MEC 616:

FLUID MECHANICS II
Instructor: Tooraj Yousefi
Email: tooraj.yousefi@torontomu.ca
Office: EPH335C
Office hours: Monday8 am to 9:45 am

Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering

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Course Organization: 3 hours of lecture per week for 13 weeks
2 hours of lab/tutorial alternate weeks for 4 labs.
Course Evaluation: Midterm test 20%
Group lab reports 10%
Group design project 25%
Final exam 45%
Total 100%
Examinations:
• Midterm exam on March 6th, 2 hrs. Covers week 1 to 7.

• Final exam, during exam period, 3 hours. Covers all course material from lectures,
notes, assignments, practicums, and design project.

• Student must complete all tests, the Exam, and Lab work.

• To pass the course, a student must:

achieve a minimum overall grade of 50%, and
achieve at least 50% in the weighted combination of the midterm test and the final exam

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 Resources:

Compulsory White, F. M. (2016). Fluid Mechanics (9th ed.). USA: McGraw-Hill.

Text:

Lab Manual: MEC 616 - Fluid Mechanics II Laboratory Manual (will be posted in
D2L).

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 Course Content
Topic Weeks Description
1 1-3 Iterative solutions of laminar and turbulent pipe flows including variable friction
factors and minor losses; solutions for unknown flow rate and pipe diameter. Non-
circular conduits & equivalent hydraulic diameter. Pipes in series and in parallel.
Hardy Cross technique for pipe networks. [(Review Sec. 6.1-6.6); Sec. 6.7-6.10].

2 4-6 Forces on immersed bodies. Boundary layer on a flat plate. Karman momentum
integral. Laminar, transition & turbulent regimes. Skin friction drag in laminar,
transition & turbulent boundary layers on flat plates. Drag on 2-D & 3-D bodies.
Boundary layer separation and pressure drag. Lift & drag on infinite airfoils and flat
plates. [Sec. 7.1-7.4, 7.6].

3 7-8 Measurement of flow using common flow meters. Pitot-tubes, rotameters. Thin-plate
orifice, flow nozzles, venturi meters. [Sec. 6.12].
4 8-9 Pumps & turbines. Hydraulic power, shaft power, efficiency. Pumps in piping
systems. Similarity laws for turbomachinery. Homologous machines, dimensionless
operating coefficients, specific speed. Centrifugal, mixed, and axial flow pumps.
Cavitation & net positive-suction head. [Sec. 11.1, 11.3-11.4].
5 10-11 Centrifugal pump theory. Virtual head calculations. Impeller velocity diagrams.
[Sec.11.2].
6 12-13 Centrifugal & axial flow pump characteristics. Pump and pipe system matching.
Pumps in series & parallel operation. [Sec. 11.5].

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 Design Project

Your group has been awarded a contract

to make design recommendations for this
system. Your design tasks are to
determine the smallest volume suitable
for the storage tank and select an
economical pipe size, pump impeller size,
and speed for this task to achieve
minimum total capital and operational
costs over a five-year period.

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 Your project in D2L

All information is on “Design Project” Folder

The start date for enrolment is January 31th at 12 am and expiry date is February 7th at 5
pm.

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MEC 511 7
 Chapter 6 : Viscous Flow in Ducts
flow in ducts with various velocities, various fluids, and various duct shapes.

a small amount of theory + a large amount of experimentation

Given:pipe geometry, desired flow rate, fluid properties

what pressure drop is needed to drive the flow?
The basic piping problem:
Given the pressure drop available from a pump
what flow rate will ensue?

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Review 6-1 to 6-6

6.1 Reynolds-Number Regimes

6.2 Internal versus External Viscous Flows
6.3 Head Loss—The Friction Factor
6.4 Laminar Fully Developed Pipe Flow
6.5 Turbulence Modeling
6.6 Turbulent Pipe Flow

New Sections 6-7 to 6-10

6.7 Four Types of Pipe Flow Problems
6.8 Flow in Noncircular Ducts
6.9 Minor or Local Losses in Pipe Systems

6.10 Multiple-Pipe Systems

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 6.1 Reynolds-Number Regimes

Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pae5WrmDzUU https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7MpO8kuJvzE

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 The three regimes of viscous flow: (a) laminar flow at low Re; (b) transition at
intermediate Re; (c) turbulent flow at high Re.
The primary parameter affecting transition is the Reynolds number.
Re = UL/ν
U is the average stream velocity and L is the “width,” or transverse thickness, of the shear
layer, and ν is the kinematic viscosity.

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 Laminar flow theory is now well developed, and many solutions are known

no analyses can simulate the fine-scale random fluctuations

turbulent flow
therefore most turbulent flow theory is semiempirical, based on
dimensional analysis and physical reasoning.

it is concerned with the mean flow properties only and the

mean of the fluctuations, not their rapid variations

The turbulent flow “theory” is unbelievably crude yet surprisingly

effective.

Sample
Problem

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6.2 Internal versus External Viscous Flows

either internal (that is, “bounded” by walls)

Both laminar and turbulent flow may be:

or external and unbounded

An internal flow is constrained by the bounding walls, and the viscous effects will
grow and meet and permeate the entire flow.

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 An external flow has no restraining walls and is free to expand no matter how
thick the viscous layers on the immersed body may become. Thus, far from the body
the flow is nearly inviscid.

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 At a finite distance from the entrance, the
boundary layers merge and the inviscid core
disappears.

The tube flow is then entirely viscous, and the

axial velocity adjusts slightly further until at x
= Le it no longer changes with x and is said to
be fully developed, u = u(r) only.

Downstream of x = Le the velocity profile is

constant, the wall shear is constant, and the
pressure drops linearly with x, for either
laminar or turbulent flow.

By considering continuity equation:

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 Correlations for Le
Dimensional analysis
For laminar flow, the accepted correlation is

The maximum laminar entrance length, at Red,crit = 2300, is Le = 138d, which is the
longest development length possible.
In turbulent flow, the boundary layers grow faster, and Le is relatively shorter.

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