Dr.

Shweta Chaure
Unit-1
Structure of Solids and its Characterization
Crystalline state, space lattice, lattice, basis and crystal
structure, unit cell and primitive cell, lattice parameters,
crystal systems in brief (cubic, monoclinic …Triclinic),
Miller indices, inter planer distance of lattice plane,
atomic radius (simple cubic, fcc, bcc), no. of atoms in
unit cell, coordination number, packing fraction, X-ray
diffraction: Bragg spectrometer, analysis of XRD spectra
for cubic system
Unit-2
Solid State Physics
Sommerfeld’s free electron theory, Density of states (1D,
2D, 3D), Nearly free electron theory, origin of band gap,
magnitude of band gap, classification of solids on the
basis of band theory, Fermi energy level, Fermi-Dirac
probability function, position of Fermi level in intrinsic
(with derivation), carrier concentration: intrinsic and
Extrinsic, semiconductor conductivity: intrinsic and
Extrinsic
Unit-3
Statistical Mechanics
Micro and macro states, basic postulate of statistical
mechanics, concept and types of ensembles, partition
function, Maxwell Boltzmann statistics (MBS), Bose
Einstein (BES) and Fermi Dirac statistics (FDS)
Unit-4
Statistical Thermodynamics
Laws of thermodynamics; zeroth, first, second and
third, statistical interpretation of basis thermodynamic
variables; pressure, work, energy, entropy, Helmholtz
free energy, Gibb’s free energy
Unit-5
Thermal properties of solids
Thermal vibrations, specific heat of solids, Dulong Petit
law, Einstein’s theory of specific heat, Debye’s theory of
specific heat: vibrational modes, density of vibrational
mode, Debye’s approximation
Unit-6
Magnetism and Superconductivity
Origin of magnetic moment, magnetization, Langevin’s
Theory of Diamagnetism and Paramagnetism,
Ferromagnetism, Curie Wiess law, Antiferromagnetism
and Ferrimagnetism Introduction to superconductivity,
Meissner effect, concepts of Cooper pair, Type-I and
Type-II superconductors, Josephson junction
Unit 1
Structure of Solids and its Characterization

Crystalline State
Solid State:
 Atoms are closely packed and voids between them are very
small
 Due to small voids, particle motion is limited to vibratory
motion
 Interparticle forces ate very large
 Large density
 Definite shape and volume
 Can maintain its shape and is only little affected by changes
in temperature and pressure.

Classification of Solids:
1) Crystalline Solids
2) Amorphous Solis
Classification of Solids:
1) Crystalline Solids
a) Polycrystalline
b) Single Crystalline
2) Amorphous Solids
Crystalline Solids:
 constituent particles possess a regular orderly arrangement
 Single crystals have long range order
 Polycrystalline materials are made up of grains of highly
ordered crystalline regions of irregular size and
orientation.
 eg Sodium chloride, Diamond, quartz etc
 Upon heating these types of crystals liqifies suddenly at
melting point and resumes regular geometrical shape on
cooling.
Amorphous Solids
 Constituent particles does not possess a regular
orderly arrangement
There is no long range regularity
 eg glass, plastics,rubber, protein etc
Does not possess sharp melting point and undergoes a
liquification over a broad range of temperature
Amorphous solids are also known as super liquids
because they possess disorderly arrangement like
liquids.
 Amorphous solids are isotropic: their properties such
as electrical and thermal conductivity, mechanical
strength and refractive index are same in all directions.
 Crystalline solids are anisotropic. The physical
properties of crystalline solids are different in different
directions.
 For many polycrystalline materials the grain
orientations are random
 Individual Grains are anisotropic
 even if the individual grains are anisotropic, the
property differences tend to average out and, overall,
the material is isotropic.
 When a material is formed, the grains are usually
distorted and elongated in one or more directions
which makes the material anisotropic.
 When the polycrystalline material is formed and if it is
preferentially oriented along one plane than others
then anisotropy can be introduced.
Space Lattice
 Space Lattice is defined as an infinite array of points in
three dimensions in which every point has
surroundings identical to that every other point in the
array.
 Lattice is a uniform arrangement of points in space.
 Structures of all crystals can be described in terms of
lattice..
Lattice Translation vector

 Consider two dimensional square array of points

 square array can be generated by repeated translation
of two vectors and
 Angle between a and b is ?????
 These vectors are known as fundamental translation
vectors
 the atomic arrangement looks the same in every
respect from any point when viewed in perpendicular
direction that lies on the plane of paper.
 Consider square lattice array
 From Point A ( distance of this
point from next point)
 Along East-----------
 Along North--------

 Along North-East-------

 Along North-North-East------

 the atomic arrangement looks

the same in every respect from
any point other point B
 Therefore it is called two
dimensional square lattice
 Lattice Translation vector
 Any space lattice can be defined with the help of
translational operations
 a translation is a geometric transformation that moves
every point of a figure or a space by the same distance in a
given direction.
 The Translation vector is defined in terms of two
translational vector

Here n and m are arbitrary integers and n and m can take all
values so that lattice can be extended infinitely.
 When the operation is applied to any lattice point ,
then the resulting point will be
 And if have identical surrounding in all respects with
original point , then the array of points is two
dimentional lattice.
 In Three Dimensional lattice translational vector can be
written as

 When the translational operation T is applied to any lattice

point r, then the resulting point is

 If r ‘ have the identical surroundings as point r, then the

array of points is three- dimensional lattice.
 If r ‘ is not identical with r for any arbitrary choice of n1 ,n2 ,
and n3 then vector a, b and c are not translational vectors.
Lattice Translation vector
 Lattice is defined by three fundamental translation
vectors “a”, “b” , “c” such that the atomic arrangement
looks the same in every respect when viewed from
point A as when viewed from point B
 The surrounding would remain unchanged if we
consider another point like B in the array
 An ideal crystal can be constructed by the infinite
repetition of identical structural units in space.
 The atomic arrangement in a crystal is called crystal
structure. And periodicity in the arrangement
generally varies in different directions.
 In the simplest crystals the structural unit is a single
atom eg in copper, gold, sodium metal etc.
 The structure of all crystals can be described in terms
of a lattice.
Crystal Structure, Basis and Lattice
 The group of atoms attached to every lattice point is
called “basis”
 Basis is attached to every lattice point
 Basis is structural unit of crystal and may consist of an
atom, an ion or a molecule.
 The number of atoms in basis may be one or more
than one.
 Lattice + Basis = Crystal Structure
Unit Cell and Primitive Cell
Unit Cell: The smallest identical building units, which
are repeated again and again in a three dimensional
space, building the solid crystalline structure are
called unit cell ( group of lattice points are selected
and repeated again and again)
Unit cell may be defined as a three dimensional group
of lattice points that generate the whole lattice by
translation or stacking
The shape and size of unit cell depends upon the
length of edges a,b,c and the angles ,β, γ at which
the edges of unit cells intersect with each other.
 Unit cell is the basic structural unit or building block
of crystal structure

Dimensions of Unit cell

Primitive Cell
 It is the smallest unit of volume of a crystal which
contains minimum number of atoms required to specify
the relative positions of all atoms in the crystal
 Primitive cell is a type of cell or unit cell and will fill all
space by the repetition of suitable crystal translation
operation
Primitive cell is minimum volume cell
There is always one lattice point per primitive cell
Unit cell may be primitive cell but all primitive cell need
not to be unit cell
Parameters of unit cell
Crystallographic axis:
The crystallographic axes are imaginary lines that we can draw within the crystal
lattice. These will define a coordinate system within the crystal.
They are line drawn parallel to lines of intersection of any three faces of the unit cell
which do not lie in the same plane. In figure below x, y and z are crystallographic
axis.
Interfacial angles:
The angles between three crystallographic axis, represented by ,β and γ
For cubic structure =β=γ=???
Primitives:
Primitives are three sides a, b and c of unit cell along X, Y and Z axis respectively.