Notes: Evolution as Genetic Change Natural selection can affect phenotypes in a population in 3 ways 1. Direct . higher fitness at of the curve than at the other + all phenotypes in the population shift towards * Example bird population where food becomes scarce "Birds with beaks gather food and survive & reproduce Average beak size of the population & shifts right ‘snew graph shifts in the of higher fitness 2. Stabilizing Selection Higher fitness at the ofthe curve b. Middle Stays c. Ends get 4. Example: birth weight of human babies i. Smaller than average babies = ___likely to be healthy ii, Larger than average babies = likely to be healthy fe. New graph shifts toward middle and is 3. Disruptive Selection a. Higher fitness at___ends of the curve b. Middle phenotype in frequency paese pt te c. Example: large seeds and small seeds become more common and there are few medium seeds i, Both birds with beaks and beaks are best adapted to eat those seeds ii, Can result in___ subgroups 4. New graphis in the middle.Genetic Drift ° change in allele frequency > Happens by > Not and happens in © Bottleneck Effect > Alange percentage of a population is___or prevented from__ > genetic drift > Event in which the population is > Example: Northern Elephant Seals © Bottleneck Event © Population decreased to__ seals & now have _ seals with reduced ¢ Founder Effect > Example: The cocklebur *main population has lots of. +a__hitch a ride and starta new __ sthey are the __and their. gives rise to new __ > Arypecf. _ > Afera breaks away to form a new population > Example: Amish community in Pennsylvania with Ellis-von Creveld Syndrome © high numbers of ____fingers & toes, abnormal, hole in © Founders = © Chance events = __ _ a Evolution versus Genetic Equilibrium © Genetic Equilibrium - Wien allolo frequencis ina population © Hardy-Weinberg principle - says allele frequencies in a population will remain —_ tu. 1) Random Mating = Everyone gets an_ 2) Large Population = Less effect of 3) NoMovement Ingo orOut ofthe Population=No_____-Keep_ separate 4) NoMutation = No____ alleles in the population 5].No Natural Selection = All genotypes have equal No for anyone (don't change) if $ things are chance to pass on alleles mate selecting