17

Chapter 2

Review of Related Literature

This chapter presents an assortment of literature and

studies, foreign and local, related to this study. Various

information and ideas from books, articles, and past

researchers that has bearing to the present investigation

had been reviewed and assessed supporting the present study.

According to the study of Wong (2016), US parents

largely unaware of what their children do online, research

finds new study points to a ‘digital disconnect’ between

children and adults, with only 13% of teens thinking their

parents understood the extent of their internet use. The

parents of America’s digitally literate teenagers are

largely in the dark about their children’s internet

activity, new research has shown. The new study on teen

internet use by the National Cyber Security Alliance found

that only 13% of teens thought their parents understood the

extent of their internet use. Only 28% of parents thought

their teens had accounts they didn’t know about. “It’s one
 18

thing to say: ‘My parents have a rule but I don’t follow

it’,” remarked Michael Kaiser, executive director of NCSA.

“It’s another to have young people saying that those rules

don’t even exist.”

In addition, helping their children navigate a digital

adolescence is a major challenge for 21st-century parents.

And 62% of teens report spending at least five hours on the

internet every day, much of it on mobile devices. Snapchat

and Instagram have surpassed Facebook in popularity among

teens aged 13-17. And not everything that happens online is

pretty. Horror stories about app-enabled kidnappings make

headlines, but 39% of teens reported someone being “mean or

cruel” to them online in the past year (Wong 2016).

In the study of Johnston (2014). Social media is

parents’ greatest online fear, research says that only 26%

of those surveyed felt the benefits of allowing their

children to use sites such as Facebook outweighed the

potential risks, according to new research Parents are more

concerned about their children’s use of social media services

than any other online activity, according to a new survey by a

US-based digital safety group.

In addition to the study of Johnston, three quarters of

parents are concerned about inappropriate content Jen

 19

Hanley, legal and policy director of FOSI, said parents were

concerned that their children might “overshare” online by

posting personal information that could then not be

withdrawn. It also reflected their difficulty in keeping up

with the latest app, she added: “Many parents say that now

they are on Facebook, their kids are not.” It was the first

time that FOSI has specifically examined parental attitudes

to their children’s use of technology and online activities.

Furthermore, more than 70% of parents have checked

their children’s texts for those whose children have a

smartphone or mobile device, 71% of parents said they had

checked sent and received text messages, and 45% had set

limits on the number of messages that could be sent.

According to the report, just over half (53%) of parents say

they have used parental controls to prevent their child from

accessing to certain types of online content and nearly as

many (47%) have suspended in-app purchases. Hanley said that

FOSI was encouraging more people to use tools such as

parental controls to give them more peace of mind about

their children’s online activities. Hart Research Associates

carried out the study for FOSI. Three focus groups were

conducted: one with parents who had children age six to

nine; another of parents of 10 to 13-year-olds; and a

 20

further group for parents of teenagers between 14 and 17

(Johhston 2014).

In the study of Bentley (2019), Parents should monitor

what their children do online News Cyberbullying. Sexting.

Chat room predators. Cyberstalking. According to a 2013

report by the Pew Research Center, half of the parents

surveyed who have teens online have used parental controls

or other means of blocking, filtering or monitoring their

child’s online activities.

In addition, Parents who monitor their kids’ online

activities are simply creating an electronic safety net,

says Educators suggest that parents talk to their children

about the dangers of the Internet, cyberbullying and social

media, and explain how to recognize predators and suspicious

activity. This includes discussing the risks of sharing

information such as whether or not they are home alone while

online. Parents should also establish rules for Internet

use, such as: Never reveal personal information about

yourself; never respond to a threatening email or message –

and tell a parent if you receive one; and no visiting chat

rooms, since child predators frequent them to meet and

exploit children (Bentley 2019).

 21

In the study of Dr. Capriola (2019), Why Parents Should

Monitor Their Child’s Internet Usage Modern technology has

brought with great advances and conveniences that we all

enjoy. It has also brought unforeseen challenges that we are

still trying to figure out how to deal with. Among the most

demanding of these is the need to ensure our children know

how to use the internet in a healthy and productive way.

Should parents monitor their child’s internet usage? Yes,

parents should monitor their child’s internet use. Parents

must be resolute in their commitment to support their

children as they learn how to interact online in a way that

is appropriate for their age. No expert can say exactly what

a parent should or shouldn’t do when it comes to their kids

and the internet. Each situation is different.

In addition, kids who think they can rely on their

parents as a trusted guide bring their problems to their

parents more often than kids who don’t. So, the first step

in monitoring your child’s internet usage is to make sure

your connection with them is strong. Talk with them often

about what is going on in their lives do. Make it as

positive as you can and openly explain to them how you will

monitor them. Understand that you are also implicitly

teaching them about privacy, so the way you go about this

will shape their perception of how you respect their

 22

privacy. Be as open and transparent as you can. Your best

tool in this situation is your relationship with the child.

Build up their trust in you so they want to tell you what is

going on in their lives, both online and in person. For

those situations where they are not talking to you, talk to

them if you think there is a need. But if you connect with

them frequently and have open conversations about and make

sure they are educated on the topic they may be better

prepared to make a good choice when needed (Dr. Capriola

2019).

According to Kidsguard (2017), Parents should monitor

their teen’s online activities. Over the last 20 years, the

environment in which an American child grows up has changed

drastically. Information technology was nowhere nearly as

advanced, the internet was a dial-up modem and a mobile

phone often resembled a bulky, plastic brick. And yet,

barely a generation later, we have evolved to lighting fast

data networks making the internet accessible almost

everywhere and most often incorporated into a phone that can

do many of the things usually delegated to computers in the

past.

In addition, times have changed and with that change

comes new considerations for parents. The saying goes that

 23

prevention is better than cure. In the case of monitoring

children’s online activities, this saying could certainly be

applicable Most arguments for the monitoring of children’s

online activities (and by extension, their phones) are based

on the idea of preventing children from coming into contact

with undesirable people, content or interactions in the

first place. However, this approach is misguided and perhaps

even impossible. At an early age, it might be better to

perform a blanket ban on undesirable content, but children

below the age of 10 should probably have limited access to

the internet anyway (Kidsguard 2017).

According to Selwyn (2019), Many people’s lives are

saturated so thoroughly with digital technology that the

once obvious distinction between either

being online or offline now fails to do justice to a

situation where the Internet is implicitly always on.

Indeed, it is often observed that younger generations are

unable to talk about the Internet as a discrete entity.

In addition, instead, online practices have been part

of young people’s lives since birth and, much like oxygen,

water, or electricity, are assumed to be a basic condition

of modern life. That said, the educational impact of the

Internet is not straightforward. It is important to remember

 24

that well over half the world’s population has no direct

experience of using the Internet at all. While this is

likely to change with the global expansion of mobile

telephony, the issue of unequal access to the most enabling

and empowering forms of Internet use remains a major concern

(Selwyn 2019).

According to Woda (2019) Reasons to Monitor Your

Child's Internet Activity Cyberbullying. Most kids who are

harassed online by cyberbullies suffer emotional distress

but never tell their parents. Sexting. Teens might think

it's sexy to take and send nude pictures of themselves to

someone else, or they might think it's funny to forward

along pictures of someone else. Monitoring lets you step in

and stop the behavior. Identify bad apples. Some of your

child's friends could be trying to convince him to do drugs,

shoplift, or do something else against your family's moral

code.

In addition, Protect their personal information.

Children unintentionally reveal more about themselves and

their whereabouts than they should online, helping dangerous

"digital strangers" find them in the real world. I've heard

the Internet called “a really big city with no police”, and

it's a scary place to let your kids loose unsupervised. If

 25

you're concerned about invading your child's privacy, don't

be. You are the only thing standing between them and many of

the dangers online. Monitoring your child's Internet use is

the method 21st century parents do what parents have always

done – ensure that their kids' online safety (Woda 2019).

According to Figueiredo (2018), Things Parents Should

Know About Content Moderation In Video Games With most teen

boys and girls in the US playing video games in 2018, Online

games usually allow users to create their own usernames and

chat with other players. In some cases, users can upload a

profile picture and interact in forums too. This brings

positive aspects in terms of bonds, interactions and

friendship in those spaces. However, this also brings

challenges. Moderation is the discipline of ensuring that

user-generated content is appropriate and within the

boundaries determined by a platform’s community guidelines

and Terms of Use. It can be done by leveraging tools that

automate a big part of the process, or exclusively manually

by a team of moderators, or a combination of both.

In addition, image moderation could involve staff

members (known as moderators) reviewing all images posted by

players on a forum or profile page to determine if they're

appropriate for that platform and demographic, then removing

 26

them if needed. Artificial intelligence models can also be

used to quickly identify content, then automatically approve

or reject images based on community guidelines. Many

platforms also allow users to report each other for

inappropriate chat. We envision a world where games are free

of harassment, discrimination, and abuse, and where players

can express themselves through play (Figueirido 2018).

According to Internetmatters (2019), The benefits

although online gaming is a form of entertainment, with

parents’ support and guidance it can help children develop

their creativity, nurture relationships with friends and

improve strategic thinking. It can also help them build

perseverance to attain goals, build resilience and improve

their communications skills so they know how to respect

other people’s points of view. Studies have shown that

certain games can help younger children improve early

reading skills with the support of parents and teachers.

In addition, Games like ‘Times Table Rock Stars‘ that

is used in primary schools and pre-school apps like ‘Endless

Alphabet‘ can be great tools to help children learn in a

more engaging way. Also, with the growth of connected toys,

children can experience physical play while playing on

devices. Educational toys like Osmocombines tactile play

 27

pieces with a device’s camera to bring to the in-play action

to life. Enhances memory, brain’s speed, and concentration.

Games that are immersive and require strategy and problem-

solving skills to win, require players to remember and take

in a lot of information. Regularly playing these types of

games can help improve children’s short and long-term memory

and help the brain process information quicker. Also, games

capture players’ imagination helping them to stay focused on

certain tasks and builds their perseverance to achieve a

goal. Improved multi-tasking skills Promotes teamwork and

builds confidence. Multiplayer games allow children to take

on a number of roles that allow them to learn how to manage

a team if they are the leader or negotiate ways to win as

part of a group. The shared experience can be a great way to

collaborate and learn from each other to build children

confidence. Online Game Addiction Changing behaviour is

about helping children form new habits rather than a

chemical withdrawal like substance abuse (Internetmatters

2019).

According to Ben-Joseph (2018), The Internet can be

wonderful for kids. They can use it to research school

reports, communicate with teachers and other kids, and play

interactive games. But online access also comes with risks,

 28

like inappropriate content, cyberbullying, and online

predators. Using apps and websites where kids interact,

predators may pose as a child or teen looking to make a new

friend. They might prod the child to exchange personal

information, such as address and phone number, or encourage

kids to call them, seeing their phone number via caller ID.

Parents should be aware of what their kids see and hear on

the Internet, who they meet, and what they share about

themselves. Talk with your kids, use tools to protect them,

and keep an eye on their activities. Talk to your kids! Keep

an open line of communication and make sure that they feel

comfortable turning to you when they have problems online.

In addition, as kids get older, it gets a little

trickier to monitor their time spent online. They may carry

a smartphone with them at all times. They probably want —

and need — some privacy. This is healthy and normal, as

they're becoming more independent from their parents. The

Internet can provide a safe "virtual" environment for

exploring some newfound freedom if precautions are taken.

Talk about the sites and apps teens use and their online

experiences. Discuss the dangers of interacting with

strangers online and remind them that people online don't

always tell the truth. Explain that passwords are there to

protect against things like identity theft. They should

 29

never share them with anyone, even a boyfriend, girlfriend,

or best friend. Taking an active role in your kids' Internet

activities helps ensure that they benefit from them without

being exposed to the potential dangers (Ben-Joseph 2018).

In the study of Schneider et. Al (2017), Familial

influences are known to affect the likelihood of an

adolescent becoming a problem gamer. This systematic review

examined some of the key findings in empirical research on

family factors related to adolescent problem gaming. The

majority of studies have focused on parent–child

relationships, reporting that poorer quality relationships

are associated with increased severity of problem gaming.

The paternal relationship may be protective against problem

gaming; therefore, prevention programs should leverage the

support of cooperative.

In addition, the intergenerational effects of problem

gaming require further attention, in light of adult gamers

raising their children in a gaming-centric environment.

Research has been limited by a reliance on adolescent self-

report to understand family dynamics, without gathering

corroborating information from parents and other family

members. Interventions for adolescents may be more effective

in some cases if they can address familial influences on

 30

problem gaming with the active co-participation of parents,

rather than enrolling vulnerable adolescents in individual-

based training or temporarily isolating adolescents from the

family system (Schneider et. Al 2017).

In the study of Smith (2013), How Effective Is Parental

Supervision Online? There is a belief by some parents that

they can allow their underage child access to adult and teen

social media and messaging apps, as long as they supervise

their child’s accounts and have educational talks with them.

Many mobile apps used on iPods and smart phones only allow

use by 13yr+ teens, but many parents are ignoring the legal

terms of service requirements and allowing their children to

use adult/teen apps, like Kik Messenger, Snapchat, Facebook

and Instagram. Some parents actually share

log-in’s/passwords with their child so that they can log

into the same account and see what is going On or they might

friend their child online, or “look over their child’s

shoulders”. Supervising your child online and educating your

child about online behaviour won’t protect your child from

being hurt online.

In addition, Most parents don’t have the skills or the

time to supervise their children expertly online, and even

 31

if they think they do, no parent can control what happens to

their child posts online. Adult supervision and open

conversations is essential for online safety for our kids,

but not enough for younger children on adult/teen apps. We

need to slow down the uptake of adult apps by underage kids.

Children exposed to adult content can be quite emotionally

disturbed, and if children are using apps and social media

designed for older teens and adults they certainly will be

exposed to adult behaviour and material due to the lack of

child friendly filters on these apps until your child and

their friends are mature enough to behave responsibly online

and respond appropriately is going to be a better outcome

for your child’s health than allowing them access to an

adult online world before they and their friends are ready.

Education on sexual behaviour and personal development needs

to be in place before your child is exposed to adult

material through apps and other online search engines. There

just hasn’t been enough research to show that children are

resilient to being shown adult content if accompanied with

education and forewarning, to warrant the risk to their

emotional health (Smith 2013).

In the study of Mintz (2019) Do You Know What Your Kid

is Doing Online? This is a question every parent faces.

 32

There are a lot of factors to consider from an ethical

perspective but before doing so let’s examine some of the

facts and data. Most parents monitor their teens activities

on social media A survey by the Pew Research Center in 2014-

2015, provides the following information. Do parents talk to

their kids about acceptable online behavior?  The results

also show that about one-half of the parent are friends on

Facebook; 65% have taken away the smart phone for

disciplinary reasons while 55% have limited the time spent

on social media. Why social media should be monitored? Teens

spend on average about eight hours per day online. It’s

important to set the ground rules when you first give a

smartphone to your teen including that they will be

monitored until they are old enough to understand

responsibility and accountability. Communicating with your

teens about social media limitations can build responsible

behavior and they learn to be accountable for their actions.

Being online is important to the growth and development of

your teen. Online activities can bring happiness;

satisfaction with these relationships. It builds social

skills albeit not personal communication.

In addition, meaningful relationships can be developed

online that enhance belongingness. Acceptance by others

including a large number of followers, can build self-

 33

esteem. Social media communications can help to develop

cognitive skills, especially understanding, deliberative

thought processes, and critical thinking. In short, social

media activities can meet self-actualizing needs and teach

your teen to care for others. Excessive use of social media

can have addictive effects. The more you use it, the more

you want to use it (Mintz 2019).

According to the study of Gonzales (2019), Filipinos

spend most time online, on social media worldwide. For the

4th straight year, the Philippines is tops in worldwide

social media use. The Philippines also beats Thailand this

year for most time spent online. Globally, here are the key

stats: For mobile, the speed increased from 13.34 Mbps to

15.1 Mbps. The global average is 25.1 Mbps, with Canada

leading at 63.1 Mbps. Just like last year, the Philippines

is top when it comes to social media penetration. 99% of

internet users are on at least one type of social media

platform

In addition, the number of social media users in the

Philippines has grown from 67 million to 76 million this

year. Of these 76 million, 75 million are on Facebook. One

area where Philippines performs “poorly" is Instagram. Only

14% of people aged 13 years old and above are on Instagram,

 34

a percentage point below the global average. The Philippines

tops social media use again this year, clocking in at 4

hours and 12 minutes, the 4th straight year it has done so.

The amount of time increased from last year’s 3 hours and 57

minutes. The global average this year is at 2 hours and 16

minutes. For mobile phone social media use, 67% of online

Filipinos access social media on their phone, keeping social

media as an influential force, Gonzales (2019).

According to Rappler (2019), The Department of Health

(DOH) also advised parents to monitor their kids' social

media habits and what sites that they visit. It encouraged

parents to set boundaries on the use of media devices at

home and to find ways to make technology habits productive

for their children, such as by being involved in their

children’s internet activities. The 'Momo challenge' The

viral Momo meme is distilled from combination of events, as

explained by meme cataloguing page Know Your Meme. The

challenge is composed of two primary things: the visual

representation of "Momo" and the urban legend representing

the challenge. The visual representation of Momo comes from

cropped images of a sculpture made in 2016 by artist Keisuka

Aiso. The complete picture features the creepy face taken to

be Momo sporting a bird-like body and legs, much like what

 35

one would associate with a mythological harpy (Rappler.com

2019).

According to Momblan (2019) Parents, teachers urged to

monitor kids’ online activities ILOILO CITY -- The

Department of Education (DepEd) here has advised parents and

teachers to closely monitor online activities of children,

following the viral “Momo Challenge” that allegedly

encourages children to commit violent actions. With this,

internet safety lessons are taught to students and are

complemented with the department’s widespread advocacy

campaign on its responsible use. A DepEd order was also put

in place to regulate students’ use of mobile phones and

other gadgets during class hours and even inside the school

premises. “Some of the schools already practice the

regulation of phones wherein students leave their gadgets at

one specific place but we also understand that this

regulation can hardly be sustained since gadgets are already

considered important,” she said, referring to the role of

gadgets in facilitating communication.

In addition, Currently, Fanco said the Division had not

yet received any report on violence committed by children

against fellow students encouraged by online content. She

advised teachers and parents to remain vigilant and report

 36

to the schools’ division superintendent when these cases

surface. She assured that every school in the province had a

working Child Protection Committees, pursuant to DepEd No.

40. “Momo Challenge” is allegedly a “deadly” messaging app

which hounds the user with dares and violent images. “Momo”

features a woman with a ghoulish face, bulging eyes and

gaping mouth (Momblan 2019).

According to Tan (2016), This study aimed to test the

adapted research toolkits from the EU Kids Online in the

Philippines and consequently, to produce a localized

research toolkit that can be used for a national study. The

study was conducted in selected barangays in Metro Manila

and nearby province of Pampanga. It involved partners from 3

research sites, one for the cognitive laboratory study in

Malate, Manila and 2 for the pilot-testing study – one in

Sta. Ana, Manila and the other in Mexico, Pampanga. The

results of this report should be interpreted with caution

due to the small sample of participants involved and as such

are not representative of the population of children who are

online in the Philippines.

In addition, as age increases, children spend longer

time using media and the Internet spending half an hour a

day among children aged 9 to 11 years to at least 4 hours a

 37

day in older children. The average age of first internet use

among participants in the survey was 9 years old. Almost all

child respondents agree that there have been lots of things

on the internet that were good for children – e.g. facebook,

youtube, google, yahoo, online games, among others. Across

gender and age, children were able to identify 43 different

apps and websites used for different online activities, with

most of these used in accessing online games (Tan 2016).

In the study of Sanchez (2019), The internet became

widely available in the Philippines in 1994, which led to a

slowly developing internet savvy consumers in the country.

In 2018, the number of internet users in the Philippines

grew to almost 70 million people, accounting for more than

half of the total population. The digital population mostly

belong to the age group of 16 years old and above. 

Accessing the internet is now the most popular tool for

consumers in the Philippines.

In addition, the merchandise value of the internet

economy helped to boost industries because of their presence

online, making the marketing of the services and products

much easier.. The importance of this device to the Filipinos

is to provide not just communication but also the access to

information. In fact, a quarter of the population used

 38

their mobile phone in 2018 to access the internet, and it is

forecasted to grow and penetrate almost half of the

population by 2023 (Sanchez (2019)

According to Camus (2018), The Philippines again topped

the world in terms of social media usage as the number of

internet users in the country hit 67 million people,

according to a new report by London, United Kingdom-based

consultancy We Are Social. In its Digital 2018 report, which

compiled data from various third-party sources, We Are

Social said Filipinos spent an average of 3 hours and 57

minutes a day on social media sites, mainly on Facebook. It

said there were 67 million accounts on Facebook in the

Philippines, matching the total number of internet users in

the county. Another 10 million Filipinos were on Instagram,

which is owned by Facebook. The Philippines was ahead in

terms of social media usage in a list of 40 countries

In addition, Other heavy social media users were Brazil

(3 hours and 39 minutes), Indonesia (3 hours and 23

minutes), Thailand (3 hours and 10 minutes) and Argentina (3

hours and 9 minutes). The Philippines was also No. 1 in the

world in terms of social media usage in 2017. Overall,

Filipinos spent 9 hours and 29 minutes a day on the

internet, based on the 2018 report. Overall, internet usage

 39

in the Philippines remains on a growth trajectory with seven

million users added over last year. Internet penetration now

stands at around 63 percent out of 105.7 million Filipinos

(Camus 2018).

According to the Manila Times (2019), The number of

internet users in the country hit a record-high 47 percent

in December 2018, according to the latest Social Weather

Stations (SWS) survey released on Wednesday. This was six

points higher than the 41 percent recorded in September

2018, and five points above the previous record of 42

percent in March 2018, SWS said. “The proportion of Filipino

adults using the Internet has been steadily increasing since

SWS first asked about it in June 2006, when it was at 8

percent,” the polling firm said. “It ranged from 11-19

percent from September 2007 to December 2011, and rose to

23-32 percent from March 2012 to December 2015. It ranged

from 34-42 percent from April 2016 to September 2018, before

it reached a record-high 47 percent in December 2018.

In addition, Internet use was “highest” among classes

ABC at 61 percent, while usage for class D was at a new

record-high of 49 percent, and class E was at 34 percent,

the survey said. SWS said internet use was also highest

among 18 to 24-year olds at 88 percent, followed by 25 to 34

 40

year olds (69 percent), 35 to 44 year olds (56 percent), 45

to 54 year olds (27 percent) and 55 and above (32 percent)

(The Manila Times 2019).

According to Lamb (2019), Philippines tops world

internet usage index with an average 10 hours a day. The

findings from the Digital 2019 report show that most time

spent online is done via mobile devices, with the greatest

portion of that time spent on social media. It also charts

an exponential increase in the number of new internet users.

“The big story in this year’s data is the accelerating

growth in internet users,” Kemp wrote, “More than 360

million people came online for the first time in 2018, at an

average rate of more than one million new users every day.”

The country that experienced the biggest jump in internet

usage in 2018 was India, which also struggled to counter the

violent repercussions of viral fake news – with false

rumours about child kidnappers spread on the messaging

service WhatsApp leading to mob lynching and the murder of

more than two dozen people. The south Asian nation saw the

number of internet users jump by almost 100 million last

year, nearly doubling the same growth in China, with

internet penetration in India now at 41% (Lamb 2019).

 41

According to Adel (2019) Filipinos are world’s heaviest

internet users in 2018, report says, Filipino users spend an

average of four hours and 12 minutes on social media

platforms.. They are using mobile internet for four hours

and 58 minutes on average. The report said that the social

media use increased by nearly nine percent annually with 3.5

billion now active on social media and a million new people

go online every day despite growing concerns on fake news,

fake followers and data privacy in 2018. Aside from this,

Facebook still maintained its spot as the most popular

social media network used worldwide.

In addition, its monthly active users jumped by 1.7

percent or 37 million. On the other hand, Instagram only has

around 1 billion active users in total while Twitter and

Snapchat declined its audience by 2.7 percent and 12

percent, respectively. Meanwhile, Facebook’s Whatsapp and

Messenger are the top messaging apps among online users. The

Digital 2019 report was conducted in 2018 and surveyed over

230 countries (Adel 2019).

In the study of ABSCBN (2019) Why Parental Supervision

Is So Important To Your Kids While parents try to teach

their kids discipline and discernment in real-life

situations, another area that needs their attention and

 42

guidance is how their children interact online. Since the

internet is bound with an interminable supply of information

and chances for interaction, parents need to exercise a

considerable yet respectful level of control as regards to

their child’s internet usage to protect them from risks

present in the World Wide Web. Emphasize the importance of

protecting their privacy and identity by not giving out

personal information like their passwords to unknown sites

or digital strangers. More importantly, just as they are

taught about “stranger danger” in reality, they must learn

that this applies in the online world as well. It’s like

teaching them not to divulge their personal information to

people they meet for the first time and not going anywhere

with a stranger.

In addition, Children should be taught the basics of

exercising courtesy when it comes to communicating online,

either with their peers or older individuals, as if they are

speaking to the one at the other end of the line in person.

With these features, parents and guardians can protect their

kids from various online threats, safeguard their network

from unwanted content, restrict or block access to

unsuitable sites (ABSCBN 2019).

 43

In the study of Osorio (2019), How the Filipino child

consumes media. As media platforms continue to diversify,

NCCT saw the need to explore children’s behavior not only on

their interface with television, but on their social-media

usage and video-gaming engagement as well. How these impact

their classroom performance, and determine how parents

monitor or mediate their children’s media usage. Children

generally use social media for communication and

socialization, most commonly with relatives and classmates.

Both public and private schoolteachers encourage their

students to use social media where group chats are common,

and where the teachers would usually post special

announcements like assignments, projects, school events and

group activities. While parents are aware of the dangers and

risks of media, majority do not orient their children, least

setup online security on social networking sites.

Nonetheless, some kids reported finding ways to play for

extended hours: in school during recess, and before and

Younger children primarily use media for entertainment and

for keeping up with family members and friends. When

children grow older, their range of interest in using social

media widens, and many would use media as an avenue for

finding new friends, keeping up to date with personalities,

and even searching for potential partners. Parents would let

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their children use media as a form of early “teacher” and

oftentimes as a distraction especially for working parents

or housewives.

In addition, some parents see media as a reward for

achievement, when children do well in school or in

extracurricular activities. Given the research results,

there’s a need for digital media and information literacy

for teachers, children and their recent study point at the

numerous adverse impacts of video gaming and exposure to age

inappropriate media content, Osorio (2019).

According to Cueto (2019), THE Department of Education

(DepEd) called on parents and the schools to focus on the

children’s usage of internet and social media, so as to

protect them from all forms of abuse, exploitation,

discrimination, bullying and other forms of violence. DepEd

said that parents and guardians should maintain an open

communication with their children, to educate them about

responsible online behavior, monitor what they access

online, and help them understand that their parents and

guardians are the foremost people they can trust about

matters that make them feel uncomfortable, coerced or

unsafe. Distorted efforts meant to prey on the

vulnerabilities of the youth should be resisted with proper

 45

guidance and education and by empowering the children with

knowledge of their rights and responsibilities online and

offline,” it said, Cueto (2019).

General Statement

“Parents’ Supervision on the Online Activities Of Student”

Parents can supervise it on monitoring the account of their

children or student and according to the study of Wong

(2016),Us parents largely unaware of what their children do

online, research finds new study points to a ‘digital

disconnect’ between children and adults, with only 13% of

teens thinking their parents understood the extent of their

internet use. In addition, helping their children navigate a

digital adolescence is a major challenge for 21st-century

 46

parents. And 62% of teens report spending at least five

hours on the internet every day, much of it on mobile

devices. It can affect it to our study because we can get

some idea to our Review Of Related Literature and can also

help also to start our first chapter because if we do not

have any idea, we cannot proceed in our Chapter One.