Food Production Technology

and Management Practices

Raimi Mohamed Redwan
BAP 1.13
raimi@umk.edu.my
Contents-Fisheries

Current trend in the fisheries industries

Method of deep sea and coastal fishing and its infrastructure requirement

Issue and management of marine fishing

Freshwater fishing
Surrounding nets
• Active gear
• Purse seines
• Lampara
 Purse Seine

• Targeting pelagic schooling

fish such as tuna and
mackerel.
• Can either be in one boat
or two boat system.
• Vessel carry the net before
bringing the bottom
together into a ‘purse’ like
enclosure.
• Spotter aircraft is used to
search for schools of fish.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hBo-6F49ej8
 Lampara Nets

• Usually uses to catch sardines,

anchovy and garfish.
• A more specialised surrounding nets
with wings.
• During the hauling process, the net is
towed by boat.
• The side wing has larger nets but
very small at the bunt.
• The gear is set in a circular fashion,
and hauled by pulling both wings
simultaneously.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_aKGsGGw06M
Seine Nets

• Seine nets usually have two long wings

and a section that concentrates and retain
the catch.
• The nets has negatively buoyant ropes
that extend to the end for the hauling
process.
• Functions on the principles that fish swim
away from a moving object (i.e. net) and
instead swim directly in front of the net.
 Danish-seining

• Similar to beach seining but used at

sea with 150m depth.
• The rope used in this net can be up
40 times longer than the net itself.
• The net is negatively buoyant and is
hauled by boat.
• The gear is set in a pear shape, with
the net at the base of the pear and
the ropes making up the sides
Trawl

• The most important fishing method used to

harvest demersal species.
• The trawl is conical shaped net with wide mouth
with cod end where fish collect. The trawl net
consist of the upper and the lower nets.
• The trawl nets can be categorized depending on
the method used to spread the net mouth open;
the beam trawl or the otter trawl
 Beam trawls

• Usually used to catch prawns.

• Can be operated by small vessel at
restricted area.
• It is a trawl where the mouth of the
trawl is held open by a metal beam.
• The trawl is then dragged along the
ocean scooping up everything in its
path.
 Otter trawls

• The trawl boards, sweeps, lower

bridle and ground gear of demersal
otter trawls remain in contact with
the seabed during fishing.
• The net is held open horizontally by
trawl boards being dragged along the
seabed, spreading the sweeps,
bridles and net wings.
• These herd the fish towards the net,
where they are retained in the cod
end.
 Other Trawl

• Prawn trawl
• Use ground chain to reduce escapes from the
footropes. It hang below the footropes to disturb the
seafloor.
• Semipelagic otter trawl
• Fishes close to the seabed but only the trawl boards,
wing end weights and chain droppers are in contact
with seabed.
• Midwater trawling
• Lighter construction and have a much larger mouth
with short or no wings.
• The desired depth can be achieved by adjusting the
connecting lines between the floats and the net.
Gillnets and
entanglement nets
• A stationary nets that catch fish by its gills as they swim into
the net, causing the fish to entangle.
• Hang vertically in the water, secured with a cork line and
weighted lead line to keep it upright.
• The two variations are the drift net and the anchor net.
• Fist caught using this method is either gilled, wedged or
tangled.
• Cause of concern due to capture of protected aquatic
species and leading to ghost fishing gear.
 Drifting gillnets

• Also known as pelagic gillnets.

• Made up of individual net panels tied
together, allowing easy removal or
replacement of damaged sections.
• They are set in open water and can be
set with the headline on the sea surface
(positively buoyant) or suspended
below the surface (negatively buoyant),
with one end of the net often remaining
attached to the vessel.
 Demersal Gillnets

• Bottom set gillnets that is used to

target mullet cod and flatfish.
• Similar to pelagic gillnets but are
negatively buoyant and fish on the
ocean floor.
• The boat does not remain attached to
the gear, but may remain within a
short distance of it.
 Trammel net

• Or tangled nets, used three sheets of

netting suspended from a common cork
line and attached to a lead line at the
bottom.
• The middle mesh is more fine, loosely hang
in between larger mesh.
• Fish swimming against the trammel net
draw the smaller inner mesh through one
of the outer meshes and become trapped
in the pocket that forms in the net.
Trap and Gear pot

• Traps are passive fishing gear that allow

fish to enter but difficult to escape.
• Fish and shellfish pots are basket trap that
are used primarily to harvest commercially
important species of crab, lobster, seabass
and shrimp.
 Portable Trap
(Bubu)

• It is a trap made of
bamboo or metal screen
and net with “valve” like
opening in the front
where the fish enters but
could not escape.
• Can be in cages,
cylindrical or cone like
shape.
• Categorized to stationary
fish pots, floating fish
pots, and drift fish pots.
 Stationary Trap
(Belat)

• Bamboo trap that is set near to the

mangrove where there is high and
low tide.
• Net is set in half a circle or in V or U
shape. One side is facing the
mangrove and the other facing the
sea.
• It is set when it is in high tide and
fish is collected when the tide is
low.
Hook and line fishing

• Can be divided into four categories:-

• Hand lines
• Pole and lines
• Troll lines
• Long lines or set lines
• The fishing lines is set to obtain
maximum geographic coverage by the
hooks with minimal effort to handle
gear.
 Hand lining

• Important for squid, can also be

used to catch fish.
• A line with hook that is baited and
lowered into water from boat. The
line is hold by hand and is hauled
when fish take the hook.
• The line can be forked at the end
using wire spreader to
accommodate two hooks.
 Pole and line

• Most prominent for tuna and

mackerel.
• Rod and line fishing, the pole is
used to hold line on deck.
• Vessel for pole fishing are varies
in size from small motorized boat
to larger diesel powered vessel.
• The fish are attracted to the
surface by bait (jig or live fish) or
by process called “chumming”.
 Trolling

• Lines with baited hooks are

towed through the water by a
slow moving vessel.
• Can use one line or many lines
that is spaced by spreader poles.
• The lines are weighted with a
cannonballs to carry the lines to
desired depth and to prevent
fouling.
• Each line can bear about 15
baited
 Longlining

• Uses a main or ground line that has a number

of short branch lines (droppers, gangens, or
offshoots) where baited hooks are attached.
• May be fished on the bottom, at intermediate
depths, or near the surface.
• Pelagic longlines remain suspended with
buoys and pose minimal risk to marine
habitats.
• Demersal longlines are fixed along the
seafloor using anchors, at depths as little as a
few hundred metres down to many
thousands of metres
Shellfish dredging and
scooping
• Specialized tool for sessile marine life such as
oyster, clams, mussels and scallops.
• Shovel, tongs, rakes and dredges.
• Tong with rakes at the end is used to harvest
oyster. Used by opening and closing the tong
and scoops up the oyster between the rack.
• Dredging is towing the dredge which is made
of metal frame with raking bar at the front
and bag shaped net at the back end.
Thank you