School of Arts and Science (SAS)

Math & natural sciences department

Name: Mahmoud Khalifa

ID: 2019004090

Course Code: PHYS111

Lab section: 4

Exp. (2)

Vectors addition

Date: 23 / 9 / 2019

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 1. Abstract (summary) (1/4 mark):
Finding the resultant vector experimentally, graphically and analytically from adding two
vectors at part 1 and from adding three vectors at part 2, and we used some trigonometric laws
to calculate the angle and the magnitude of the vector .

2. Objective (The purpose of the experiments) (1/4 mark):

Finding the resultant vector of two and three vectors and the angle between these vectors.

3. Background (Theory) (1/4 mark):

Experimentally: this what we start to do in the expermint we used the force table and we
represention some threads as vectors, then we put them to the angle that we determined it and
start to load some masses on the threads and the masses represented as the vector
magnitude, then we move and load masses to the thread that we presented as resultant vector
untill the ring become at the middle of the nail that in the middle of the force table.

Graphically: we made a scale to graph all vectors to get the resultant vector by measuring it
by a Ruler from the graph as centimeters then transfeer it to force again by using the scale.

Analytically: we used trigonometric laws to find the resultant vectors, find the angle and to
determine x and y components and these are the the theories and laws that we used to
calculate:
↓↓
If we have vector (a) and vector (b) and there is an angle between them, so the reaultant
vector will equal to the addition between vector (a) and vector (b) ( R = a + b ) , so to add
them we should analyse the two vectors to x components and y components, then we add x
components to each other, and y components to each other , then we will use this formula
√ 2 2
∑ F x +∑ F y to get the value of the resultant vector, and to find the angle we will use this
formula θ=tan−1(
∑ F y ).
∑ Fx
F=mg  that the force of the vectors that we did in the experiment, equal to the mass multiply
by the gravity of the Earth and it is constant value and g=9.8.

√∑ F x
2
+∑ F y
2  we use this formula to find the value of the resultant vector , ∑ F x it is the
sum of x components of the vector ,and ∑ F y it is the sum of y components of the vector.

cosθ for x components and sinθ for y components

−1 ∑ F y )  we have used this formula to find the angle of the resultant vector.
θ=tan (
∑ Fx
4. Method (procedure) (1/4 mark):
1.We represent vectors as threads and put each thread on the the angle that we determined it
also we load the magnitudes as masses and put masses on the resultant vector and move it
also; to see the angle and how many masses untill the ring centralize in the middle of the nail.

2. We graph the vectors and use a scale to transfeer forces into centimeters, then we draw a
vector from the first point untill the end point, then we measured it and transfeer it to force
again.

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3. We calculate the magnitude of vectors by using trigonometric laws to get the x and y
components and add them to each other to find the sum of x and y to calculate the reslutant
√
vectors by using pythagoras law F R = ∑ F x + ∑ F y and finding the angle by using θ=tan −1(
2 2

∑ F y ).
∑ Fx
4. Then we prepare the force table by adding another vector and change the angle and the
masses that we have loaded on threads of the old vectors to new three vectors with different
angles and magnitudes.

5. We start to calculate the resultant vector expermintally ,graphically and analytically again but
with three vectors not two.

5. Data collection and calculations (5 marks):

Part 1 : Two vectors

 Expermentally:
Mass ( kg ) Force ( N ) (F=mg) Direction (θ)
M 1=0.100 0.100 x 9.8 = 0.98 θ=20 °
M 2=0.200 0.200 x 9.8 = 1.96 θ=90 °
M E =0.270 0.270 x 9.8 = 2.65 θ=253 °
M R =0.270 0.270 x 9.8 = 2.65 θ=68 °

 Graph:

Scale > 0.49N = 1 cm

 Grapphically ( Geometric solution ):

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 Mass ( kg ) Force ( N ) / (F=mg) Direction (θ)
M 1=0.100 0.100 x 9.8 = 0.98 θ=20 °
M 2=0.200 0.200 x 9.8 = 1.96 θ=90 °
Resultant force = 5 cm θ R = 68
5cm x 0.49 = 2.45 N

 Analytically (algebraic solution ):

Mass ( kg ) Force ( N ) Direction (θ) x−¿ Comp y−¿Comp
M 1=0.100 F 1=0.98 θ=20 ° 0.92 N 0.34 N
M 2=0.200 F 2=1.96 θ=90 ° 0N 1.96 N
Resultant force θ R = 68.19° ∑ F x=0.92 N ∑ F y =2.3 N
= 2.48

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Part 2 : Three vectors

 Experimentally
Mass ( kg ) Force ( N ) / (F=mg) Direction (θ )
M 3 = 0.150 F 3 = 1.47 N θ3 = 30°
M 4 = 0.200 F 4 = 1.96 N θ 4 = 100°
M 5 = 0.100 F 5 = 0.98 N θ5 = 145°
M E = 0.340 F E = 3.332 N θ E = 268°
M R = 0.340 F R = 3.332 N θ R = 85°

 Graph:

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Scale > 0.49N = 1 cm
 Grapphically ( Geometric solution ):
Mass ( kg ) Force ( N ) / (F=mg) Direction (θ )
M 3=0.150 F 3 = 1.47 N θ3 = 30°
M 4 =0.200 F 4 = 1.96 N θ 4 = 100°
M 5=0.100 F 5 = 0.98 N θ5 = 145°
Resultant force = 6.5cm θ R = 86°
6.5 x 0.49 = 3.185

 Analytically (algebraic solution ):

Mass ( kg ) Force ( N ) Direction (θ) x−¿ Comp y−¿Comp
M 3 = 0.150 F 3 = 1.47 N θ3 = 30° 1.27 N 0.735 N
M 4 = 0.200 F 4 = 1.96 N θ 4 = 100° -0.34 N 1.93 N
M 5 = 0.100 F 5 = 0.98 N θ5 = 145° -0.80 N 0.56 N
F R = 3.22 N θ R=87.69° ∑ F x=0.13 N ∑ F y =3.225 N
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6. Data Analysis (Discussion of the Results) (1 marks):

We found that the three ways of determination the magnitude of vectors will be near equal
because expermintally and graphically depends on human measurement ,so you should
consider the human errors ,but the most accurate magnitude is the analytically one because
you will use constant trigonometric laws and theories and then substitute in the laws and
calculate the value of the anlge and the magnitude of vectors. Also, the three vectors will have
the same three ways ,but you will do more calculations and methods because you will add
third vector and you have chnged all the angles and masses. Furthermore, our data not very
accurate ,but it is near to the exact and correct value.

7. Conclusion (1 marks) :
Now we know that we can find the magnitude of any vector by three methods experimentally,
graphically and analytically and how we can determine the values of vectors by this three
ways.
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