global headquarters that distributes decision-making capabilities to its various local
operations.
Global Companies: This kind of company would usually operate on a worldwide scale, but
it would not be tied legally to any nation. They have an investment in many countries but
maintain a strong headquarters in one country. They typically market their products and
services to each individual global market.

Assessing Learning

Activity 6
Name: __________________________________________________ Score:______________
Course/Year/Section: ________________________________ Date: _______________

Directions: The students are tasked to find the (2) two similarities and (2) differences
between Multinational Company and Transnational Company using the Venn diagram. Write
your answer in a separate sheet of paper.

15
 Activity 7
Name: __________________________________________________ Score:______________
Course/Year/Section: ________________________________ Date: _______________

IDENTIFICATION: Read and analyze each item, identify the word being asked for every item.
Choose your answer from the given choices and write the letter of your answer on the space
provided before each number.
a. Common Market b. Custom Union c. Global Corporations

d. Transnational e. Bretton Wood f. Global Companies

Corporations System

g. IMF h. World Bank i . GATT

j.OPEC

______1. It provides financial assistance to countries on economic crisis or with threatened

currencies.
______2. It provides financing to developing countries to help reduce poverty and support
economic growth.
______3. It is a monetary system by which currencies has a fixed exchange rate with the U.S.
dollar.
______4. Its main objective is to remove barrier blocking international trade by reducing
tariffs, quotas and subsidies which was established in 1948.
______5. A stage of economic integration by which tariffs and barriers are eliminated and by
which member nations abide by a common external policy in dealing with non-
member nations.
______6. In this economic integration, it has not only eliminated barriers and abides by a
common external policy but it also includes all economic resources such as labor and
capital.
______7. This international financial institution was established to regulate the price of oil in
order to secure fair and stable prices for petroleum producers
______8. They are key players in global economic integration by influencing consumer
behavior like spending patterns, lifestyle, work and culture among others.
______9. This corporations usually market their products and services to each global market.
______10. A company that has investment in many countries and distributes the
decision- making powers and research development to each headquarter.
Activity 8
Name: __________________________________________________ Score:______________
Course/Year/Section: ________________________________ Date: _______________

TRUE OR FALSE: Write True if the statement is correct otherwise, write the word False.
_________1. Multinational Company usually exports it’s materials or products to other countries
which their other branches are located.
_________2. A Multinational Company usually pay tariffs for their products as compared a
transnational company.
_________3. The shareholders of the transnational companies are usually owned by foreign
countries.
_________4. International Financial institution are usually owned and governed by one country.
_________5. One of the focuses of the International Financial Institution is to provide economic
and financial support to developing countries.
_________6. The Philippine was one of the founding fathers of the ASEAN.
_________7. Producing and manufacturing goods for the local community only is one of the
natures of Global corporations.
_________8. International Companies activities are limited to importing and exporting products.
_________9. The two world wars destroyed the flourishing economic activities of the 19th
century.
_________10. The History of the global market can be traced back to early Greek civilization.

16
UNIT IV. THE GLOBAL INTERSTATE SYSTEM
Overview
This unit will examine the effects of Globalization on Governments, the challenges
that globalization has brought on Governments, and the institutions that govern International
Relations. As such, Internationalism and Globalism will be expounded to give us an idea of
how the states interact with other nations to achieve a common goal. Thus, identifying the
effects of this international relations between and among states to the growth of
Globalization.
Learning Objectives

At the end of the unit, I am able to:

1. explain the effects of globalization on governments;
2. identify the institutions that govern international relations; and
3. differentiate internationalism from globalism.
Setting Up

Name: __________________________________________________ Date:_______________

Course/Year/Section: ________________________________
Directions: Read the article entitled “Assessing Philippine Foreign Policy under Duterte:
Current Realities and Future Outlook” by Prashanth Parameswaran. Answer the following
questions in regards with the article. https://thediplomat.com/2019/10/assessing-
philippine-foreign-policy-under-duterte-current-realities-and-future-outlook/. Write your
answer in separate sheet of paper.
1. Do you agree or disagree with the claims of the author? Explain your answer.
2. Identify the advantages and disadvantages of Duterte’s Independent Foreign Policy
3. What are the risks possessed by the Independent Foreign policy in the Philippine’s growth
and development?
4. Should Duterte’s administration continue to employ independent foreign policy? Explain
your answer

Lesson Proper

EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION ON GOVERNMENT

As globalization became the most heated topic among scholars, some would suggest
that the state was being displaced as the Primary Vehicle through which political
communities would organize themselves in the century to come. Although, the early years of
the 21st century have shown us that globalization has not displaced the state due to
recognized sovereignty of the state to set economic policies for a country that is honored
across the world. The treaty of Westphalia of 1648 established the notion of the nation-state
and the idea of state sovereignty which creates an atmosphere that states have sovereignty
and government control over its own affairs. However, Globalization has dispersed political
and economic power beyond the state. Global Norms, Economic Policies, and competitive
benefits have forced each state to participate in International relations with the purpose of
establishing legitimacy, respectability, economic growth, and peace and order (Schattle,
2014).
Besides, the increasing power of other actors other than the nation-states such as
Multinational companies, Non-Governmental Agencies, and regional organizations and
alliances have posed challenges on the Government of a state.
There have been several challenges to the government particularly with state
autonomy. These challenges can be divided into four. Traditional challenges, challenges from
national or identity movements, global economics, and global social movements.

17
Traditional Challenges
➢ External Intervention by other countries: this is a case wherein Powerful Nations
intervene with the issues and affairs of other nations. An example of this event is the
intervention of Russia in the affairs of people in Crimea who want to be part of Russia
even if they are part of Ukraine.
➢ Internal Political challenges: Challenges that come from the state’s own internal
nonconformists.
➢ Regional Organization challenging state autonomy: Challenges coming from different
International Organizations such as the EU’s response to the Issue of Extra-Judicial Killing
in the Philippines war on drug.
Challenges from National/Identity Movements
➢ Different people with different identities and beliefs who live in different states may
challenge the government to recognize their unique Ideologies and Identity all over
that state. Thus, a nation’s cultural identity and a state’s definite identity is being
challenged by these movements.
o Example: Al-Qaeda and ISIS movement were based on the fundamentalist
version of Islam.
Global Economics
➢ Due to the worldwide economy's increasing importance to the local economy, it
demands the states to conform to the rules of free-market capitalism. This scenario
was called by Journalist Thomas Friedman as "Golden StraightJacket," wherein States
are forced into policies that suit the preferences of investment houses and corporate
executives who transfer Capital and resources into countries favored as adaptable to
the demands of international business. However, all of these resources and Capital
will be withdrawn even more rapidly from countries deemed uncompetitive or don't
conform to the established economic policies.
o Example: Governments have to comply with Global or regional
agreements (e.g. WTFO, NAFTA, EU, and ASEAN
o Economic Crises can force the government to subscribe to the terms of the
global financial market in order to recover economic stability.
Global Social Movements
➢ Ø These are movements of people that are spontaneous or that emerge through large
grassroots organizations. They usually operate across the world and can be seen in
different nations. Thus, the states cannot have absolute control over them.
o Example: Human Rights movement, Environmental Movement, Women
rights movement, International organization, non-governmental
organizations, and even the global media.
In General:
➢ Globalization triggers competition or conflict among countries on matters
such as economic, policy, political systems, and etc.
➢ Governments are now dealing with many stakeholders such as civil society,
markets, international organization, and sub national political authorities.
➢ Citizen, Civil Society organization, and corporations are now seeking
opportunities beyond the borders of their home country.
In conclusion, the effects of Globalization on government cannot be precisely
stated as beneficial or disadvantageous due to its varying effect.

INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

International relations can be defined as political activities and other kinds and
aspects of interactions among states, inter-governmental organization, non-government
organizations, and Multinational corporations.

18
Institutions that Govern International Relations

Peace Treaties and Military Alliances

➢ United Nations (UN): it was founded in 1995, and it has 193 member states with the
republic of South Sudan as its newest member. The UN has four functions, which include
military, economic, environmental issues, and human protection. However, the ultimate
goal of the UN is to maintain peace and order. The UN usually provides a forum wherein
countries gather to discuss different issues and concerns. Likewise, the UN promotes and
protects human rights through various organizations and mechanisms.
➢ North Atlantic Treaty Organizations (NATO): is a defensive treaty or a military alliance
among the United States, Canada, and other European Countries. This treaty was signed
in 1949, and it is based on the idea of collective security. This treaty adheres to collective
self-defense. The member countries have agreed to combine their military power against
the other nation who would be raising their arms against anyone of its members.

1. Social and Economic Growth

➢ Red Cross (Red Crescent in Muslim Countries): They are organized in 1863 to help
those wounded by wars. They are an independent and neutral organization that would
be sent to areas affected by war, conflict, and disasters.

19
➢ Doctors without Borders: they are an independent, global movement providing
medical aid where it’s needed most and was founded in 1971.
➢ Oxford Committee for famine relief (Oxfam): it is a global movement of people who are
fighting inequality to beat poverty. It was formed in 1942 by a group of independent
non-governmental organizations. They are also concerned with social inequalities that
make and keep people.
➢ Save the Children: It is an organization that helps children across the world. It gives
children a healthy start of life, the opportunity to learn, and protection from harm. It was
founded in 1919 by Eglantyne Jebb and her sister Dorothy Buxton to alleviate hunger
and starvation of children in Germany during World War 1.
➢ Amnesty International: Amnesty International was founded in 1961 by Peter Benenson
and it is a global movement that campaigns for the human rights of everyone. The
original intention of this movement was to appeal in Britain with aim of acquiring
amnesty for prisoners of conscience all over the world who have been arrested for their
convictions, ethnic group, or of their religious belief but provided that they haven’t used
force or resort to violence.
Global Economy
➢ World Trade Organization (WTO): As discussed in the previous lessons, its primary
goal is to foster free trade wherein taxes and tariffs on foreign goods and commodities
are eliminated or reduced. They provide a forum for governments to negotiate trade
agreements and to settle trade disputes.
➢ North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA): It is an economic treaty between
the US. Canada, and Mexico. It was signed to eliminate barriers to trade, lessen trading
cost, increase business investment, and to help North America to be globally competitive.
How Can We Contribute to the International Relations?
➢ Awareness of Current Events
➢ Practicing our rights to suffrage
➢ Supporting Humanitarian Causes
➢ Being a responsible citizen who knows their duties and responsibilities in society
How can International Relations Contribute to us?
➢ It helps us by addressing different issues related to making our lives better:
o Human Rights
o Environment protection
o Reduction of poverty
o Health care
o Peace and Security
INTERNATIONALISM AND GLOBALISM

Internationalism
Internationalism can be defined as the principle of cooperation among nations, for
the promotion of their common good (Dictionary.com, 2020). Moreover, Internationalism
can be defined as the idea that cooperation among countries is beneficial for everyone. In
most cases, nations adhere to this doctrine to cooperate economically and avoid conflict.
According to Halliday (1998), Internationalism is the idea that we both are and should be part
of a broader community than that of the nation or the state. This means that we should be
part of a larger community that helps to build each other economy and maintain peace and
order. According to Fred Halliday, there are three concepts of Internationalism: hegemonic,
revolutionary and liberal.
➢ Hegemonic internationalism: The belief that the world is being integrated is based
on unequal terms with the dominance of one nation or nation-state over others. This
means that a particular country has exerted a dominating influence over other groups

20
 or societies. This case can be seen through the colonization of Britain over the other
70 nation-states for 200 years.
➢ Revolutionary Internationalism: It is the belief that conflicts within societies
ascend due to international factors and alliances. This scenario can be seen when
➢ Liberal Internationalism: It is the belief that certain goals such as peace and
prosperity can be attained through cooperation and collaboration between and
among countries. For example, the Humanitarian efforts by nation-states and non-
governmental organizations (NGOs) to improve the welfare of people in poorer
countries.
Globalism
Globalism is a national policy of treating the whole world as a proper sphere for
political influence (Merriam-Webster, 2020). This is almost similar to the definition given by
the Cambridge dictionary wherein Globalism is the idea that events in one nation cannot be
separated from those in another and that economic and foreign policy should be planned in
an international way. Likewise, others would define globalism as a broad ideological
commitment in favor of the process of globalization that embraces a variety of interlinked
economic, communicational, environmental, and political phenomena (Encyclopedia.com,
2020). In the view of Nye (2002), Globalism seeks to describe and explain nothing more than
a world which is characterized by networks of connections that span multi-continental
distances. It attempts to understand all the interconnections of the modern world — and to
highlight patterns that underlie (and explain) them. American Political Scientist, Joseph Nye,
has identified four dimensions of Globalism: Economic, Military, Environmental, Social and
Cultural.
➢ Economic Globalism: It involves long-distance flows of goods, services and capital
and the information and perceptions that accompany market exchange.
➢ Environmental globalism: It refers to the long-distance transport of materials in the
atmosphere or oceans or of biological substances such as pathogens or genetic
materials that affect human health and well-being
➢ Military Globalism: It refers to long-distance networks in which force, and the threat
or promise of force, are deployed
➢ Social and Cultural globalism: It involves movements of ideas, information, images
and people, who of course carry ideas and information with them.

Assessing Learning

Activity 9
Name: __________________________________________________ Score:______________
Course/Year/Section: ________________________________ Date: _______________

Directions: Identify (2) two challenges which were experienced by the Philippine Government
in the given category (1. External Intervention by other countries, 2. Internal Political
challenges, 3. Regional organization challenging state autonomy, and 4. National/Identity
movements). Write your answer in a separate sheet of paper.

21
 Activity 10

Name: __________________________________________________ Score:______________

Course/Year/Section: ________________________________ Date: _______________

IDENTIFICATION: Identify the correct answer for each item. Write your answer on the
space provided before each number.
1. Challenges that arise from their own internal dissenters.
2. An example of this challenge to government is the European
Union’s remarks against Duterte’s war on drugs.
3. It demands the states to conform to the rules of free-market
capitalism.
4. These are groups that emerge through grassroots
organizations.
5. This organization was founded in 1945 and it has currently
189 member states
6. An nternational organization that settle international disputes
regarding trade and exchange
7. It is a principle used by this organization that attack to the
one-member nation means an attack to all member nations
8. An independent and neutral organization organized in 1863
to help those who were wounded by wars.
9. A belief and/or a movement which promotes better
cooperation among nations in economic, political, and social
10. It seeks to describe and explain nothing more than a
world which is characterized by networks of connections that
span multi- continental distances.

Activity 11

Name: __________________________________________________ Score:______________

Course/Year/Section: ________________________________ Date: _______________

TRUE OR FALSE: Write the word True if the statement is correct and False if it is incorrect.
Write your answer on the space provided before the number.
1. Internationalism stresses solidarity and cooperation among the
nation to benefit the interest of one nation over another.
2. Globalism is the idea that events in one nation cannot be separated
among any other nations.
3. Economic Globalism involves purchases of oil and other military
equipment.
4. In Social and cultural globalism, Culture and other traditional
customs can move beyond its own national borders.
5. Revolutionary internationalism is a belief that the world is being
integrated due to the conflicts that arise within society.
6. Liberalism Internationalism promotes the achievement of a
common goal among nations.
7. The international relation can contribute to the human wellbeing by
addressing human rights and health care system.
8. In Globalization, the Government of any state is not affected by the
different challenges as they have its own sovereignty which they can
always impose in their national borders.
9. One of the advantages of Globalization in government is that it
allows a nation to extend its economic growth by moving beyond its
borders.
10. A red cross cannot be considered as a key player in international
relations.

22
UNIT V. GLOBAL GOVERNANCE
Overview
This unit presents the roles and functions of United Nations as the central authority
in global governance and the challenges of it in the 21st century.
Learning Objective

At the end of the unit, I am able to:

1. explain global governance;
2. identify the roles and functions of the United Nations;
3. identify the challenges of global governance in the 21st century; and
4. explain the relevance of the state amid globalization.
Setting Up

Name: __________________________________________________ Date:_______________

Course/Year/Section: ________________________________
Directions: The following grid contains ten (10) terms/names associated with Global
Governance. Find and encircle them. Look for them in all directions possible.

G C D G J N X C Q S Z L J E
G O E T U A U T H O R I T Y
I K V A P T A S D F G M H F
L T I E O I M E W P E A C E
O P P E R O T E R O L I O S
R U R C B N A E D U C Y U N
E I O W T O M B B S I K N P
W E B C O C B E V T G A T G
O B L A W L M B N A M M R N
P R E J L E C W Q T T F I S
H A M A B C D E F E G E E E
A E I O U Z Y X W V U E S C
N T N E M P O L E V E D Z A

Lesson Proper

GLOBAL GOVERNANCE

Various emerging trends brought by

globalization need governance to
maintain world order.

What is global governance and what it does?

Global governance is a continuous process of balancing different interests and
initiating cooperative action between different countries. Governments in countries need
cooperation and integration to have a just system for conflict resolution. However, there is
no such thing as a “world government”.
Set of norms, policies, laws, or regulations are needed to facilitate relations within
countries and amongst countries, organizations and market. This is an example of global
governance. Global Governance is needed when a state or a country do not have the capacity
to solve problems on their own. There are cases whereby groups of countries have problems
with each other. These countries cannot solve the problem by themselves. Global Governance
is also needed.

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Factors behind the Emergence of Global Governance
With the increasing economic prowess in key areas such as energy, food, transport, and
healthcare, global corporations are becoming more powerful. They yield a strong influence
on many global policies. Global civil society organizations also have a strong voice and
influence on global matters as they have established historical credibility, relevance, and
effectiveness in resolving problems in times of conflict or disaster.
1. Permeability of nation-states to vast flows of things
Fake news, cyberbullying, invasion of privacy and other digital fraudulent activities are
the results of easy, fast, and difficult-to-control flow of digital information through social
media. This calls for global governance because a single nation-state cannot tackle these
issues on their own.
2. Mass migration of people and the flow of criminal elements
The migration of people may result in some forms of unlawful activities such as sex
trafficking and the pushing of illegal drugs. This calls for global governance as it needs strong
regulatory policies, international cooperation, and effective implementation of the law for the
protection of the citizens.
3. Internal events or problems which nation-states either instigate or are unable
to control on their own
One great example of this is the extrajudicial killings in the Philippines. The drug policy
of the Philippine government or also known as the “war on drugs” has led to mass protests
and violence. This calls for intervention from international organizations, however, the
Philippine government has resisted.
4. Global problems that a single nation-state is unable to tackle on their own
The global financial crisis is an example of a problem wherein states do not have the capacity
to solve on their own. This calls for global governance. Another example: The COVID-19
Pandemic

States, as well as non-state actors, work together to come up with mutually beneficial Global
Governance
ROLES OF THE UNITED NATIONS IN GLOBAL GOVERNANCE (un.org)
There is no “Central Authority” in Global Governance but the United Nations comes close to
being a “Central Authority” to raise and resolve global issues as they have the capability to
involve many non-state actors (governmental and non-governmental organizations, etc).
What is the United Nations?
The United Nations is an international organization founded in 1945 after World War II. It is
currently made up of 193 Member States. It fosters cooperation among nation-states to
address global problems.
Main Bodies of the United Nations
General Assembly
General Assembly is the main deliberative,
Policy - making, and representative body of the United
Nations. It is where all member-states come together
to discuss and resolve various global issues.

24
Security Council:
It has primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security. It is
composed of 15 members: the United States of America, Britain, Russia, China, and France as
permanent members and ten other non-permanent members on a two-year term.
Economic and Social Council:
It is the principal body for coordination, policy review, policy dialogue and recommendations
on economic, social, environmental, and other related concerns along with specialized
agencies and organizations such as IMF, UNESCO, WHO and etc. It is the United Nations’
central platform for reflection, debate, and innovative thinking on sustainable development.
Trusteeship Council:
It provides international supervision for eleven Trust Territories to ensure that adequate
steps were taken to prepare the Territories for self-government and interdependence. But it
suspended its operations after the last of the trust territories attained independence in 1994.
International Court of Justice:
it is referred to as the World Court, is the principal judicial body of the United Nations. It is
the only one of the main bodies of the United Nations not located in New York, USA. The Peace
Palace in Hague, Netherlands provides the venue for countries to settle disputes inside a court
of law.
Secretariat:
It assists the other bodies and committees while performing varied tasks. It comprises the
Secretary-General and tens of thousands of international UN staff members who carry out the
day-to-day work of the UN as mandated by the General Assembly. The Secretary-General is
chief administrative officer of the Organization, appointed by the General Assembly on the
recommendation of the Security Council.

Roles and Functions of the United Nations (un.org)

1. Maintain International Peace and Security
The United Nations came into being in 1945, following the devastation of the Second World
War, with one central mission: the maintenance of international peace and security. The UN
does this by working to prevent conflict; helping parties in conflict make peace;
peacekeeping; and creating the conditions to allow peace to hold and flourish. These activities
often overlap and should reinforce one another, to be effective.
2. Protection of Human Rights
The promotion and protection of human rights is a key purpose and guiding principle of the
Organization. In 1948, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights brought human rights into
the realm of international law. Since then, the Organization has diligently protected human
rights through legal instruments and on-the-ground activities.
3. Deliver Humanitarian Aid
One of the purposes of the United Nations is to achieve international co-operation in solving
international problems of an economic, social, cultural, or humanitarian character. The
organization relied upon by the international community to coordinate humanitarian relief
operations due to natural and man-made disasters in areas beyond the relief capacity of
national authorities alone.
4. Promote Sustainable Development
From the start in 1945, one of the main priorities of the United Nations was to achieve
international cooperation in solving international problems of an economic, social, cultural,
or humanitarian character. Improving people’s well-being continues to be one of the main
focuses of the UN. Sustainable development promotes prosperity and economic opportunity,
greater social well-being, and protection of the environment.
5. Uphold International Law
The UN Charter, in its Preamble, set an objective: "to establish conditions under which justice
and respect for the obligations arising from treaties and other sources of international law
can be maintained". Ever since, the development of, and respect for international law has
been a key part of the work of the Organization. This work is carried out in many ways — by
courts, tribunals, multilateral treaties - and by the Security Council, which can approve

25
peacekeeping missions, impose sanctions, or authorize the use of force when there is a threat
to international peace and security.
Since 1945, the United Nations has been a champion of the following global concerns:

• Preventing and managing conflicts • Empowering women

• Regulating armaments • Educating children
• Championing human rights and • Feeding the hungry
international humanitarian law • Housing the refugees
• Liberating the colonized • Coordinating disaster relief and
• Providing economic and technical assistance
aid in newly liberated countries

CHALLENGES OF GLOBAL GOVERNANCE IN THE 21ST CENTURY

➢ Indistinct and diffused authority

➢ Vast disparities in power and influence among state and non-state actors
➢ Lack of resources of the UN and other actors
➢ Incoherent policies of global governance actors
➢ Decentralized and informal self-regulatory groups
Some Key Challenges
1. Nationalistic Interests: The challenging part of getting countries’ cooperation for the sake
of global interest is their differences in terms of national agenda or preferences. Country
leaders always have to choose between balancing acts or to give-in unpopular decisions to go
against international norms. Example: Territorial disputes between China and the
Philippines
2. Lack of Consensus or General Agreement: It is difficult to come up with a common vision
and agreed action plan if major powers are often hesitant to engage less prominent
stakeholders on issues. Example: Nuclear Energy policies
3. Indistinct and diffused authority: States can evade international laws with no major
consequences. They assert their sovereignty when dealing with international disputes.
4. Incoherent policies on emerging trends: Global Governance is too slow to catch up with
global issues or dilemmas brought by the speed of technological changes. In today’s digital
world, the challenge is how to mainline the free flow of information while having appropriate
policies to control cyber aggression.

GLOBALIZATION AND THE STATE

The Relevance of the State amid Globalization
States’ legitimacy is not based on how it can handle globalization. It is based on how
effective it can utilize its public goods rather than the other actors in the process of
globalization. There are few cases only where the other actors are more effective and
competent in addressing specific issues than the States. Until or unless various actors can
perform better services than what the State does now on a macro scale, then the State will
continue to be a major force in globalization.

The Difference between Nation and the State

The state is a distinctive political community with its own government which asserts
sovereignty over its land and people.
A nation is a large group of people who inhabit a specific territory and are connected by
history, culture, or another commonality.
Nation-State is a sovereign institution that governs individuals sharing a collective history
and culture within a bounded territory. The state is considered as the representative of “the
people” and the people are the source of the state’s legitimacy and sovereignty.

26
Assessing Learning

Activity 12
Name: __________________________________________________ Score:______________
Course/Year/Section: ________________________________ Date: _______________

Directions: Choose two challenges of Global Governance that the Philippines are mostly
affected. Outline the possible suggestions/solutions you can give to address this challenge.
Write your answer in a separate sheet of paper.

Activity 13
Name: __________________________________________________ Score:______________
Course/Year/Section: ________________________________ Date: _______________
Directions: Write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if the UNDERLINED word is
incorrect, and then write the correct answer pertaining to the underlined word. Write all the
answers to the space provided
.___________________ 1. There is no “Central Authority” in Global Governance.
___________________ 2. United Nations is a global organization, composed of 193 nation-stares,
fosters cooperation among nation-states to address global problems
together.
___________________ 3. Secretariat is the main deliberative body of the United Nations.
___________________ 4. Security Council’s main responsibility is maintaining international peace
and security.
___________________ 5. Economic and Social Council coordinates the economic, social, and
related concerns along with the specialized agencies and organizations.
___________________ 6. General Assembly assists the other bodies and committees while
performing varied tasks.
___________________ 7. Trusteeship Council provides international supervision for Trust
Territories to attain self-government and independence.
___________________ 8. International Court of Justice is also referred to as the Court Palace.
___________________ 9. United Nations was founded in 1945 after World War I.
___________________ 10. Global Governance is needed to facilitate relations within countries,
organizations, and markets through a set of norms, policies, laws, or
regulations.

27
UNIT VI. GLOBAL DIVIDES: THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH
Overview
This unit presents how globalization creates divisions between various countries.
During and after the Cold War, various classifications of countries have emerged.
Learning Objectives
At the end of the unit, I am able to:
1. define the term “Global South”;
2. differentiate the Global South from the Third World; and
3. analyze how a new conception of global relations emerged from the
experiences of Latin American countries.
Setting Up

Name: __________________________________________________ Date:_______________

Course/Year/Section: ________________________________
Directions: Look at the pictures above. Write your observations in a separate sheet of paper.

Lesson Proper

THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH

Globalization creates divisions between various countries.

It is not really difficult to understand the concept of globalization. As seen in the
pictures below, there are branches of Starbucks, one of the famous cafes in the world, in both
developing and developed countries. These branches and others around the world may offer
more or less the same.

Despite the modern aesthetic of these cafes, the world outside them can be very different
like what you see in the pictures below.

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GLOBAL DIVIDES DURING THE COLD WAR
First, Second, and Third World
The terms originated during the Cold War when the world was divided into three
classifications based on politics and economics.
• First World – capitalist and industrialized Western countries.
• Second World – communist countries and their allies.
• Third World – least developed countries that were formerly colonized. Third World
which means “underprivileged people” was coined by a French demographer Alfred Sauvy in
1952.

Defining the Third World

Third World countries are also referred to as impoverished countries because it composed of
mostly poor countries. It is also a group of non-alliance countries from the first and second
world which refused capitalism and communism during the Cold War.
GLOBAL DIVIDES AFTER THE COLD WAR
Global North and Global South
At the end of the Cold War, new and simpler classification was created – the North-South
Divide. The previous First World countries became the Global North and the Third World
countries became the Global South.
The North-South Divide or Rich-Poor Divide is the socio-economic and political division that
exists between the wealthy developed countries, known collectively as “the North,” and the
developing countries or least developed countries, or “the South.”
Global North comprises of wealthy, industrialized, and democratic countries such as:
• USA, Canada, Western Europe, Australia, New Zealand, Developed parts of Asia.
Global South comprises generally of developing or the least developed countries such as:
• Regions of Asia, Africa, Middle East, Latin America

Defining the Global South

Global South is composed of developing or less developed countries. The term emerged to
avoid the “poor” stigma associated with the term “Third World”. It reflects underdevelopment
and imbalances of economic and political power between countries.
Struggles in the Global South made global
Global South can also be a metaphor, implying that the problems of the south like
poverty and environmental issues are getting globalized.

Why do countries from the Global South are not developing?

The Latin American Experience and the Dependency Theory
After World War II, Latin American countries such as Mexico, Central America, and
the islands of Caribbeans are still underdeveloped because they were colonized by the
Spaniards and Portuguese. This is also an example of Dependency Theory.
This theory explains that the South’s economic development decreases and it
increases the North’s economic development because these rich countries exploit the poor
countries.

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Assessing Learning

Activity 14
Name: __________________________________________________ Score:______________
Course/Year/Section: ________________________________ Date: _______________
Directions: Complete the table below.

GLOBAL DIVIDES DESCRIPTION COUNTRIES

GLOBAL NORTH

GLOBAL SOUTH

Activity 15
Name: __________________________________________________ Score: ______________
Course/Year/Section: ________________________________ Date: _______________
Directions: Using a Venn diagram, differentiate the Global South from the Third World.

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UNIT VII. ASIAN REGIONALISM
Overview
This unit presents the difference between regionalization and globalization and how
both of them helped build bridges among Asian countries.
Learning Objectives
At the end of the unit, I am able to:
1. Differentiate regionalization and regionalism;
2. Identify the factors leading to greater integration of the Asian region; and
3. Explain how globalization affects Asian countries.

Setting Up

Name: __________________________________________________ Date:_______________

Course/Year/Section: ________________________________
Directions: Answer the following question and write your answer in a separate sheet of paper.
1. What comes to your mind when you see the picture below?

Lesson Proper

REGIONALIZATION AND REGIONALISM

Regionalization is defined as an increase in the cross-border flow of capital, goods,
and people within a specific geographical area. It develops from the bottom up through
societally driven processes coming from markets, private trade, and investment flows, none
of which is strictly controlled by governments. It can also be defined as a political will to
create a formal arrangement among states on a geographically restricted basis. Since its main
participants are governments, it can be expressed as an artificial, top-down process.
Regionalization in Asia
Regionalization helped build bridges among Asian countries. Asian Regionalization is
a result of economic activities such as trade, financial transactions, investments, technologies,
labor, and tourist flows that connect Asian countries together. It helped sustain the region’s
growth and contributed to globalization.

ASEAN as a Model of Regionalism

The Association of Southeast Asian Nations, or ASEAN, was established on 8 August
1967 in Bangkok, Thailand, with the signing of the ASEAN Declaration (Bangkok Declaration)
by the Founding Fathers of ASEAN, namely Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, and
Thailand. Brunei Darussalam, Vietnam, Lao PDR, Myanmar, and Cambodia making up the ten
Member States of ASEAN.
Aims and Purposes (asean.org)
As set out in the ASEAN Declaration, the aims and purposes of ASEAN are:
• To accelerate the economic growth, social progress and cultural development.
• To promote regional peace and stability through abiding respect for justice and the rule of
law in whole region and adherence to the principles of the United Nations Charter.
• To promote active collaboration and mutual assistance on matters of common interest in
the economic, social, cultural, technical, scientific and administrative fields.

31
• To provide assistance to each other in the form of training and research facilities in the
educational, professional, technical, and administrative spheres.
• To collaborate more effectively for the greater utilization of their agriculture and
industries, the expansion of their trade.
• To promote Southeast Asian studies.
ASIAN REGIONALISM
What are the challenges?
Regionalization and Regionalism’s main goal is to develop the economy of the nation. Within
its goal, there are challenges that the nations must face.
• Exclusion of countries that do not belong in the region.
• A threat to strategic partnerships with countries from other regions.
• Compromised financial stability that may result in a credit crisis and a weak currency.
• Expensive and difficult flow of goods because of the threats on and security of a country.
• Environmental damages may result in radical changes in economic policies.
How can regionalism help Asia grow as a region?
For Asian Development Bank, Asia may be able to address the challenges of regionalism by:
(1) Linking the competitive strengths of its diverse economies to boost productivity and to
sustain the region’s growth.
(2) Connecting the region’s capital markets to enhance financial stability, reduce the cost of
capital, and improving opportunities for sharing risks.
(3) Cooperating in setting exchange rates and macroeconomic policies in order to minimize
the effects of global and regional shocks and to facilitate the resolution of global imbalances.
(4) Creating regional mechanisms to manage cross-border health, safety, and other issues.
(5) Exercising leadership in global decision making to sustain the open global trade and
financial systems that have supported a half-century of unparalleled economic development.
(6) Building connected infrastructure and collaborate on inclusive development to reduce
inequalities within and across economies and thus strengthen support for pro-growth policy
Some factors may hinder the integration of the Asian region and these are the following:
• Absence of a non-political platform to maintain peace and stability among countries.
• Lack of liberalization of trade in the region.
• Insufficient support to promote economic growth, social progress, and cultural
development in the region.
• Lack of communication and cooperation in Asian countries through media.
Definition of Globalization
Globalization is a process of interaction and integration among the people,
companies, and governments of different nations around the world, a process driven by
international trade and investment and aided by information technology.
How does Regionalization differ to Globalization?

Globalization in Asia is an external push by Western regions such as the United States
and Europe. Globalization is inevitable and irreversible and it will surely create economic,
political, societal, and cultural transformation in the Asian region.
Globalization might be a great help for Asian countries but it has always challenges. It
requires a lot of time for countries to receive the benefits of globalization and it may lead to
instability if not managed well. That’s why high-level decision making is also important for
leaders as global issues will emerge from time to time. There will also be increased
competition on the economic market which will affect wages, labor rights, employment, and
the environment.

32
Assessing Learning

Activity 16
Name: __________________________________________________ Score: ______________
Course/Year/Section: ________________________________ Date: _______________

Directions: Using the Venn diagram, compare and differentiate Regionalization from
Globalization. Write it in a separate sheet of paper.

Activity 17
Name: __________________________________________________ Score: ______________
Course/Year/Section: ________________________________ Date: _______________
Directions: Encircle the letter of the correct answer.

1. It was established on August 8, 1967, in Bangkok, Thailand through the signing of the
ASEAN Declaration.
a. United Nations b. ASEAN c. European Union d. UNESCO
2. It is an increase in the economic growth of countries within a region that develops
through societally driven processes such as markets, trade, and investments.
a. Regionalism b. Multinationalism
c. Globalization d. Regionalization
3. It is the worldwide integration along economic, political, social, and cultural lines.
a. Internationalization b. Regionalization
c. Globalization d. Regionalism
4. The following are the founding countries of ASEAN, EXCEPT:
a. Indonesia b. Philippines c. Singapore d. Japan e. Malaysia
5. It is the political will to create a formal arrangement among countries in the region.
a. Regionalism b. Regionalization c. Globalization d. Multinationalism

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UNIT VIII. GLOBAL MEDIA CULTURE
Overview
This unit presents how media influences the economic, political, cultural, and social
aspects of people’s lives and how globalization affects economic growth.
Learning Objectives

At the end of the unit, I am able to:

1. Analyze how various media drive various forms of global integration; and
2. Explain the dynamic between local and global cultural production.
Setting Up

Name: __________________________________________________ Date:_______________

Course/Year/Section: ________________________________
Directions: Study the scrambled letters and arrange them to form a word. Write your answer
on the space provided.

R O K N T E W
1. ________________________________________

E M I O B L
2. ________________________________________

C E F T F E S
3. ________________________________________

I E A D M
4. ________________________________________

O T O L G H E Y C N
5. ________________________________________

Lesson Proper

MEDIA DEFINED

According to Lule (2014), the world media are tools used to store and deliver
information or data. The term is often used synonymously with mass media, but it can also
refer to a single medium used to communicate any data for any purpose.
Role of Media
Economic, political, cultural, and social changes and needs have contributed to the
development of various forms of media technology. It influenced and shaped human life
through generations.
The mass media are today seen as playing a key role in enhancing globalization, and
facilitating cultural exchange and multiple flows of information and images between

34
countries through international news broadcasts, television programming, new technologies,
film, and music.
Evolution of Media and Globalization
In the study of globalization, there are five time periods that usefully capture the
study of globalization and media such as oral, script, print, electronic, and digital.
Oral Communication
Speech is often the most overlooked medium in the history of globalization. Yet the
oral medium — human speech — is the oldest and most enduring of all media. Despite
numerous changes in hundreds of years, the first and very last humans will share at least one
thing — the ability to speak.
In our primitive lives, language and communication is a very important tool in
enriching knowledge, experiences, and skills in surviving everyday life.
Script
This is the stage that explores the brief transition from the oral form of
communication to printing. As communication travels on distant places and over different
periods of time, problems and difficulties emerge because language relies on the capacity of
our memory. There emerged the script.
It refers to the very first writing that enables human beings to record information across
distances for a much longer time.
The Printing Press
Prior to the printing press, the production of written documents was slow,
cumbersome, and expensive. On the earliest civilizations, only a few powerful and elite have
used papyrus, parchment, and paper for printing documents. The rich controlled information.
The printing press, however, encouraged the literacy of the public and the growth of schools.
It helped foster globalization and knowledge of globalization.
Electronic Media
Electronic media is an efficient way to communicate with one another, either by the use of
media devices or social media sources such as radio, television, telephone, and etc. Scholars
have come to call these “electronic media” because they require electromagnetic energy —
electricity — to use.
• Radio was developed alongside the telegraph and telephone in the late 1890s. It was
first conceived as a “wireless telegraph”. By the 1920s, broadcast stations were “on the air”
transmitting music and news. Radio quickly became a global medium, reaching distant
regions without the construction of wires or roads.
• Television is the electronic delivery of moving images and sound from a source to a
receiver. By extending the senses of vision and hearing beyond the limits of physical distance,
television has had a considerable influence on society. (britannica.com) With Cable TV,
Television became an even more powerful medium catering to a wide range of global
interests such as arts, adventure, entertainment, education, food, history, nature, politics,
travel, and many more.
Digital Media
Digital Media are most often electronic media that rely on digital codes — the long arcane
combinations of 0s and 1s that represent information.
Digital media is commonly used software, websites, and social media but the computer,
cellular phone, and the internet are the usual representations of it. It is currently the most
significant media of influence to globalization. It provides more interactive communication,
unlike print and TV which only provides one-way communication.

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MEDIA AND GLOBALIZATION
Economy
E-commerce is becoming a major form of business. Amazon, Lazada, and Zalora are
some examples of start-up companies that have grown into successful global e-commerce
platforms. Micro-Entrepreneurs like farmers, fishermen, and start-ups are now able to access
micro-financing using mobile phones or computers.
The media have been essential to the growth of economic globalization in the world.
Indeed, the media have made it possible by creating the conditions for global capitalism and
by promoting the conceptual foundation of the world’s market economy.
Politics
Globalization has transformed world politics in profound ways. Media is able to spark
collective public opinion and action towards politics. Even during election campaigns, various
forms of media have used by candidates to appeal for public votes and by people to assert
their support to candidates.
Education
The internet is helping democratize access to affordable learning as open universities,
online courses, and webinars are just one click away through phones and computers. Media
has made it easy to search for information on the internet.
Culture
Media is the primary carrier of culture. There is now a wealth of exchange and fusion
of culture including fashion, arts, and music through the use of newspapers, magazines,
movies, advertisements, television, radio, the Internet, and other forms of media.
LOCAL AND GLOBAL CULTURAL PRODUCTION
We use, adopt, and create a culture in different ways in our everyday living, though we may
not be conscious of it.
Examples:
• The way we dress
• The way we communicate
• The way we interact with others
Though, media is a great help to the exchange and fusion of culture around the world.
There are also conflicting views on the impact of globalization on cultural production.

• Negative Effect - it is a threat to the local economy and it has disadvantages for poor
countries and small businesses. It can also destroy traditional culture, beliefs, and
value systems and may result in a loss of cultural identity.
• Positive Effect - it expands global market opportunities and it drives economic
growth in the poor parts of the world. Local culture enriches when exposed to other
cultures. It increases the knowledge and understanding of people around the world.
Globalization has grown due to the advancement of media and technology. With the
increased global interaction comes the growth of international trade, ideas, and culture.
There are positive and negative points of view and these are not opposites but inherently
interdependent.

36
Assessing Learning

Activity 18
Name: __________________________________________________ Score: ______________
Course/Year/Section: ________________________________ Date: _______________
Directions: Explain the negative and positive impact of globalization on local and global
cultural production. Write your answer in a separate sheet of paper.

NEGATIVE

POSITIVE

Activity 19
Name: __________________________________________________ Score: ______________
Course/Year/Section: ________________________________ Date: _______________
Directions: Choose the answer from the box below. Write the correct answer on the space
provided.

Media Radio Fashion, Arts & Music Politics

Education Internet Economy Culture
Television Migration Digital Media Cellular Phone

____________________ 1. Relocation to other countries is becoming less of a concern because

digital media enables migrants to be connected with family and friends
back home.
____________________ 2. It enables faster, cheaper, and more convenient form of e-commerce.
____________________ 3. Social Media is able to spark collective public opinion and action.
____________________ 4. It involves our unique way to communicate and interact with other
people.
____________________ 5. Digital media has allowed artists, musicians, and designers to transcend
borders and gain global audience.
____________________ 6. It is an integral part of globalization which allows humans to share
information across the globe.
____________________ 7. E-commerce is becoming a major form of business.
____________________ 8. It is considered as the most powerful mass media invented.
____________________ 9. The internet is helping democratize the access to affordable learning.
____________________ 10. It played a key role in many socio-political campaigns and upheavals
during the 20th century.

37
UNIT IX. THE GLOBALIZATION OF RELIGION
Overview
This unit is designed to inform you about the increasing awareness of the
interconnectedness of people and places around the globe in a time in which globalization
has yet to fully complete its process, religions must use the communication easily available
through advanced technology to focus more on the humane and pluralistic forms of their
teachings—values such as human dignity and human freedom—as means to manage
religious diversity and avoid violence.

Learning Objectives

At the end of the unit, I am able to:

1. explain how globalization affects religious practices and beliefs; and
2. analyze the relationship between religion and global conflict and conversely,
global peace.

Setting Up

Name: __________________________________________________ Date:_______________

Course/Year/Section: ________________________________

Directions: Complete the table below.

Religion Idea of God Country with System of beliefs and

largest population practices

Buddhism

Christianity

Hinduism

Islam

Atheism

Lesson Proper

GLOBALIZATION OF RELIGION

Religion and globalization persistently engage in a flexible relationship in which the

former relies on the latter in order to thrive and flourish while at the same time challenging
its (globalization’s) hybridizing effects. Globalization–due to the advent of communication
and transportation technology and the roles played by the media–has contributed to the
deterritorialization and the blurring of geographical spaces and boundaries. This has resulted
in apparently in making the world a small village where people, cultures, and identities come
in daily face-to-face contact with each other. (Monaim El Azzouzi, 2013)

38
 Undoubtedly, religion is not immune to these changes and their burgeoning effects
brought about by globalization. However, religions still have their respective homes in
specific territorial spaces where they originally appeared and where their respective shrines
exist. The inner nature of religions and the purpose to be embraced and practiced by people
all over the world prompts it to spread throughout all the world’s geographical spaces. In
order to emerge and spread, therefore, religions make good use of the technologies of
globalization. Having geographical boundaries and frontiers blurred and dissolved, religions
find it easy to spread and reach every part of the world.

What is Religion?

According to Encyclopaedia Britannica (2020), Religion is a human beings’ relation to

that which they regard as holy, sacred, absolute, spiritual, divine, or worthy of especial
reverence. It is commonly regarded as consisting of the way people deal with ultimate
concerns about their lives and their fate after death. In many traditions, this relation and
these concerns are expressed in terms of one’s relationship with or attitude toward gods or
spirits; in more humanistic or naturalistic forms of religion, they are expressed in terms of
one’s relationship with attitudes toward the broader human community or the natural world.

➢ To know more about the history of religion, let us watch this short video:
“History of Ideas – Religion” posted by the School of Life
https://youtu.be/ge071m9bGey

MAIN RELIGIONS IN THE WORLD

Christianity

• The most widely practiced religion in the world. This religion dominates the
Americas, Europe, and the southern half of Africa.
• Christians are monotheistic, i.e., they believe there’s only one God, and he created the
heavens and earth. This divine Godhead consists of three parts: the father (God
himself), the son (Jesus Christ), and the holy spirit.
• The Christian Bible is a collection of 66 books written in various authors. It’s divided
into two parts: The Old Testament and The New Testament.
Islam
• This is the top religion in countries located in northern Africa, Middle East, and
Indonesia. Islam is the second-largest religion in the world after Christianity.
• Muslims are monotheistic and worship one, all-knowing God, who in Arabic is known
as Allah.
• The Quran (or Koran) is the major holy text of Islam.

Hinduism
• Hinduism is the third-largest religion behind Christianity and Islam. The majority of
the population in India is affiliated with this religion.
• Most forms of Hinduism are henotheistic, which means they worship a single deity,
known as “Brahman,” but still recognize other gods and goddesses. Followers believe
there are multiple paths to reaching their god.
• This religion is about the search for liberation that can be achieved through
meditation, yoga, and prayer.
Buddhism

• This is the major religion across South East Asia and Japan.
• Buddhism is a faith that was founded by Siddhartha Gautama (“the Buddha”).
• Followers of Buddhism don’t acknowledge a supreme god or deity. They instead focus
on achieving enlightenment—a state of inner peace and wisdom.

Atheism and/or Agnosticism

• China is the country with the largest population of atheists and/or agnostics.
• The critique and denial of metaphysical beliefs in God or spiritual beings.

39
 • Atheism is also distinguished from agnosticism, which leaves open the question
whether there is a god or not, professing to find the questions unanswered or
unanswerable.

• To know more about major religions, watch this short video:

“The five major world religions – John Bellaimey” posted by TED-Ed
https”//youtu.be/m6dCxo7t_aE

How does Religion connect people around the globe?

Globalization has played a tremendous role in providing a context for the current
considerable revival and the resurgence of religion. Today, most religions are not relegated
to the few countries where they began. Religions have, in fact, spread and scattered on a
global scale. Thanks to globalization, religions have found a fertile milieu to spread and thrive.
As Jan Aart Scholte makes clear:

“Accelerated globalization of recent times has enabled co-religionists across the

planet to have greater direct contact with one another. Global communications, global
organizations, global finance and the like have allowed ideas of the trans world umma of
Muslims and the universal Christian church to be given concrete shape as never before.”
Information technologies, transportation means, and the media are deemed
important means on which religionists rely in the dissemination of their religious ideas. For
instance, countless websites providing information about religions have been created. This
makes pieces of information and explanations about different religions readily at the disposal
of any person regardless of his or her geographical location. In addition, the internet allows
people to contact each other worldwide and therefore hold forums and debates that allow
religious ideas to spread around the world.

GLOBALIZATION, RELIGION, GLOBAL PEACE AND CONFLICT

On a lighter note, there are examples of common value system shared by different
religions that are adhered to in the process of globalization. One example is “The emerging
global ethic” which states the following:

1. Corporations are prohibited from being involved in bribery and corruption;

2. Corporations are prohibited from discriminating in the grounds of race, religion,
ethnicity, or gender in the conduct of business; and
3. Corporations are prohibited from activities that pose a significant threat to human
life and health.

• To better understand the lesson and the impact of the globalization of religion, you
may watch the documentary film:
“The Rise of ISIS” by FRONTLINE
https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/film/rise-of-isis/

40
Assessing Learning

Activity 20
Name: __________________________________________________ Score:______________
Course/Year/Section: ________________________________ Date: _______________

Directions: Answer the following questions. (5 points each) Write your answer in a separate
sheet of paper.

1. Explain how globalization might affect (or is affecting) the religious practices and beliefs in
the Philippines?

2. From your own observations and/or experiences, how does religion connect people?

Activity 21

Name: __________________________________________________ Score:______________

Course/Year/Section: ________________________________ Date: _______________

Directions: Choose and write the letter of the best answer on the space provided. (1 point
each) Write your answer in a separate sheet of paper.

_____1. An atheist is a person who:

A. Does not believe in a god or gods B. Is angry at their god
C. Believes in multiple gods D. Is indifferent to the existence of a god
_____2. This religion is monotheistic and worship one, all-knowing God, who in Arabic is
known as Allah.
A. Buddhism B. Islam C. Hinduism D. Christianity
_____3. All of the following are majority-Buddhist countries except:
A. Japan B. Cuba C. Thailand D. Cambodia
_____4. This religion dominates the Americas, Europe and southern half of africa.
A. Buddhism B. Islam C. Christianity D. Atheism
_____5. Which religion is the largest in the world by population?
A. Sikhism B. Buddhism C. Christianity D. Islam
_____6. This religion is about the search for liberation that can be achieved through meditation,
yoga and prayer.
A. Christianity B. Islam C. Hinduism D. Buddhism
_____7. What is the Muslims holy book?
A. Adi Granth B. Quran C. Bible D. Torah
_____8. Which of the following is considered to be Christian holy text?
A. Quran B. Torah C. Trip taka D. Bible
_____9. Followers of this religion don’t acknowledge a supreme god or deity?
A. Buddhism B. Hinduism C. Taoism D. Islam
_____10. They believed sanctity of all life, reincarnation and karma.
A. Buddhism B. Hinduism C. Taoism D. Islam

41
UNIT X. THE GLOBAL CITY
Overview

This unit gives you an idea about the notion of ‘global city’ has a central place in
understanding contemporary spatial patterns of globalization and how a global city has
wealth, power and influence to other countries as well as hosts the largest capital markets.

Learning Objectives

At the end of the unit, I am able to:

1. identify the attributes of a global city; and
2. analyze how cities serve as engines of globalization.

Setting Up

Name: __________________________________________________ Date:_______________

Course/Year/Section: ________________________________

Directions: Students will create a poster on how do they see the Philippines as Globalized
city in the future like Globalized City around the world. Draw it in a separate sheet of paper.

Lesson Proper

GLOBAL CITY

What makes a city “global”?

Nowadays globalization occurs in places where a mass of people work and live in
cities. However, for a city to achieve the title of being global, it must have values and ideas
that will have an impact on the rest of the world. The global city is a term that raises an
understanding for the cognoscenti” (Low, 2005: p218). Low (2005) further says that a global
city is a city that is well thought out to be an important node in the world’s economic system.

A global city has wealth, power, and influence to other countries as well as hosts the
largest capital markets. Moreover, a city that has wealthy multinational companies, good
infrastructure, better economy, well-educated and diverse populations, and powerful
organizations, as well as a good political structure that are linked to the other parts of the
world like nowhere else, is considered to be global (Badcock, 2002: p31). A global city is also
the world’s most important and influential city that covers the dimensions of globalization.
These dimensions are cultural experience, business activity, human capital as well as political
engagement. London, New York, Paris, Rome, and Tokyo are one of the most well-known
global cities as it provides global competitiveness for its citizens and companies.

In short, a global city refers to an open and diversified international city with high
popularity and influence, having an important position in areas such as economic and cultural
development around the world. Therefore, as a global city, it must have an advanced
economy, transportation systems, and technology to attract talents from different countries
to live in the city.

CHARACTERISTICS OF A GLOBAL CITY

According to Social Characteristics of Global City, as Demonstrated by Hong Kong,

they list some of the general characteristics people tend to refer to when talking about global
cities. It cites a very lengthy list, but some of them are:

• A global city refers to a diversified and open society; It can exchange freely with
every corner of the world in the fields of business, tourism, food, entertainment, and
culture;
• It is a harmonious and tolerant society that shows respect to the other cultures;

42
 • With a large flow of information, citizens may have access to all information across
the world.

Besides, there is no restriction on entry to and exit from the global city, so that
you can travel everywhere in person or greet any person from different countries
who visit the city.

How is the power of a global city measured?

Given the global competition between cities, Since 2008, the annual Global
Power City Index (GPCI) evaluates and ranks the major cities of the world according
to their “magnetism,” or their comprehensive power to attract people, capital, and
enterprises from around the world. The GPCI is able to grasp the strengths,
weaknesses, and challenges of global cities in a continuously changing world not only
through a ranking but also through analyzing that ranking’s specific components.

Cities are evaluated through 6 functions:

✓ Economy
✓ Research and Development
✓ Cultural Interaction
✓ Liveability
✓ Environment
✓ Accessibility

Top 10 Most Powerful Cities in the World (2018 GPCI)

This photo was retrieved from Japan’s Institute for Urban Strategies: The Mori Memorial Foundation

According to the Institute for Urban Strategies the Mori Memorial Foundation (2019), there
was no change in the top 10 rankings from last year’s GPCI. In comparison with the top 3
cities of London, New York, and Tokyo, Paris’s drop in score was minimal, narrowing the gap
once again between the French capital and Tokyo. Although Paris experienced a downtrend
in score following the repeated terror attacks of 2015, following the 2017 confirmation as
host-city of the 2024 Olympic Games, an upward trend in the score is building. Among the 4
new cities added this year (Melbourne, Helsinki, Dublin, Tel Aviv), Melbourne at #11 was the
highest performer.

THE DOWNSIDE OF GLOBAL CITIES

Living in a global city has its challenges:

➢ The high cost of housing;

➢ Long working hours;
➢ Competitive and precarious labor market;
➢ Residential hyper-mobility;
➢ Long commuting times; and
➢ Multiculturalism due to diversity of neighbors.

To learn more about the Global cities, let us watch the following video.
Issues Illustrated: Global Cities by Chicago Council on Global Affairs
https://youtu.be/2x8zmA9RYrM

43
Assessing Learning

Activity 22
Name: __________________________________________________ Score: ______________
Course/Year/Section: ________________________________ Date: _______________

Directions: Answer the following questions. (5 points each). Write your answer in a separate
sheet of paper

1. How would you describe the Philippines as your city?

2. What is your city known for?

3. What makes the Philippines a global city?

Activity 23
Name: __________________________________________________ Score: ______________
Course/Year/Section: ________________________________ Date: _______________

Directions: Compare and contrast concisely the following concepts of globalization. Write it
in a separate sheet of paper.

“Global Village” vs. “Global City”

44
UNIT XI. GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY
Overview

This unit gives you an idea about how our world undergoes an unprecedented
demographic transition which started some decades ago and has now reached almost all
countries in both, the industrialized and the developing world.

Learning Objectives

At the end of the unit, I am able to:

1. understand the theory of demographic transition and its effect to global
population; and
2. value to contribute and impacts of demographic transition in different
countries that affects directly their economies, politics, and communities.

Setting Up

Name: __________________________________________________ Date: _______________

Course/Year/Section: ________________________________

Directions: Study the scrambled letters and arrange it to form a word. Write your answer on
the space provided.

T P U L N A O I P O
1. _____________________________________

R T B H I
2._________________________

P E M D H O G R A C I

3._____________________________________

Lesson Proper

GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY

In 1950, the world's population was just over 2 billion and today it stands at 6.5
billion. Today, the world is adding more than 76 million people a year (this is between 134
million births in 2005 and 58 million deaths in 2005). Although this development is slower,
intermediate figures indicate that by 2050 the planet will reach 9,1 billion people, with the
development of about 34 million per year.

Such past and predicted changes in the world's population is and will be distributed
worldwide more and more unevenly. In developing countries, there is now 95 percent
population growth. By the middle of this century, the population of the 50 least developed
countries in the world is predicted to increase, with some of its poorest countries tripling
over time. In contrast, the developed world's population in some wealthy countries is forecast
to remain steady with a population of about 1,2 trillion.

The demographics in many countries have changed baby booms. As several regions
experience during the past century shows, an initial decline in mortality is causing a boom
because high survival rates lead to more young people than in previous generations. Fertility

45
rates eventually drop, as parents understand that, for their family's ideal size, they do not
have to produce as many children or decrease as the ideal family size. When fertility falls and
baby booms stop, the population aging structure shows the nonsynchronous death and
fertility 'bulge.' When the baby-booming cohort is created. As this cohort operates through
the population's age structure, it accounts for a population greater than that defined by the
preceding or subsequent cohorts.

CLASSIC DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION

a. Mortality Decline
a. Factor first: reduction in air or water spreading contagious and infectious diseases.
Example: Preventive medicines such as vaccines against smallpox, measures for public
health, improvements in nutrition, storage innovations and transport allowable.
b. Second factor: high-income countries with the possible decrease in mortality as a
result of decreased infectious diseases and further technological explorations that can
extend their lives. For example, chronic and degenerative disease, biomedical
investigations, stem cells.
c. Third factor: countries with low-income history or cultural practices that can rapidly
gain in life expectancy. E.g. India and China

b. Fertility Transition/Decline
a. Economic theories: Couples want any surviving children rather than births to invest
more in the health and welfare of fewer kids because the cost and benefit of childbearing
are intensive and influenced by economic changes.
b. Coitus Interruptus Contraceptive Device

POPULATION GROWTH
Combination of fertility and mortality as a population growth determinant. The
projections are prepared by the United Nations and the US on a regular basis. Census Bureau
through careful measurement and inspection of present trends and levels and distillation of
historical decreased fertility and death patterns. The population of developed countries is
almost flat, as is the case in Europe and Japan, with a population reduction. It is increasingly
fast-paced, developed countries. The least developed countries have the largest proportional
gains in population.

Some Consequences of the Demographic Transition

a. Families: Parents with fewer children will spend more on each child, reflecting the
exchange in quality and quantity, which is also one of the reasons why parents
decrease their fertility. The elderly are more ready for further activities.
b. Health: Health trends, vitality and disability are of enormous importance for the
economic and social consequences of aging and, indeed, more broadly for human
welfare.
c. Economic pressure: Increased proportions of seniors are exacerbated by dramatic
declines in retirement age in more developed countries. Population aging in some
nations, including the US, creates more strains on public-funded healthcare than on
the pension systems. It would also hinder the growth of the workforce.
d. Migration: Because population growth in the more developed countries has slowed
or even turned negative, it is not surprising that international migration has
accelerated from the third world.

Common Reasons for Expatriation or People Mobility

Internationals.com (2017) claims that there are many explanations why people are
going from one location to another, as they represent an international network with
expatriation, prospects and common dilemmas. "Most ex-pats will only be going abroad to

46
refuse to spend several months or a couple of years abroad," it said. "For them, the only
justification is to improve their careers with the fulfillment of a foreign assignment.

Other people who decide to travel abroad simply pack their bags, board an airplane
and never look back. For them, it's just an unreal sight, a dream come true in the Tuscan
Village sun-drenched lanes or in the midst of the skyline of Asian boomtowns. Often, for a
long time, they do not move back to their home country.

Today, more and more young people aged between 20 and 39 consider living in a
foreign country as a serious option, rather than senior managers or well-to-do retirees. The
global economy, which is fluctuating volatility, is evolving its way of thinking beyond
Germany. It is clear that the common reasons are accentuated with their financial status, their
dreams, and their search for new adventures using different global competitiveness either by
means of work, study, or leisure.

Assessing Learning

Activity 24
Name: __________________________________________________ Score:______________
Course/Year/Section: ________________________________ Date: _______________

Directions: As a student, living in a country considered to be the main problem is rapid

population growth, how are going to compete and survive the challenges of
globalization? Write your answers in a separate sheet of paper.

Activity 25

Name: __________________________________________________ Score:______________

Course/Year/Section: ________________________________ Date: _______________

Directions: Answer the following questions. Write your answers in a separate sheet
of paper.

1. How does overpopulation affect poverty?

2. What are the extreme effects of poverty in the Philippines?

47
UNIT XII. GLOBAL MIGRATION

Overview

This unit is designed to inform you about the human population transition over the
past three (3) centuries, and the main physical and geographic playground of the globalizing
forces: in this space of population concentration and mixing, the global flows of people,
capital and ideas are woven into the daily lived experiences of its residents.

Learning Objectives

At the end of the unit, I am able to:

1. analyze the political, economic, cultural, and social factors underlying the
global movements of people; and
2. display first-hand knowledge of the experience of OFW’s.

Setting Up

Name: __________________________________________________ Date:_______________

Course/Year/Section: ________________________________
Directions: Using the Venn diagram the students will illustrate the link between refugees and
immigrants. Write your answers in a separate sheet of paper.

Refugee Immigrant

1. 1. 1.

2. 2. 2.

3. 3. 3.

Lesson Proper

MIGRATION

According to Our Migration Story: The Making of Britain, Defines ‘migration’ in the
same way as the first entry on the word in the Oxford English Dictionary:

migration, n.
a. The movement of a person or people from one country, locality, place of residence, etc., to
settle in another; an instance of this.

Migration is, first and foremost, a normal human activity. Human beings have always
moved from ‘one country, locality, [and] place of residence to settle in another’. We tend to

48
migrate from the homes of our families or guardians into our own homes. We migrate
between regions, cities and towns. And we also migrate between countries.

Further, Erin Blakemore (2019) emphasized migration is defined as “movement from

one country, place or locality to another.” Ever since the earliest humans began to spread
from Africa, humans have been on the move. Even today, 3 percent of the world’s
population—at least 258 million people—live outside of their country of origin. Whether
voluntary or forced, migration has profoundly shaped our world.

TWO TYPES OF MIGRATION

Internal Migration
This refers to a change of residence within national boundaries, such as between states,
provinces, cities, or municipalities. An internal migrant is someone who moves to a different
administrative territory.

International

This refers to the movement of persons away from their place of usual residence and across
international boundaries. An international migrant is someone who moves to a different
country.

How are international migrants categorized?

International migrants are classified according to the following common categories

(UNESCO):

1. Temporary labor migrant

• Also known as “guest workers” or “overseas contract workers.”

• These are the people who migrate for a limited period of time in order to take
up employment and send money home.

2. Highly skilled and business migrant

• These are people with a professional qualification who move within the
internal labor markets of trans-national corporations and international
organizations.
• Those who seek employment through international labor markets for scarce
skills are also considered on this classification of migrants.

3. Irregular Migration

• Also known as “undocumented” or “illegal migrants.”

• These are people who enter a country, usually in search of employment,
without the necessary documents and permits.

4. Forced Migration

• This includes not only refugees and asylum seekers but also people forced to
move due to external factors, such as environmental catastrophes or
development projects.
• This form of migration has similar characteristics to displacement.

5. Family Members

• Also known as “family reunion” or “family reunification migrants.”

• These are people sharing family ties joining relatives who have already
entered an immigration country under one of the above-mentioned
categories.

49
 6. Return Migrants

• These are people who return to their countries of origin after living in another
country for some time.

WHY DO PEOPLE MIGRATE?

People migrate for many different reasons. These reasons can be classified as economic,
social, political or environmental:

✓ Economic factors - moving to find work or follow a particular career path

✓ Social factors - moving somewhere for a better quality of life or to be closer to family
or friends
✓ Political factors - moving to escape political persecution or war
✓ Environmental factors - include natural disasters such as flooding

Some people choose to migrate, e.g. someone who moves to another country to enhance
their career opportunities. Some people are forced to migrate, e.g. someone who moves due
to war or famine.

Assessing Learning

Activity 27
Name: __________________________________________________ Score:______________
Course/Year/Section: ________________________________ Date: _______________

Directions: Choose and write the letter of the best answer on the space provided. (1 point
each)

_____1. These are people who enter a country, usually in search of employment, without the
necessary documents and permits.
a. Refugee b. Irregular migrants c. Family member d. forced
migrants
_____2. Jeff’s family moves from Tokyo to Shanghai to take care of their property there.
What does it show?
a. Immigration b. International migration c. Internal migration d. External migration
_____3. Analyn is an entrepreneur from the Philippines who works abroad for almost 2 years.
Therefore, she belongs to?
a. Temporary labor migrant’s b. Asylum seeker c. Irregular migrant’s d. Highly skilled
and business migrants
_____4. Angel B. works in HK as a domestic helper even she failed to comply with the
requirements. Angel B. is an?
a. Asylum seeker b. Refugees c. Irregular migrant’s d. Temporary labor migrants
_____5. Temporary labor migrant is also known as:
a. Guest speaker b. Guest artist c. Guest helper d. Guest worker
_____6. Teddy was a Filipino Teacher in Spain and sent back to the Philippines because of the
economic crisis. It means, Teddy is now:
a. Guest worker b. Returned immigrants c. Refugees d. Forced migrants
_____7. This refers to a change of residence within national boundaries, such as between
states, provinces, cities, or municipalities.
a. International migration b. internal migration
c. skill training opportunities d. entrepreneurial activity
_____8. If you want to work abroad, which one will you least consider?
a. Secure employment b. optimum income c. skill training opportunities d. Handsome man
to marry
______9. What factor does induce Chichay to live in a place with a better quality of life or to be
closer to family or friends?
a. Political factor b. Cultural factor c. Social factor d. Economic factor

50
UNIT XIII. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Overview

This unit will help you understand how sustainability and stability work in our
society and world today. This chapter also discussed the United Nations Sustainable
Development Goals. This will help you understand what are the pressing issues in our society
today and what are the best solutions you can create to solve them.

Learning Objectives

At the end of the unit, I am able to:

1. understand the genuine meaning of sustainable development and its

importance to globalization and clearly provide distinction with stability;
2. adapt to the challenges of the communities from which we belong and be able
to identify actions that could contribute to such sustainable development; and
3. realize the importance of sustainable development in relation to other
developments as that of SDG.

Setting Up

Name: __________________________________________________ Date:_______________

Course/Year/Section: ________________________________
Directions: Write Sustainable if the statement if true and write Change if the statement is
false.
_____________________1. United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Number 15 is focus on
Sustainable Cities and Communities.
_____________________2. United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Number 3 is focus on
Affordable and Clean Energy
_____________________3. United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Number 8 is focus on
Good Health and Well – Being.
_____________________4. United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Number 1 is focus on No
Poverty
______________________5. United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Number 12 is focus on
Climate Action.
______________________6. Political Stability is defined as the constant growth and absence of
excessive fluctuations in the overall economy.
_____________________7. Social Stability is defined as having an environment where morality
thrives and where people can live in peace.
______________________8. 3-Legged Stool Model implies that if 3 legs operate independently and
have equal contribution.
______________________9. United Nations is composed of 293 different countries around the
world.

Lesson Proper

The word “risk society” was first coined by Beck (1986) asserting that the reason for
the current problems has been the inability of modern societies to produce enough stability
and sustainability. Clearly there is a distinction between the two that needs to be clarified.
Stability is defined as the idea that can be demonstrated by the practices of a conventional
commodity market, in which supply and demand interact to determine both price and
quantity traded.

51
ECONOMIC STABILITY

• Economic Stability refers to an absence of much fluctuations in the economy. An

economy with constant output growth and low and stable price inflation is likely to
be regarded as stable.

• Sustainability is defined as the process and the ways through which humankind
avoids the extinction of natural resources (which is organized by the way societies
are organized) to keep an ecological balance so that society’s quality of the life doesn’t
decrease.

• Economic Sustainability is a joined part of sustainability and means that we must

use, safeguard and sustain resources (humans and material) to create long – term
sustainable values by optimal use, recovery and recycling.

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

The term sustainable development first came to known in the world conservation
strategy (WCS) in 1980. It achieved a new status with the publication of two significant
reports by Brundtland on North and South: a programmed for survival and common crisis
(1985). Our Common Future (1983) and has gained even greater attention since the United
Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) held in Rio de Janeiro in June
1992.

Let us defined what development is, generally development is the gradual growth of
a situation that becomes more advanced and strong than the previous one. Development is
intended to bring a positive change for human beings and their surroundings. Development
may take place by bringing about a change in policy, projects and legislation

Sustainable development is a pattern of resource use that aims to meet human needs
while preserving the environment so that these needs can be met not only in the present but
also for future generations. According to Brundtland, sustainable development is a
development that meets the needs of the present without compromising future generations
to meet their own needs. Brundtland’s concept of sustainable development emphasizes the
links between development and environmental problems, and to promote political and
economic change locally, nationally and globally to tackle the problems.

PILLARS OF SUSTAINABILITY

Generally, there is a common thread across these definitions and that is the
presence of 3 pillars of Sustainability and these are the Environment, Society, and the
Economy.

Environmental Sustainability

It is being mindful that the world’s natural resources such are energy fuels, water, plants and
animals are limited. It is being conscious to use natural resources at a rate that don’t get
depleted, doesn’t get damaged, or get extinct.

Economic Sustainability

It means that countries and businesses must use their resources efficiently and responsibly.
If countries and companies will not use their resources efficiently and if they don’t act
responsibly, then they will not be able to sustain their own activities in the long term.

Social Sustainability

It is the ability of a society or any social system to persistently achieve a good social well -
being. This ensures that the social well - being of a country, an organization or community
can be maintained in the long term.

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MODELS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

There are different views on how the 3 pillars are interlinked. This gave rise to the different

Models of Sustainable Development:

1. 3 – Legged Stool Model

The 3 legs are required for sustainability; if one leg is weak, the whole
system gets weak. It implies that the 3 legs operate independently and are equal in
contribution.

2. 3 – Overlapping Circles Model

This model acknowledges the intersection and interdependence of the 3

pillars. It is in the area of intersection of the 3 pillars where sustainability lies. This
also implies that there are certain segments of each pillar that are independent of
the others (parts of the circle that do not overlap). The size of the circles can be
adjusted if one pillar has greater influence over the other 2 pillars.

3. 3 – Nested Dependencies Model

In this model, the 3 pillars co-exist and are interdependent. This tackle the
well - being of the total system is achieved only if the well- being of each subsystem
is achieved. This implies the symbiotic relationship of the economy-society and
social environment. This also implies that society has to live within the carrying
capacity of the environment.

United Nations Sustainable Development Goals

In 2015, the 193 member countries of the United Nations accepted the challenge to
work together towards progress while protecting human rights and ensuring the proper use
of the world’s limited resources. They were able to formulate the 17 Sustainable
Development Goals. This goal is target to achieve by 2030.

What is new and different about the 17 SDGs?

First, and most importantly, these Goals apply to every nation and every sector. Cities,
businesses, schools, organizations, all are challenged to act. This is called Universality.

Second, it is recognized that the Goals are all inter-connected, in a system. We cannot
aim to achieve just one goal. We must achieve them all. This is called Integration.

And finally, it is widely recognized that achieving these Goals involves making very
big, fundamental changes in how we live on Earth. This is called Transformation.

Visit this link to know more about the 17 United Nations Sustainable Development Goals:
https” //www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment

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Assessing Learning

Activity 28

Name: __________________________________________________ Score:______________

Course/Year/Section: ________________________________ Date: _______________
Directions: Create a Venn diagram that states the similarities and differences of the term
Sustainability and Stability. Write your activity in a separate sheet of paper.

Activity 29

Name: __________________________________________________ Score:______________

Course/Year/Section: ________________________________ Date: _______________
Directions: Based on the Venn Diagram that you create. Make your own definition of the word
Sustainability and Stability.

1. Sustainability
2. Stability

Activity 30

Name: __________________________________________________ Score:______________

Course/Year/Section: ________________________________ Date: _______________
Directions: Observe in your compound or in your household. Then identify at least 5 problems
that your compound or household is currently facing. After identifying the problems, make a
Sustainable Development Plan on how you can address these problems.

Follow this format:

Problem 1:
Sustainable Development Plan 1:
Activity 31

Name: __________________________________________________ Score:______________

Course/Year/Section: ________________________________ Date: _______________
Directions: Identify each picture and write the Sustainable Development Number and its
Name. (2 points each)

1. 2. 3. 4.

5. 6. 7. 8.

9. 10. 11. 12.

13. 14. 15. 16.

54
UNIT XIV. GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY
Overview

This unit will help you understand global food security. How food important to every
society, and how the world respond to scarcity of food.

Learning Objectives

At the end of the unit, I am able to:

1. understand the meaning of global food security and the existing models that
could help students better understand its importance; and
2. realize the vital importance of global food security that should not be a
concern only of the nations but also of the communities and individuals.

Setting Up

Name: __________________________________________________ Date:_______________

Course/Year/Section: ________________________________
Directions: Answer the following question in 3 to 5 sentences. Write your answers in a
separate sheet of paper.
1. How would you know if someone was at risk of experiencing hunger?

2. Are there conditions that could serve as warning signs?

3. List down at least 5 countries that is experiencing hunger.

4. Did you already experience hunger? How did you overcome it?

5. In your own words, how will you give solution to the problem of food security in the
Philippines?

Lesson Proper

FOOD SECURITY

Food security is anchored on the premise “that people at all times have access
(including physical, social and economic) to adequate, safe and nutritious food necessary to
lead active and healthy lives” (FAO 2009). Essentially, humans should not have to rely on
stealing, scavenging, or obtaining emergency supplies for food. When populations face food
insecurity they are living with the absence of food security.

The region in the world to experience the greatest threat of food security is Sub-
Saharan Africa. However, food security is something that every country and region in the
world must contend with.

Malnutrition and Food Security

Closely tied to food security is the concept of malnutrition. Rebekah Paci-Green and
Gigi Berardi remind us that food security “can be considered as access to a daily minimum
amount of culturally appropriate calories” (2015, pg. 686). Most people associate
malnutrition solely with chronic hunger (also known as energy deficiency), which afflicts
more than a billion people on the planet (McDonald 2010). There are, however, still two other
types of malnutrition: nutrient deficiencies and excessive energy intake. Nutrient
deficiencies, associated with deficiencies in key vitamins, lead to higher maternal death rates,
blindness, birth defects, and greater susceptibility to diseases. Excessive net energy intake is
when people take in energy rich foods that are nutrient poor. Combining these foods with
very little exercise often leads to obesity and chronic diseases such as Type 2 Diabetes (Sage
2010).

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PILLARS OF FOOD SECURITY

1. Availability
It is the sum total of the physical existence of food. It is also the sum total of domestic
production, commercial food imports and exports, food aids and domestic food stocks.
2. Access
This means that every household must have enough resources to obtain food in sufficient
quantity, quality, and diversity for nutritious diet. This depends on the household’s resources
on prices, which a nutritious changes on the households’ physical, social, policy that can affect
access.

3. Use and Utilization

This refers to the households’ decision on what type and how much food to purchase, prepare,
consume, and allocate within the household. The other aspect of it is the biological utilization
of food which relates to the human body’s ability to convert the food taken to energy needed
for the day to day activities.

4. Stability
It is a state where the household has a constant supply of food throughout the year and in the
long – term. This also means that the household has a steady income and constant food
supply. However, this also very dependent on external factors and risks, such as natural
disasters, climate change, war and market place changeableness.

Consequences of Food Security

1. Social Disorder
Food shortage or inflationary food prices are causes of social unrest in most countries. Social
unrest can be disruptive to the country’s economic and political stability.

2. Health Issues
Malnutrition is associated with a triple burden on families. On hand are malnourished and
stunted children, but with obese parents. Poor dietary quality among adult leads to serious
diseases such as diabetes and hypertension. Hunger can also cause psycho-emotional
distress.

3. Low Economic Productivity further leads to Poverty

Malnourishment leads to a low mental eagerness and poor physical stamina. This will also
lead to poor performance at school and work. This undermines the individual’s potential and
opportunity to move up the economic ladder

Models for Sustainable Global Food Systems

The transformation of the Global Food Systems should realize all 4 aspirations and
should drive progress across United Nations multiple Sustainable Development Goals. Are
these goals achieved together, these 4 aspirations can make the Global Food Systems resilient
to inevitable shocks and stressors. These include the following:

1. Inclusive
This shows that all actors in the Global Food Systems, including the smallholder farmers,
women, youth and consumers, most specially those who are most vulnerable due to the
transformations, should be consulted on the issues and be part of the formation of solutions
and policies.

2. Sustainable
This means that solutions and policies must address the short and long term issues while
minimizing the negative environmental impact, conserving the scarce natural resources, and
strengthening the resilience against future shocks and stresses.

56
 3. Efficient
It discusses that the whole food value chain (sourcing of raw materials, production,
distribution, retailing, etc.) should provide adequate quantities of food for global needs while
minimizing loss and waste.

4. Nutritious & Healthy

This provides and promotes the consumption of diverse nutritious and healthy food
for a healthy diet while educating consumers on the environmental impact of dietary choices.

Global Responses to Food Security

There are different ways on how the global communities and societies respond to the threat
of food scarcity. To be able to address these, here are some recommendations;

1. Global and state level must renew their commitment to reducing poverty by
dedicating sufficient resources for job creation, skill formation, social safety nets and
ensuring good governance.
2. All countries must allocate more resources for agricultural Research and
Development and to share the findings of research at the institutional and private
level.
3. Global collaboration to carry out healthcare reforms to improve absorption.
4. Early agreement on global warming, environmental sustainability and climate
change.
5. Universal Policy Framework for corporate farming to restrain land grabbing
6. Ban on the cultivation of crops for biofuels on lands already used for food production.

Assessing Learning

Activity 32
Name: __________________________________________________ Score:______________
Course/Year/Section: ________________________________ Date: _______________
Directions: Watch the movie “The Price of Sugar” by Bill Haney. After watching the movie
write your reflection in a separate sheet of paper.

Activity 33

Name: __________________________________________________ Score:______________

Course/Year/Section: ________________________________ Date: _______________
Directions: Create a law or ordinance on how we can have Food Security. Print or write it in
a separate sheet of paper.

Activity 34
Name: __________________________________________________ Score:______________
Course/Year/Section: ________________________________ Date: _______________
Directions: Write your own COMMITMENT or ACTION to support Global Food Security on the
space provided below. Be as specific as possible (What is the action, timing, or when it will
start, and how often the commitment will be practiced). Write it in a separate sheet of paper.

Activity 35
Name: __________________________________________________ Score:______________
Course/Year/Section: ________________________________ Date: _______________
Directions: Enumerate the following and give its definition.

A. Four Core Aspiration for the Global Food Systems

B. Four Models for Sustainable Global Food Systems
C. 4 Pillars of Food Security

57
UNIT XV. GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP
Overview

This unit will help you understand how to participate and how to be an effective
global citizen.

Learning Objectives

At the end of the unit, I am able to:

1. understand the essential meaning of global citizenship and how every
individual becomes part of this; and
2. value the role of each individual as global citizens and realize the importance
of each of the members of the communities as interconnected bodies.

Setting Up

Name: __________________________________________________ Date:_______________

Course/Year/Section: ________________________________
Directions: Choose one problem that is common across the world that you are passionate to
solve. Then, think that one day you will become a world leader. If you are a leader of a world
organization that is tasked to solve that problem, how would you solve it? Write your answer
in a separate sheet of paper.

Lesson Proper

Today, we lived in a much-interconnected world. Each individual’s action has ripple

effects on his immediate family, his community, his environment, his country, and even to the
whole world. Every country’s policies, decisions, calamities, and crisis have far reaching
repercussions to other parts of the world. Technology is breaking down geographical
boundaries and has ushered faster, different, and more affordable ways for people to
communicate, travel, trade, work and education.

When it comes to people, global mobility, multi – racial families, multi –

cultural work force is now becoming the norm rather than the exception. There are many
people who were born and raised in one country but are now residing and have adopted the
culture of another country. As a result, we are experiencing new and different kind’s
challenges, conflicts and crisis that are also global in nature and in scope such as;

• Gender Inequality
• Religious Intolerance
• Bullying
• Sexual Harassment
• Political Conflict
• Global Warming
• Racism

Now, more than ever calls for a global collective effort to help solve the challenges of
the contemporary times. This means that global challenges need global solutions

GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP

Global citizenship according to Oxfam, is all about encouraging young people to

develop the knowledge, skills and values they need to engage with the world. And it’s about
the belief that we can all make a difference. It is a way of living that acknowledges that our
world is an increasingly complex web of connections and interdependencies. Global
citizenship encourages individuals to think deeply and critically about what is equitable and
just, and what will minimize harm to our planet.

58
 Global citizenship is loosely defined as recognizing that every human has an
interconnected life. This means that in every action that we do, we must always think about
how we can affect other people. Global citizenship is also about respecting cultural diversity.
This means that we must respect different races and communities in our world today.
Respecting human rights is also a focus of global citizenship. This means that someone can
help someone by promoting social justices and fight social injustices. Another definition of
global citizenship is empathizing with the suffering of people around the world. It is seeing
the world as how others see it. We must feel that our suffering is not less and not greater to
the suffering of other people. This fee can awaken our sense of responsibility, not only to
ourselves but for the feelings of other people around us. Being a global citizen also means
having a sense of moral responsibility to the planet that we live in. Earth is our hope and we
must know to protect, preserve and nurture it. Not only for the sake of this generation but
also for the sake of the future generation. We must think about them, how they will survive
this world in the future. In other words, a global citizen considers himself or herself not just
a citizen of a single place but considers his/her identify as transcending geographical borders
and behave and thinks as a member of humanity and not just of a single nationality.

Global Citizen
A Global Citizen is someone who
1. is aware of the wider world and has a sense of their own role as a world citizen
2. respects and values diversity
3. has an understanding of how the world works
4. is outraged by social injustice
5. participates in the community at a range of levels, from the local to the global
6. is willing to act to make the world a more equitable and sustainable place
7. takes responsibility for their actions.

A global citizen is someone who identifies with being part of an emerging world
community and whose actions contribute to building this community’s values and
practices. Such a definition of global citizenship is based on two assumptions which is such a
thing as an emerging world community to which people can identify and that such a
community has an ascent set of values and practices. To be effective Global Citizens, young
people need to be flexible, creative and proactive. They need to be able to solve problems,
make decisions, think critically, communicate ideas effectively and work well within teams
and groups. These skills and attributes are increasingly recognized as being essential to
succeed in other areas of 21st century life too, including many workplaces. These skills and
qualities cannot be developed without the use of active learning methods through which
pupils learn by doing and by collaborating with others.

Characteristics of a Global Citizen

• Respects multiculturalism
• Teamwork and cooperation
• Aware his/her actions affect the world around him/her
• Behaves respectively and in an emphatic way
• Has team – work spirit
• Helps other
• Takes responsibility on global issues
• Knows his duties and rights very well
• Acts as an active member of society, for its improvement
• Understands that everything in this world are interconnected
• Behaves ethically

Ethical Obligation: The Role of Education

According to Ban Ki – moon, the Secretary –General of the United Nations, we must
foster global citizenship. Education is about more than literacy and numeracy. It is also about
the citizenry. Education must fully assume its essential role in helping people to forge more
just, peaceful and tolerant societies. This means that education plays a significant role in
teaching and making every student a global citizen.

59
 1. Preparedness to face real – world challenges with the right values

• Handling issues such as sexual harassment, religious conflict, bullying, racial

discrimination, data privacy.
• Awareness on rights and duties
• Taking positive action within your sphere of influence
• Valuing your own worth

2. Finding the voice to support or to protest on global issues

• Become knowledgeable and able to exercise critical thinking

• Able to communicate and engage constructively even in multi – cultural
settings
• Ability to speak and act with tolerance, respect and responsibility amidst
diversity.

3. Being part of the solution and making a difference

• Responsibly take action and find win – win solutions to problems
• Create change and make a difference.

Assessing Learning

Activity 36

Name: __________________________________________________ Score:______________

Course/Year/Section: ________________________________ Date: _______________
Directions: Reflect on what does it mean to be a GLOBAL CITIZEN. In your own words, write
your definition of Global Citizenship. (not less than 150 words). Do it in a separate sheet of
paper.

Activity 37

Name: __________________________________________________ Score:______________

Course/Year/Section: ________________________________ Date: _______________
Directions: Watch the video “The Death of Fear” by Rageh Oamaar. After watching the video,
relate it to the lessons discussed in this chapter. Write it in a separate sheet of paper.

60
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