CA 1 ME217

Anatomy

1. Which structure is present in the thick skin of the palm?

a. Arrector pilli muscles
b. Hair follicles
c. Sweat glands
d. Sebaceous glands

2. The part labelled as “A” in the organ below is located in which anatomic region abdomen?
A – liver
a. Right lumbar
b. Right iliac fossa
c. Epigastrium
d. Right hypochondrium

3. In a histology practical session you are asked to view the distal convoluted tubules of the
kidneys that is already focused under the microscope. Which epithelia are you viewing here?
a. Simple columnar
b. Simpler cuboidal
c. Simple squamous
d. Stratified squamous

4. A 7-year-old boy presents with high fever and pain during swallowing. There are swollen lymph
nodes in the neck. The doctor also notices an inflammation of two oval-shaped pads of tissue
with white exudates at the back of his throat. What are the two inflamed structures in this boy?
a. Adenoids
b. Lymphoid nodules of lingual tonsil
c. Palatine tonsils
d. Tubal tonsils

5. Which structure is the part of the outer fibrous layer of the eyeball?
a. Cornea
b. Iris
c. Lens
d. Retina

6. Which rib corresponds to the inferior border of the lung at the midclavicular line?
a. 5th
 b. 6th
c. 7th
d. 8th

7. Which part of the nephron lies in the medulla of the kidney?

a. Distal convoluted tubules
b. Glomeruli
c. Loop of henle
d. Proximal convoluted tubules

8. Which part of the brain lies posterior to the fourth ventricle?

a. Cerebellum
b. Midbrain
c. Medulla oblongata
d. Pons

9. Which artery rises from the arch of the aorta?

a. Left subclavian
b. Left coronary
c. Right common carotid
d. Right subclavian

10. Which structure detects the change of length of a muscle fiber?

a. Motor end plate
b. Muscle spindle
c. Sarcomere

11. Which muscle arrangement contributes to the maximum force of contraction?

a. Insertion away from the joint
b. Insertion closer to the joint
c. Muscle crossing the joint
d. Origin closer to the joint

12. Which factor determines the range of movement in a synovial joint?

a. Area of contact between the articular surfaces
b. Extent of the synovial membrane
c. Strength of the ligaments
d. Thickness of the capsule
13. Which is an example for a flat bone?
a. Humerus
b. Sternum
c. Trapezoid
d. Vertebra

14. Which movement is represented, if the fingers are spread away from the middle finger?
a. Abduction
b. Adduction
c. Supination
d. Opposition

15. How many mitotic divisions are needed for a single cell to make 32 daughter cells?
a. 5
b. 7
c. 16
d. 32

16. Why do patients suffering from chronic pancreatitis present with ________
a. The pancreas is not producing enough emulsifying agents
b. The pancreas is not producing enough enzymes
c. The pancreas is not producing enough hormones
d. The pancreas is not producing enough neutralizing agents

17. Deficiency of which enzymes would impair the body’s ability the most in producing glucose?
Ans: glucose-6-phosphatase

18. Duchenne muscular is a disorder caused by an X-linked recessive allele. A woman who is a
carrier for Duchenne muscular dystrophy marries a man who is normal. What is the possibility
that they will have a child with this disorder?
a. 0%
b. 25%
c. 50%
d. 100%

19. Which reaction is catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase?

Ans: formation of carbonic acid (H2CO2) from CO2 and H2O
 Biochemistry
20. Which of the following results in the increased breakdown of triglycerides in adipose cells under
starvation?
a. Hormone sensitive lipase is in the phosphorylated state
b. Increased supply of NADPH
c. Increased uptake of glucose
d. Lipoprotein lipase is in the active state

21. Which is the rate-limiting step in fatty acid biosynthesis?

a. Carboxylation of acetyl CoA to form malonyl CoA
b. Conversion of acetyl CoA to acetoacetyl CoA
c. Desaturation of palmitoyl CoA
d. Elongation of malonyl CoA to form palmitoyl CoA

22. Which lipoprotein is elevated in the serum of a patient with familial hypercholesterolemia?
a. Chylomicron
b. IDL
c. LDL
d. VLDL

23. A weight reduction drug contained a substance that uncouples the transfer of electrons through
the electron transport chain, to the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP. Which would be the most
likely substance contained in the drug?
a. 2,4-Dintrophenol
b. Antimycin A
c. Cyanide
d. Oligomycin

24. Which of the following is an example of post-transcriptional modification in eukaryotes?

a. Disulphide bond formation
b. Glycosylation
c. Phosphorylation
d. Splicing

25. Which of the following vitamin in required for the de novo synthesis of purine nucleotides?
a. Ascorbic acid
b. Folic acid
c. Niacin
d. Riboflavin
26. Which of the monosaccharides would enter the blood following consumption of a piece of cake
made from flour, milk and sucrose?
a. Glucose
b. Galactose and fructose
c. Galactose and glucose
d. Glucose, galactose and fructose

27. Which type of mutation occurs in the nucleotide sequence of the beta chain in sickle cell
anemia?
a. Frameshift
b. Missense
c. Nonsense
d. Deletion

28. Why a point mutation in a DNA might make a difference in the level of an enzyme’s activity?
a. It might exchange one serine codon for a different serine codon
b. It might exchange one stop codon for another stop codon
c. It might result in a chromosomal translocation
d. It might substitute an amino acid in the active site

29. In malarial zones of Africa, there are normal healthy people who are susceptible to the disease
but also others who are not affected by it. Which genetic event explains the resistance to
malaria?
a. A founder effect
b. A population bottleneck
c. Migration of population
d. Natural selection

30. Why are red blood cells not suitable for karyotyping?
a. They do not have nuclei
b. They are concave shaped
c. They are a source of infection
d. They are not tissue specific

31. Which enzyme is deficient in people diagnosed with phenylketonuria?

a. Phenylalanine hydroxylase
b. Phenylalanine oxidase
 c. Phenylalanine synthetase
d. Phenylalanine transferase

32. Which level of protein structure is found in the sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide
chain?
a. Primary
b. Secondary
c. Tertiary
d. Quaternary

33. In which organelles does glycosylation of proteins occur?

a. Golgi apparatus
b. Mitochondria
c. Nucleus
d. Rough ER

34. Skin lesion(pellagra) occur due to lack of a vitamin, maize is the major dietary staple.
a. Niacin
b. Cobalamin
c. Pyridoxine

35. In a country, the prevalence for corneal xerosis among the children under 6 years old was found
to be 0.01. Which of the following vitamins would need to be supplemented in a public health
intervention?
a. Vit A
b. Vit D
c. Vit E
d. Vit C

36. Which of the following is the main function of dietary fat?

a. Building blocks for nucleic acids
b. Maintaining body fluid balance
c. Main source of metabolic fluid
d. Supply of essential fatty acids

37. The increased conductance of which ion causes excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)?
a. Calcium
b. Chloride
 c. Potassium
d. Sodium

38. A young man is found to have high blood pressure. Laboratory investigation shows that there is
an increase in his red blood cell count. There is no other apparent abnormality. Which is the
most likely cause of his high blood pressure?
a. Decreased arterial partial pressure of oxygen
b. Increased blood viscosity
c. Increased plasma hydrogen ion concentration
d. Smaller vascular lumen size

39. Which blood cell count is lowered in dengue infection?

a. Erythrocytes
b. Monocytes
c. Neutrophils
d. Platelets

40. Which factor plays the most crucial role in has efficiency of the respiratory membrane under
physiological conditions?
a. Partial pressure difference of the gas across the membrane
b. Surface area of the membrane
c. Thickness of the membrane
d. Water solubility of the gas in the membrane

41. The motor unit comprises which two components?

a. A spinal nerve and the muscle cells it supplies
b. A motor neurone and the muscle cells it supplies
c. A motor neurone in the motor cortex and the muscle group it influences
d. The intergrating centre and the effector cells of a reflex arc

42. Which type of white blood cell is produced in high numbers in response to an acute allergic
reaction?
a. Eosinophil
b. Monocyte
c. Macrophage
d. Neutrophil
43. a. adaptation
b. convergence
c. divergence
d. inhibition

44. Which of the following is associated with repolarization phase of an action potential?
a. Potassium ions move out of the cell
b. Membrane potential gets hyperpolarized
c. Permeability to chloride ions decrease
d. Sodium channels are activated

45. During quiet inspiration,

a. Intrathoracic pressure becomes subatmospheric
b. Intrapulmonary pressure becomes subatmospheric
c. Intrapleural pressure increases
d. Transpulmonic pressure decreases

46. Which of the following regulates release of bile into small intestine?
a. Cholecystokinin
b. Gastrin
c. Gastric inhibitory peptide
d. Vasoactive intestinal peptide
47. A 50-year-old man suddenly died following a heart attack. The post mortem examination
revealed acute myocardial infarction. What is the most likely type of necrosis seen in the
myocardium of this man?
a. Caseous
b. Coagulative
c. Liquefactive
d. Fibrinoid

48. A 10 year old boy sustained a skin abrasion on his knees when he fell down while running. Two
days after the accident, the abraded skin is swollen, red and partly covered with purulent
exudate. Which cells are most likely to be seen in the exudate?
a. Macrophages
b. Lymphocytes
c. Neutrophils
d. Eosinophils

49. A 24 year old woman with a history of heavy and painful menstrual periods has been having
difficulty conceiving despite months of trying to become pregnant. An abdominal ultrasound
demonstrates a mass in the uterus which is presumed to be a leiomyoma. Which of the
following best describes this mass?
a. A benign tumour of smooth muscle origin
b. A benign tumour of surface epithelium
c. A malignant tumour of smooth muscle origin
d. A malignant tumour of skeletal muscle origin

50. Which is the most important factor in the pathogenesis of thrombosis?

a. Abnormal blood flow
b. Endothelial injury
c. Hypercoagulability
d. Ischemia

51. Which statement best describes the term hyperplasia?

a. It is a decrease in the size and function of a cell or organ
b. It is an increase in the size and function of individual cells
c. It is the enlargement of a tissue owing to an increase in the number of cells
d. It is a reversible change of one cell type into another cell type

52. A 35 year old woman underwent an abdominal hysterectomy. After discharge from the hospital,
she is followed up in the clinic for wound care. Her medications include antibiotics, Vit C
 supplements, steroids by inhalation and two iron tablets. Which medication is associated with
delayed wound healing?
a. Antibiotics
b. Iron tablets
c. Steroids
d. Vit C supplements

53. A 40 year old man presents with recurrent epigastric pain. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy
showed changes in esophageal mucosal epithelium from squamous to columnar cells. What is
the nature of cellular adaption?
a. Anaplasia
b. Aplasia
c. Dysplasia
d. Metaplasia

54. Which branch of medicine is related to understanding the mechanism of disease with
identification of structural and microscopic changes in tissues and organs?
a. Histology
b. Osteology
c. Pathology
d. Pharmacology

55. Which leucocyte provides the main defense against bacterial infection?
a. Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes
b. Eosinophils
c. Neutrophils
d. T-helper cells

56. What is the main role of cell-mediated immune response?

a. Elimination of intracellular microbes
b. Protection against parasitic worm infections
c. Production of pathogen-specific antibodies
d. Synthesis of anti-inflammatory cytokines

57. Which tumour suppressor gene is known as the “guardian of the genome”?
Ans: p53
58. Succinic acid dehydrogenase is the enzymes which catalyses the oxidation of succinic acid during
cell respiration. If malonic acid is added to the system, the rate of reaction is reduced. An
increased in the substrate concentration of succinic acid increases the rate of reaction again.
Using the info what might be deduced about the action of malonic acid?
a. It acts as a coenzyme
b. It decreases the pH of the system
c. It turns a permanent attachment in the active site of the enzyme
d. It has a similar molecular configuration to that of succinic acid

59. Which of the following distinguishes prophase 1 of meiosis from prophase of mitosis?
a. Chromosomes become visible
b. Homologous chromosomes pair up
c. Nuclear membrane breaks down
d. Formation of spindle fibers