CHAPTER 3

MAGNETISM
Lab Activity 1 – Breadboard (No written report)
Lab Activity 2 – Verification of Kirchoff’s Law (With written report)
Lab Activity 3 – Lab Video Viewing - Capacitors (With written report)

Note: Presentation of Report to be discussed after MT Exam

Lecture Activity – Magnetic Fields (To be submitted tomorrow until 5PM, GClassroom)
Note: Only SS of iron filings images from the video you viewed

Midterm – Next week? If yes, then, Midterm Exam = Q2, if not Q2 will be first meeting
next week.

Quiz 2 – First Meeting next week

Part 1 – 20 items X 2.5 = 50
Part 2 – 3 items = 50 (Open Formulas)
Topics
a) Definition of Magnetism
b) Magnetic Materials
c) Non- Magnetic Materials
d) Diamagnetic Materials
e) Magnetic Poles
f) Law of Magnetic Poles
g) Magnetic Field
h) Magnetic Field Force
i) Fleming's Left Hand Rule
j) Path of the moving Charge in a
Magnetic Field
k) Right Hand Rule
Problem-Solving on
1. Force on a Charge Moving in a
Magnetic Field
2. Force on a Current Carrying
Conductor in a Magnetic Field
3. Magnetic Field Force Between Two
Parallel Conductors
4. Magnetic Field of a Long Straight
Wire
5. Magnetic Field at the Center of s
Circular Current Loop
6. Magnetic Field of a Solenoid
7. Magnetic Field of a Toroid
Magnetic fields can be used to make
electricity. – “How magnets produce
electricity, simplest explanation ever ”

The properties of magnets are used to make

electricity. Moving magnetic fields pull and push
electrons. Metals such as copper and aluminum
have electrons that are loosely held. Moving a
magnet around a coil of wire, or moving a coil of
wire around a magnet, pushes the electrons in
the wire and creates an electrical current
Definition of Magnetism

➢ Is a class of physical phenomena that are mediated by

magnetic fields, exerted by magnets when they attract or
repel each other.

➢ Is the distinctive and inexplicable phenomenon by which

certain material attract other material in their presence.

➢ It induces electricity.
Properties of Magnet
The following are the basic properties of a magnet:

➢ When a magnet is dipped in iron filings, we can observe that the

iron filings cling to the end of the magnet as the attraction is
maximum at the ends of the magnet. These ends are known as
the two poles of the magnets (N and S).

➢ Magnetic poles always exist in pairs.

➢ Like poles repel while unlike poles attract.

➢ The magnetic force between the two magnets is greater

when the distance between these magnets is lesser.
Key Takeaways
➢ Magnetic substances include iron, nickel, cobalt, stainless steel, and many rare earth metals.

➢ Diamagnetic materials like copper and gold are weakly repelled by a magnetic field.

➢ Paramagnetic materials like calcium and aluminum are weakly attracted by a magnetic field.

➢ Ferromagnetic materials like iron, cobalt, and nickel are strongly attracted by a magnetic field.

➢ Permanent magnets don’t lose magnetism with time, whereas temporary magnets do. Both
have their own set of applications.

➢ Electromagnets are temporary magnets that can be formed by wrapping a current carrying
conductor over a ferromagnetic core.

➢ Earth, too, behaves like a giant magnet. The earth’s magnetosphere protects the atmosphere
from the solar wind.
The magnetic lines of force originate from the N pole of a
magnet and end at its S pole.

Magnetic field lines are a tool used to represent magnetic fields.

 Iron filings are an excellent way to display the magnetic field of one or
multiple bar magnets. (or plotting using magnetic compass)

Item 1 Magnets have two poles.

The more lines in one area means stronger field
Ends – STRONG magnetic field
Center - WEAK
Magnetic Compass
Item 2. Magnetic poles always exist in
pairs.
Item 3. Like poles repel, unlike poles attract.
Attraction
Item 4. The magnetic force between the two magnets
is greater when the distance between these magnets is
lesser.
 Paramagnetic, antiferromagnetic,
Kinds of Magnet ferrimagnetic, superparamagnetic -

Artificial - are man-made magnets prepared by using elements like iron, cobalt,
nickel or their mixture with other elements. Artificial magnets come in different
shapes, for example, bar magnet, horseshoe magnet, cylindrical or ball-ended
magnet. Artificial magnets can be temporary (can be turned on at will) or permanent
(never fades).
Natural - is a magnet that occurs naturally in nature. All natural magnets are
permanent magnets, meaning they will never lose their magnetic power. The
strongest natural magnet material is lodestone, also called magnetite.
Magnetic Materials – materials that are attracted by magnets or can be magnetized
are called ferromagnetic materials. Examples are iron, steel, nickel, cobalt, alnico
Non-Magnetic Materials – “cannot be” Examples are copper, brass, glass, water,
paper
Diamagnetic Materials – materials or substance that is not magnetic. Examples are
bismuth, antimony.
Definition of Magnetic Field Force, F (unit is Newton or Dynes)
➢ The force exerted between the magnetic poles, producing magnetization.
➢ The force on a moving charge or a current conductor due to magnetic field.

Theory
➢ A moving charge in a conductor set up a magnetic field which exerts a force upon a
charge.
➢ A magnetic field exists when a moving charge through it experiences a force .
➢ A conductor which has moving charges through it experiences a magnetic field force
when placed in a magnetic field.

Conversion (Equivalent) : Magnetic Field, β (Unit is Tesla or Gauss)

1 Tesla (T) = 1 N-s/C-m = 1 N/A-m = 1V-s/m2 = 1 Wb/ m2 MKS

1 Gauss (G) = 1 dyne-s/stat C-cm = 1 dyne/stat A-cm = 1 statV-s/ cm2 = 1 mxw/ cm2 CGS
1T = 1X104 Gauss (G)
1 Weber (Wb) = 1X108 Maxwell (mxw)
1G = 1 mxw/ cm2
Conversion (Equivalent) : Magnetic Field, β

1 Tesla (T) = 1 N-s/C-m = 1 N/A-m = 1V-s/m2 = 1 Wb/ m2 MKS

1 Gauss (G) = 1 dyne-s/stat C-cm = 1 dyne/stat A-cm = 1 statV-s/ cm2 = 1 mxw/cm2 CGS
1T = 1X104 Gauss (G)
1 Weber (Wb) = 1X108 Maxwell (mxw)
1G = 1 mxw/ cm2
The magnetic field (β) is an abstract entity that describes the
influence of magnetic forces in a region. Magnetic field lines
are a visual tool used to represent magnetic fields.
How is magnetic field created?

Magnetic fields are produced by moving electric charges.

Everything is made up of atoms, and each atom has a
nucleus made of neutrons and protons with electrons that
orbit around the nucleus. Since the orbiting electrons are
tiny moving charges, a small magnetic field is created
around each atom.
 Current

Right-Hand Rule I Upward,

Magnetic Field
Counter
clockwise

Current
Downward,
Magnetic Field
Clockwise

β
1. Direction of β Using RHR

➢ a straight wire carrying an electric current produces a

magnetic field in concentric circles around it.

➢ You can find it by pointing your right thumb in the

direction of the current in the wire and curling your
fingers. Your fingers will be curled in the same
direction as the magnetic field around the wire.

➢ sometimes you have to figure out the direction of the

magnetic field at a specific point around a conductor
1. Direction of β Using RHR
1. Direction of β Using RHR
1. Direction of β Using RHR
1. Force on a Moving Charge

If a charge moves through a magnetic field at an angle, it

will experience a force. The equation is given by

F = β q v sin θ →Formula No. 1

Where:
F = magnetic force, in Newton(N)
β = magnetic field, in Wb/m2
q = charge in Coulomb (C)
V = velocity of the charged particle (m/s)
θ – angle between direction of v and β
Note:
➢ If q moves parallel to the magnetic field, θ = 0, F = 0
➢ If q moves perpendicular to the magnetic field, θ=90o, F= maximum
Derivation of Unit of Force (Magnetic Force)
Example 1. (Magnetic Force)
Determine the magnetic force of 50 C charged
particles moving with the velocity of 3m/s in a
magnetic field of 1T? The direction of its field is same
as the path of the second particle.

Solution:
Given parameters, q= 50C, v= 3m/s and β = 1T
Since the path difference of the second particle is same as its
field’s direction,
Therefore, θ=0°
The magnitude force formula is
F= q v β sinθ = 50×3×1× sinθ
F=0
 Example 2
An electron is moving horizontally at a speed of 2X103
m/s. It feels a force in the vertical direction with a
magnitude of 4X10-15N, what is the magnitude of the
magnetic field electron just passed through?

F = β q v sin θ
F=βqv
β= F/qv
β= 4X10-15N / (1.6X10-19C)(2X103 m/s)

β = 12.5T
 Magnetic Field Force
Note: Keep the
thumb, index finger
and middle finger of Magnetic Field
the left hand at right
angles (90°) to each
other.
Velocity and Current of a moving charge.
Magnetic Field Force

Magnetic Field

Velocity and Current of a

moving charge.
1. Direction of β Using Fleming’s LHR
Question: If electrons in a conductor are moving from
west to east, in which direction would the magnetic field
be produced when looked from the east end?

Answer: The electrons are moving from west to east,

which means that the conventional flow of current is
from east to west. By applying the right hand rule, we
come to the conclusion that the direction of the
magnetic field is clockwise in a plane perpendicular to
the wire, when viewed from east, and anti clockwise
when viewed from the west end.
THE PATH OF THE MOVING CHARGE IN THE MAGNETIC
FIELD
Consider a moving charge particle with velocity and a mass projected
perpendicular in a uniform magnetic field. The particle travel in a constant
circular path and therefore, a center force act on the charged particle. The
path of the moving charge in the magnetic field is defined by the equation:

R = mFv / βq → Formula No. 2

Where:
R = radius of the particle’s circular path, in meter (m)
m = mass, in kilogram (Kg) = 1.673X10-27 Kg
v = velocity, in m/s
Β = Magnetic field, Wb/m2
q = Charge, in Coulomb (C)= 1.6X10-19C
Note: mFv is the momentum, the greater the momentum, the larger the circle and the
stronger the field.
Derivation of Unit of R (Radius of the Circular Path of the
Particles)
 Example 3
A proton is travelling at a speed of 10X106 m/s. It is
passing through a uniform magnetic field of 40G
perpendicular to its motion. Determine the radius of the
path.

β= 40G ( 1T /1X104G ) = 4X10-3T

R = mFv / βq
R = (1.673X10-27kg) (10X106 m/s) / (4X10-3 T) (1.6X10-19C)

R = 26.14 m
2. FORCE ON A CURRENT-CARRYING CONDUCTOR IN A
MAGNETIC FIELD
When a conductor-carrying current is placed in a magnetic field, the
conductor will experience a force. The force on a current-carrying
conductor in the field is defined by the equation:
F = β I L sin θ → Formula 3
Where:
F = Magnetic Force, in Newton (N)
β = Magnetic Field, in Wb/m2
I = current, in A
L = length of conductor, in meter (m)
θ = angle between I and β

From:
F = β q v sin θ , but v = L/t
F = β q (L/t) sin θ , but I = q/t
Therefore, F = β I L sin θ

Note: If the conductor is parallel to the field, F = 0, if the conductor is perpendicular to the field, F is
Derivation of Unit of Force (Magnetic Force) on
a current-carrying conductor in the field
 Example 4
A wire 300 cm in length carries a current of 6 statA in a
region where a uniform magnetic field has a magnitude
of 4X103 G. Calculate the magnitude of the magnetic
force on the wire assuming the angle between the
magnetic field and the current is:
a) 90o
b) 40o

a)F = β I L sin θ = (4X103 G) (6 statA) (300 cm)

F = 7.2X106 dynes
a)F = β I L sin θ = (4X103 G) (6 statA) (300 cm) (sin 40o)
F = 4.63X106 dynes
3. MAGNETIC FIELD FORCE BETWEEN TWO
PARALLEL CONDUCTORS

The magnetic field force between two parallel conductors is

defined by the equation:

F = µo I1 I2 L / 2𝛑 r → Formula No. 4
Where:
F = Magnetic Force between two conductors, in Newton (N)
I1 = current on the first conductor, in ampere (A)
I2 = current on the second conductor, in ampere (A)
L = length of the conductor, in meter (m)
r = distance between two conductors, in meter (m)
µo = permeability of free space, 4π x 10-7 or 1.257X10-4 T-m/A
TWO WIRES
When two straight current
carrying conductors are kept
parallel to each other, they
experience some force between
each other. The force can be of
two types: attraction or
repulsion. This force depends on
the direction of the current
flowing through them. If the
current in both the wires is
traveling in the same direction,
then the two wires attract each
other. If the current flowing is in
opposite directions, they
repel each other.
MAGNETIC FIELD FORCE BETWEEN TWO PARALLEL
CONDUCTORS

➢Current in the Same Direction

As shown in the Figure, the resultant magnetic field is weak
throughout the region between the two conductors and strong
at the extremes. The conductor will pull to one another,
therefore there is attraction.
➢Current in the Opposite Direction
As shown in the Figure, the resultant magnetic field is strong
throughout the region between the two conductors and weak
at the extremes. The conductor will push to each other,
therefore there is repulsion.
Derivation of Unit of Force (Magnetic Force)
between Two Parallel Conductors
 Example 5

Two straight parallel wires each 0.5m long are

200mm apart. A current of 5A passes through the
wire and a current of 4A through the other. If the
currents are in the opposite direction, determine
the force between them.

s = 200mm (1m / 1000mm) = 0.2m

F = µo I1 I2 L / 2𝛑 r
F = (1.257X10-5T-m/A) (5A) (4A) (0.5m) / 2𝛑 (0.2m)
F = 1X10-5 N
4. MAGNETIC FIELD OF A LONG
STRAIGHT WIRE

The magnetic field β at a distance r from a long, straight

conductor carrying a current (I) has a magnitude of:

β = µo I /2𝛑 r → Formula No. 5

Where:
β = Magnetic Field, in Tesla (T)
I = current through conductor, in ampere (A)
r = distance of field from wire, in meter (m)
µo = permeability of free space, 4π x 10-7 or 1.257X10-4 T-m/A

Note: The stronger the current, the stronger the magnetic

field.
The magnetic field lines are circles coaxial with the wire.
Derivation of Unit of Magnetic Field Of A
Long Straight Wire
 Example 6
Compute the magnetic field in air 2cm from a long
straight wire that carries a current of 8A.

S = 2cm ( 1cm / 100cm) = 0.02m

β = µo I / 2𝛑 r
β = (1.257X10-6 T-m/A)(8A) / 2𝛑 (0.02m)

β = 8X10-5 m
 Example 7
Two parallel wires A and B are 10cm apart and carry currents of 40A
and 20A respectively, in opposite directions. Find the total
magnetic field on a line 8cm from wire A and 18cm from wire B.
r1 = 8cm ( 1m /100cm) = 0.08 m
Opposite – subtract r2 = 18cm ( 1m / 100 cm) = 0.18 m
Same - add
β1 = µo I / 2𝛑 r1
β2 = µo I / 2𝛑 r2
β1 = (1.257X10-6 T-m/A) (40A) / 2𝛑 (0.08 m)
β1 = 1X10-4 T
β2 = (1.257X10-6 T-m/A) (20A) / 2𝛑 (0.18 m)
β2 = 2.22X10-5 T
Since opposite direction of current
βT = β1 – β2 = 1X10-4 T - 2.22X10-5 T
βT = 7.78 X 10-5 T
5. MAGNETIC FIELD AT THE CENTER OF A CIRCULAR
CURRENT LOOP
The magnetic field produced by a circular conducting loop with radius
(r), carrying a current (I), at a distance (x) from its center along its axis
has a magnitude of:
β = µo I r2 / 2 (x2+r2) 3/2 for circular loop → Formula No.6
β = µo NI / 2r for center of N circular loops → Formula No. 7
µ = I 𝛑 r2 → for Magnetic Dipole Moment Formula No. 8
Or µ = NI 𝛑 r2 → Formula No. 9
Where:
β = Magnetic Field, Tesla (T)
I = current, A
r = radius of the circular conducting loop, in meter (m)
X = distance from the field point, in meter (m)
N = number of loops
µo = 1.257X10-6 T-m/A
µ = Magnetic Dipole Moment or Magnetic Moment
The current loop:

So far we have discussed the pattern of the magnetic field lines produced in a
straight current carrying wire. Let us consider a different situation: let's try
bending the same wire into a loop.
 Example 8
A flat circular coil with 50 loops of wire has a diameter
of 30 cm. What current must flow in its wires to
produce a field of 4X10-4 Wb/m2 at its center?

d = 30 cm (1m / 100 cm) = 0.3 m

r = d/2 = 0.3 m / 2 = 0.15 m
β = µo NI / 2r
I = 2βr / µo N
I = 2 (4X10-4 Wb/m2) (0.15 m) / (1.257X10-6 T-m/A (50)
I = 1.91A
The Solenoid
A solenoid is a coil of many circular
loops wrapped up in the shape of a
cylinder. We can find one big
similarity between the solenoid and
the bar magnet. We find that the
magnetic field lines in both cases are
exactly the same. In fact, both the
ends of the solenoid behave as the
poles. One end is the south pole and
the other end is the north. This is
explained by the clock rule.

The solenoid is a wire coil that works as an

electromagnet when electricity flows through it.
6. MAGNETIC FIELD OF A SOLENOID

➢The magnetic field is concentrated in a uniform field in the center of

a long solenoid. The magnetic field outside is weak and different.
➢The magnetic field produced by a long solenoid with turns per unit
length or turns density (n) and carrying current (I) along its axis, has
magnitude of:
β = µo NI / = µo nI → Formula No. 10
Where:
β = magnetic field, in Tesla (T)
I = Current, in Ampere (A)
N = number of loops
= length of solenoid, in meter (m)
n = Turns Density (turns/m) = N/l
µo = 1.257X10-6 T-m/A
7. An air-core solenoid with 3000 loops is 70 cm long
and has a diameter of 4 cm. If a current of 6A is sent
through it, what will be the magnetic field within it?

l = 70 cm ( 1 m /100 cm) = 0.7 m

β = µo NI / l
β = (1.257X10-6 T-m/A)(3000)(6A) / (0.7m)
β = 0.032T
The Toroid
A hollow circular ring on which a large
number of turns of a wire are closely
wound. It is like solenoid which is
made circular by joining its ends. The
magnetic field in a toroid runs in
concentric circles of equal magnitude.
➢ The field β inside the toroid is
constant in magnitude for the ideal
toroid of closely wound turns.
➢ The magnetic field outside the
toroid is zero.
➢ The direction of the magnetic field
within a toroid can be easily found by
the right- hand rule. Grasp the toroid
with the fingers of your right hand
curled in the direction of the current in
the windings. Then the thumb points in
the direction of the magnetic field.
7. MAGNETIC FIELD OF A TORIOD – is a solenoid
bent in circular shape end-to-end.
The magnetic field produced by a toroid with radius (r),
carrying current (I) and N loops along its axis has magnitude of:
β = µo NI / 2𝛑 r → Formula No. 11

Where:
β = Magnetic Field, in Tesla (T)
I = current, in Ampere (A)
r = radius of the circle on
which magnetic field lies, in meter (m)
N = Number of loops
µo = 1.257X10-6 T-m/A
8.A uniformly wound air-core has 800 loops on it. The
radius of the circle through the center of its windings
is 0.05m. What current in the winding will produce a
field of 2X10-3T?
β = µo NI / 2𝛑 r
I = 2𝛑 β r / µo N
I = 2𝛑 (2X10-3 T) (0.05 m) / (1.257 X10-6T-m/A) (800)

I = 0.625A
What are the differences between
solenoid and toroid?
Answer:
The solenoid is cylindrical in shape while
the toroid is circular in shape.
The formation of the magnetic field is
outside the solenoid while the magnetic
field is within the toroid.
The magnetic field inside the solenoid is
uniform while non-uniform in toroid.
The magnetic field in solenoid is equal to
μ0 nI while in toroid is μo N l / 2πr.
What are the similarities
between solenoid and
toroid?
Answer:
When an electric current is
supplied to both, they act like
electromagnetic materials.
The magnetic field generated
by the toroid and the solenoid
are identical.
Both are based on the
electromagnetic concept.