SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE
technological development.
INTRODUCTION TO SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
WHAT is SCIENCE?
 Latin word: ‘scientia’ – knowledge
 refers to a methodical and systematic
activity of building and organizing
knowledge about how the universe
behaves through OBSERVATION,
EXPERIMENTATION or both.
1 - Learning new facts (discoveries)
Ex. THE HUBBLE DEEP FIELD:
The “deep” in Hubble Deep Field refers to
the telescope’s ability to look at some of these
far, faint objects. Looking at far-away objects in
space is like seeing back in time.
2 - Solving problems (Scientific Method)
3 - the intellectual and practical activity
encompassing the systematic study of the
structure and behavior of the physical and
natural world through observation and
experiment – Oxford dictionary
WHAT is TECHNOLOGY?
 Greek root word: ‘techne’ – art, skill,
cunning of hand
 the application of scientific knowledge,
laws, and principles to produce services,
materials, tools, and machines aimed at
solving real-world problems
1 – creating/inventing things
2 - things that fulfill our needs and desires or
perform certain functions
3 – Application of understanding of natural laws
to the solution of practical problems
 Science, Technology and Society is the
study of how society, politics, and culture
affect scientific research and technological
innovation, and how these, in turn, affect
society, politics and culture.
 The interdisciplinary field of Science,
Technology, and Society examines the
ways in which society influences the
creation of scientific knowledge and
 At the same time, it seeks to understand
the ways science and technology affect
our lives and communities.
Ex.
o WHEN were airplanes invented and by
WHOM?
o WHAT medical discovery led to the
introduction of sterilization, vaccines , and
antibiotics
o HOW are bridges built
 The history of Science & Technology
answers questions about our world’s
greatest discoveries and inventions…
STS is a relatively young field that combines
previously independent and older disciplines:
 History of science
‘When we think about the past, we think
about history. When we think about the
future, we think about science. Science
builds upon its past, but also,
simultaneously, denies it.’
 Philosophy of science
? What is a law of nature? Are there any
in nonphysical sciences like biology and
psychology?
? What kind of data can be used to
distinguish between real causes and
accidental regularities?
? How much evidence and what kinds of
evidence do we need before we accept
hypotheses?
? Why do scientists continue to rely on
models and theories which they know are
at least partially inaccurate (like Newton's
physics)?
 Sociology of science
Sociology: type of science, a logical system
that bases knowledge on direct,
systematic observation.
• Scientific sociology: study of society
based on systematic observation of social
behavior.
 • Scientific evidence sometimes technology in terms of its wider social and
contradicts common sense explanations environmental impacts
of social behavior. 6. Knowledge base that enables more efficient
strategies of applied research, development, and
STS as an ACADEMIC FIELD refinement of new technologies
Area of
NOVEL OBJECTIVE
CONCERN TECHNOLOGY contributes to SCIENCE in at least
a relatively How the To prepare 2 ways:
new different students 1. Providing a fertile source of novel scientific
academic aspects of to respond questions and thereby also helping to justify the
discipline society critically, allocation of resources needed to address these
SHAPE & reflectively, questions in an efficient and timely manner,
INFLUENCE proactively to extending the agenda of science
the the 2. Source of otherwise unavailable
progression challenges instrumentation and techniques needed to
and posed by
further address novel and more difficult scientific
Science and
development questions more efficiently
Technology in
of S & T the
contemporary Science & Technology affects one another.
world Ex.
Because Hubble telescope has limitation a
How are Science and Technology related? new space telescope was launch last December
We live in a SOCIETY absolutely 2021 to see the heavenly bodies are accelerating
dependent on S & T. away from us, the light they emit turns to
As problems in S & T continue to rise and infrared. James Webb Space Telescope is made to
become more observable and felt, the need to see beyond and this telescope will answer the
pay attention to their interactions with various question of the events before the Big Bang.
aspects of human life (SOCIAL, POLITICAL, and
ECONOMIC) becomes even more necessary. Thousands of galaxies make up this
cluster in the distant universe 4.6 billion light-
SCIENCE contributes to TECHNOLOGY in at least years away. Hubble's composite image took
6 ways: weeks to achieve, while James Webb’s Hubble
1. New knowledge which serves as a direct Telescope only took 12.5 hours, NASA said. Like
source of ideas for new technological possibilities Hubble, JWST is expected to revolutionize our
2. Source of tools and techniques for more understanding of the cosmos. It will help us
efficient engineering design and a knowledge determine whether planets orbiting other stars
base for evaluation of feasibility of designs could support life, and see galaxies that formed
3. Research instrumentation, lab techniques, just after the Big Bang.
and analytical methods used in research that The telescope’s first full-color images and
eventually find their way into design and spectroscopic data were released during a
industrial practices televised broadcast at 10:30 a.m. EDT (14:30
4. Practice of research as a source for UTC) on Tuesday, July 12, 2022, from NASA’s
development and assimilation of new human Goddard
skills and capabilities eventually useful for Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland.
technology
5. Creation of a knowledge base that becomes
increasingly important in the assessment of

SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY in a
SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIP
 Scientific methods are based on
assumptions or hypothesis.
 They are basically conducted to develop
or test hypothesis.

STEPS IN THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD

Step 1: State the Problem

THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD; APPLICATION TO Step 2: Formulate a Hypothesis

RESEARCH

 mathematical and experimental technique

employed in the sciences.
 More specifically, it is the technique used
in the construction and testing of a
scientific hypothesis. (Britannica.com)
 defined as controlled, systematic
investigations that are rooted in objective Step 3: Test the Hypothesis
reality and that aim to develop general
knowledge about natural phenomena
 Is an inquiry process that has clearly
defined parameters and has as its aims
the discovery or creation of knowledge, or
theory building; testing, confirmation,
revision, refutation of knowledge and
theory; and/ or investigation of a problem
for local decision-making (McClure and
Hersson, 1991).

CHARACTERISTICS OF SCIENTIFIC METHODS  Design a procedure that tests your

 They are orderly & systematic processes.
 Scientist attempt to control external
factors that are not under direct
investigation.
 Their findings are based on the empirical
evidences.
 Findings of scientific methods can be
generalized, which means that they can
be used in situations other than the one
under study.
hypothesis to see if your prediction is
correct.
 Record all of your data and observations
and put them into a table that is neat and
organized.
Step 4: Gather Data
 Measurement process is an integral part
of social or physical science research.
 Measurement is not confined to
numerical or quantitative specification; it
can be qualitative as well.
  Qualitative- have labels or names
assigned to their respective
categories;
 Quantitative- any attribute that Why Scientists use this process?
measures in numbers. Widely When
Step 5: Analyze and Interpret the Data adopted by conducting
business all research,
over the scientists use
country, It the scientific
teaches method to
employees collect
and measurable,
For their daily management empirical
work, but not to diagnose a evidence in
necessarily problem. an
that each experiment
individual related to a
 Is your data reliable? Does it make sense? steps are hypothesis
 Put your data into a chart or graph and used. (often in the
look for any trends. form of an
 Requires tabulation or coding of raw data if/then
and analyzing the relationships among statement),
variable. the results
Step 6: Draw Conclusions aiming to
support or
 Do your data and observations support
contradict a
your hypothesis?
theory.
 If you cannot make a definite conclusion,
you may need to try the experiment
Where does the process end?
again.
It doesn’t! The scientific method and
 This means you may either need to
research cycle only leads to a progressively better
rewrite your procedure if it was not
understanding of a topic, but never a perfect
specific enough; you may need to change
understanding.
your hypothesis.
Step 7: Communicate Results Limitations of Scientific Methods:
 Report the results of your experiment to MORAL OR ETHICAL PROBLEM
let others know what you have learned.  Or Ethical Problem.
 This will be represented as either a lab  Most medical studies would require
report, oral presentation, or Science Fair humans as the subject of their research….
display board.  … thus, reliable scientific data cannot
always be collected.
The Research Process  The constraint of involving humans, which
is essential for observing human behavior
for experimentation, is one such ethical
problem.
HUMAN COMPLEXITY
 Human behavior is complicated, subtle &
varied…
 When human behavior is studied &
analyzed by other human beings, the
 personal biases come into the picture &
distort the analytical facts.
 It is difficult to categorize human
behavior.
MEASUREMENT PROBLEMS
 Different aspects of human behavior are
psychological in nature, which cannot be
accurately measured.
 Human behavior is not uniform, certain,
or predictable.
 All the people do not behave in the same
way in similar circumstances.
 Therefore, with humans as subjects,
measurements become a challenges.
EXTERNAL VARIABLE CONTROL PROBLEMS
 Scientific studies conducted on humans
may have a limitation of weak or no
control over external variables in scientific
activity.

HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS OF SCIENCE

AND TECHNOLOGY  MIDDLE AGES

A. World
 ANCIENT WORLD

S&T in the ancient age

 Stone tools have been the first recognized
technology (or craft?
Technological Breakouts of Ancient Greeks

 ANCIENT ROMAN SCIENCE &

TECHNOLOGY
 Roman Innovations were largely more
concerned with refinements than new
ideas.
 For the Romans, science had to provide
useful information.
  RENAISSANCE
The Engineers and Scientists that led to a
“Rebirth” in Technology

Scientific Revolution
The Scientific Revolution was the
emergence of modern science during the early
modern period, when developments in
mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology
(including human anatomy), and chemistry
transformed societal views about nature that
unfolded in Europe between roughly 1550-1700.
 Physics
o Parabolic Motion
o Inertia (Newton)
 Thermometer
 Telescope
o Moon, Jupiter, Saturn & Milky Way

“Here, a simple tube and two lenses had made a

rod for beating the Aristotelian”

 THE INFORMATION AGE (1973 through

present) (Digital Age)
The Information Age (1973-2003)
 The focus of S&T and society became
“information” itself (handling and
conveying it)
 Progress in electronics and computers
caused information to be one of the most
important commodities
 Advances in biology
 Genetics – revolution in
information science (recombinant
DNA)
 The immune system – also an
information processing system
Information & society
BEFORE NOW
During Galileo’s and
Newton’s Today, the human mind
time, people were is pictured as
viewed as a complicated
complicated mechanical computer
machines
Thomas Alva Edison,
Alexander Steven Jobs and William
Graham Bell, and Henry Gates
Ford
Microchip (inventors
Screw and bolt in the were awarded a
Industrial era Nobel Prize in Physics in  “in form” – what we are
2000)  “What makes a tree a tree? And not
Majority of labor force cement?”
Majority are engage in
was into manufacturing  For 2000 years, explanation/answers
supply of services
of goods were based on the head (natural
philosophy/reason)
 Oral tradition – fascination with sounds
and words
 Print and written culture – printing press
 DARPA (Defense Advanced Research
projects Agency) during WW2 “If war is in
space, what if satellites are down?”
 Developed ground-based communication,
giving rise to Internet
 Alan Turing broke the Nazi code
 Developed the concept of computers

Artificial intelligence
 use of machines to imitate the way
humans think and behave
 replicate in a computer the actions and
functions of biological neurons found in
the human body

SCI. & TECH. IN THE PHILIPPINES

 The Early Years (Spanish Period, 1869-

1898)

 Opening of Suez Canal in 1869 shortened

the route from the Philippines to Europe
 Filipino scientists were mostly interested
on animal and plant systems
 o Fr. Ignacio Mercado, Dr. Trinidad
Pardo de Tavera, and Dr Leon Ma.
Guerrero in Botany
o Anacleto del Rosario in Chemistry
o Dr. Manuel Guerrero, Dr. Jose
Montes, and Dr. Elrodario
Mercado in Medicine
 Galleon trade was the chief economic
activity
o Spanish officials focused more on
the trade due to big profits
 The Early Years(American Occupation,
1898-1941)
 The Schurman Commission recommended
the replacement of military government
with a civil government and establishment
of free public educational system in the
country
 The Taft Commission started the gradual
Filipinization of the government and
encouraged education in preparation for
self-government
 Philippine public school system was
established in 1901
-765 Thomasites were recruited
 Insular Bureau of Agriculture and Bureau
of Government Laboratories* were
established
-Authored by Dean Worcester, a
zoology professor at the University
of Michigan and a strong advocate
of science
-Conducted biological, chemical,
and other scientific studies
 The Philippine Commission expanded and
included Dr. Trinidad Pardo de Tavera, a
Filipino
 The Bureau of Government Laboratories
was reorganized into the Bureau of
Science in 1905
-Enabled it to undertake research
in all fields of science
-Many notable American scientists
were recruited
-Quality research works were
produced necessitating the
creation of the
Philippine Journal of Science in
1906
 In 1906, the Bureau of Science was made
the custodian of the International
Standards of Weights and Measurements
in the country
 The University of the Philippines was
established in 1908, followed by the
College of Agriculture in Los Banos
 Jones Law (The Philippine Autonomy Act)
replaced the Philippine Commission with
the House of Representatives, wholly
composed of Filipinos
-Downtrend of the Bureau of
Science began (transferred to the
Department of
Agriculture and Natural Resources
(DANR)
-Shift of emphasis from health and
sanitation to the study of the
country’s natural resources
-Growth of science slowed down
(decrease number of articles in PJS
and poor quality)
 Bureau of Science had new functions
-Regulation, analysis, and branding
of commercial fertilizer
-Control, checking, advertising,
labeling or branding of any
business and commercial
commodities
 The world recession in the 1930s caused
further losses to the bureau, which
resulted to retrenchment, loss of several
divisions, reduced budget, and brain drain
 In 1933-1934, a general reorganization
took place
-DANR became the Department of
Agriculture and Commerce
-Bureau of Agriculture was split
into the Bureau of Plants and the
Bureau of Animal Industry
-The Division of Mineral Resources
was converted into the Bureau of
Mines
 -The Bureau of Science lost some
of its divisions
The Bureau of Science
 Main thrust during the early years was on
public health and nutrition
-Due to outbreak of cholera, small
pox, dysentery, malaria, TB, and
leprosy before 1900
-Also did research on uses of
agricultural products
a) medicinal plants by
Edwardo Quisumbing
b) isolation and elucidation of
natural products by Alfredo
Santos
c) essential oils used as food
flavors and fragrances by
Luz Olivares Belardo
d) coconut as renewable
source of fuel by Julius
Banzon
The College of Agriculture
 Focused efforts on improving the breed of
basic crops, livestock and poultry
a) Varietal introduction, evaluation
and inheritance in rice, corn, sugar
cane, coconut, abaca, and tobacco
b) Improving the breed, feed ration,
and the quality of meat and eggs
(Dr. Francisco Fronda, Father of
the Poultry Industry in the
Philippines, wrote 500 scientific
articles during his lifetime)
 The Early Years(The War Years, 1941-
1945)
 Manuel L. Quezon was the president
when the war between Japan and the US
broke out in 1941
-Very poor economy confronted
the Commonwealth and later the
Republic
-Unproductive period in the
research life of the Bureau of
Science (fear of death and threat
of hunger prevailed)
-A few national scientists directed
their efforts to food processing
a) toyo and vinegar were
produced
b) coconut was converted into
coco jam and cooking oil
 Manuel Roxas became the first president
of the Republic
-Laid down his policies to rebuild
the economy (industrialization,
people participation in the
government, closer cooperation
with the US, and the restoration of
peace and justice)
-Bell Trade Relations Act provided
for free trade relations between
the Philippines and the US until
1954
-This gives the Americans the right
to dispose of, exploit, develop, and
utilize all agricultural, timber, and
mineral lands of the country
 The Early Years (Rehabilitation and
Reconstruction Period, 1945-1948)
 Bureau of Science was converted to the
Institute of Science and placed under the
office of the President
-Coordinated and redirected all
scientific efforts toward
industrialization
 Filipino scientists directed their efforts
toward the solution of the country’s
problems and needs (big shortage of food
and fuel, public health was poor)
-Conversion of coconut oil into
ethyl alcohol
-fermentation of cassava
-indigenous raw materials and
recycled food were used as animal
feed, etc.
 The gradual Filipinization of the
government resulted in several negative
effects on the development of science in
the country
-Reorganization led to loss of
records (no clear understanding of
 the roles and functions of different
offices)
-There was rampant graft,
corruption and inefficiency of the
government due to unqualified
officials
-The budget for the Bureau of
Science for its research and other
scientific activities was at the
mercy of its department secretary
(operating with a low budget led
to the bureau soliciting foreign aid
through scientific projects)
 Post-War Philippine S&T (The Quirino
Administration, 1948-1953)
 President Elpidio Quirino desperately
sought the help of the US
-President Truman proposed an
economic survey mission – the Bell
Mission ($250M-aid from the US)
-Institute of Science was renamed
Institute of Science and
Technology and placed under the
National Economic Coordination
(funding became favorable)
 Philippine economy flourished
-Crop production from 1946-1956
increased by 100%
-Livestock and poultry production
likewise improved
-The demands for lumber and
timber greatly increased due to
rehabilitation and reconstruction
programs
 Post-War Philippine S&T (The Magsaysay
Administration, 1953 -1957)
 President Ramon Magsaysay directed all
his efforts to the upliftment of the rural
people
-Improved land reform system
-Provided easy-term credit and
facilities
-Constructed roads and buildings
for the masses
-Provided technical advice for
farmers on farm management and
intensive development
-Extended the duty-free trade
under the Bell Trade Act
 Highest number of scientists, as well as
scientific works occurred in 1956
-Due to RA No. 1237 which
granted special privileges to
scientists and inventors
-Dioscoro Umali organized the
Division of Plant Breeding, the
Philippine Seed Board, the
National Rice and Corn
Cooperative Movement Program
-Fronda continued to improve the
poultry industry by introducing
modern techniques
 Post-War Philippine S&T (The Garcia
Administration, 1957-1961)
 President Carlos Garcia adopted the
“Filipino First Policy”
 The National Science Board was replaced
with the National Science Development
Board (NSDB), raising it to a department
level with a budget of its own
-Scientific and industrial
researches were made more
possible (studies on indigenous
materials for industries,
improvement of industrial
products, substitution of native
raw materials, etc.)
 1959 was called the “crop year”
a) Increase in production despite the
prolonged drought
b) An offshoot of agricultural
research breakthroughs
-improved farm technology
- use of modern farm
practices)
 President Carlos Garcia adopted the
“Filipino First Policy”
 The National Science Board was replaced
with the National Science Development
Board (NSDB), raising it to a department
level with a budget of its own
 -Scientific and industrial
researches were made more
possible (studies on indigenous
materials for industries,
improvement of industrial
products, substitution of native
raw materials, etc.)
 Post-War Philippine S&T (The Macapagal
Administration, 1961- 1965)
 President Diosdado Macapagal instituted
the full decontrol program which lifted all
government controls on foreign exchange
-The country’s foreign reserves
were depleted
-Ended the protection of Filipino
enterprises
-Unlimited importation and the
Filipino colonial mentality of
buying “stateside” goods caused a
substantial drop in sales of
Philippine-made commodities
 The NSDB was mandated in 1963 to
undertake research in all fields
-through its 2 commissions,
National Institute of Science and
Technology (NIST) and the
Philippine Atomic Energy
Commission (PAEC)
 The Scientific Instrumentation Division
was added to NSDB which shifted its
efforts to extensive training and
expansion
 The International Rice Research Institute
(IRRI) was established in 1960
 The Marcos Era (Pre-Martial Law Years,
1965-1971)
 President Ferdinand Marcos’ national
goals emphasized economic and rural
developments
-Self-sufficiency in rice and
diversification of crops
-Land reform program and
intensification of community
development programs
-Laws that adjusted the
government’s buying price for rice
and corn, reorganized agricultural
agencies to reduce operational
costs and attain efficiency
 The Marcos Era (After Martial Law, 1981-
1985)
 President Marcos issued Proclamation
2045 that lifted Martial Law
a) NSDB drafted a comprehensive
science and technology plan
for the country (Five Year
Science and Technology
Development Plan)
b) NSDB was reorganized to
National Science and
Technology Authority (NSTA)
-Mandated to formulate a
comprehensive National
Plan for Science and
Technology
c) The following agencies were
created:
-Philippine Council for
Agriculture and Resource
Research and Development
(PCARRD)
-National Research Council
of the Philippines (NRCP)
-Philippine Council for
Health Research and
Development (PCHRD)
-Philippine Council for
Industry and Energy
Research Development
(PCIERD)
d) NAST tackled 3 major issues:
-Collection of biological
specimens
-State of the dairy industry
-Effects of radiation on
human health
 Post EDSA revolution (1986-present)
 President Corazon Aquino inherited a
serious economic crisis
-Organized the Philippine
Commission on Good Government
(PCGG)
 -Created the Commission on Moon, sun and stars held in place by
Human rights (CHR) invisible crystalline spheres.
-NSTA was reorganized to
Department of Science and The 15th Century
Technology (DOST) 1. THE BEGINNING OF MODERN ASTRONOMY The
-PAGASA was transferred to Copernican Revolution
the DOST from the Department ❖In 1453 Ottoman Turks overrun
of National Defense Constantinople.
 Task Force on Science and Technology ❖Romans flee west into Europe and take books
Development was created in 1989 with them.
- Dialogue with industry ❖This is the end of the Middle Age
and agriculture and identify the ❖Most people cannot read or write and
S&T areas needed to move to NIC generally believe whatever the Bible and other
(Newly Industrializing Country) trusted sources said about the world
status by the year 2000
 President Fidel Ramos envisioned the
Philippines “to be a country where all
are provided a better life…”
o DOST refocused its efforts on the
15 “leading edges”, sectors that
have substantial contribution to
GNP:
- agriculture, aquaculture
and marine fisheries, forest
and natural resources,
metals and engineering,
textile industry, mining and
minerals, process industry, 2. Ptolemaic Model- this model included part of
food and food industry, the geocentric model.
energy, transportation, ❖It stated that the Earth was in the center of the
construction industry, universe
information technology,
❖ But the moons and planets rotated in circles as
electronics,
they went around Earth
instrumentation and
In astronomy, the geocentric model (also
control, emerging
known as geocentrism, or the Ptolemaic system)
technologies, and the
is a superseded description of the universe with
pharmaceutical industry
Earth at the center. Under the geocentric model,
the Sun, Moon, stars, and planets all orbited
Intellectual Revolutions
Earth.

The 15th Century Astronomy

Earth is stationary sphere at the center of
heaven. Its habitable surface is a flat circle with
Jerusalem at its center.
Stars and planets made of a perfect
substance called Aether (or ether) a 5th heavenly
element.
Nicholas Copernicus (1473-1543)
 Polish Catholic Cleric
 Observed night sky from an
observation tower.
 Trying to solve the calendar problem.
 Suggested a Sun centered Universe in
a book titled De Revolutionibus, which
was not published until the year he
died.
3. Copernican Model
 Heliocentric Universe
 De Revolutionibus Orbiun Celestium (On
the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres)
 Idea was opposed by the Catholic Church
 Copernicus has no clue what stars actually
are or how far they are away

Why believe Copernican model?

It explained
It was observed
It was
simpler. One complex
aesthetically
element – the motions as
more pleasing
SUN naturally
occurring.
Copernican Revolution- was the critical
realization that the Earth was not the center of
the universe

Copernican Model Explained

Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)
Sun’s
 Galileo was an Italian mathematician and
Mercury annual
philosopher
and Motion
Retrograde  He was the first to study the sky with a
Venus along the
motion was a telescope
were ecliptic
Earth’s natural  Italian physicist and astronomer. He was
inferior (Zodiac)
Rotation phenomenon born in Pisa on February 15, 1564.
planets, was
caused of one planet
which caused by Galileo's father, Vincenzo Galilei, was a
daily passing
explained Earth’s well-known musician. Vincenzo decided
motion another
why orbital that his son should become a doctor.
from east planet
they are motion  In 1581, Galileo was sent to the University
to west. as they
always (this one of Pisa to study medicine. While a student
orbited
seen was at the university, Galileo discovered that
the Sun.
near the difficult
he had a talent for mathematics. He was
Sun. to
able to persuade his father to allow him to
accept.)
leave the university to become a tutor in
 mathematics. He later became a professor
of mathematics.
❖ In 1609, Galileo heard about the invention
of the spyglass, a device which made distant
objects appear closer. Galileo used his
mathematics knowledge and technical skills
to improve upon the spyglass and
improve/build a telescope to be used for
astronomy.
❖ Later that same year, he became the first
person to look at the Moon through a
telescope and make his first astronomy
discovery. He found that the Moon was not
smooth, but mountainous and pitted - just
like the Earth!
❖ He subsequently used his newly
invented/improved telescope to discover four
of the moons circling Jupiter, to study Saturn,
to observe the phases of Venus, and to study
sunspots on the Sun.
Galileo had 4 major discoveries
1. Saw mountains on moon
2. Saw sunspots on Sun…later made him
blind
3. Saw the moons of Jupiter
4. Realized that Venus had phases which
meant that it orbited the Sun
Charles Darwin
 On February 12, 1809 Charles Robert
Darwin was born in Shrewsbury,
Shropshire, England as a son of a well-to
do physician.
 He was said to be shy yet mischievous.
Darwin’s mother died on July 15, 1817,
when he was only 8.
 In September 1818, Darwin attended
Shrewsbury Grammar School, along with
Erasmus, run by the Rev. Samuel Butler.
 The focus of their study was Greek and
Roman grammar and reading.
 He did not do well in school, and on June
17, 1825 Darwin was removed because of
bad grades. Because of this he spent the
summer working in his dad’s medical
practice.
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
 Freudian Revolution
 Austrian, doctor One of the first
psychologists to study human motivation
 Was the founding father of
psychoanalysis, a method for treating
mental illness and also a theory which
explains human behavior.
 Like Marx, a determinist
 People determined by their instincts
-Life instinct: sex (libido)
-Death instinct: aggression, self-
destruction
S&T and the Human Condition

A. The Good Life

Nicomachean Ethics
What is happiness?
In Psychology, happiness is a mental or
emotional state of well-being which can be define
by, among others, positive or pleasant emotions
ranging from contentment to intense joy.
To behaviorists, happiness is a cocktail of
emotions we experience when we do something
goo or positive.
To neurologist, happiness is the
experience of a flood of hormones released in the
brain as a reward for behavior that prolongs
survival.

Human Flourishing as Reflected in Progress and

Development

Factors such as per capita gross domestic

product, healthy years of life expectancy, trust
and perceived freedom to make life choices were
all considered.
According to the “World of Happiness
report 2021,” the Philippines is ranked number
61st for overall happiness within the country
(United Nations Sustainable Development
Solutions network)

Ten unhappiest nations:

1) Burundi
2) Central African Republic
3) South Sudan
4) Tanzania
5) Yemen
6) Rwanda
7) Syria
8) Liberia
9) Haiti
10) Malawi
Aristotle (384-322 B.C)
 Is the most significant thinker and the
most accomplished individual who has
ever lived.
 The teacher of those who know, defended
reason, invented logic, focused on reality,
and emphasized the importance of life on
earth, in which enabled science and
technology to develop and flourish.
What is happiness?
 According to Aristotle, Happiness is the
ultimate end of human action.
 Happiness defines a good life.
What is Aristotle’s view on Human Flourishing?
 Human flourishing (also known as
personal flourishing), involves the rational
use of one’s individual human potentials,
including talents, abilities and virtues in
the pursuit of his freely and rationally
chosen values and goals.
 Human flourishing is a moral
accomplishment and fulfillment of human
capacities, and it is one through being the
other. Self-actualization is a moral growth
and vice-versa.
 Human flourishing becomes an actuality
when one uses his practical reason to
consider his unique needs, circumstances,
capabilities, and so on, to determine
which concrete instantiations of human
values and virtues will comprise his well-
being.
 to flourishing, a man must pursue goals
that are both rational for him individually
and also as a human beings.
Aristotle viewed
 Virtues are the means to values which
enable us to achieve human flourishing
and happiness.
 Self-direction (i.e autonomy) involves the
use of one’s reason and is central and
necessary for possibility of attaining
human flourishing, self-esteem, and
happiness.
According to Aristotle
“Virtue, then, being of two kinds, intellectual and
moral. Intellectual virtue in the main owes its
birth and growth to teaching (for which reason it
requires experience and time), while Moral virtue
comes about as a result of habit.” (Nicomachean
Ethics 2:1)
Nichomachean Ethics
 It is a philosophical inquiry into the nature
of the good life for a human being
 Aristotle believed that the goal of all
human life is to achieve ultimate
happiness
 Human instinct is characterized by
achieving personal fulfillment, thus
leading to happiness
 Aristotle warns against going astray and
“preferring a life suitable to beasts” by
assuming happiness and pleasure are
equal
 Considers happiness as a final and self-
sufficient, end of an action.
 Aristotle maintains that life of
contemplation and virtue is the best and
happiest life.
 According to Aristotle, “Happiness
extends, then, just as far as contemplation
does, and those whom contemplation
more fully belongs are more truly happy,
not as a mere concomitant but in virtue of
the contemplation; for this is in itself
precious.”
 For example, the activity of a God
surpasses all others in blessedness to
which must be contemplative; and as
human activities corresponds to this,
therefore, making this the most of nature
and happiness.
 Practical wisdom is linked with virtue of
character and that practical wisdom is in
accordance with the moral virtues and
rightness morals with practical wisdom.
 The life of a man who is active in
accordance with virtue will be happy, as
 passion and moral virtues belong to our
composite nature.
A. The Good Life: Eudaimonia-The Ultimate
Good
Eudaimonia
A term that combines the Greek words for
“good” and “spirit” to describe the
ideology; living well and doing well.
Defines happiness as the pursuit of
becoming a better person
Eudaimonists do this by challenging themselves
intellectually or by engaging in activities that
make them spiritually richer people
 According to Aristotle, there is an end of
all of the actions that we perform which
we desire for itself – eudaimonia,
flourishing, or happiness, which is desired
for its own sake with all other things being
desired on its account
 Eudaimonia is a property of one’s life
when considered as a whole. Flourishing is
the highest good of human endeavors and
then toward which all actions aim. It is
success as a human being. The best life is
one of excellent human activity
A. The Good Life: Arete and Human Happiness
Arete
It is Greek term which defined as
“excellence of any kind” and can also mean
“moral virtue”.
 A virtue is what makes one function well.
 Aristotle suggested two types of virtue:
1. Intellectual virtue
 Intellectual virtue or virtue of
thought is achieved through
education, time, and experience.
 It is acquired through self-taught
knowledge and skills as much as
those knowledge and skills taught
and learned in formal institutions
 Key intellectual virtues are
wisdom, which guides ethical
behavior, and understanding,
which is gained from scientific
endeavors and contemplation
2. Moral virtue
 Moral virtue or virtue of character
is achieved through habitual
practice. It is like a skill.
 Some key moral virtues are
generosity, temperance, and
courage.
 Aristotle explained that although
the capacity for intellectual virtue
is innate, it is brought into
completion only by practice.
 It is by repeatedly being unselfish that one
develops the virtue of generosity.
 It is by repeatedly resisting and foregoing
every inviting opportunity that one
develops the virtue of temperance.
 It is by repeatedly exhibiting the proper
action and emotional response in the face
of danger that one develops the virtue of
courage.
 Both intellectual and moral virtue should
be in accordance with reason to achieve
eudaimonia.
 A virtue is ruined by any excess and
deficiency in how one lives and acts.
 A balance between two extremes is a
requisite of virtue.
According to Aristotle, how important are laws?
Section 3 (Nichomachean ethics):
 All lawful things are in some sense just.
 Laws deal with matters that are
commonly expedient with respect to
virtue or honor
 The law orders us to perform the actions
of a virtuous man through certain
commands and prohibitions.
 Good laws are necessary in order to make
people virtuous
 Laws and proper education are necessarily
especially for the young, in order to train
their passions and desires to be in accord
with reason.
Since such a great number are not
virtuous, laws are necessary not just for the
young, but for everyone.
B. Human Person Flourishing in terms of S&T
Martin Heidegger
 a German Philosopher
 “Father of Existential Phenomenology”
 Author of “Sein Und Zeit” or “Being and
Time” (1889-1976)
Heidegger begins the question by noting that
“We ask the question concerning technology
when we ask what it is”. This stems from
following an ancient doctrine to which “the
essence of a thing is considered to be what the
thing is”
Flow of discussion
•Technology as a Mode of Revealing
•Technology as Poeisis: Applicable to Modern
Technology?
•Questioning as the Piety of Thought
•Enframing: Way of Revealing in Modern
Technology
•Human Person Swallowed by Technology
Technology as a Mode of Revealing
Common Understanding of Technology
• Means to an end
• Product of human activity
• Practical application of science
Technology is instrumental and anthropological:
- Correct but not true.
- We pursue the true through the correct.
Experience and understanding of what is correct
leads us to what is true.
Technology as Poeisis: Applicable to Modern
Technology?
Technology is a way of bringing forth,
making something.
Ancient Greek concepts:
• Poiesis – bringing forth
• Aletheia – truth, disclosure, unconcealedness
• Techne – skill, art, or craft
Technology is a poiesis that discloses or
reveals the truth.
Questioning as the Piety of Thought
“A process of knowing the truth of who we are as
beings in this world.”
-Martin Heidegger in Question Concerning
Technology
Enframing: Way of Revealing in Modern
Technology
Is this idea of technology applicable to
modern technology?
Modern Technology
 Challenges forth
 Very aggressive in its activity
 Sets or brings about a setting upon
 Expedites unconcealment of nature
 Stores that which is extracted from nature
Enframing
 Way of revealing in modern technology
 Earth as gas station
 Conceals poeisis (bringing forth)
 Better understood and controlled
Meditative thinking – let nature reveal itself
without forcing it.
Calculative thinking -views nature as calculable
and orderable system of information
Modern technology views
Earth as a huge gas station, a representative of
the extraction, drilling and rape of Mother
Nature.
Human Person Swallowed by Technology
If we allow ourselves to be swallowed by
technology, we lose the essence of who we are as
beings in this world
(CS Lewis: The Magician Twin’s: Science,
Scientism, and Society
C.S. Lewis (Clive Staples Lewis) (1898-1963)
THE MAGICIAN’S TWIN is a must-see
trilogy of short programs by the Discovery
Institute applying some brilliant insights and
arguments from C.S. Lewis to expose the fallacies
of scientism and evolution and to promote the
reasonableness of Intelligent Design. Based on a
book of essays, THE MAGICIAN’S TWIN is a very
good series, done on a small budget that shows
real science points to the God of the Universe
 C.S. Lewis and the Case Against Scientism,
explores Lewis’s prophetic concerns about
the misuse of science to “abolish” man
and to undermine personal freedoms and
human dignity.
The Magician’s Twin Guide Questions:
1. What is scientism and scientocracy?
2. How is science comparable to magic?
3. Why is science more dangerous than magic?
4. What is the presented essence of modernity
and its consequence?
5. What do we need for the sciences to be good?
Scientism
 The belief or ideology that science is the
best or only test for truth of any kind.
 Science as power where science becomes
the dictator of the culture
Scientocracy
-The practice of basing public policies on science.
-A government of the people, but informed by
scientists.
Human Flourishing as reflected in progress and
development
Jason Hickel
Forget ‘developing’ poor countries,
It’s time to ‘de-develop’ rich countries
 How do we know that we are
progressing?
 What are the indicators of development?
Main strategy for eradicating poverty
 Growth
 More growth – according to Orthodox
economists
Scientists are now telling us that we’re
blowing past planetary boundaries at
breakneck speed.
Economist Peter Edward argues that instead
of pushing poorer countries to “catch up” with
rich ones, we should be thinking of ways to get
rich countries to “catch down” to more
appropriate levels of development.
Theory of progress
❑ Buen vivir
❑ How much is enough?
▪ Robert and Edward Skidelsky
Requires reaching a higher level of
understanding and consciousness about what
we’re doing here and why.
What are the issues associated with it?
 Machines and robots –approach human-
like nature and humans may also have the
tendency to be machinelike
 Easy access to information, with one
touch and swipe of fingertips, human
begin to function more like automatons
 Internet -instant go-to tool for answers
and questions, as internet gets more
intelligent, humans are in danger of
becoming less
When Technology and Humanity Cross: More to o Does not require funding and large
think about facilities or rare raw materials.
o knowledge alone will enable the
Chief Scientist and Corporate Executive Officer of use of them
Sun Microsystems, Bill -making GNR more scary,
Joy wrote a controversial essay, Why the future more prone to accidents,
does not Need us? and abuses
 In his work, he contended that our most -may self-replicate and spin
powerful 21st century technologies - out of control
genetics, nanotech, and robotics (GNR)  A bomb is blown up once - but one bot
are threatening to make humans an can become many and can quickly get out
endangered species of control

UIntold Promise Human should have learned the lesson in the

 Each of these technologies also offers atomic bombings of Japanese Cities, 1945 that
untold promise: killed over a hundred thousand people (Brilliant
-The vision of near immortality phsyicists, led by J. Robert Openheimer, brought
that Kurzweil sees in his robot into existence a deadly nuclear weapon.
dreams drives us forward; genetic  - A definite testament to the
engineering may soon provide success of S & T, but was a fatal
treatments, if not outright cures, reminder of its destructive power.
for most diseases;
-and nanotechnology and Science and Technology, may be the highest
nanomedicine can address yet expression of human rationality
more ills
What was different in the 20th century? We Shape or destroy the world
 Certainly, the technologies underlying the
weapons of mass destruction (WMD) -
nuclear, biological, and chemical (NBC) –
were powerful, and the weapons an
enormous threat.
 But building nuclear weapons required, at
least for a time, access to both rare -
indeed, effectively unavailable – raw
materials and highly protected
information; biological and chemical
weapons programs also tended to require
large-scale activities.
What about the 21th century-GNR?
 The 21st-century technologies - genetics,
nanotechnology, and robotics (GNR)
-are so powerful that they can spawn How to ensure wellbeing?
whole new classes of accidents and good life entails = living in a just and
abuses. progressive society where
 Most dangerously, we are free to flourish
o Accessible to individuals or small
groups.
UDHR Preamble
“Whereas recognition of the inherent dignity and
of the equal and inalienable rights of all members
of the human family is the foundation of
freedom, justice and peace in the world …”

“Human dignity is an ultimate core of our

existence”

to become fully human - more free, more

rational, and more loving

How can we become fully human?

 Human beings can become freer
when we are empowered to make
choices.
 We become more rational when
we are able to value and apply the
principles of logic and science in
our lives
 We become more loving when we
ensure that human dignity lies at
the foundation or our endeavors
(scientific or technological)
We have to keep this in mind
“Human dignity is an ultimate core of our
existence”

This means
-Building of a just & progressive society
entails a constant practice of doing good

-this maybe exhibited in exceptional –

scientific methodologies, personal virtue, social
responsibility & global concern