‘Appendix Crop Growth Requirements Douglas A. Hopper, Gary W. Stutte, Ann McCormack, Daniel J Barta, Royal D. eins Jol E. Eran, and Theodore W. ibbitts ‘The following table of growth requirements isforplant species commonly grown in enclosed environments and provides suggested condi- tions to simulate average growth in field envi- ronments and commercial facilities. These are general suggestions that will provide good growth; it should be recognized, however, that conditions may differ for specific cultivars and ‘may differ in particular commercial production facilities to fulfil specific quality or other re- quirements, Detailed information on nutrient solutions, lighting system lamp types, growing media, ete, is contained in the previous chap- ters of this handbook ENVIRONMENTAL CONDI- TIONS MrpiA aNd Nurernion Plants usually willbe grown ina soilless pot- ting medium or liquid culture. Several commer- cially available mixtures provide suitable media for plant growth, as discussed in the previous chapters. When plants are grown in a soilless ‘media or liquid culture, use of a complete nutri- ent solution (approximating half strength Hoagland) is recommended, with the nitrogen concentrations modified as indicated in the table. Nitrogen is emphasized because this isthe prin- cipal nutrient that i altered for a particular spe- cies o at particular stages of growth. If a soil- contai 1g medium is used, itis recommended that the plants be fertilized with a commercial ‘water-soluble fertilizer such as 20-10-20. When nitrogen concentrations are modified with a ‘commercial fertilizer, P and K concentrations will also be modified. Recommendations for pH assume that a range of 5.5 to 6.5 is acceptable for most plants, and a pH of 4.5 to 55 is accept- able for crops requiring low pH. Lieut The recommended photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) is for the top of the canopy. When light is indicated to be 12-20 hours, there is no spe- «cific daylength requirement for this species. The use of the longer period will provide a greater amount of total lighting, and thus an intensity toward the lower end of the recommended PPE zange can be utilized to achieve good growth. If a short photoperiod is recommended, it is nec- essary to provide an intensity toward the high side of the recommended PPF range. No recom- mendations are provided on light source because chamber configuration, plant species, and de- sired response can all affect lamp selection, Us- ers are referred to specific chapters in the text for detailed lighting design considerations in controlled environments. Special light require- ‘ments for specific species are noted in the com- ‘ments column of the table. TeMpeRATURE Recommendations are for air temperature at canopy height. The temperature for most plants can be set2'C above orbelow the indicated tem- peratures and still produce normal plants, al- though growth rates will be altered. A light/dark fluctuation is recommended, and is required ‘when shown in bold letters; most plants, how- ever, will develop normally with a constant tem- perature that isan average of the indicated light and dark temperatures. The temperature period required to break bud dormancy of woody spe- 2728 cies is cultivar dependent; thus, a range of time is indicated, Revarive Humiprry Control between 60 and 70% relative humid- ity is recommended for most crops and can be achieved readily in most controlled environ- ment chambers. Exceptions are noted in the ‘comments column. Staces of Crop DEvELoP- MENT ‘The environmental conditions required for successful plant growth in controlled environ ments are often not the same throughout all stages of plant growth, For that reason, the table has been divided into four, somewhat arbitrary, stages of development: Propagation, Vegetative, Flower Initiation/Development, andl Fruit/Seed Development. These categories may not be tech- nically correct forall the plants described, but they should provide functional guidelines for maintaine ing a desired growth rate fr the listed species. Propagation is considered the period from planting to emergence of the frst true leaf. Ea- vironmental conditions for acclimation of tissue- culture transplants, seedlings, and rooting of ext- tings are also included in this section when they are considered tobe routine propagation methods. Vegetative is the period when reproductive structures are not actively developing on the plant. This typically incluces the period of rapid stem elongation and leaf expansion that pre- cedes flower formation. For woody species, this period may include the period of stem and leaf growth that occurs when flower buds are present but dormant. lower iitiationédewelopmentis the period from the initiation of flowers through shedding of pollen (anthesis), flower formation, pollination, and fertilization. However, for many perennial woody plants, initiation of flower buds occurs ata time separate from flower development. The recommended environment for breaking dor- mancy of the initiated flower buds of these ‘woody species is indicated in the comments col- ‘uma at the right margin. Fruitjseed development isthe period following fertilization to maturity of the seed.Propagation Vegetative Foner iiaionDev. [Fused Do. conments aad te | ae rete | Temp Pros | Temp. Prato: | Temp prev: | Tero. Connon tame vase | owt | coy | une | pees | coh | vane | pated | coy | uae | peed | ec) (Cours an) fio | ub srt | vine stom | um toby | vie stan att Sats om wu} ov foe faves] u | we fav] o | we | coves Lett os in | {eye oan Aavatmroutran [au |u| m | tem | aso) w | ao w | sao | asizo ft tte | Lat eg tp de sia uw fu] om | sear | asrao | m | sean | acize| m | oe | ass] | ow | esas | Bvenseretictey, Astensta Pesien Uy ‘etn of ie. Aatoonert a fn] om | oe fos] uw foe we | oe | anne Focounn bea i eyes ferpmuibe e166 sent Bis Foamnat cfu fm | see favs | mw | 22 | wie] uw | a0 | orm) w | 2a Ave Mcsdoestcasian — |e | n 4 | sem | asiao] a | seen | esizo] | 200 | 25120 | emndeomansy smote msatec sree ‘nope ne mtn fe | a fare] cf 2 fara} uf] se favre] 2 | ste | soz | amine gomintn, Carn cae Forceareiceaia. — | w | n u | seam | asco] uw | seem | anise] uw | 220 | 25/0 | nawanessinnces toning on Sm afro, 20 5p84. Pea p mw fof oe | oe fess] ou | ote fossa} uw | so | asses Schram oer dese ater ion sary eco wie mw fn fou | re fer] ow | se fas] aw | sear | ase] we | roa | zor unto vg Phan ee oa NS tama 5-55 Nol i > vest (ogemm DS tag 4588 0 souls! HS tag tunes Bt Auial ns {So oymoln 61zPropagation Teoeatve Ter ltaiooDev| Freed be comers PLANT selon roe | Tone Prat | Tenp. rates | Tong. rave | Tom Gemmmnare J malate age | oad | cy | uate | pend | co) | uae | awed | cy | tase | aes | co) es sey | love Aro | uve sow | ufooe| | voy | uae con Londoner Psat wat udu] a | seen | xize | om | sean | ezre| | r2ao | corm] ur | seco | asin | pean ants Bary Hath fr man 0 2:00 Vesumenmoom. | 1 w]e fara] nw | ee fears] oe | seen | cov | teetimantoarnas:c eb fob pet nares Baer tre bial dma b 0Ha7C Vanruhcmecn [cfu] wm | rear | ase | mn | te fasran] | seco fiasco] | an | esr | Rrtotman cm ps pero dann ta ante eae uw wf ea | esrao] m | ee | esrao] w | 2 | ase | eeaeuscmn, 0 wateoneat4c. cats em comet cas Teksirg Conny rd Cnn iemertees udu lw fos [aa] w | ow fae] mw | ae | oor Sion Soa aed Poutns Para ‘hore ante sug: ten Cima temas | utw| of 2 lao] w | ow fans] wu | a fans Soest vs Se [an conan Giomeneyant. [fw] ef oe [as] w | ae fas | ow | ome | wre «eis bs ony Pome. uf we | ea fase] nm | rear | reo | s2e0 | azo | sean demany 70 cnn wsat6c Cingsnterun GRismamepanstom |x fx} o | w faves] mw] w fare] a | wo | are Snags wn 250 pm8A fanaa anon " MS ma ma OD aoe i 2 fc pont tw es ‘ 2) aint D fenatopeet t 10 onan ti 2a nyt! fl ‘So mountsPropagation Vegetative Flower hitation’Dev FrlSeod Dev. comments Prato | Ten, Prao- | Teno Tonp, ug | pmred | 6) paicd | 6) (0) sry | Uva Asia | uC idan Ingostartsis stage, donot alow w | 2 | aie we | ma oot [Masson ox UHer) DC. | sae | oaias 220 | 28/28 20/28 | waar evssinsces fowahg enum sumer mw | we | asia 620 | 25/20 25/20 w]e | enias 220 | 3/28 20128 Coanes plana Cau w | we | enras 1 | asi Most catars wt ewer unter ary [Gosspum hrsutt. | i220 | asia 220 | 23/28 20/25 | phtopar Som cutrars require Shot ye forfonar natn, wu | 220 | asia 16 | 25128 2518 igh trp. ibis gemini, post o | o |e 2 | aia anes sage; ont alow wt ibe coved at 5 Cor nes 12 | zoi20 noices tonsa, | T Lf ae jas <2 | io Sem tings wn 2500 ppm BA Noma 65-65 D Nig lw 45-55 v 5D 180pmol’s! ie 160 2e0qimalme* MS Medium 280 -4S0ymalmr's? HE 450 -ToOjmatmes WzPropagation Vegetative Flower Iitation/Dev FrultSeed Dev. Comments aoe HPs Proto- | Tone. rac- | Toro. Prot | Temp, Proto | Tomp. Cammenname | PMATTOH une | porta | rc) | unt | ped | 0) | ut | peice | co} | uate | pated | 9) (corso isi0y | uae is/0 | oem testy | w/oa ero | w/a srr Patugonin sp. w dw] m | i220 | 20] m | reo | asrz0] uw | twa | 25/20 Getor (Tana! Dain) Serer janesont wfu] oc | oe fase] om | oe Josie] om | oe | asi ode shout aya Baus Hook [| ben ‘Srnngi spose wd] oc | se | ano] aw fo aio] m | se | asi20 ‘Seeds vccvced np of mode, (Led Ham Grae Vins. wd] a | 220 | aso | oH | tee | asizo] ow | tee | 2520 1220 | 25720 | oreakbuddomany 7501 S000ms aC Horbane Myaeyamas ger c fut om fa fsa] m | 6 fases] mu | ws | zsve0 tanga Sem cuts wih 2500 pm IBA. Ba pes. Pytargee mops = ow Jum om | ste | zsias | om | ou facies fom | eta | assis Pic ps6 BC or hs romired fr fower (hunt) Se | ovetpen’aferntaton Ketancon Katretoobossisora = | HTN] a | ote [anes | wm | om | asi} mw | feo Sewd 57 om evtings Pan. Larbscueers (Chenepedam abun. wef] om | oom | esian | om | om fasizo] mw | ate | 25ve0 <2 | esra0 Loe To bam atigh gt rdhigh AL Lace sabe. ww] um | r2e0 | 2520] om | tzeo | asvzo] uw | za | 25/20 220 | 26/20 | s7 maim? day’ of PP exposes Lani ayoaber Sear dis f coms. Use sn. PC ee 2Cler Sw eles ong pad Foren ‘nation "gt Photehete Proton Fu PPE) Les Loa Spe) Tormal 55°65 D= Ow NOM Meum 1009p low 45-55 VS Voqytov 50 1S0ymaims Ho Hon topen Le low 160 = 250nolm's* MS Moun 280 - 450 maim He High S60. 700qmoims*Propagation Vegetative Flower ilatowDev. | __FriSeed Dw. - comment ser waa Pro | Tarp roe: | Tene. Pras | tore. pra | erp Comannare [a] are | peed | oc) | uit | pent | cc | unit | pars |) | uae | pers | 0) esse A su | urbe sim | uioee sity | vom sry | aig Tages eta mfx} wm | reeo | asieo | om | sez0 Jasco] om | 20 | asian oats Avra saat wf] we | rez J esieo | ow | szzo | asron] aw | sae | asin] om | re20 oe Foyt ton 72019250 Oe axczaal un w]e fase] x | ren | are] ow | ream | eave | areca ey ery Distal tents bce wf} me | roan | asres | ou | ean | asias} wm ] teen | anris] om | r2eo | zur | manmumionpemnrs e226 Panspesica.) user | ot | ny | sean J asizo] a | rezo | asieo] | sea | 25/20 | seactudsomany 20 ators asc eon | Btw dre pos. Ach page mf} o | wa pases | a | ean fasias | om | rezo | soas] ow | teen | soras | Storey cease vet nr ew Pe carmunt. wn H | ream | asian] w | t2z0 | asio] | r220 | 25/2 | searrossomans: rot asoomsaec Beppe Copsemanramey — | wn] mw | saan | asrao | w | s2ao | oso] uw | tae | asia] m | roan | 2sr20 vera | ean Pernraescomtioe | c|n| m | a fess) m | ve farm] w | s | zoo] mw | | core Peta Panna xiynseiim — | w |v] om | sea | esi} om | t2eo | asi] mw | teen | asiz0 Tow Bia) Tema 5-83 Oe Oat Nolg Mata 0 pp) ton 45555 V2 Veytoe "sa 150 yt! Hap open) UE tn 0. 2opmdms! ME Men 20 450 pts! He ge” et Tomaswe Vegetative Flower itation/Dev. FrulvSeed Dev. Comments ean) le Poe | Temp. ene Pra Prate- | Temp conmonvizre | ma" HT ue | perc | coy ce), | batt | pr une | pros | cc) (Gensspecns A) 5/0 | uo we iso | isrow | ida Pri Pra IL) Rts cfu] e | jess] om |e fasres} mw | 8 | soi Pawoed Amat 59. wf] om | oe | eso] om | oi | aso] om fs | asi20 Prine Exghotiaputronne ww] oe | se | aso] om J ot fasrof om | to | asi ‘Som catinge win 2500 pp BA. ‘Wi eet Pott, Sweet quran ar fo storage roa fomaton omeataastjtan fou fu] om | seen | asia} oe | ct | asia] om | ore | asias] | oe | 2sv25 | Hiner lvl tne vegetative on equtos ah Patt, Whe gure asfor barat. Long days Solu uberosum wf} free | ese] om | teen | esse] om | rea | esse] mM | 2a | 25/8 | wimiow PPF das ubetcaten pies ree ‘She ay opal deg or Oryza sate. wf] om | rez | s0720 | om | tza0 | sora] ou | teao | soya] oe | 12 | 20/20 | oneting aes wih cut ose Fost mut fora Thar, ww] oc | we | ees} om | we fare] om | ve | eve Sem atngs wit 2500 om A, Preiss (lum muon an wf} om | rea | ave] om | tea | ans] om | ae | asi save | Satasooraunsstower | cfu] om | 2 | ass} ow | v2 fas] mw | a | ase Seutes - Seophulaa Smpfuiremaindeal. | cw} c | a jas} ow |e jam] wu | | anv wan —__ YH Lo La apan N= Noma 55-65 ole = Mesum HOO ppm) Cl lw 45-55 50 150 mols! HS High 2pm) 460 20uma ms! 250 somal’ 460 70umal ms!Propagation Vegetative FloneriniationfSev. | _FruliSed ev. Comments on rete | Tan. Pro Prot. | Tone, Pro. | orp. cco ial PY ye | pect | ec) | uate | pia petod | 6) | Lane | pared | 0) (cous pecs a) eit | usta fy toy | uae stm | Doe Shere Sie area. uf] oo wa fess} u fe Jao] m | w | aie Shapis ‘Sapa cfu] mw | rer | ares | mw | see feof uw | 2 | ave Snptgin ‘ew sod ono of okt ma, ‘Annan mais we] ow foe fava} ow | oe Josie] wf sie fare Fate og yr toveog. Soytean ‘Ser a pete dang Roeirg (here man a mfx] | fares} mw | tezo |asran] ou | ea fae} ow | 2 | ares | vaeswnonar Spach | old empratues Space oboe. mtn fou foe Jaro fom |e famof w | ots fares} om | ots | s5r28 | cxcouage carer tower, Strbary For you eta ey eppra omns Fragaaonancssa wf] om | aa free | om | ea fas] ow | ae fas] mw | roan | zor | maemsatacunsimaai net, Dic Toba Mota abcun wef] om | saa | asia | om | sea | asi] | 2a fai] om | eae | asiz0 Toro Fagus bk anda Uropescinoscoimam | a fn] a | r220 | asia | oH | sze0 | asi] | tea | asiao} ow | roan | 25/20 | regnrurtennayinc fut et West We beatae cod tatmat Tcwmaostvunt. wfw] me freer | asia} om | ram | aos] mw | ee | ase] Hf rea | 2sr | omsesan tr tal née Lo otras in eweng. *tudten 4 Lo Law SOpp0 Toma 55-55 De Oak Noli Mesum 1009-18) low 45-55 Vs Veylow "0" tSpnolms! ig (20epni Le aw 150 2stqolms! M= Ncsum 250 = Oqiet ms! a ee sw