ASSIGNMENT: ASSIGNMENT 1

FACULTY: FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT: MECHATRONIC ENGINEERING

PRACTICAL: APPLIED MECHANICS PRACTICAL (GET 221)

NAME: ALBARA JEDIDIAH

ID NUMBER: 211605021

LEVEL: 200 LEVEL

INSTRUCTOR: ENGR. DAKUT JOHN

DATE: 11TH NOVEMBER 2022

2022/2023
ASSIGNMENT

1. Explain the procedure used in carrying out a parallel force experiment

2. List and explain 20 apparatus used in applied mechanics lab.
3.
ANSWERS

The experiment shows that, when several parallel forces are in equilibrium;
the sum of forces in one direction is equal to the sum of the forces in the
opposite direction.
A metre rule is weighed and then suspended by vertical threads attached to
two spring balances held by clamp and stand. Two weights are attached a
s shown so that one exerts an upward and the other a downward pull on th
e rule. Lastly, the spring balances are raised or lowered as necessary to bri
ng the rule into a horizontal position.
We shall assume, for the time being, that the force of gravity on the rule its
elf acts downwards through its centre. In this case the centre of the rule is
also its centre of gravity. Furthermore, as the rule is in equilibrium, there is
no resultant moment acting which would cause it to turn about any point. T
his may be verified by working out the moments of the forces about any po
int we choose and showing that the sum of the anticlockwise moments is e
qual to the sum of the clockwise moments.
List of Apparatus

a) Crank And Connecting Rod

Fig 2. Crank And Connecting Rod [1]

In contrast to a typical crank mechanism, the crank slider produces a
stroke action that is entirely harmonic. Pure harmonic stroke movements
can be created and studied with the unit. The experimental unit consists
of a fixed cylinder, a connecting rod, and a revolving crank disk. On one
side, a crank connects the connecting rod to the crank disk. The crank
radius can be changed in three different ways by moving the crank on
the crank disk. The connecting rod is attached to the fixed cylinder at
the other end.

b) Winch Cab Single Purchase Apparatus

Fig 3 A Winch Cab Single Purchase Apparatus [1]

The grooved wheel is measuring 25 cm. The dial and gears are machine
cut.
Winch crab single purchase- They are fitted with heavy cast iron wall bra
ckets.
Winch crab Double purchase- It is the same as above but with double se
t of gearing arrangement.

c) Four Bar Chain Apparatus

Fig 4 A Four Bar Chain Apparatus [1]

Four-bar links are used to change a continuous uniform rotation into an
oscillating or non-uniform rotation. To precisely measure the input
angle, the device incorporates a disc with an angular scale. On the disc,
the crank pin can be found at various radii. A four-bar pivot gear is a
four-joint link. It alters rotational motion to oscillate.

d) Youngs Modulus Apparatus

Fig 5 Young Modulus Apparatus [1]
Establish the connection between the strain that results from the load
placed on the wire. Consists of a brass scale that has been engraved
with vernier readings down to 0.1 mm. With tension weights included, It
consists of a moving vernier that can read with an accuracy of 0.1 mm
and a scale plate with a scale from 0 to 30 mm. Both contain hooks for
tension weights and weights and rods with wire clamping screws.

e) Friction Slide Apparatus

Fig 6 A friction slide Apparatus [1]

The small bench top unit comprises non-slip feet, a robust base plate m
ade of aluminum, and a center vertical pillar. A ground steel plane that p
ivots on this base can be fixed in any angle between 45°, as shown on a
semicircular protractor scale. There are two composite slider trays includ
ed. One pair is constructed of steel and aluminum, and the other is of ny
lon and brass. To test one of the other, you simply flip the trays over. As
each tray is used, a weight hook is attached to it, and weights are added
until the tray just starts to move. Additionally, the sliding trays enable th
e addition of extra weight, which alters the experimental parameters.
While passing over a pulley and bearing, the hanger cord raises the tray
up the sloping steel plane. The bearing minimizes friction to guarantee p
recise results.
f) Cantilever Beam Apparatus
Fig 7. A Cantilever Beam Apparatus [1]
With the aid of this device, it is possible to measure the vertical and
horizontal deflections of a test specimen's free end when it is loaded
perpendicular to the principal axis or at a specific angle.

g) Universal Joint Apparatus

Fig 8. A Universal Joint Apparatus [1]

The table model illustrates how angular motion is transmitted to joint
shafts, the gimbal error that results from this, and how couplings can be
used to correct the problem. Two couplings make up the model, which is
joined by a split middle shaft. Both joints' deflection angles can be
independently regulated and displayed on the scales. The hand wheel is
turned to provide drive.

h) Worm And Wheel Apparatus

Fig 9 A Worm and Wheel Apparatus [1]
Worm wheels are standalone, all-metal devices that assist demonstrate
how worms and wheels work and function. The tool is made up of a
machine-cut worm gear with a 25 cm diameter that holds a 12 cm metal
drum in place and a machine-cut worm mounted on a steel spindle that
holds a 12 cm pulley in place. Cast iron, wall-mountable brackets are
used to support the entire artwork. Worm gears come with ropes,
hooks, and pulleys but not weights.

i) Bifilar And Trifilar Apparatus

Fig. 10 Bifilar and Trifilar Apparatus [1]

The pendulum body is hung over two threads in a bifilar suspension.
The pendulum body oscillates in a single, non-rotating transnational
plane. You could think of this form of pendulum as a mathematical
pendulum. The pendulum body is positioned in a torsional vibration
when suspended by a trifler suspension made of three threads. The
moment of inertia can be calculated experimentally using the torsional
vibration. Pendulum bodies might be a beam, a cylinder, or a ring. Using
clamping tools, the threads' length can be changed. The recorded
oscillation time can be used to compute the moments of inertia of the
pendulum body. The thread length can be changed to alter the
oscillation period.
j) Gear Train Model

Fig 11 Gear Train Model [1]

This device consists of a differential gear train with just spur gears as
individual gears. Essentially, it is a combination of two planetary gear
trains with coaxial sun gears. This mechanism performs similar duties to
the prior differential gear train. All spur gears are operating when the
mechanism is driven and both wheels are releasing their grip; however,
while holding the right wheel, the right sun gear will become fixed while
the other spur gears remain rotatable; similarly, while holding the left
wheel, the left sun gear will become fixed while the other spur gears
remain rotatable. This method can be used in situations where there are
two controlled inputs needed.

k) Link Polygon Apparatus

Fig 12 Link Polygon Apparatus [1]

In order to exert force simultaneously on one spot, it makes use of

weights, hooks, pulleys, and ropes. Additionally, the force can be
controlled so that it is not applied simultaneously to two spots. In order
to compare the measured force to its theoretical value, it is measured at
equilibrium. This kit teaches "bow notation" and the art of power
drawing.

l) Constant Velocity Joint

Fig 13. Constant Velocity Joint [1]

Through shifting balls, this apparatus illustrates the relative angular
motion between two intersecting shafts that is present in automotive
front drive shafts. Adjustable angles exist between the input and output
shafts.

m) Bending Moment Apparatus

Fig 14. A Bending Moment Apparatus [1]

A hinge connects the teak wood beam's long and short parts. It is
possible to determine the bending moment for every load point using a
spring balance with an adjustment screw set at a fixed distance. There
is also another unique attachment with a movable screw available. This
is used to calculate the shear force at the hinge portion combined with a
spring balance and its movable screw.

n) Centrifugal Force Apparatus

Fig 15. A Centrifugal Force Apparatus [1]

The apparatus consists of a track on which a bobbin with less friction
can move. It is possible to read the value of the centrifugal force on the
Newton spring scale fixed about the rotation axis by spinning the object
with the rotation device. Knowing the radius also makes it feasible to
confirm the centrifugal force formula. Any of our light gates can be used
to measure the rotational frequency, which is necessary.

o) Moment of Inertia Apparatus

Fig 16. A Moment of Inertia Apparatus [1]
This device use the three-string pendulum technique to calculate the
rigid body's moment of inertia. The torsional oscillation period of a
hanging plate is determined using a photoelectric sensor and a time
counter. Through the activities, students can learn about the moment of
inertia's physical basis as well as measuring techniques that take this
quantity into account.

p) Compound Pendulum

Fig 17. A Compound Pendulum [1]

The equipment is made to measure the compound pendulum's period an
d frequency. A pendulum is made up of a string with mass attached to o
ne end and a pivot point attached to the other. The device is made up of
a metallic rod on which metallic balls have been attached in various plac
es. At any position you choose, the rod can pivot.

q) Torsional Vibrational

Fig 18. A Torsional Vibrational [1]

This apparatus, which is installed on a bench, is used in studies to
analyze torsion and torsional vibration. The device is built on a base of
profiled aluminum with leveling feet, onto which four vertical chuck
pillars are fixed. Each pillar has a central shaft that rotates in fine
bearings and has a chuck that holds a torsion specimen at one end. A
sizable disc with a range of mass and inertia is also included in each
chuck. One can put together a torsion specimen with up to three masses
using these chucks.

r) Fly Wheel Apparatus

Fig 19 Fly Wheel Apparatus [1]

This contraption is intended to illustrate the fly wheel's operation and its
usefulness in the industrial setting. Fly wheels are used to store
rotational energy when there is more energy available than is needed
and to deliver when there is more energy needed than is available.

s) Vibration Of Spiral Spring

Fig 20. A Vibration of Spiral Spring [1]

This tool is used to determine the time and frequency of the spiral
spring. A metallic strip is wound once around a rod to form a spiral
spring of that sort.
A shaft with a spiral spring attached to it serves as the structure of the
gadget. Using a metallic rod with weight at its edges, the shaft is
redirected. The deflection can be measured through a protector, and the
initial spring bend can also be calculated.

t) Gear Trainer Demonstrator

Fig 21. A Gear Trainer Demonstrator [1]

In order for the learner to calculate and verify torque and velocity ratios,
protractors-equipped pulleys are mounted to the input and output
shafts. The gearbox can be connected to the differential and overdrive
to simulate a basic transmission system.

REFERENCES
[1]
https://sunlabtech.com/mechanical-engineering-lab-equipment/
applied-mechanics-lab-equipment/