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University of MakatiUniversity Student CouncilHigher School ng UMakHSU - SSGHerons

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General Mathematics
CFN

K1210827

Course Code

Core Subject 8

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Lesson 1: Functions as Models

Functions as representation of Real-Life Situations

Piecewise Functions

Evaluating Functions


 Operation on Functions

Composition of functions

Lesson 2: Rational Functions

Representing Real-Life Situations Using Rational Numbers

Distinguishing Rational Function, Rational Equation, and Rational Inequality

Solving Rational Equations and Inequalities

Lesson 3: Intercepts, Zeroes, and Asymptotes of Rational Functions

Graphing of Rational Functions

 

Lesson 4 and 5: Inverse Functions, Exponential Functions

Inverse Functions

Exponential Functions, Equation, and Inequalities

Representing Real-Life Situations Using Exponential Functions

Lesson 1: Functions as Models

After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. identify functions, relations, ordered pairs, domain, and range;
2. determine whether the given graphs and set of ordered pairs is a function or not;
3. representing real-life situations on functions and piece-wise functions;
4. evaluating of functions and piecewise function;
5. perform an operation of functions;
6. perform composition of functions; and
7. solving problems involving functions.
The table shows how relations and functions are the same and how they are different.
Relations Functions

A relation is a rule that relates values from a set of A function is a relation where an element in the
values (called the domain) to the second set of domain is related to only one in the range by some
values (called range). rule.

A function is a set of ordered pairs (x, y) such that

A relation is a set of ordered pairs (x, y). no two ordered pairs have the same x-value but
different y-values.
Function Notation
Example: f(x)=3x+1f(x)=3x+1
ff = name of function (f of x)
xx = input (domain)
3x+13x+1 = output (range)
The pairing of the student number and his corresponding grades in Mathematics is a
relation and can be written as a set of ordered-pair numbers.
The set of all first elements is called the domain or input of the relation.
The set of second elements is called the range or output of the relation.
R = {(1, 85), (2, 80), (3, 88), (4, 83)}
The domain of A= {1, 2, 3, 4}
The range of B = {88, 80, 88, 83}
A function is a relation where each element in the domain (input) is related to only one value
in the range (output) by some rule.
A function is a set of ordered pairs (x, y), such that no two ordered pairs have the same x-
value but different y-values. Using functional notation, we write f(x) = y, read as “f of x is
equal to y”. In particular, if (1,2) is an ordered pair associated with the function f, then we
say that f(2) = 1’
Examples: Determine whether the following are functions or not
 f = {(1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 4), (4, 5)}
 g = {(1, 3), (0, 3), (2, 1), (4, 2)}
 h = {(1, 6), (2, 5), (1, 9), (4, 3)}
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Solution
A relation and a function can be presented using the following:
1. Ordered Pairs Example
Functions Not Functions

f={(1,2),(-6,3), (0,7), (9,-8)(1,2), f = {(1,2),

(1,6), (0,7), (9,-8)(1,2),(1,6),
(−6,3),(0,7),(9,−8)} (0,7),(9,−8)}

g = {(0,-1), (2,2),
(-8,4), (7,0)(0,−1), g = {(3,4),
(2,7), (3,5), (1,2)(3,4),(2,7),
(2,2),(−8,4),(7,0)} (3,5),(1,2)}

h = {(-7,0),
(10,5), (8,-2), (-2,7)(−7,0), h = {(-7,0), (10,5), (-7,-2), (-2,0)(−7,0),
(10,5),(8,−2),(−2,7)} (10,5),(−7,−2),(−2,0)}

It is not a function if the x value is repeated

Functions and relations as an ordered pair
Which of the following relations are functions?
 1. ff = {(-1,2),(3,-9),(5,4),(6,1)(−1,2),(3,−9),(5,4),(6,1)}
Function, many-to-one
2. gg = {(2,8),(2,7),(-7,5),(-4,6)(2,8),(2,7),(−7,5),(−4,6)}
Not Function, one-to-many
3. hh = {(-9,8),(5,9),(4,-6),(5,4)(−9,8),(5,9),(4,−6),(5,4)}
Not Function
4. ii = {(3,7),(5,6),(3,0),(1,4)(3,7),(5,6),(3,0),(1,4)}
Not Function
5. jj = {(-1,2),(3,-9),(5,4),(6,1)(−1,2),(3,−9),(5,4),(6,1)}
Function
2. Functions and relations as a Mapping Diagram
3. Functions as a graph in the Cartesian Plane
The Vertical Line Test - A graph represents a function if and only if each vertical line
intersects the graph at most once.
Functions as representation of Real-Life Situations
Functions can be often be used to model real situations. Identifying an appropriate
functional model will lead to a better understanding of various phenomena.
Ex. Give a function CC that can represent the cost of buying jj meals, if one meal costs 40
pesos.
C(x)=40xC(x)=40x
Piecewise Functions
Some situations can only be described by more than one formula, depending on the value
of the independent variable.
A user is charged Php 300 monthly for a particular mobile plan, which includes 100 free text
messages. Messages in excess of 100 are parged Php 1 each. Represent the amount a
consumer pays each month as a function of the number of messages mm sent in a month.
a(m)a(m)={ 300300, if 0<m≤100; 300+m0<m≤100;300+m, if m>100m>100 }
A jeepney ride cost Php 9 for the first 4 kilometers, and each additional integer kilometer
adds Php 1.00 to the fare. Use a piecewise functions to represent the jeepney fare in terms
of the distance dd in kilometers
f(d)f(d)={ 99 if 0<m≤4; 9+d0<m≤4;9+d if d>4d>4 }
Evaluating Functions
1. f(x)=3x-2f(x)=3x−2
=3(1.5)-2=3(1.5)−2
4.5-24.5−2
Answer: 2.52.5
2. g(x)=3x^2-4xg(x)=3x2−4x
= 3(1.5)^2-4(1.5)3(1.5)2−4(1.5)
= 6.75-66.75−6
Answer: 0.750.75
3. h(x)={\sqrt{x+4}}h(x)=x+4
 = \sqrt{1.5+4}1.5+4
= {\sqrt{5.5}}5.5
Answer: 2.35
4. g(x)={2x+1\above{1pt}x+1}g(x)=x+12x+1
= {2(1.5)+1\above{1pt}(1.5)+1}(1.5)+12(1.5)+1
= {3+1\above{1pt}2.5}2.53+1
= {4\above{1pt}2.5}2.54
Answer: 1.61.6
5. f(x)=3x-2f(x)=3x−2 at x=2x+1x=2x+1
= 3(2x+1)-23(2x+1)−2
= 6x+3-26x+3−2
= 6x+16x+1
-6x=1−6x=1
{-6x\above{1pt}-6}={1\above{1pt}-6}−6−6x=−61
Answer: -{1\above{1pt}6}−61
6. f(d)=9.00+1.4d,d≥5;x=7f(d)=9.00+1.4d,d≥5;x=7
= 9.00+1.4(7)9.00+1.4(7)
= 9.00+9.89.00+9.8
Answer: 18.818.8
Operation on Functions
To perform an operation of functions is the same as performing operations of algebraic
expression.

(f+g)(x)=f(x)+g(x)\ or\ (f+g)(x)=f(x)+g(x)(f+g)(x)=f(x)+g(x) or (f+g)

Addition
(x)=f(x)+g(x)

(f-g)(x)=f(x)-g(x)\ or\ (f-g)(x)=f(x)-g(x)(f−g)(x)=f(x)−g(x) or (f−g)

Subtraction
(x)=f(x)−g(x)

(f⋅g)(x)=f(x)⋅g(x)\ or\ (f⋅g)(x)=f(x)⋅g(x)(f⋅g)(x)=f(x)⋅g(x) or (f⋅g)

Multiplication
(x)=f(x)⋅g(x)

(f/g)(x)=f(x)/g(x)\ or\ (f/g)(x)=f(x)/g(x)(f/g)(x)=f(x)/g(x) or (f/g)

Division
(x)=f(x)/g(x)

Given:
f(x)=x+3f(x)=x+3
p(x)=2x-7p(x)=2x−7
v(x)=x^2+5x+4v(x)=x2+5x+4
g(x)=x^2+2x-8g(x)=x2+2x−8
Addition
Equation Used: (f+g)(x)=f(x)+g(x)(f+g)(x)=f(x)+g(x) or (f+g)=f(x)+g(x)(f+g)=f(x)
+g(x)
(v+g)(x)=(x^2+5x+4)+(x^2+2x-8)(v+g)(x)=(x2+5x+4)+(x2+2x−8)
= x^2+x^2+5x+2x+4-8x2+x2+5x+2x+4−8
Answer = 2x^2+7x-42x2+7x−4
Subtraction
Equation Used: (f-g)(x)=f(x)-g(x)(f−g)(x)=f(x)−g(x) or (f-g)=f(x)-g(x)(f−g)=f(x)−g(x)
(p-f)(x)=(2x-7)-(x+3)(p−f)(x)=(2x−7)−(x+3)
= 2x-7-x-32x−7−x−3
= 2x-x-7-32x−x−7−3
Answer = x-10x−10
Multiplication
Equation Used: (f⋅g)(x)=f(x)⋅g(x)(f⋅g)(x)=f(x)⋅g(x) or (f⋅g)=f(x)⋅g(x)(f⋅g)=f(x)⋅g(x)
(f⋅p)(x)=(x+3)(2x-7)(f⋅p)(x)=(x+3)(2x−7)
= 2x^2-7x+6x-212x2−7x+6x−21
Answer = 2x^2-x-212x2−x−21
Division
Equation Used: {f(x)\above{1pt}g(x)}(x)={f(x)\above{1pt}g(x)}g(x)f(x)(x)=g(x)f(x) or
({f\above{1pt}g})={f(x)\above{1pt}g(x)}(gf)=g(x)f(x)
{v(x)\above{1pt}g(x)}(x)={x^2+5x+4\above{1pt}x^2+2x-8}g(x)v(x)
(x)=x2+2x−8x2+5x+4
= {(x+1)(x+4)\above{1pt}(x-2)(x+4)}(x−2)(x+4)(x+1)(x+4)
Answer = {(x+1)\above{1pt}(x-2)}(x−2)(x+1)
Composition of functions
The composite functions denoted by fºgfºg is defined by fºg (x) = f(g(x))fºg(x)=f(g(x)).
No need to find value of x

If f(x)=2x+1f(x)=2x+1 and g(x)=5x+3g(x)=5x+3, find (fºg)(x)(fºg)(x).

= 2(5x+3)+12(5x+3)+1
= 10x+6+110x+6+1
Answer: 10x+710x+7

Lesson 2: Rational Functions

After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. represent real life situations using rational functions;
2. distinguish rational function, rational equation, and rational inequality;
3. solve rational equations and inequalities; and
4. determine the; (a) domain, (b) range, (c) intercepts, (d) zeroes, and (e) asymptotes
of rational functions.
 5. define the intercepts of a Rational Function;
6. define the zeroes of a Rational Function;
7. define the asymptotes of a Rational Function; and
Representing Real-Life Situations Using Rational Numbers
Example 1. An object is to travel a distance of 10 meters. Express velocity vv as a function
of travel time tt, in seconds.
Example 2. Suppose that c(t)={5t\above{1pt}t^2+1}c(t)=t2+15t (in mg/mL) represents
that concentration of a drug in a patient's bloodstream tt hours after the drug was
administered. Construct a table of values of c(t)c(t) for t=1,2,5,10t=1,2,5,10. Round off
answers to three decimal places. Use the table to sketch a graph and interpret the results.
Example 3. The distance from Manila to Baguio is around 250 kilometers.
a. How long will it take you to get to Baguio if your average speed is 25 kilometers per
hour? 40 kilometers per hour? 50 kilometer per hour?
b. Construct a function, where is the speed of travel, that describes the time it takes to
drive from Manila to Baguio.
Example 4. Joseph can pour a concrete walkway in 6 hours working alone. Aldwin has
more experience and can pour the same walkway in 4 hours working alone. How long will it
take both people to pour the concrete walkway working together?
1. What is the hourly rate of Joseph? 1/6 concrete walkway per hour
2. What is the hourly rate of Aldwin? 1/4 concrete walkway per hour
3. What is the hourly rate of Joseph and Aldwin working together? 1/10 concrete
walkway per hour
4. Write the equation to determine the time will it take Joseph and Aldwin to pour the
concrete walkway working together? ______________________________
Distinguishing Rational Function, Rational Equation, and Rational Inequality
Definition: A polynomial function pp of degree nn in a function that can be written in the
form: p(x)=a_nx^n+a_{n-1}x^{n-1}+a_{n-2}x^{n-2}+... a_{n}x+a_0p(x)=an
xn+an−1xn−1+an−2xn−2+...anx+a0 where a_0,a_1,...,a_n∈R,a_n≠0a0,a1,...,an∈R,an=0
and nn is a positive integer.

a_0,a_1,a_2,a_3,...,a_na0,a1,a2,a3,...,an Numerical Coefficient

a_nan Leading Coefficient

a_nx^nanxn Leading Term

a_0a0 Constant Term

Rational function is a ratio of polynomial functions. If 𝒑 and 𝒒 are polynomial functions, then
r(x)=\frac{p(x)}{q(x)}r(x)=q(x)p(x) is a rational function. Since the denominator of a
fraction can never be equal to zero, the domain of 𝒓 is the set of all values of 𝒙 where
q(x)≠0q(x)=0.
Rational equations can be used to solve a variety of problems that involve rates, times and
work. Using rational expressions and equations can help us answer questions about how to
combine workers or machines to complete a job on schedule
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Examples
A rational equation is an equation that involves ratio of two polynomials.
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Examples
A rational inequality is an inequality that involves ratio of two polynomials. It uses inequality
symbols such as <,>,≥,≤,≠<,>,≥,≤,=.
‣
Examples
Solving Rational Equations and Inequalities
Steps on Solving Rational Equations
1. Eliminate denominators by multiplying each terms of the equation by the least
common denominator.
2. Solve the resulting equation.
Steps on Solving Rational Inequalities
1. Rewrite the inequality as a single rational expression in one side of the inequality
symbol and 0 on the other side.
2. Find the key or critical values. To find the key/critical values, set the numerator and
denominator of the fraction equal to zero and solve.
3. Make a sign analysis chart. To make a sign analysis chart, use the key/critical values
found in Step 2.
4. Write the solution in the interval notation.

Lesson 3: Intercepts, Zeroes, and Asymptotes of Rational Functions

After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. define and determine the intercepts of a Rational Function;
2. define and determine the zeroes of a Rational Function;
3. define and determine the asymptotes of a Rational Function; and
4. solve problems that involves rational function, equation, and inequalities.
Graphing of Rational Functions
1. To determine the domain of a rational function, find its excluded value by equating
the denominator to zero, then solve for x.
The domain of a function is the complete set of possible values of the independent
variable. It is the set of all possible x-values which will make the function work and
will output real y-values. When finding the domain, remember:
o the denominator of a fraction cannot be zero
o the number inside the square root sign must be positive.
 2. To find the range, redefine the function by x in terms of y. Equate the denominator of
redefined function to zero, then solve for y in order to find the excluded value/s.
The range of a function is the complete set of all possible resulting values of the
dependent variable (y, usually), after we have substituted the domain. It is the
resulting y-values we get after substituting all the possible x-values.
3. Asymptotes
Let be f(x)={ax^n+...\above{1pt}bx^m+...}f(x)=bxm+...axn+..., any rational
function, where nn is the greatest exponent in the numerator and m in the
denominator, to find the asymptotes consider the following conditions:
a. The graph will have a vertical asymptote at x = ax=a if the denominator is
zero at x = ax=a and the numerator isn’t zero at x = ax=a.
b. If n < mn<m, then the x-axis is the horizontal asymptote or y = 0y=0.
If n = mn=m, then the line y=\frac a by=ba is the horizontal asymptote.
If n > mn>m, there will be no horizontal asymptotes (slanting asymptote)
4. Intercepts
o To determine the x-intercept, set your ordinate to 0 and solve for x. It is the
value of x that makes the function zero.
o To determine the y-intercept, set your abscissa to 0 and solve for y. It is the
value of y when x=0x=0.
Example: Determine the x and y-intercept of the f(x)={2x+1\
above{1pt}3x-4}f(x)=3x−42x+1
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x-intercept

‣
y-intercept
5. Zeroes
To determine the zeroes, simply follow the steps in solving for the x-intercepts. In
some cases, not all x-solutions are zeroes nor x-intercepts. They are known as
HOLES. These happens if the input value of x causes both the numerator and the
denominator equal to 0.
Example: In the function f(x)={(x-1)(x+2)\above{1pt}x-1}f(x)=x−1(x−1)(x+2), you
might say that the zeroes of the function are x = 1x=1 and x = - 2x=−2, yet, if we
substitute 1 to the x in the numerator and denominator, it will make the expressions
0. Thus, x = -2x=−2 is the only zero and x = 1x=1 is a hole in the graph.

Lesson 4 and 5: Inverse Functions, Exponential Functions

After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. represent real-life situations using one-to-one functions;
2. determine the inverse of a one-to-one functions;
3. represent an inverse function through its:
 1. table of values, and
2. graph;
4. find the domain and range of an inverse function; and identify the horizontal line test.
5. solve problems involving inverse functions;
6. represent real-life situations using exponential functions; and
7. distinguish among exponential functions, exponential equations, and exponential
inequalities.
Inverse Functions
Definition of an Inverse Function. Let f be a one-to-one function with domain A and range
B. Then the inverse of f, denoted by f^{-1}f−1, is a function with domain B and range A
defined by 𝑓^−1(𝑦)=𝑥f−1(y)=x if and only if 𝑓(𝑥)= yf(x)=y for any y in B.
The function f is one-to-one if for any x_1x1, x_2x2, in the domain of ff, then f (x) ≠ f
(x_2)f(x)=f(x2), That is, the same y-value is never paired with two different x-values. If a
relation is given as an equation, and the substitution of any value for x results in one and
only one value for y, then the relation is a function. A function has an inverse function if and
only if it is one-to-one. Suggested Steps in finding the inverse of a one-to-one function
“Variable Interchange Technique”
To determine the inverse of a function from its equation
In light of the definition, the inverse of a one-to-one function can be interpreted as the same
function but in the opposite direction, that is, it is a function from a y-value back to its
corresponding x-value. To find the inverse of a one-to-one function:
Step 1. Write the function in the form of y=f(x)y=f(x)
Step 2. Interchange the x and y variables
Step 3. Solve for y in terms of x
We can apply the concepts of inverse functions in solving word problems involving
reversible processes. It is essential for us to understand the problem and to know what is
being asked for us to be able to construct a mathematical model. It would be helpful if we
can also visualize inverse functions as two machines that undo each other.
In constructing inverse functions in problem solving, one may opt to use the “variable
interchange technique”, but, in other cases where variables denote specific meaning and
values, we may just “solve for the other variable” to avoid confusion.
Example 1. Find the inverse of f(x)=3x+1f(x)=3x+1
‣
Solution

Example 2. Find the inverse of g(x) = x^3 – 2g(x)=x3–2.

‣
Solution

Example 3. Find the inverse of the rational function f(x) = \frac{2𝑥+1}

{3𝑥−4}f(x)=3x−42x+1.
‣
Solution
A function has an inverse if and only if it is one-to-one. As shown earlier, “inverting” the
x and y values of a function result in a function if and only if the original function is one-to-
one
Property of an inverse of a one-to-one function. Given one-to-one function f(x)f(x) and
its inverse f’(x)f’(x). Then the following are true:
a. The inverse of f^1(x)f1(x) is f(x)f(x)
b. f(f^1(x))=xf(f1(x))=x for all x in the domain of f^1f1.
c. $$f^1(f(x))=x for all x in the domain of ff.
We can apply the concepts of inverse functions in solving word problems involving
reversible processes.
It is essential for us to understand the problem and to know what is being asked for us to be
able to construct a mathematical model.
It would be helpful if we can also visualize inverse functions as two machines that undo
each other.
In constructing inverse functions in problem solving, one may opt to use the “variable
interchange technique”, but, in other cases where variables denote specific meaning and
values, we may just “solve for the other variable” to avoid confusion.
Exponential Functions, Equation, and Inequalities
An exponential expression is an expression of the form a\ •\ b^{x−c}+da • bx−c+d, where
b>0,\ b≠1b>0, b=1.
The definitions of exponential equations, inequalities, and functions are shown below.
Exponential functions are used to model real-life situations, such as population growth,
radioactive decay, carbon dating, growth of an epidemic, loan interest rates, and
investments. It illustrates rapid increase or decrease of a certain variable.
In representing real-life situations using exponential functions, it is important for us to check
emerging patterns for us to construct the model that represents the relationship between the
two variables involved.
Exponential Equation Exponential Inequality Exponential Function

Function of the form

An equation involving An inequality involving exponential
Definition f(x)= 𝑏𝑥, where b>0,
exponential expressions expressions
b≠1

f(x)= 3^xf(x)=3x or
Example 4^{x−1}=164x−1=16 3^{2x}−3^{x+1}≤032x−3x+1≤0
y= 3^xy=3x

Representing Real-Life Situations Using Exponential Functions

A function is a relation where each element in the domain is related to only one value in
the range by some rule.
The elements of the domain can be imagined as input to a machine that applies a rule so
that each input corresponds to only 1 output.
Function notation y=f(x)y=f(x)
Exponential functions occur in various in real-world situations. Exponential functions are
used to model real-life situations, such as population growth, radioactive decay, carbon
dating, growth of an epidemic, loan interest rates, and investments.
Let us have the formal definition of an exponential function.
An exponential function with base b is a function of the form 𝑦=𝑏𝑥y=bx or
f(x)=𝑏𝑥f(x)=bx, where b>0b>0, b≠1b=1, and the variable x can be any real number,
x\ ε\ \Rx ε R.
Some of the most common applications in real-life situations and their transformations are
population growth (illustrates exponential growth), exponential decay, and compound
interest.
a. Population Growth - On several instances, scientists start with a certain number of
bacteria or animals and watch how the population grow. For example, if the
population doubles every 3 days, this can be represented as an exponential function.
Example 1: Let t = time in hours. At t=0, there were initially 25 bacteria. Suppose
that the bacteria double every 100 hours. Give an exponential model for the number
of bacteria as a function of t.
‣
Solution
b. Exponential Decay - Radioactive substances are atoms that decay naturally. The
half-life of a radioactive substance is the time it takes for half of the substance decay.
Example 2. The half-life of a radioactive substance is the amount of the time it takes
for half of the substance to decay. Suppose the half-life of a certain radioactive
substance is 10 days, and there are 100 grams initially.
a. Give an exponential model for the Amount of radioactive substance as a
function of t.
b. Determine the amount of substance remaining after 30 days.
‣
Solution
c. Compound interest will be discussed in more depth in the later module of Grade 11
covering Business Mathematics. For now, let us have in mind that an amount that a
principal that earns an interest compounded annually means that it earns interest
every year.
Example 3. Mrs. De la Cruz invested P100, 000.00 in a company that offers 6%
interest compounded annually. a) Construct an exponential model for the worth of
Investment as a function of t.
‣
Solution

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