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THE MAGAZINE FOR CAMBRIDGE SCHOOLS WORLDWIDE

Issue 39, February 2022

Inside

Career development
A new route to
higher education
courses for teachers

Big in Japan
Why Asia Pacific
is becoming a popular
study destination

Introducing ‘Welldoing’
A new approach linking
learning and wellbeing

Thinking
about
thinking
How brain development and
metacognition can impact learning
king for ove
Ensure full support through the or r CONTENTS

W
25

ducation
Ca
Welcome
Cambridge Primary pathway with wide

m bridge A
YEARS

al E
ranging Hodder Education resources

on
es ti

ss
WITH a
sm
ent Intern

ISSUE 39, FEBRUARY 2022


Our Cambridge Primary range includes:.
Welcome to the first issue of Cambridge
Outlook for 2022. We know the pandemic
Learner’s Books continues to pose huge challenges for
schools and the situation is ever-changing
Boost confidence and extend understanding with tasks worldwide. We are putting all our efforts into
built in a three-step approach: ‘Learn’, ‘Get started!’ supporting you through this year and helping your
and ‘Go further’ supports differentiation and higher students to move forward.
order thinking skills. Over the past two years, students have had to adapt
to learning in different ways – either remotely, or in a

04
Also available as Boost eBooks. school environment that is not the same as before.
Some students will have discovered they learn better
in a quiet space at home, while others will have
struggled away from the energy of the classroom.
In this issue we are ‘thinking about thinking’, and
how we can help students understand more about
Contents
Workbooks
Encourage reflection and self-assessment with write-in
workbooks full of varied independent activities for extra
how they learn, and what works best for them. Two
researchers from the University of Bath, UK – Dr
Karen Angus-Cole and Abby Osborne – have been
looking at the interconnect between wellbeing and
In Focus: Thinking
about thinking
11
practise both in the classroom and at home. learning, and they suggest ideas for removing barriers 4 Introduction
to learning (page 8). Dr Iroise Dumontheil shares her Why it’s important we
research into adolescent cognitive development on help students form good
pages 6 to 7, giving insight into behaviours that might learning habits
have a negative impact on learning and how we might 6 Expert interview
Teacher’s Guides with Boost Subscription turn them into positives. Dr Iroise Dumontheil
Taking a holistic approach to student development tells us about her work
Confidently deliver the curriculum frameworks with is important, and that’s why this issue also includes investigating cognitive
guidance on introducing new content and assessment articles about The Duke of Edinburgh’s International development in young people
ideas to check learner’s understanding. Includes a print Award (page 10) and an assessment that helps schools
understand what motivates students. It can also be 8 The world of Welldoing
handbook and a subscription to Boost, where you will
used to support teacher development (page 14). Dr Karen Angus-Cole and Abby
find a range of online resources to support teaching. We hope you enjoy this issue. If you have a Osborne introduce Welldoing: Higher education
story to share, please get in touch at an approach that supports 12 Big in Japan
outlook@cambridgeinternational.org wellbeing and effective Japan is becoming
learning at the same time increasingly popular as an
international study destination.
New for 2022 Ready to Go Lessons* Christine Özden Case study We spoke to Professor
Chief Executive, 11 The Duke of Edinburgh’s Yamaguchi about why
Save planning and preparation time with a bank of Cambridge Assessment International Award
ready-to-go lessons which support the Cambridge International Education We talk to two students about Professional development
Primary curriculum frameworks. Lesson plans what inspired them to 14 Cambridge Personal
participate in the Award Styles Questionnaire
are easy-to-use and accessible, drawing on
An online assessment to
classroom experience and expertise. All lessons are About us help schools support their
accompanied by a digital subscription to Boost, with Cambridge Assessment International Education prepares teachers and students
World English also providing ideas and suggestions school students for life, helping them develop an informed
15 A new route to
about how learners can build on and continue curiosity and a lasting passion for learning. We are part of
the University of Cambridge.
career development
learning in a home environment. Teachers who hold Cambridge
Any feedback on this issue? Anything you would like to read about in the PDQs can now fast-track onto
*Ready to Go Lessons are linked to the approaches in our Cambridge Primary Teacher’s Guides and follow the same next issue? Contact us at: higher education courses
Cambridge Outlook magazine, Cambridge Assessment International
structure as our Learner’s Books but can be used as and when you need them, independent of the rest of our range. Education, The Triangle Building, Shaftesbury Road, Cambridge CB2 8EA, UK Support for schools
t: +44 1223 553261 f: +44 1223 553558
All Learner’s Books, Workbooks and Teacher’s Guides are endorsed by Cambridge International to support the updated curriculum frameworks e: outlook@cambridgeinternational.org 16 New resources and guides
Our latest products, services

15
from 2020. Ready to Go Lessons have not been through the endorsement process. Cambridge Outlook is published on behalf of Cambridge
Assessment International Education by John Brown. and endorsed resources
www.johnbrownmedia.com info@johnbrownmedia.com
For John Brown: Hannah Talmage, Editor A view from
Trial all resources free for 30 days at Cover Illustration: Kiki Ljung 19 Italy
hoddereducation.com/cambridgeprimary
CAMBRIDGEINTERNATIONAL.ORG 3
IN FOCUS
INTRODUCTION

Thinking about
thinking When we consider
thought leadership
as an organisation,
we’re always seeking
to translate the best
theories into the best
practices and share ideas that
Paul Ellis, Cambridge International’s Head of Teaching & Learning work. Karen Angus-Cole and
Strategy, introduces this issue’s ‘In Focus’, which looks at the impact Abby Osborne from the University
of brain development and metacognition on learning of Bath in the UK are working at the
intersection of academic and emotional
learning. Their goal is to help students be
more resilient in their learning, to have a plan
hen I began teaching in the 1990s, (fMRI) scans to see which parts of our of action when approaching a task for the first
W there was a television-comedy
character who, on the day he reached
brain are activated when. Researchers
working in the Universities of London and
time, and to know more about how to regulate
their emotions. They call their approach
13, turned into an uncooperative adolescent, Cambridge have been central to this study ‘Welldoing’, and you can read more about it
rude to his parents and teachers, reluctant and are helping us appreciate how we mature on page 8, including strategies you could
to do homework and chores, and interested from childhood to adulthood, through the often immediately try in your classroom.
only in what his friends thought about him. difficult teenage years.

Kevin the Teenager has become an enduring “Adolescent At our Cambridge Schools Conferences in
Alongside our conferences, we also offer
resources and online training on
In this section
6 
Professor Iroise Dumontheil tells us about her
representation of the kind of adolescent behaviour may 2021/22, we’re exploring different aspects metacognition. Research shows that by work investigating cognitive development in
behaviour many of us have seen in the sometimes of metacognition – expressed more simply as developing learners’ metacognitive skills, young people.
classroom: students who have, almost overnight, be hard to ‘thinking about how we think’. In November, we we can improve their outcomes. Students 8  r Karen Angus-Cole and Abby Osborne introduce
D
turned into awkward individuals whose comprehend, invited neuroscientist Professor Iroise who understand how they think and learn Welldoing: an approach that supports wellbeing
and effective learning at the same time.
attitudes are hard to understand; students who but it is our Dumontheil to tell us about her work effectively are better equipped to make the
lack motivation and responsibility; students who responsibility investigating cognitive development in young changes needed to grow and improve. Find metacognition resources at www.cambridge
international.org/teaching-and-learning
are prepared to take big risks, as long as they as educators people. On page 6, you can read more about her
don’t look foolish in front of their peers. to help findings and what these reveal about the ways Adolescent behaviour may sometimes be
students form teenagers learn. As she emphasises, there’s no hard to comprehend, but it’s our responsibility
I L L U S T R AT I O N : K I K I L J U N G

Kevin’s attitude is, of course, deliberately good learning such thing as an average adolescent, and we still as educators to help students form good
exaggerated for comic effect, but the character habits” only understand a small part of how our brains learning habits. The more we understand
does make us consider adolescent brain function. But she has concrete suggestions for and think about thinking, and the more
development. It is, in fact, only relatively the kinds of interventions that work well in strategies we offer students from a young
recently that it has become more possible to helping all of us – not just children – think and age, the more likely we are to have a positive
do functional magnetic resonance imaging use our brains in the most productive ways. impact on their development.

4 CAMBRIDGE OUTLOOK ISSUE 39, 2022 CAMBRIDGEINTERNATIONAL.ORG 5


IN FOCUS INSIDE THE ADOLESCENT BRAIN EXPERT INTERVIEW

Inside the HOW STUDENTS’ BRAINS DEVELOP your self-identity is starting to remembering to do something later, potentially control them by

adolescent brain
DURING THEIR VITAL LEARNING YEARS emerge. This means that it’s very which is called prospective memory. reorienting towards more positive
important to be interacting with peers There are other aspects, such as thinking is quite important.
and to be valued by them. And the flip sustaining attention in the classroom, Some researchers have tried telling
side is that adolescents seem to be which have already come into play adolescents and their parents about
very sensitive to social exclusion. during primary school. The challenge what’s going on in their brain, and
Another aspect related to reward in adolescence might be to resist this might encourage them to develop
is sensation-seeking. Getting a distraction from peers. coping strategies for contexts that
thrill from new experiences – and trigger strong emotions.
Dr Iroise Dumontheil is a Professor specific features of adolescent brain maturation an even bigger one if you’re in a social Can you train students to use Adolescence is a difficult time,
of Cognitive Neuroscience in the leading to the fact that adolescent decision making context – means you’re more likely to cognitive control? but it’s also a time to make very
Department of Psychological is much more influenced by the social and reward do risky things with peers than when We have investigated cognitive strong memories. Memories with
Sciences, Birkbeck, University of context? Adolescents might be more interested in you’re alone. control in primary-school children a strong emotional component tend
London. Here she shares her impressing their peers and obtaining more in the ‘UnLocke’ project – the to be remembered better. You might
thoughts on the development of a student’s immediate rewards rather than long-term How might we use this to make a intervention was called ‘Stop and have very high highs as well as
brain during adolescence. rewards, which has implications in terms of positive impact in education? Think’. It was focused on science and very low lows. It’s a special time
studying Cambridge IGCSE®s and International A Sometimes, teachers tell me that maths and helping children realise in that sense.
How did you get into cognitive neuroscience Levels. Studying is going to impact their future but although adolescents are more prone that the first thing that comes to mind
and what in particular interested you about is less rewarding than doing something with their to risk-taking, this is often not shown is not necessarily the right answer. It To find out more about Dr
the adolescent brain? friends right now. in the classroom and they don’t take also aimed to train children to think Iroise’s research visit
I studied biological sciences and I was interested in the risk of raising their hand to about their answer and not always https://sites.google.com/
the brain, so I oriented my studies towards Do other factors, such as gender or culture, answer the question. The problem is go with the first response. This site/idcnlab. You can watch
that. More recently, I have been involved in impact brain development? that the classroom is a social context intervention was successful, in the her Cambridge Schools
educational neuroscience. Education is a nice The start of adolescence is defined by puberty, and being keen to participate in this sense that we found some beneficial Conference keynote speech
way to see if our research can be applied in an which differs between genders and individuals. environment might not be valued by effect on science in particular – this and Q&A session at www.
everyday context. Males tend to go through puberty later than your peers. One question is: how can was less strong for maths where it was cambridgeinternational.org/
I’m interested in higher-level aspects of females. These physical and hormonal changes do schools foster engagement and observed only in children in Year 5 thinking-about-thinking and
cognition, such as abstract reasoning and control, seem to affect the maturation of parts of the brain. academic success as something your and not Year 3. to find out more about the
as well as multitasking and attentional control. If you look more like an adult, people will interact peers value? UnLocke project visit
These cognitive functions continue to mature quite with you differently, which could also have In terms of risk-taking, maybe What research is being done to www.unlocke.org
“It seems
late, so adolescence is an interesting period of consequences for your cognition, your brain some aspects of competition and help students recognise anxiety
that during
development to study. Recently, I’ve been shifting development and your behaviour. collaboration would be worth so they know how to deal with it?
adolescence
to slightly earlier ages because it seems that a key The end of adolescence is defined more considering. It’s not been explored Some of the research is related to
the brain
time for the development of these aspects of culturally by when you reach an independent role much in scientific research, but giving mindfulness – the idea of being
prioritises
cognition is actually around 11 and 12 years old. in society and, again, this can be influenced by adolescents opportunities to work more aware of your feelings
being valued
individual differences. If you start a job when together in teams might encourage and thoughts – and this links
by your peers.
How does the adolescent brain differ you’re 18 and live in your own house, it’s very them to take more risks and explore to metacognition. As
Just receiving
from the child or adult brain? different from living with your parents. Your some different things. psychologists, we’re
a reward while
There’s still a lot of research that needs to be experiences and responsibilities will vary. So always thinking about
you’re being
done to try and figure that out. Importantly, there are a lot of individual differences that emerge How might a student’s cognitive what might be going on
watched by
different regions of the brain develop at different from genetic and pubertal maturation but also control in the classroom develop in our minds. However, a
peers in the
times. Regions that are involved in controlling from your environment and your experiences. from early learner to adolescent? child or adolescent
social context
movements and processing sensations mature In primary school, you tend to be in might not realise that
gives you more
earlier – so when you study these, it’s more It’s thought that the tendency to take risks to one classroom and the teacher is any negative
of a thrill”
interesting to focus on childhood. Other brain impress peers is driven by brain development. delivering all the lessons. In feelings they have
regions, such as those supporting social cognition Why does this occur in adolescents? secondary, you suddenly have lots might go away –
and higher levels of cognition, continue to We don’t know exactly, but it seems that during of different teachers and subjects. they don’t have to be
mature in adolescence. adolescence the brain prioritises being valued by You might need to work harder at defined by anxious
What researchers have been trying to investigate your peers. Just receiving a reward while you’re managing your time, and it’s thoughts. The
is whether the different timings of maturation of being watched by peers in the social context gives important to be in control of your realisation that you
different brain regions affect behaviour and you more of a thrill. Adolescence is a time when learning and organisation, which can think about your
cognition in adolescents. For example, are the you develop your personality and interests and can be a challenge – for example, thoughts and

6 CAMBRIDGE OUTLOOK ISSUE 39, 2022 CAMBRIDGEINTERNATIONAL.ORG 7


IN FOCUS WELLDOING WELLDOING

The world of
HOW PRIORITISING STUDENTS’
MENTAL WELLBEING CAN
How can I embed the Welldoing approach in my classroom?

Welldoing
SUPPORT THEIR LEARNING
AND VICE VERSA The Welldoing approach is very practical. It aims to create long-term habits to ensure a learner can tap
into key strategies in order to achieve the best learning outcome. There are many strategies within the
Welldoing approach, but there are three different areas that Karen and Abby feel are particularly impactful.

1. COMFORTABLE
LEARNING
Dr Karen Angus-Cole Abby Osborne Also known as cognitive comfort. The idea is that the entire learning
Karen trained as a science practitioner, Abby trained in English Language
teaching in secondary schools before and Literacy. She has worked in
environment – not just the desk, chair and lighting – can really impact
a student’s ability to think and assimilate new ideas. This strategy
Ideas to try
There are many small changes a learner or practitioner
moving on to teacher training. She student services and is now the doesn’t rely solely on the practitioner – it also encourages students
to stop and think about what they need to change within their can make to manage the environment, even in a classroom
is now a lecturer in education for the curriculum development officer setting. Here are a few ideas:
environment to help stay focused and not get distracted.
University of Bath, UK. for the University of Bath, UK. • Change the colour of the pen if the student finds that
“We can have a stereotypical environment that we would consider a black ink on white paper is distracting.
What is Welldoing? Why is Welldoing important? good learning environment – sitting at a desk, bright lights on, paper in • Change the orientation of the paper to landscape.
the middle and pens to the side, everyone facing the front. But actually, • Create zones in the classroom where students can work
It’s the brainchild of Dr Karen Angus-Cole and Welldoing encourages students to reflect on everybody has different needs and that’s ok,” Abby explains. “We know in silence and a zone where students can talk together.
Abby Osborne, who have developed a framework which learning strategies work best for them. that the environment has a strong impact on students with attention • Check the temperature – if some students are distracted
that bridges the gap between learning and mental These are not fixed; they can be adapted, and the deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) due to sensory overload, but it in an area that is too warm, could they be moved?
wellbeing. They aim to equip students with tools onus is not just on the teacher – the learner must could also be affecting a shy student and impacting on their anxiety.”
that will support metacognition and help them to take control, too. “It’s about empowering teachers
use their brains effectively in order to promote and students to be able to adopt Welldoing
better wellbeing in the classroom. strategies within the classroom,” says Karen. “It’s
really powerful. If these strategies were delivered 2. THINKING SPACES 3. CAKE
They recognised that while wellbeing is vital for in classrooms when students were young, they’d The page, whether that’s digital or physical, is a space for a student This approach works well combined with comfortable learning
all learners, many practices, such as mindfulness, “If these build a resilience toolkit and it would reduce the to shape their ability to think, just like the classroom environment. or thinking spaces. Karen and Abby have created a memorable
The Welldoing approach encourages practitioners and learners to see analogy to illustrate this strategy: CAKE. Baking a cake requires
often sit outside the curriculum. To equip students strategies need for therapeutic intervention later on.”
the page as a thinking space where their ideas are born, developed steps – first, you must find your ingredients and prepare them;
with the ability to think about their mental were delivered next, you will combine or mix these ingredients together; then
and polished. Teachers and learners are encouraged to ask: how are
wellbeing alongside their learning could have a huge in classrooms The approach isn’t about teachers individualising we interacting with the space on a page and how might we shift and you must bake your cake; and finally, once it has cooled, you can
impact on education. Karen and Abby set out to when students for each student – Karen and Abby know that change that to better boost our cognition? decorate it. These steps need to be performed in this order for
create a toolkit of strategies to bring wellbeing and were young, teachers must meet multiple needs, which can be the cake to be successful. The same process works well in the
“It’s amazing how that can immediately remove a barrier to learning
learning together, and Welldoing was born. they’d build draining. Instead, they encourage practitioners to classroom:
for multiple pupils in multiple contexts,” says Abby. “It works across
a resilience revisit strategies with students daily to ensure the board for all learners and teachers as well; it aids our thinking Step 1 Enable your students to C APTURE THEIR IDEAS
“The key thing is the interconnect between toolkit and it that individuals form their own positive habits. and saves us time if we can work in more flexible ways.” without worrying about spelling or punctuation.
learning and wellbeing. Your learning can have would reduce
Step 2 Let your learners A RRANGE THEIR IDEAS in order.
an impact on your wellbeing and vice versa,” the need for The goal is for the Welldoing programme to be
says Karen. The Welldoing approach aims to be therapeutic available to as many students and practitioners Step 3 Encourage your students to think about their K EY
practical and transferable within a primary, intervention as possible. Karen and Abby have been writing a WORDS AND PHRASES. How will they link their ideas?
secondary or further education setting. It can be later on” book and building a website with downloadable Ideas to try Step 4 Finally, E DIT AND POLISH THEIR IDEAS.
delivered to students, encouraging them to tap into resources. They have developed workshops for Many learners may find Ask your learners to make their writing look beautiful,
their needs for effective learning, or to teachers, practitioners, one of which was available at the that they work better using correct spelling and add punctuation.
a different thinking space.
which is where Karen and Abby feel it can have Cambridge Schools Conference in 2021. “We are Abby has found that students are more confident
Here are a few ideas to
the biggest impact. “In the classroom, it is most constantly building up our toolkit and evaluating consider within the classroom:
with their work when using the CAKE strategy,
effective when both teachers and students use what works,” says Abby. “It’s needed now. Never making fewer mistakes later on. “I’m
the approach collaboratively so that the teacher has there been a time when it’s more relevant.” certain that some students shut down
• mind maps
because they’re so frightened of the
can provide the scaffolding for students to use • sticky notes
editing and the polishing that it
and adapt the strategies to suit their own needs. Watch Karen and Abby’s 2021 Conference • colour coding
stifles the ability to capture the
Teachers can also remind students to revisit workshop at cambridgeinternational.org/ • table or spreadsheet
idea first,” she explains.
• digital working
and move between strategies to reinforce the thinking-about-thinking. You can contact
• concept mapping.
Welldoing ethos,” Karen explains. them directly at welldoing_@outlook.com

8 CAMBRIDGE OUTLOOK ISSUE 39, 2022 CAMBRIDGEINTERNATIONAL.ORG 9


CASE STUDY

We are working with The Duke of Edinburgh’s


International Award Foundation to offer our schools

Collins Cambridge Primary and Lower


Broadening
new ways to broaden their curriculum. We believe
the Award – which has inspired millions of young

Secondary Endorsed Resources


people worldwide to transform their lives –
complements Cambridge programmes perfectly.

horizons
It is a great way to develop the Cambridge learner
attributes, as well as help students get active, give
service to their community and experience
Weʼre proud to publish exciting resources to support adventure. In India, The Duke of Edinburgh’s
young learners along the Cambridge Pathway. International Award is delivered by the International
Helping to equip young people with vital Award for Young People (IAYP). We asked two
students in India to share their experiences.
skills outside of the classroom

Our publishing supports Cambridge Global Perspectives™ with activities Akshita Poddar halted some activities, such as volunteering musical skills. I practised guitar routinely,
or playing sport; however, I managed to find which increased my love for the instrument.
Akshita is studying in Grade
that develop and practise key skills across both levels and supports the new 10 at Modern High School for
activities to do that I enjoy. How will the Award be useful in the future?
curriculum frameworks from Cambridge Assessment International Education. Girls, Kolkata, in her second I plan to study environmental engineering at a
year of Cambridge IGCSE. She has recently university in another country. The Award has
completed the Bronze level of the Award. given me more independence, which will help
me with the move abroad. My environmental
What motivated you to participate
community service helped me explore my
in the Award?
passion and understand more about this area.
I was fascinated when I heard about the
journeys students undertook and how the What was the most unforgettable experience
Award has helped them grow and progress. you had for the Award?
The idea of expanding my interests, trying Due to Covid-19, some projects were online.
new things and volunteering, while One of the most memorable moments was
understanding the importance of teamwork when we cooked a meal together virtually –
and communication, pushed me to participate. How has it helped you with your Cambridge it did not take away from the experience.
What activities did you do for your Award, studies, or in developing new skills? Would you recommend participation in the
and did the pandemic affect them? It has helped me in my Cambridge studies programme to others?
I played the acoustic guitar and basketball. immensely. One of my subjects is physical Yes, I feel the Award helps you develop
I also volunteered for an e-waste company education, so I used the skills and knowledge multiple skills and understand the importance
and helped in various outreach and marketing I gained from doing the Award in my sports of community-enrichment activities. It is an
activities to raise awareness. The pandemic classes. It has also helped me develop my extremely enjoyable experience.

Sanjna Vivek How was the Award useful in your primary school. It was heartwarming to
Sanjna is a second-year further education? interact with young children, half in the local
undergraduate student. She When I applied to universities, the Award language of Tamil and half in English. At the
completed the Bronze level looked great on my resume as it encapsulated end of one session, they surprised me by
of the Award in her final year at CS practice in different fields and showcased me tidying up the classroom to show that they
Academy of Coimbatore. as a multi-skilled and versatile student. had learned the importance of cleanliness.
What motivated you to participate It was very touching!
in the Award? Would you recommend participation in the
I wanted to make sure that I did not lose programme to others?
sight of extra-curricular activities that would Yes. You have the freedom to choose your
enhance my personal development. Plus I activities, and it’s an opportunity to try new
thought it would give me a framework to things while getting certified. The skills you
Scan this code for a develop habits such as consistency and hard develop can last a lifetime.
virtual walkthrough work – all while trying new and exciting things.
Get involved
How did the Award help with your Cambridge
with our editors! studies, or in developing new skills? Cambridge International Schools can
I think the Award really helped give me a well- receive an exclusive package of benefits
rounded education. It also helped develop What was the most unforgettable experience to support them in delivering The Duke
certain habits that boosted my academic you had for the Award? of Edinburgh’s International Award.
performance, such as the need for consistency For the social-service category, I initiated Find out more at cambridgeinternational.
Find out more at www.collins.co.uk/newcambridge and email us and repeated practice. a clean-up awareness campaign at a local org/intaward

at collins.international@harpercollins.co.uk for free samples


CAMBRIDGEINTERNATIONAL.ORG 11
HIGHER EDUCATION HIGHER EDUCATION

Big in Japan
Jap
International
University of Tokyo, Kyoto it has also presented students can get credit
University, Tokyo Institute of
Technology and Osaka
opportunities for others who are at US universities too
seeking new ways to promote
Students worldwide can use their Cambridge
University). It offers three what they have to offer. International AS & A Level qualifications to earn credit

DestinationAsia
AsiaPacifi
Pacificc
undergraduate degree courses •••

Destination
at colleges and universities in North America. However,
taught completely in English: For Tohoku, an online platform some international students aren’t aware of this option
Advanced Molecular Chemistry, called JV-Campus (Japan and universities don’t always make it clear how to
receive these credits.
International Mechanical and Virtual Campus) is a chance to
Cambridge students from around the world are increasingly drawn to studying Aerospace Engineering, and work with other institutions Earning credits can save students time and money. For
in Asia Pacific. Professor Masahiro Yamaguchi of Japan’s Tohoku University tells us why Applied Marine Biology. to provide an introduction to
example, Cambridge students going to a US institution
in the state of Florida can earn up to 45 college credits
the region is fast becoming such a popular global destination for higher education ••• Japanese culture and education. towards their degree. With most undergraduate degrees
“These courses accept about It hopes this platform will serve requiring around 120 total credits and at least four years

L
of study, all Cambridge students should take advantage
ast November, Cambridge of undergraduates in Japanese programmes taught in English has 25 to 30 international students as a useful resource for overseas of these credit-by-exam policies.
International hosted a universities is strictly controlled increased by 20 per cent this every year,” explains Professor students who are still deciding
week-long virtual college fair by the government’s policy of academic year. This is partly because Yamaguchi. “They are taught in where they want to study. The Cambridge International US Recognitions team
have some top tips which schools can share with
that attracted schools and students combining domestic and international domestic students are now more likely English, but after several years ••• students who are applying to US or Canadian colleges
from 38 countries to find out more enrolment quotas. If a university to apply to universities in the same of campus life, many of the “The internationalisation or universities:
about studying in Asia Pacific (APAC) wants to increase its number of region, but we have also seen an students have become fluent of APAC universities has Check our Recognition database for institutions that
universities. Comprising almost a international students, it must reduce increase in applications from Eastern speakers of Japanese. Based on always been accompanied explicitly say they award course credit, and then confirm
third of the QS World University its number of domestic students, Europe, South America, Africa and this experience, we are planning by a language barrier. It’s the details by visiting each institution’s website. Our
Rankings for 2022, the region’s which is often contentious. the Middle East – with more than ever to expand our programme of interesting to see how this database includes policies from over 850 US institutions.

academic institutions are building ••• coming from Cambridge courses taught in English. can be overcome with the Search for ‘credit by exam’ or ‘transfer credit’ on the
their reputations quickly – and are International Schools.” Currently, we only offer STEM development of new institution’s site and see if Cambridge International is
explicitly mentioned. Sometimes a college will group all
now attracting more overseas ••• subjects, but in the future we technology,” explains Professor ‘A-Level’ qualifications together too, so they may not be
students than ever before. As always, location is a key factor in plan to offer courses in Yamaguchi. “We are still facing listed directly as ‘Cambridge International’.
••• any decision to study abroad. For humanities and social sciences. a drastic change globally under Ask! Email the international admissions office at your
In Japan, the drive to attract many students, an education in ••• the pandemic, but we are preferred university and specifically ask if they award
outstanding international students APAC offers a chance to experience “Another development for us confident that we need to reach credit for Cambridge grades, and if there is a credit chart
is now a key part of the government’s an entirely new language and will be the launch of ‘hybrid out and be connected more showing the associated courses. Ask for instructions on
how to submit grades for consideration. You may also
education strategy, with former Prime culture, as well as unique social classes’. In other words, we will widely and deeply to students want to ask the academic advisor at the university how
Minister Shinzo Abe setting out an opportunities that might not gradually shift the language of from all over the world, both in to receive your credits and discuss how they apply to
ambitious 10-year plan to see more be available at home. the classroom from English to person and online.” your degree programme.
Japanese universities ranked in the ••• Japanese, alongside intensive ••• If there isn’t a published credit chart, or the decision
world’s top 100. “Japan is a country with its own language teaching. By doing so, Clearly, the future of Tohoku is up to each academic department, keep asking
••• culture and traditions, but I think we hope that students will be University is focused on for instructions on how to submit materials to
the department. A department might want to
“In this globalised era, it’s crucial there are also many seeds for new able to acquire specialised continuing to increase student see samples of your work, for example.
for a nation to have diversity in social innovations, which attract knowledge of Japanese diversity, with ambitions to
Remember to be proactive! US universities often put
order to develop,” says Professor international students who have alongside their studies.” accept 10 times the number of ownership into the student’s hands, so you should
Masahiro Yamaguchi, Director a sense of entrepreneurship,” says ••• overseas students over the not assume credits will automatically be applied.
of the International Strategy Office Professor Yamaguchi. “Another, more Like many other universities, next decade, an equivalent of Start these conversations before you arrive on
campus. Having credits in place before you begin
at Tohoku University – a leading practical reason will be that higher Tohoku has seen a dramatic 10 to 15 per cent of the classes will ensure you are placed in and taking the
university in Japan. “One of our education in Japan is extremely shift towards virtual learning undergraduate population. appropriate courses.
incentives for accepting international Tohoku cost-effective. Tuition fees are much since the outbreak of Covid-19. With the Japanese government
students is to increase attractiveness University is taking a leading role in lower here than at universities in the Classes are currently taught now fully supporting the
and competitiveness, but recruitment challenging government policy to help US or UK. Japan is also a safe society online and in person, often initiative, and with events such
of talented overseas students is
indispensable for any society. In 2019,
tackle the problem, and its efforts to
promote its institution abroad seem to
with low crime and high standards of
sanitary care, and, of course, the
using flipped classrooms, with
an emphasis on building and
as Cambridge International’s
Destination Asia Pacific More information
Japan’s international students be paying off. “The number of quality of education is also very high.” maintaining a strong academic highlighting the growing Find out more about applying to US universities
numbered 300,000, which was set international students has not ••• community. But just as the international interest in APAC with Cambridge qualifications and search our
Recognition database at
as a national policy goal in 2008.” declined, despite the Covid-19 Tohoku University is one of five pandemic has created institutions, it seems a global www.cambridgeinternational.org/recognition
••• pandemic,” says Professor Yamaguchi. Japanese institutions ranked in the challenges for some institutions mindset is just as important Common App, an online system for applying to US
Like in many other countries of “In fact, the number of applicants for sought-after top 100 in the QS World looking to increase their now for universities as it has universities, has recently updated its application to
the APAC region, the number international undergraduate University Rankings (alongside the international applications, always been for students. include Cambridge International programmes.

12 CAMBRIDGE OUTLOOK ISSUE 39, 2022 CAMBRIDGEINTERNATIONAL.ORG 13


SUPPORT PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT

Cambridge Personal A NEW ROUTE TO


STYLES QUESTIONNAIRE career development
Where will a Cambridge Professional Development Qualification take you?
This new online psychometric test supports teachers and students and
helps them to reach their full educational potential

T
eachers can now use their Cambridge How it works
Lyn Dale is Assessment ‘That explains why I Professional Development Qualifications Teachers progress from a Cambridge PDQ Diploma
How can CPSQ support learning
Psychologist and Senior and help students to develop more find being in big
Spark Que

How to use
stions and
Reflection
Tools
(Cambridge PDQs) as currency against to a specially designed bridging unit. The unit, which
higher education courses, thanks to our new
these resou

Assessment Manager at groups challenging’, takes six weeks and costs £250, is completed before the
rces

self-awareness and an increased


Once your
students
can use these have seen
questions their CPSQ
received. to help them reports and
begin to reflect have had
time to absorb
on the scores the

partnership with a UK university.


The Life and the inform information, you

Cambridge University Press or ‘I might be getting


Whee

higher education course starts. “Each student has a


circumstance l should be used ation they

understanding of how they learn best?


to encou have
scores receiv s and to promote rage your
students
ed an unders to reflect
tanding of on their
how some
The Vocab these factors own personal
ulary Whee may underp
the Spark l can be used in the CPSQ

& Assessment. An expert on people’s nerves


Questions. to help with
articulation

dedicated ARU distance tutor who will support them


and refinem
How to struc ent in reachi
ture this ng answe
rs to

“Using CPSQ allows teachers to create


exerc

We’ve developed the Teacher Development Journey


ise
1. Give
everyone
a copy of

in the design, validation and because I’m not


whiteboard the Life Whee
2. Ask everyo or on screen if l and the
Vocabulary
ne to compl working remote
Wheel or

until they are happy to move on,” says Phil.


sections ly
of the circle ete their own versio display them

a more holistic picture and see the person


aspect of in toward n on a
their s the middle of the Life Whee
finished wheel life. This should l. Students

with Anglia Ruskin University (ARU), named as one


to indicate should shade
s. Do leave be private how conten
answers time to ask , and no t they are the

use of psychometric tests, she was involved letting others speak’.


to this task one should currently
3. Introdu everyone be asked with that
ce the Vocab might have driven to reflect
privately to share
responses ulary Whee the CPSQ
results. on how they their
4. Ask studen to the Spark Quest l and demonstrate think their

behind the student,” says Lyn. “Talking with


ts to work ions how this
these to in pairs and can be used
help one to formul
another reflect then display the ate

of the top 350 institutions in the world in the Times


verbally on Spark Quest

in the design and trialling of the Cambridge “Teachers love the


their reactio ions. Stude
nts should

Time and cost benefits


n to the CPSQ
Spar k Questions cores. use
• Which :

students and understanding their strengths


comp
• How accur etency areas are
ate is your the most
• Wher feedback important

Personal Styles Questionnaire (CPSQ). way the reports


e are your for your studie

Higher Education’s World University Rankings 2022.


personal for these
• Wher style streng competenc s?
e are your ies?
• Wher areas for ths (Posit
e are you improveme ive points
)?

and areas for development can help them The Teacher Development Journey saves time and
• Do you doing okay nt?
want to build (Neutral
• How might on your report points), but perha
you use this and set perso ps could
do better

look at their
study skills? information nal goals ?
to think about ?

It enables teachers who hold Cambridge PDQs to


• Are there
any barrie the devel
rs to gettin opment of
your

become more skilful and competent learners.


g this devel
opment?

money – for example, a Cambridge PDQ applicant


5. After
the discus

students’
journals includ sion, ask the studen
session. ing the decisio ts to record
n as to which their reflect

fast-track onto one of ARU’s distance-learning courses,


area they ions on their
are going CPSQ scores

Metacognition is at the forefront here because


to focus on in their
in the next

thinking, studying will complete one module of a PGCE instead of two.


students are reflecting on how they think and
and coping. We know that factors such as a degree, Postgraduate Certificate in Education “Usually, an international PGCE costs around
how they approach their learning.” (PGCE), Master’s or MBA.
such as subject knowledge, learning £6000 to £8000,” says Phil. “By making the most of
Schools are now facing more issues environment, school culture and the quality ARU Associate Professor Phil Kirkman explains: innovations in digital learning and building on the
around student wellbeing. How could of teaching are going to have an impact, but
“Cambridge PDQs are great introductory courses for prior learning from the Cambridge PDQ, we can
CPSQ be a useful tool in this area? CPSQ is about understanding the individual
student and helping teachers to think about learning about teaching or leadership. They help offer our distance version for Cambridge PDQ
“CPSQ isn’t a wellbeing questionnaire, but candidates to engage with, reflect on and apply what applicants for £1050 – a massive saving.”
their approach to learning.
we do ask about certain personal factors that research and experience tell us about great teaching,
could affect a student’s wellbeing. It helps to “These are all things that can be carried Sarah Turner, Head of Professional
raise questions such as how the student beyond the classroom as well. Thinking,
learning, leadership and development. These are Development Qualifications, Cambridge
thinks about themselves; their self- studying, coping, communication, exactly the skills that students need to progress to International, says: “This is about offering an
CPSQ is an easy-to-use online
assessment that identifies values, confidence; and their ability to adapt collaboration – these skills are all reflected more advanced study. accessible, cost-effective route to career
attitudes, beliefs, emotions, to challenges, change and failure. Someone in the Cambridge learner attributes, and “Cambridge PDQs were already officially recognised development. ARU offers world- HIGHER
behaviours and thinking styles. who’s scoring quite low in social/emotional cut across the whole of the educational
pathway into higher education
as high-quality courses in the UK. Because of this, class distance learning, and I’m EDUCATION
sections of the questionnaire might then COURSE
The assessment for students (aged 14+) ARU was able to design a supportive process that excited about the opportunities
be referred by the teacher to the right and employment.”
gives teachers a better understanding of their builds on this learning and recognises the experience this partnership creates for our
kind of support, for example pastoral care
learners so they can target support where it’s How can CPSQ support teachers?
or counselling. of applicants who’ve gained these qualifications.” teachers and school leaders.”
needed most. Students receive a personalised
“This form of psychometric assessment
feedback report which helps uncover barriers “With online learning, the teacher often
can really support teacher development CAMBRIDGE PDQ
to achievement and wellbeing. only sees the student when they’re both
through active listening – they gain a
putting on a ‘social face’ for one another.
There is also a CPSQ for teachers. It can deeper understanding of their students.
help identify professional development
We’re talking about a generation of students
here who might be used to carefully looking “CPSQ for teachers also helps them
My journey
needs and is mapped to the Cambridge Victor Selvaraj is studying for a PGCE with ARU, having
after their Instagram or TikTok accounts. understand their own behaviour styles
Teacher Standards and Cambridge
The teacher may not be getting a full picture and needs. Plus, it can help schools identify completed a Cambridge PDQ Diploma at Hebron School in India.
Professional Development Qualifications. BRIDGING
of what’s going on, and I think CPSQ can help areas where teachers need more support or “My Cambridge PDQ gave me a whole new level of understanding UNIT
Each questionnaire takes around 30 minutes uncover any issues.” professional development.” and appreciation for reflective teaching practice. My journey helped
to complete and reports instantly. Schools
During trials, what has been the me fine-tune my teaching methods and maximised my collaboration
can then draw on our support resources to
use the reports effectively – there are reaction from schools to the with colleagues. I am now studying for a PGCE to build on this experience. I’m hoping
student reports? Find more information, including to gain more knowledge of key teaching techniques and theories, and I’m also looking to
activities that can be completed by the sample reports, support resources and
individual, in small groups or with a mentor. “The students love discussing the part of details of forthcoming webinars at
do another research project. I am immensely grateful for this opportunity and I strongly
We spoke to Lyn to find out more about
the report about their communication and recommend this pathway to other teachers.”
collaboration styles, saying things such as www.cambridgeinternational.org/cpsq
how CPSQ works.
Find out more at www.cambridgeinternational.org/teacher-development-journey
14 CAMBRIDGE OUTLOOK ISSUE 39, 2022 CAMBRIDGEINTERNATIONAL.ORG 15
RESOURCES RESOURCES

Skills Exercises
Knowledge and understanding (AO1)

Endorsed resources

Support for schools


Cambridge International AS & A Level

New resources
Business 9609
For examination from 2023

to help teach skills We work with publishers to endorse resources to support


your teaching. Our subject experts thoroughly evaluate each
Skills are the key to success in Cambridge of these titles to make sure that they are highly appropriate
exams. Learners need to show that they Version 1
for Cambridge programmes.
have developed good thinking skills during
their studies, as well as subject knowledge. To help teachers CAMBRIDGE IGCSE ENGLISH AS A SECOND LANGUAGE
THE LATEST RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENTS TO SUPPORT YOU AND YOUR LEARNERS RESOURCE: Student’s Book, Workbook, Teacher’s
develop these skills we are creating a range of new resources.
Guide and eBooks
Below is just some of what’s available on the School Support

Keep using Resource Plus


PUBLISHED BY: Collins
Hub – go to the ‘Teaching and Learning’ section of the relevant
Help students reach their full potential with engaging
syllabus at www.cambridgeinternational.org/support
content, skills-building exercises and assessment
and Test Maker for free Resource type Syllabus
practice opportunities. The series comprises a Student’s
Book, Workbook, Teacher’s Guide and eBook versions
We are pleased to extend free access to our digital services, Resource Plus and Writing skills lesson plans Cambridge IGCSE first of all resources.
Test Maker, until 30 June 2022. Cambridge teachers have been able to access these A range of lesson plans  language syllabuses,  Website: www.collins.co.uk/cambridge
subscription resources for free since the start of the Covid-19 pandemic. If you to help students practise including First Language  Email: collins.international@harpercollins.co.uk
haven’t tried them yet, here’s a glimpse of what is on offer. different techniques, including English
argumentative, discursive, CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL AS & A LEVEL
Cambridge International
narrative, descriptive and THINKING SKILLS (9694)
Resource Plus persuasive writing.
AS & A Level English
RESOURCE: Print and online
Language
is available for a range of PUBLISHED BY: Hodder Education
Writing a summary/ Cambridge IGCSE First
English, maths, science and Improve problem-solving and critical thinking skills
Social
review/report/article and Second Language
NEW business studies syllabuses for studies and life beyond the classroom with a
Tips, examples and guidance to English syllabuses
comprehensive guide written by experienced authors
media
at Cambridge IGCSE, share with students.
O Level and International AS specifically for this course.
Skills exercises Cambridge IGCSE
resources & A Level. Each online pack
includes videos, lesson plans
These booklets include classroom
activities to help students
Enterprise  W
 ebsite: www.hoddereducation.com/
cambridgeasalevelthinkingskills

for schools
Cambridge International
and teaching materials that develop skills in areas where AS & A Levels in Business MATHS SKILLS AND ENGLISH LANGUAGE SKILLS
you can use to help your examiners frequently see errors and Law WORKBOOKS FOR CAMBRIDGE IGCSE BIOLOGY,
or weakness.
students learn and prepare Teachers can use Test Maker to create customised test papers. CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

#
We’ve added for their exams. RESOURCE: Print and online
a social
WHAT’S NEW: In response to feedback, Test Maker makes it easy for teachers PUBLISHED BY: Cambridge University Press
media
section to our we’ve made learner versions of some of to create high-quality, customised test papers What’s new: Cambridge Available for each subject, these two skills-focused
workbooks provide targeted support for science students.
Primary and Lower Secondary
the Resource Plus courses – such as for their learners using Cambridge questions.
Communications toolkit The English Language Skills Workbooks and Maths
You can search for questions by topic to test
to help schools promote their Cambridge IGCSE Mathematics – so that Skills Workbooks help learners develop their skills in the
association with Cambridge teachers can use the resources more flexibly specific areas of syllabus content, and select We’re introducing some improvements to Cambridge Primary context of the biology, chemistry and physics syllabuses.
International and explain to teach students who are not in class. them depending on the level of difficulty and Lower Secondary assessments: The Maths Skills Workbooks are written with the
the Cambridge Pathway to and the assessment objectives they test. Association for Science Education.
To help you run experiments, we have New Cambridge Progression Tests available
parents, students and other Test Maker will produce a customised mark  W
 ebsite: www.cambridge.org/education/
audiences. It includes videos added some new videos for Cambridge scheme for each test you build. From 2022 onwards, Cambridge Progression Tests will be
biologychemistryphysics
that schools can share through International AS & A Level Marine Science. available every year instead of every three years. The new
The pack includes lesson plans, worksheets Test Maker is available for six of our most tests are ready for you to download from our support sites MCE CAMBRIDGE PRIMARY SCIENCE (2ND EDITION)
their own social channels and
popular Cambridge IGCSEs: Biology, Business and use with your learners. Find the tests, as well as our RESOURCE: Student’s Book, Student’s Workbook
ideas for accompanying text. and safety information.
Studies, Chemistry, Mathematics, Additional tool to help you analyse results, at https://primary. and Teacher’s Guide
Tag us @cambridgeint Find out how to access Resource Plus at Mathematics and Physics. Learn more at cambridgeinternational.org and https://lowersecondary. PUBLISHED BY: Marshall Cavendish Education (MCE)
and use the hashtags www.cambridgeinternational.org/ www.cambridgeinternational.org/ cambridgeinternational.org The MCE Cambridge Primary Science (2nd edition)
#CambridgeSchools and resourceplus series is designed to help young learners build a sound
testmaker
#CambridgeLearners to Enhanced Cambridge Checkpoint reports understanding of scientific concepts through real-life
take part in a worldwide We’ve improved the way we present results data in Cambridge situations. It empowers learners in thinking and working
conversation.
Stay ahead of syllabus changes Checkpoint reports, following feedback from schools.
The new-look reports were first used for the October series
scientifically and to become young scientists.
 W
 ebsite: www.mceducation.com/mce-intl/products-
Find the new resources
Don’t forget to visit the ‘What’s New’ section of our website for the latest information results in December 2021. We have also redesigned the services/cambridge-international/cambridge-
at www.cambridge
about new, updated and withdrawn syllabuses. You can also sign up for email notifications Cambridge Checkpoint Statements of Achievement. primary-science
international.org/toolkit
about changes to syllabuses. Go to www.cambridgeinternational.org/new We hope you like the changes.  Email: marketing@mceducation.com

16 CAMBRIDGE OUTLOOK ISSUE 39, 2022 CAMBRIDGEINTERNATIONAL.ORG 17


REGIONAL VIEWPOINT

Which English resources A view from… ITALY


will you choose?
Simon Charlesworth, Linguistic Director at Istituto Santa Giuliana Falconieri in Rome,
Italy, explains how Cambridge programmes develop skills in English from a young age

see the same or similar subjects going from one


level to the next, up to Cambridge IGCSE.

How do you evaluate progress?


Cambridge IGCSE™ At the end of Cambridge Lower Secondary, our
English as a students do Cambridge Checkpoint Science
and Cambridge Checkpoint English as a Second

Second Language
Cambridge IGCSE™
Language tests. We also run Cambridge
English as a Progression Tests each year. Students enjoy
Second Language regular feedback on how they’re doing in the
(0510/0511/0991/0993) COURSEBOOK
Peter Lucantoni
programme and receiving clear, achievable goals.
It also gives us good feedback on how we have to
diversify teaching and learning for each student.

W
Choose between two series with different learning hat can you tell us about your school?
Istituto Santa Giuliana Falconieri in We recently made some improvements to
approaches and language levels to find the best
Rome has been a Cambridge school since Cambridge Primary and Lower Secondary. Have
resources for your students you started teaching the new curricula?
2015. We have around 650 students – mainly
Italian, with a small percentage from other We switched to the new curricula for English and
Sixth edition Digital access

Suitable for syllabuses for examination from 2024 European countries and the US. Science from September 2021. The stronger focus
CEFR Exit Level B1/B2
Over the past 10 years, we’ve developed on developing thinking and practical skills is a
A clear focus on reading, writing, speaking and a strong bilingual side to the school. We welcome change.
listening skills with accessible activities successfully run our Cambridge programme We will be introducing Mathematics into our
(from Cambridge Primary to IGCSE) alongside Cambridge Lower Secondary programme this
Interesting topics, such as sports and animal life, the Italian national curriculum. year. The changes made to the curriculum, with
keep students engaged Our students benefit from exposure to a second enquiry-led, active learning, have contributed
Success language from an early age. We start in pre-school, to our decision to include it. The ‘Thinking
International English Skills with about half of the day in English – an Italian and Working Mathematically’ strand involves
Exam-style questions, sample answers and a for Cambridge IGCSE™
teacher works together with the English teacher. students making decisions – this will help them
full-length practice test help with exam COURSEBOOK
approach questions and problems during
preparation Frances Reynolds, Ingrid Wisniewska & Marian Barry
How do you run your Cambridge Primary and assessment activities.
Lower Secondary programmes?
Audio and video files support students as they All students are enrolled in Cambridge Primary Is the programme popular with parents
practise their speaking and listening skills and Lower Secondary. We offer English as a and students?
Second Language, English, Science, Music, Art Yes. We were a very local school, but now we are
Print & digital coursebooks, workbooks and & Design and Global Perspectives. finding families choosing to come quite a distance.
Simon Students do between 8 and 10 Last year, we had a 95 per cent re-enrolment rate
Fifth edition Digital access

teacher’s resources available


CEFR Exit Level B2/C1 Charlesworth hours of the Cambridge
programme a week. The time
from Cambridge Primary into Lower Secondary.
It’s great that our young students are staying at the
has worked at Istituto Santa builds through the years – we school and progressing from one stage to the next.
Giuliana Falconieri in Italy
increase the hours of Science
for nine years. He manages
and English in the third year
the school’s Cambridge and
of primary. If you’d like to be featured on this page,
language programmes from
Find out more and take your first look inside our pre-school to high school.
We view Cambridge as one email outlook@cambridgeinternational.org
resources at: cambridge.org/education/ESL continuous programme. You can

CAMBRIDGEINTERNATIONAL.ORG 19
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B E YO N D B AS I C S PRIMARY SERIES
R E S E T E D U C AT I O N

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by Cambridge Assessment International Education

MCE Cambridge Primary


Science (2nd edition) series

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Mathematics (2nd edition) series*

* We are working with Cambridge Assessment International Education towards endorsement of this series.

Culturally responsive Building 21st century skillsets Support educators in the


learning content and through hands-on activities post-pandemic learning
simple to use for all English and self-directed learning. environment with print and
proficiency levels. digital resources.

I love the vibrant illustrations


Scan to learn more about that include concise information,
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