Week 2-3 (Jan.

23-Feb4, 2023)

UNIT 1 CONTENTS

Unit 1 1.1 INTRODUCTION TO OOP

History and Definition
1.2 UNIFIED MODELING LANGUAGE (UML)

Introduction to Object


 Objects Basic Concepts

 Classes Association

Oriented Programming 


Methods
OOP Basic Concepts
Aggregation
Composition

AND UML Encapsulation

Inheritance
Multiplicity
UML Diagrams
Abstraction
Polymorphism
ECE 106 – COMPUTER PROGRAMMING Prepared by: ENGR. JEANNE M. IMBUIDO
2 By: JMI

Computer Programming PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

The history of computer  Programming languages allow programmers to develop

programming is a steady move away a software
from machine-oriented views of  There are three major families of languages namely:
programming towards concepts and – Machine languages
metaphors that more closely reflect
– Assembly languages
the way in which we ourselves see &
understand the world. – High-Level languages

3 By: JMI 4 By: JMI

ECE106 - Computer Programming

Prepared by: Engr. JEANNE M. IMBUIDO 1
 Week 2-3 (Jan.23-Feb4, 2023)

3 Major Families of Programming Languages High-Level Languages

Machine Languages
 Comprised of 1s and 0s
 The “native” language of
a computer
 Difficult to program –
one misplaced 1 or 0 will
cause the program to
fail.
 Coding example:
1110100010101
111010101110
11110111
Assembly Languages
 It is a step towards easier
programming.
 Comprised of a set of
elemental commands
which are tied to a specific
processor.
 Codes need to be
translated to machine
language before the
computer processes it.
 Coding Example:
Divide 1001010, 1011010
5 Programming (OOP)
High-Level Languages
 High-level languages
represent a giant leap
towards easier
programming.
 The syntax of HL
languages is similar to
English.
Example:
grossPay = basePay + overTimePay
 HL Languages is divided
into 2 groups:
- Procedural Languages
- Object-Oriented
By: JMI
Procedural Languages
 Early high-level languages are typically
called procedural languages.
 The program code is written as a
sequence of instructions.
 User has to specify “what to do” and also
“how to do” (step by step procedure).
 These instructions are executed in the
sequential order. These instructions are
written to solve specific problems.
 Examples include C, COBOL, Pascal,
HTML, VBScript
Object-Oriented Languages (OOP)
 A programming language model in which is
based upon the concept of objects which
contain data in the form of attributes and code
in the form of methods.
 The focus of OOP languages is not on
structure, but on modeling data.
 In object-oriented programming, computer
programs are designed using the concept of
objects that interact with the real world.
 Programmers code using “blueprints” of data
models called classes.
 Examples of OOP languages include C++, Visual
Basic.NET, Java and Python
6 By: JMI

High-Level Languages High-Level Languages

Example:
Procedural Languages Object-Oriented Languages (OOP)

Above example is a Procedural approach for solving problem, because it creates different
methods for calculating areas of different geometries.

7 By: JMI 8 By: JMI

ECE106 - Computer Programming

Prepared by: Engr. JEANNE M. IMBUIDO 2
 Week 2-3 (Jan.23-Feb4, 2023)

High-Level Languages High-Level Languages

Identify if Procedural or Object Oriented Language : Identify if Procedural or Object Oriented Language :

Although the code already

have class for different
geometry but still it is
procedural.

Above example will remain procedural, even if it uses an object. It still have sequence of
instructions, and functions for accomplishing / solving the problem.

9 By: JMI 10 By: JMI

High-Level Languages Early Programming Languages

Identify if Procedural or Object Oriented Language :

SIMULA
 Simula is a name for two simulation
programming languages, Simula I and
Simula 67, developed in the 1960s at
the Norwegian Computing Center in
Oslo, by Ole-Johan Dahl and Kristen
Nygaard.
 Simula is considered the first object-
oriented programming language.
 Simula was designed for doing
simulations, and the needs of that
domain provided the framework for
Both are Object Oriented Language many of the features of object-
oriented languages today..

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ECE106 - Computer Programming

Prepared by: Engr. JEANNE M. IMBUIDO 3
 Week 2-3 (Jan.23-Feb4, 2023)

Modern Programming Languages

Object-Oriented
Programming (OOP)

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Object oriented programming Object oriented programming

 OOP is mainly a program design philosophy

Pure “OO” Hybrid “OO”
 OOP uses a different set of programming languages than old
Languages Languages
procedural programming languages (C, Pascal, etc.).
 Everything in OOP is grouped as self sustainable "objects".
Eiffel, Actor, Emerald, Delphi/Object Pascal, C++,
Hence, you gain reusability by means of four main object-
JADE, Obix, Ruby, Java, C#, VB.NET, Pascal,
oriented programming concepts.
Python, Scala, Visual Basic, MATLAB,
 In OOP, programmers can create relationships between one
Smalltalk, Self Fortran, Perl, COBOL 2002,
object and another. For example, objects can inherit
characteristics from other objects. PHP, ABAP, Ada 95

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ECE106 - Computer Programming

Prepared by: Engr. JEANNE M. IMBUIDO 4
 Week 2-3 (Jan.23-Feb4, 2023)

“
Key idea in object-oriented :
The real world can be “accurately” described as a
OOP
Basic Terminologies
collection of objects that interact.

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OBJECTS, CLASS and METHODS OBJECTS, CLASS and METHODS

OBJECTS OBJECTS
 Informally, an object represents an entity, either physical, conceptual, or  In a more formal definition, an
software.
object is a computational entity
that:
Physical Entity Conceptual Entity Software Entity 1. Encapsulates some state
2. Is able to perform actions,
or methods, on this state
3. Communicates with other
objects via message passing

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ECE106 - Computer Programming

Prepared by: Engr. JEANNE M. IMBUIDO 5
 Week 2-3 (Jan.23-Feb4, 2023)

OBJECTS, CLASS and METHODS OBJECTS, CLASS and METHODS

OBJECTS OBJECTS
 Characteristics of Objects:  Real World Object:  Almost everything in the world can be represented as an object :
1. decomposition of programs into a number • A flower, a tree, an animal
of entities
• A student, a professor
2. consist of data and function
• A desk, a chair, a classroom, a building
3. data of an object can be accessed only by
the functions associated with that object • A university, a city, a country
 An object consists of data and behavior. • The world, the universe
The data and behavior comprise an • A subject such as Calculus, Advance Math, History, …
interface, which specifies how the object
may be utilized by any of various • An information system, financial, legal, etc..
consumers of the object.
21 By: JMI 22 By: JMI

OBJECTS, CLASS and METHODS OBJECTS, CLASS and METHODS

CLASS METHODS
 A class is a prototype, idea, and  A method in object-oriented programming (OOP) is a procedure associated with a
blueprint for creating objects message and an object.
 Class is composed of three things:  Many kinds of methods exist, but support for them varies across languages. Some types
its name, attributes/properties, and of methods are created and called by programmer code, while other special methods—
methods. such as constructors, destructors, and conversion operators—are created and called by
compiler-generated code. A language may also allow the programmer to define and call
 An object is an instance of a class. In these special methods.
Java or Python, we define classes,
 Three types of method:
which in turn are used to create
1. Accessor methods - used to read data values of an object
objects.
2.Mutator methods - used to modify the data of an object
 A class is a definition of objects with
the same properties and the same 3.Manager methods - used to initialize and destroy objects of a class,
methods. e.g. constructors and destructors
23 By: JMI 24 By: JMI

ECE106 - Computer Programming

Prepared by: Engr. JEANNE M. IMBUIDO 6
 Week 2-3 (Jan.23-Feb4, 2023)

OBJECTS, CLASS and METHODS OBJECTS, CLASS and METHODS

Classes and Objects Classes and Objects

 An Object is a Class when it
comes alive!
 Homo Sapiens is a class, John
and Jack are objects
 Animal is a class, “Snowball” the
cat is an object
 Vehicle is a class, My neighbor's
BMW is an object
 Galaxy is a class, the Milky Way
is an object

25 By: JMI 26 By: JMI

ENCAPSULATION
 Hides the details of the implementation of an
objects.

Four Main concepts of OOP

 objects encapsulate their state and hide it
from the outside.
Encapsulation  outside users of the class interact with it
Abstraction through its methods, but cannot access the
Inheritance classes state directly.
Polymorphism  The class is kind of a container or capsule or a
cell, which encapsulate the set of methods,
attributes and properties.
 The idea of encapsulation is to hide how a
class does its operations while allowing
requesting its operations.
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ECE106 - Computer Programming

Prepared by: Engr. JEANNE M. IMBUIDO 7
 Week 2-3 (Jan.23-Feb4, 2023)

ENCAPSULATION – BENEFITS and EXAMPLE ENCAPSULATION – in PYTHON

BENEFITS:
 Ensures that structural changes remain local:
- Changing the class internals does not affect any code outside of the class
- Changing methods' implementation does not reflect the clients using them We defined a Computer class.
We used __init__() method to store the maximum
 Hiding implementation details reduces complexity selling price of Computer.
We tried to modify the price. However, we can't
- easier maintenance change it because Python treats the __maxprice as
private attributes.
EXAMPLE: As shown, to change the value, we have to use a
setter function i.e setMaxPrice() which takes price
as a parameter.

User and a Mobile phone - “User don't need to know the internal functionality of the Therefore,
mobile phone to operate it, it has an interface to use the device behavior without knowing
Encapsulation prevents data from direct
implementation details. (other example: calculator, ATM machine etc.)
modification;

29 By: JMI 30 By: JMI

ABSTRACTION ABSTRACTION

 Abstraction is a design principle.

 Is the process of removing
characteristics from something in order
to reduce it to a set of essential
characteristics.
 Through the process of abstraction, a
programmer hides all but the relevant
data about a class in order to reduce
complexity and increase reusability.
 Abstraction is a basic representation of a
concept.
Abstraction refers to the act of representing essential features
 Abstraction allows programmers to without including the background details.
represent complex real world in the
Hiding unnecessary data from the users and making the
simplest manner. application as user friendly then it is called Abstraction.
Ex:
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ECE106 - Computer Programming

Prepared by: Engr. JEANNE M. IMBUIDO 8

ABSTRACTION – in PYTHON
How Abstract Base classes work :
By default, Python does not provide
abstract classes. Python comes with a
module that provides the base for defining
Abstract Base classes(ABC) and that
module name is ABC. ABC works by
decorating methods of the base class as
abstract and then registering concrete
classes as implementations of the abstract
base. A method becomes abstract when
decorated with the keyword
@abstractmethod.
33 By: JMI
INHERITANCE – BENEFITS and EXAMPLE
BENEFITS:
 Expresses commonality
among classes/objects
 Allows code reusability
 Highlights relationships
 Helps in code
organization
35 By: JMI
ECE106 - Computer Programming
Prepared by: Engr. JEANNE M. IMBUIDO
Week 2-3 (Jan.23-Feb4, 2023)
INHERITANCE
 It is a way of organizing classes
 Classes with properties in common can
be grouped so that their common
properties are only defined once in
parent class.
 Inheritance enables new classes to
receive—or inherit—the properties and
methods of existing classes.
• Classes may be arranged in a class hierarchy
where one class is derived from an existing class
(super-class)
• A sub-class inherits the attributes and operations
from its super class and may add new methods or
attributes of its own.
34 By: JMI
INHERITANCE – in PYTHON
Therefore,
Inheritance is a way of creating a
new class for using details of an
existing class without modifying it.
The newly formed class is a derived
class (or child class). Similarly, the
existing class is a base class (or
parent class).
we created two classes i.e. Bird (parent class) and Penguin (child class).
The child class inherits the functions of parent class. We can see this from
the swim() method.
Again, the child class modified the behavior of the parent class. We can
see this from the whoisThis() method. Furthermore, we extend the
functions of the parent class, by creating a new run() method.
Additionally, we use the super() function inside the __init__() method.
This allows us to run the __init__() method of the parent class inside the
child class.
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POLYMORPHISM POLYMORPHISM

 Polymorphisms means the ability to request

that the same methods be performed by a wide
range of different types of things.
 In OOP, polymorphisms is a technical issue and
principle. It is achieved by using many different
techniques named method overloading,
operator overloading, and method overriding.
 In here, an object has “multiple identities”,
based on its class inheritance tree which can be
used in different ways
 The ability to define different functions or
classes as having the same name but taking
different data types.

37 By: JMI 38 By: JMI

POLYMORPHISM – in Python POLYMORPHISM – in PYTHON

In the above program, we defined two
classes Parrot and Penguin. Each of them
have a common fly() method. However,
their functions are different.
Note: To use polymorphism, we created a
A Deer IS-A Animal common interface i.e flying_test()
the Deer class is
A Deer IS-A Vegetarian considered to be function that takes any object and calls
A Deer IS-A Deer polymorphic since this the object's fly() method. Thus, when we
has multiple inheritance passed the blu and peggy objects in the
flying_test() function, it ran effectively.
If we apply the reference variable facts to a Deer object
Therefore,
reference, the following declarations are legal :
Polymorphism is an ability (in OOP) to use a common interface for
All the reference variables multiple forms (data types).
d, a, v, o refer to the same Deer Suppose, we need to color a shape, there are multiple shape options
object (rectangle, square, circle). However we could use the same method to
color any shape. This concept is called Polymorphism.

39 By: JMI 40 By: JMI

ECE106 - Computer Programming

Prepared by: Engr. JEANNE M. IMBUIDO 10

PROGRAMMING CONCEPTS
Re-usability
The ability to reuse code
for multiple applications.
If a programmer has
already written a power
function, then it should
be written that any
program can make a call
to that function and it
should work exactly the
same.
UML Definition and Usage
 UML stands for:
Unified Modeling Language
 UML helps in facilitating:
– Specification
– Visualization
– Architecture Design
– Construction
– Simulation and Testing
– Documentation
ECE106 - Computer Programming
Prepared by: Engr. JEANNE M. IMBUIDO
Week 2-3 (Jan.23-Feb4, 2023)
Privacy Documentation
This is important for The commenting of a
large programs and program in mark up that
UNIFIED MODELING
preventing loss of data. will not be converted to
machine code. This mark
up can be as long as the
LANGUAGE (UML)
programmer wants, and
allows for comprehensive
information to be passed
on to new programmers.
This is important for both
the re-usability and the
maintainability of
programs.
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UML CLASS DIAGRAM
 A model helps getting an What is a Class Diagram?
abstract idea of the objects the  A Class Diagram is a type of UML diagram describing the structure of a system.
software product consists of  It is the main building block of Object Oriented Programming, use in general
and their interactions – Employ Concept Modeling, Detailed Modeling and Programming Code
information hiding in the model  Show the object classes in the system and the relationships between these
 Model’s point of view is classes
important to determine the  It consists the :
final shape of the diagram and • Classes
the necessary information to • Attributes
be included
• Operations (or methods),
• Relationships among the classes.
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 Week 2-3 (Jan.23-Feb4, 2023)

CLASSES in UML CLASSES in UML

How Do We Represent the Classes in the class diagram?

What is a ClassES?
 A class is a description of a set of
objects that share the same
attributes, operations, relationships,
and semantics.
 Graphically, a class is rendered as a
rectangle, usually including its Class
name (topmost), attributes (Middle),
and operations/methods (Bottom) in
separate, designated compartments.

45 By: JMI 46 By: JMI

CLASSES (Name) CLASSES (attributes)

 A class attribute is a named property of

 The class name is the only required tag
in the graphical representation of a
class. It always appears in the top-most
compartment.
a class that describes the object being
modeled. In the class diagram,
attributes appear in the second
compartment just below the name-
compartment.

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ECE106 - Computer Programming

Prepared by: Engr. JEANNE M. IMBUIDO 12

CLASSES (attributes)
 Attributes are usually listed in the form:
attributeName : Type
 A derived attribute is one that can be
computed from other attributes, but
doesn’t actually exist.
For example, a Person’s age can be
computed from his birth date. A derived
attribute is designated by a preceding ‘/’ as
in:
/ age : Date
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CLASSES (Operation)
 Operations
- describe the class behavior
and appear in the third compartment.
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ECE106 - Computer Programming
Prepared by: Engr. JEANNE M. IMBUIDO
Week 2-3 (Jan.23-Feb4, 2023)
CLASSES (attributes)
 Attributes can be:
+ indicates public attributes/methods
# indicates protected attributes/methods
- indicates private attributes/methods
/ indicates derived attributes/methods
• Public : visible to all elements that can access the
contents of the namespace that owns it
• Private: only visible inside the namespace that owns it
• Protected: visible to elements that have a generalization
relationship to the namespace that owns it
By: JMI 50 By: JMI
3 Kinds of Relationships in UML
 In UML, object interconnections (logical or physical), are
modeled as relationships.
 There are three kinds of relationships in UML:
• Dependencies
• Generalizations
• Associations
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CLASSES CLASSES

Dependency Relationships Generalization Relationships

 Dependency indicates a semantic relationship between two or more
elements. The dependency from CourseSchedule to Course exists
because Course is used in both the add and remove operations of
CourseSchedule.
 A generalization connects a subclass to
its superclass. It denotes an inheritance
of attributes and behavior from the
superclass to the subclass and indicates
a specialization in the subclass of the
more general superclass.

53 By: JMI 54 By: JMI

CLASSES CLASSES

Generalization Relationships Association Relationships

 UML permits a class to inherit from multiple superclasses, although some  If two classes in a model need to communicate with each other, there
programming languages (e.g., Java) do not permit multiple inheritance. must be link between them.
 An association denotes that link.

55 By: JMI 56 By: JMI

ECE106 - Computer Programming

Prepared by: Engr. JEANNE M. IMBUIDO 14
 Week 2-3 (Jan.23-Feb4, 2023)

CLASSES ENUMERATION

Association Relationships  An enumeration is a user-defined data type that consists of a name and an
 We can indicate the multiplicity of an association by adding multiplicity ordered list of enumeration literals.
adornments to the line denoting the association.

57 By: JMI 58 By: JMI

Thanks!

any
questions
?
You can directly message me at my FB Account:
jeanne macapagal imbuido
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ECE106 - Computer Programming

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