Fatty Acid Synthesis & 1

Oxidation of Fatty Acids 2

3
and Ketogenesis 4

What will be the final product of Fatty acid

In which cellular site does lipogenesis take synthesis after completing all the enzymatic
place? reactions?

Cytosol
Mitochondrial environment ATP
Ribosome membrane Malonyl-CoA
Lysosome NADH
Palmitate

What is the rate control step in Fatty acid In the process of Lipogenesis, what is the
production? source of NADPH?

Biotin Beta oxidation

Glucose Pentose Phosphate Pathway
synthase activity Citric Acid Cycle
Malonyl-CoA Glycolysis

Which biomolecule is generally the

What Vitamin is an essential cofactor for substrate for fatty acid synthesis?
fatty acid synthesis?
NADPH
ATP
Ascorbic acid Biotin
Riboflavin Acetyl-CoA
Biotin
Thiamine
Where is the site for fatty acid elongation?

Which enzyme is responsible to catalyze Outer mitochondrial membrane

the reaction for the synthesis of Malonyl-
CoA from Acetyl-CoA?
Acetyl-CoA carboxylase
Biotin carboxylase
Carbonyl transferase
Fatty acid synthase
Inner mitochondrial membrane
Endoplasmic reticulum
 Lysosome
Which enzyme is responsible for the
catalytic action for elongation of fatty acids?

In the fatty acid synthase complex structure, Fatty acid synthase

how many acyl carrier protein is attached to Fatty acid elongase
one monomer? Fatty acid lyase
 Fatty acid dismutase
Which is considered as the main factor to
regulate the rate of Lipogenesis?
Plasma fatty acid concentration
Concentration of blood glucose
State of nutrition
Period of fasting
Generally, which macromolecule will be the
substrate for lipogenesis?
Lipids
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Nucleic acids
Which condition depress the process of
lipogenesis?
Low fat diet
Decreased sugar diet
Increase Insulin concentration
Low Glucagon concentration
What is the primary reason of an increased
rate of lipogenesis in sucrose rich diet?
a. Fructose will bypass the
phosphofructokinase control
point of glycolysis
b. Sucrose is directly synthesiszed by
the fatty acid synthase to acetyl-CoA
c. There is a shunt which allow sucrose
to be directly brought in the cytosol
after intestinal absorption
d. Fructose is a ketose which is easily
reactive due to its double bond
What is responsible for the short term
regulation of fatty acid synthesis?
Enzyme modification
Nutritional state
Gene expression
Existing medical condition like uncontrolled
Diabetes mellitus
Acetyl-CoA carboxylase is the most
important enzyme in the regulation of
lipogenesis however its action must be
regulated by which metabolite?
Citrate
 
Acyl-CoA
Glucose
Fatty acids
Which mechanism is involved in the
regulation of the enzymatic activity of
Acetyl-CoA carboxylase?
Negative feedaback
Gene expression modification
Reduction-Oxidation
Endorgonic reaction
Which is involved in the transfer of a
molecule of citrate from the mitochondrial
environment to the cytosol so as to
decrease the rate of lipogenesis?
Fatty acid synthase
Acetyl-Co-A carboxylase
Citrate transporter
Tricarboxylate transporter
What are the role/s of Insulin?
Decrease the activity of Acetyl-CoA
Lessen the degree of esterification of fatty
acids
Promote lipolysis
Increase the availability of pyruvate
What are fatty acids that need to be
supplied by the diet?
Non Essential fatty acids Glucose
Essential fatty acids NADH
Nutritionally active fatty acids Acetyl-CoA
Biologically active fatty acids
How will fatty acids be transported in the
From which Fatty acid will Eicosanoids be plasma?
synthesized?
Esterified fatty acids
C20 polyunsaturated fatty acids Free fatty acids bound to albumin
C9 polyunsaturated fatty acids Fatty acid + Low Density Lipoprotein
C10 monounsaturated fatty acids Free fatty acid + lipase
C16 saturated fatty acid
Where does oxidation of fatty acid in the cell
Which essential fatty acid are Ecosanoids take place?
synthesized?
Endoplasmic reticulum
Glycine Mitochondria
Alanine Cytosol
alpha-lenolinate Peroxisome
Serine
Option 5 Once free fatty acid is in the cell cytosol,
how will it be brought to the respective
Which product is derived from Eicosanoids? cellular organelle for metabolism?

Leukotrienes As unesterified form

Thromboxanes Bound to fatty acid binding protein
Lipoxins Bound to albumin
All of the above Incorporated to NAD+

Which is a product of the Cyclooxygenase

pathway on eicosanoid metabolism?

Prostaglandins
Lipoxins
Leukotrienes
Arachidonic acid
Which pharmacologic agent or drug can
inhibit the activity of cyclooxygenase?
Calcium channel blocker
Angiotensin receptor blocker
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents
Ascorbic acid
Which substance serves as the substrate
and product of fatty acid synthesis?
Malonyl-CoA
What is the active intermediate product in
the metabolism of fatty acids before it will
enter its beta-oxidative process?
Carnitine
Acylcarnitine
ATP
Acyl-CoA
What is the role of Acyl-CoA synthetase in
the beta-oxidation of fatty acids?
Facilitates entry of the fatty acid from the
extracellular to the intracellular membrane
Catalyze the synthesis of Acyl-CoA from
free fatty acids in the cytosol
Facilitates transfer of carnitine from the
cytosol to the mitochondrial environment
Facilitates the transfer of carnitine from the
mitochondrial environment to the cytosol
Where can Acyl-CoA synthase or
Thiokinase be found in the cell?
Endoplasmic reticulum
Peroxisomes
Mitochondria
All of the above
What is the most important factor required
by fatty acid oxidation to be convert free
fatty acid to its active intermediate?
ATP
Thiokinase
Phosphate
Biotin
During fatty acid metabolism, carnitine is
synthesized.  Where specifically is the site
of carnitine synthesis?
Outer mitochondrial membrane
Inter-mitochondrial membrane space
Inner mitochondrial membrane
Inner mitochondrial environment
Where is Carnitine palmitoyl-transferase I
located?
Cell membrane
Outer mitochondrial membrane  Production of Acetyl-CoA
Inner mitochondrial membrane
Endoplasmic reticulum membrane
What is the role of Carnitine palmitoyl-
transferase II?
Catalyze the synthesis of carnitine from
Acyl-CoA + CoA
Facilitates Transfer of 1 molecule of free
fatty acid from the cytosol to the inter-
mitochondrial space
Catalyze the process of beta-oxidation of
fatty acids
Catalyze the synthesis of Carnitine and
Acyl-CoA from CoA and Acylcarnitine in
the inner mitochondrial space
Which inner mitochondrial membrane
enzyme is responsible for the transfer of a
molecule of carnitine from the inner
mitochondrial space to the inter-
mitochondrial space and Acylcarnitine from
the inter-mitochondrial space to the inner
mitochondrial space?
Carnitine palmitoyl-transferase I
Carnitine palmitoyl-transferase II
Acyl-CoA synthase
Carnitine acylcarnitine translocase
In the process f beta-oxidation of fatty acids,
2 carbon atoms are cleaved at a time from
Acyl-CoA molecules.  Where is the site of
this carbon (C) cleavage?
Alpha (1) and Beta(2)
Alpha (2) and Beta (3)
Alpha (3) and Beta (4)
Alpha (4) and Beta (5)
What is the most important biologic function
of the beta-oxidation of fatty acids?
Synthesis of ATP
Generation of FADH
Synthesis of Palmitate
Where does oxidation of very long chain
fatty acids take place (those containing
more than 20 C atoms)?
Lysosomes
Ribosomes
Endoplasmic reticulum
Peroxisomes
What will enhance the process of ketone
body formation?
Increased rate of oxidation of fatty acids
Increase concentration of bile acid secretion
Increase in dietary fiber intake
Increase in water intake
Which organ is involved primarily in the
synthesis of ketone bodies?
Lungs
Liver
Kidneys
Skeletal muscles
Which enzyme is responsible for the
interconversion of acetoacetate and D-3-
hydroxybutyrate?
D-3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase
B-3-hydroxybutyrate hydrolase
D-3-hydroxybutyrate reductase
D-3-hydroxybutyrate isomerase
Which ketone body undergoes spontaneous
decarboxylation to yield acetone?
Acetoacetate
D-3-hydroxybutyrate
Both
None of these
True/False: Ketone body concentration in
the blood is dependent in the state of
feeding therefore it is always in an elevated
concentration after a full meal.
True
False
Which ketone body is excreted into the
lungs?
Acetoacetate
D-3-Hydroxybutyrate
Acetone
None
Ketosis is a clinical condition wherein there
is increased concentration of ketone bodies
with other clinical manifestations.  What is
the ideal sample to be used to assess the
level of ketone bodies?
Blood
Urine
Breath test
Stool
What is the importance of ketone bodies in
the body?
In the extrahepatic tissues, acetoacetate
is synthesized to acetyl-CoA by a series
of enzymatic reaction to enter the citric
acid cycle
It serves as the precursor for the synthesis
of cholesterol and further, to undergo beta -
oxidation
It is esterified and stored in the adipocytes
and used as energy source on times of
startvation
Directly brought in the kidneys for secretion
of waste materials
Which condition is defined as higher than
normal concentration of ketone bodies in
the blood without any clinical manifestation?
Ketonemia
Ketonuria
Ketosis
Ketoacidosis
Which clinical condition often lead to an
increase in the level of ketone bodies?
Hyperthyroidism
Addison's disease
Uncontrolled Diabetes mellitus
Rheumatoid arthritis