Ky-Thuat-So - Thay-Thao - Chapter - 06-Bo-Nho - (Cuuduongthancong - Com)

Chương 6 – BỘ NHỚ
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6-1 Thuật ngữ bộ nhớ
• Bit: The smallest unit of binary data.
• Byte: Most microcomputers handle and store
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binary data and information in groups of eight bits.
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• Nibble: Binary numbers are often broken into
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groups of four bits.
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• Word: It is a group of bits that represents a certain
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unit of information. Word size can be defined as
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the number of bits in the binary word a digital
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system operates on.

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• Memory Cell—a device or an electrical circuit
used to store a single bit (0 or 1).
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– Examples include a flip-flop, charged capacitor,
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or a single spot on magnetic tape or disk.
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• Memory Word—a group of bits (cells) in a
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memory that represents instructions or data.
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– Word sizes in computers typically range from 8 to 64
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bits, depending on the size of the computer.
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• Byte—a special term used for a group of eight bits.

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– Always consists of eight bits.

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• Capacity—a way of specifying how many bits can

be stored in a memory device or system.
• Density—another term for capacity.
– A memory device with greater density can store more
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bits in a given amount of space.
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• Address—a number that identifies the location
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of a word in memory.
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– Addresses always exist in a digital system as a binary
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number, although octal, hex & decimal numbers are
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often used to represent the address for convenience.
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• Read Operation—the binary word stored in a
specific memory location (address) is sensed
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and then transferred to another device.
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– Often called a fetch operation because a word is
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being fetched from memory.
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• Write Operation—operation whereby a new word
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is placed into a particular memory location.
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– Also referred to as a store operation, it replaces the
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word that was previously stored there.
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• Access Time—measure of memory device speed,

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it is the time between the memory receiving a new

address input & data is available at the output.
• Volatile Memory—any memory that requires the
application of electrical power to store information.
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– If the electrical power is removed, all information
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stored in the memory will be lost.
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• Random-Access Memory (RAM)—memory in
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which actual physical location of a memory word
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has no effect on how long it takes to read from, or
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write into, that location.
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– Access time is the same for any address in memory.

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• Most semiconductor memories are RAMs.

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• Sequential-Access Memory (SAM)—type of
memory in which the access time is not constant
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but varies depending on the address location.
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– A stored word is found by sequencing through
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all address locations until the desired address
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is reached.
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• Access times far longer than random-access memory.
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• Read/Write Memory (RWM)—any memory that
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can be read from or written into with equal ease.
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• Read-Only Memory (ROM)—broad class of

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semiconductor memories designed for applications

with a high ratio of read- to write- operations.
• Static Memory Devices—semiconductor memory
devices in which stored data remains permanently
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stored as long as power is applied.
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– Without need for periodically rewriting data to memory.
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• Dynamic Memory Devices—semiconductor
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memory in which stored data will not remain
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permanently stored, even with power applied.
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– Unless the data are periodically rewritten into memory.
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• A refresh operation.
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• Main Memory—a computer’s working memory.

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– Stores instructions and data the CPU is currently

working on.
• Cache Memory—high-speed block of memory that
operates between slower main memory and the
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CPU to optimize the speed of the computer.
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– Physically located in the CPU, mother board, or both.
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• Auxiliary Memory—referred to as mass storage
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because it stores massive amounts of information
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external to the main memory. ng
– Slower than main memory, always nonvolatile.
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6-2 Hoạt động bộ nhớ
• Hoạt động Write/Read
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• Hoạt động Write/Read
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• Bộ nhớ 32x4
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• Quá trình Write
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• Quá trình Read
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• Kết nối Memory với CPU
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6-3 RAM (Random-Access Memory)
• Các dạng RAM
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• Sơ đồ bên trong RAM
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• Dạng SRAM
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• Dạng SRAM
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• Dạng SRAM
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• Dạng SRAM
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• Dạng DRAM
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• Dạng DRAM
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• Dạng DRAM
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• Dạng DRAM
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6-4 ROM (Read-Only Memory)
• Các dạng ROM.
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• Dạng PROM.
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• Dạng EPROM.
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• Dạng EPROM.
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• Dạng EPROM.
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• Dạng FLASH .
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• Dạng CMOS FLASH .
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• Dạng USB FLASH .
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• Ứng dụng của ROM .
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A ROM look-up table and a DAC are used

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to generate a sine-wave output signal.

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6-5 Mở rộng bộ nhớ
• Mở rộng từ nhớ.
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• Mở rộng địa chỉ.
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6-6 Chức năng bộ nhớ
• First In–First Out (FIFO).
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• First In–First Out (FIFO).
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• Last In–First Out (LIFO).
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• Last In–First Out (LIFO).
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Chương 6 – BỘ NHỚ

system operates on.

• Byte—a special term used for a group of eight bits.

– Always consists of eight bits.

• Capacity—a way of specifying how many bits can

• Access Time—measure of memory device speed,

it is the time between the memory receiving a new

– Access time is the same for any address in memory.

• Most semiconductor memories are RAMs.

• Read-Only Memory (ROM)—broad class of

semiconductor memories designed for applications

• Main Memory—a computer’s working memory.

– Stores instructions and data the CPU is currently

A ROM look-up table and a DAC are used

to generate a sine-wave output signal.

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