CHAPTER 1.

INTELLECTUAL
REVOLUTIONS
THAT DEFINE
SOCIETY
Learning Outcome:
Articulate ways by which society is
transformed by science and
technology.
trace the history of science and
Technology in different areas and
civilization; and;
Enumerate scientific and
Technological advancement made
by people and some civilizations of
seventeenth century.
 NICOLAUS CHARLES SIGMUND
COPERNICUS DARWIN FREUD
 1300- 1600
a time of great change in Europe as
scholars began to question ideas that
had been accepted for hundreds of years

BEFORE 1500
scholars generally decided what was
true or false by referring to an ancient
Greek or Roman author or to the Bible

LOOK BACK AT REFORMATION

THE PAST!
religious movement that prompted
followers to challenge accepted ways of
thinking about God and salvation
A NEW WAY OF THINKING

BEGINNING IN THE MID- 1500’s –

few scholars challenged the ideas of the
ancient thinkers and the church.
replaced old assumptions with new
theories,
SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION - was a new way of
thinking about the natural world. This way
was based upon careful observation and a
willingness to question accepted beliefs.
THE MEDIEVAL VIEW
GEOCENTRIC THEORY
the earth was an immovable object
located at the center of the universe
the moon, the sun, and the planets all
moved in perfectly circular paths around
the earth
Proposed by Aristotle and expanded by
Ptolemy
A REVOLUTIONARY MODEL OF
THE UNIVERSE
HELIOCENTRIC THEORY
sun-centered theory
Nicolaus Copernicus
the stars, the earth, and
the other planets
revolved around the sun
did not publish his
findings until 1543
"On the Revolutions of NICOLAUS
the Heavenly Bodies" COPERNICUS
The work of Copernicus had built foundations for
other scientists.

TYCHO BRAHE
carefully recorded the movements
of the planets for many years
it was left to his followers to make
mathematical sense of them
The work of Copernicus had built foundations for
other scientists.

JOHANNES KEPLER
assistant of Brahe
mathematical laws govern
planetary motion.
planets revolve around the sun in
elliptical orbits instead of circles,
GALILIEO’S DISCOVERY
GALILEO GALILEI
Italian scientist who
studied heavens in 1609
using telescopes he
made.
small book entitled
"Starry Messenger"
there are four moons of
Jupiter; the sun had dark
spots; earth’s moon had
a rough, uneven surface
CONFLICT WITH THE CHURCH
Galileo’s findings
frightened both Catholic
and Protestant leaders
Catholic Church warned
Galileo not to defend the
ideas of Copernicus
Dialogue Concerning the
Two Chief World
Systems - supported the
Copernican Theory
CONFLICT WITH THE CHURCH
pope summoned Galileo
to stand trial before the
inquisition - 1633
Under the threat of
torture, he knelt before the
cardinals and read aloud a
signed confession
lived under house arrest
and died in 1642
1992 - the Catholic Church
officially acknowledged
that Galileo had been right
 BACON AND DESCARTES

FRANCIS BACON –
He believed that by better
understanding the world,
scientists would generate
practical knowledge that
would improve people’s
lives.
Attacked medieval scholars
for relying too heavily on the
conclusions of Aristotle and
other ancient thinkers
 BACON AND DESCARTES

EMPIRICISM, OR THE
EXPERIMENTAL
METHOD
an approach that instead of
reasoning from abstract
theories, scientists must
experiment and then draw
conclusions
 BACON AND DESCARTES

RENE DESCARTES-
analytical geometry, which linked algebra
and geometry.
Like Bacon, he believed that scientists
needed to reject old assumptions and
teachings
Rather than using experimentation,
Descartes relied on mathematics and logic
He believed that everything should be
doubted until proved by reason
THE ENLIGHTENMENT
AGE OF REASON

intellectual and cultural movement in the

eighteenth century that emphasized
reason over superstition and science over
blind faith.
BENJAMIN FRANKLIN
British Colonist - scientific
experiments and philanthropic
endeavors
famous on both sides of the Atlantic
as a printer, publisher, and scientist
power of the press to question
accepted knowledge and to spread
new ideas about openness,
investigation, and religious tolerance
 RATIONALISM
humans are capable of using their faculty
of reason to gain knowledge.

The
Enlightenment
Many consider the
Enlightenment a major
turning point in Western
civilization, an age of light
replacing an age of darkness.
EMPIRICISM
knowledge comes from experience and
observation of the world.
PROGRESSIVISM
through their powers of reason and
observation, humans can make
unlimited, linear progress over time.
COSMOPOLITANISM
actively engaged citizens of the world
as opposed to provincial and close-
minded individuals.
FREUDIAN REVOLUTION
SIGMUND FREUD

the founder of Psychoanalysis

Psychoanalysis - type of therapy that aims to

release pent-up or repressed emotions and
memories in or to lead the client to catharsis,
or healing. The goal of psychoanalysis is to
bring what exists at the unconscious or
subconscious level up to consciousness
SIGMUND FREUD
Model of the Mind
His model divides the mind into three layers, or
regions:
1. Conscious- this is where our current thoughts,
feelings, and focus live.
2. Preconscious (sometimes called the
subconscious) - this is the home of everything
we can recall or retrieve from our memory.
3. Unconscious- at the deepest level of our
minds resides a repository of the processes
that drive our behavior, including primitive and
instinctual desires.
SIGMUND FREUD
More structured model of the mind
THREE METAPHORICAL PARTS TO THE MIND:
1. Id: The id operates at an unconscious level
and focuses solely on instinctual drives and
desires. Two biological instincts make up
the id, according to Freud: eros, or the
instinct to survive that drives us to engage
in life-sustaining activities, and thanatos, or
the death instinct that drives destructive,
aggressive, and violent behavior.
SIGMUND FREUD
More structured model of the mind
THREE METAPHORICAL PARTS TO THE MIND:
2. Ego: The ego acts as both a conduit for and a
check on the id, working to meet the id’s needs
in a socially appropriate way. It is the most tied
to reality and begins to develop in infancy;

3. Superego: The superego is the portion of the

mind in which morality and higher principles
reside, encouraging us to act in socially and
morally acceptable ways.
DARWINIAN REVOLUTION
CHARLES DARWIN
an English naturalist and geologist
explained the diversity of life on Earth
with a theory of evolution in his book
“On the origin of species” (1859 )
Natural Selection
Evolution, as explained by Darwin, occurs by means of natural selection. In
addition, natural selection might occur because of the following reasons:

OVERPRODUCTION COMPETITION AND ENVIRONMENTAL

AND VARIATION SELECTION CHANGE
some species produce competition may or may the environment will not
many offspring but not all not be direct but the idea adjust for the organism
of these young will is always on the survival but rather it is always the
survive. It means that not of the organism. The organism that will change
all of the offspring have organisms that survived to adapt to the
the characteristics to more likely reproduce environment.
survive in the which transfer their
environment. characteristics to their
offspring.
INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION
FOSSIL FUELS, STEAM POWER, AND
THE RISE OF MANUFACTURING
At one time, humans were fueled by the animals
and plants they ate and the wood they burned, or
aided by their domesticated animals, provided most
of the energy in use. Windmills and waterwheels
captured some extra energy, but there was little in
reserve. All life operated within the fairly immediate
flow of energy from the Sun to Earth.
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
began around 1750

People found an extra source of

energy with an incredible capacity
for work. That source was fossil
fuels — coal, oil, and natural gas.
Early Steam Engines
begins on the small island
of Great Britain.
Early 18th - trees for
building houses and ships
and for cooking and
heating
turned to the hunks of
black stone (coal)
Dug deeper and found
water
Used horses to pull
bucketful --> slow
JAMES WATT
1736–1819
Scottish instrument-maker
1776 - designed an engine in
which burning coal
produced steam, which
drove a piston assisted by a
partial vacuum
STEAM ENGINE
Its first applications was to more
quickly and efficiently pump water
out of coal mines, to better allow for
extraction of the natural resource,
but Watt’s engine worked well
enough to be put to other uses; he
became a wealthy man.
COTTON SPINNING
attached to machines
that spin cotton thread
on spindles and to weave
it into cloth on looms for
faster production of
cotton cloth.
British also
invented steam
locomotives and
steamships,
which
revolutionized
travel.