MATH 04

PRE-CALCULUS
Course Outcome 1
Course Outcome 1

Systems of Linear Equations

Linear Equations in One Variable
Linear Equations in Two Variables
Linear Equations in Three Variables

System of Non-linear Equations in One Variable

Fundamental Concepts of Analytic Geometry

Course Outcome 1

Systems of Linear Equations

Linear Equations in One Variable
Linear Equations in Two Variables
Linear Equations in Three Variables

System of Non-linear Equations in One Variable

Fundamental Concepts of Analytic Geometry

Linear Equations in One Variable
An algebraic expression consists of one or more terms that are
combined through basic operations such as addition, subtraction,
multiplication or division.
3𝑥 + 2 5 − 2𝑦 𝑥+𝑦
An equation is a statement that says two expressions are equal. For
example, the following are all equations in one variable, 𝑥:
𝑥 + 7 = 11 𝑥2 = 9
7 − 3𝑥 = 2 − 3𝑥 4𝑥 + 7 = 𝑥 + 2 + 3𝑥 + 5
Linear Equations in One Variable
Two equations that have the same solution are called equivalent
equations.

3𝑥 + 7 = 13 3𝑥 = 6 𝑥=2
Linear Equations in One Variable
Two equations that have the same solution are called equivalent
equations.

3𝑥 + 7 = 13 3𝑥 = 6 𝑥=2

Above are all equivalent equation because each of them has the
solution set {2}. Note that 𝑥 2 = 4 is not equivalent to these three
equations because it has the solution set {−2, 2}.
Linear Equations in One Variable
Find the equivalent equation of the following given:
1.3 𝑥 − 6 = 6𝑥 − 𝑥
2.7𝑥 + 8 = 29
3. 5𝑥 = 15
4.−7 = 𝑥
Linear Equations in One Variable
A linear equation in one variable, 𝑥, can be written in the form:

𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 = 0

where 𝑎 and 𝑏 are real numbers and 𝑎 ≠ 0. What makes this equation
linear is that 𝑥 is raised to the first power. We can also classify a linear
equation as a first-degree equation.
Equation Degree General Name

𝑥−7=0 First Linear

𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 − 9 = 0 Second Quadratic

𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 − 8 = 0 Third Cubic
Linear Equations in One Variable
Solving a Linear Equation in One Variable
STEP DESCRIPTION

1 Simplify the algebraic expressions on both sides of the

equation.

2 Gather all the variable terms on one side of the equation

and all constant terms on the other side.
3 Isolate the variable.
Linear Equations in One Variable
Solving a Linear Equation in One Variable
STEP DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE

1 Simplify the algebraic expressions on both sides of the −3 𝑥 − 2 + 5 = 7 𝑥 − 4 − 1

equation.

2 Gather all the variable terms on one side of the equation

and all constant terms on the other side.

3 Isolate the variable.

Linear Equations in One Variable
Solve the following equations:

1. 5𝑥 − 7𝑥 − 4 − 2 = 5 − (3𝑥 + 2)

2. 4 𝑥 − 1 − 2 = 𝑥 − 3(𝑥 − 2)

3𝑥 3
3. +2=
𝑥−1 𝑥−1

2 −3
4. =
𝑥−3 2−𝑥
Course Outcome 1

Systems of Linear Equations

Linear Equations in One Variable
Linear Equations in Two Variables
Linear Equations in Three Variables

System of Non-linear Equations in One Variable

Fundamental Concepts of Analytic Geometry

Linear Equations in Two Variables
If 𝐴, 𝐵 and 𝐶 are constants and 𝑥 and 𝑦 are variables, then the
equation
𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 = 𝐶
is in general form, and its graph is a straight line. In this section we
discuss systems of linear equations, which can be thought of as
simultaneous equations. To solve a system of linear equations means
to find the solution that satisfies both equations:
𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 6
3𝑥 − 𝑦 = 11
Linear Equations in Two Variables
This particular example has one solution. There are systems of
equations that have no solution or infinitely many solutions. We give
these systems special names: independent, inconsistent, and
dependent, respectively.
Linear Equations in Two Variables
Independent System – lines have different slopes; one solution
Inconsistent System – lines are parallel (same slope and different y-
intercepts); no solution
Dependent System – lines coincide (same slope and same y-intercept);
infinitely many solutions

In this section, we discuss three methods for solving systems of linear

equations: substitution, elimination, and graphing. We use the
algebraic methods – substitution and elimination – to find solutions
exactly; we then look at a graphical interpretation of the solution.
 Substitution Method
𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 6 Equation (1)
3𝑥 − 𝑦 = 11 Equation (2)
STEP 1 Solve one of the equations for one variable in terms
of the other variable

STEP 2 Substitute the expression found in Step 1 into the

other equation. The result is an equation in one
variable.

STEP 3 Solve the equation obtained in Step 2.

(continuation on next slide)
Linear Equations in Two Variables
Substitution Method
𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 6 Equation (1)
3𝑥 − 𝑦 = 11 Equation (2)
STEP 4 Back-substitute the value found in Step 3 into the
expression found in Step 1.
STEP 5 Check that the solution satisfies both equations.
Substitute a point into both equations.
Linear Equations in Two Variables
Solve the following equations using the substitution method:

𝑥+𝑦 =8
1. ቊ
3𝑥 − 𝑦 = 4

𝑥−𝑦 =2
2.ቊ
−𝑥 + 𝑦 = −2
𝑥−𝑦 =2
3.ቊ
2𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 10
Linear Equations in Two Variables
Elimination Method
𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 6 Equation (1)
3𝑥 − 𝑦 = 11 Equation (2)
STEP 1 Multiply the coefficients of one or both of the
equations so that one of the variables will be
eliminated when the two equations are added.
(This case is not necessary where corresponding
terms already sum up to zero.)
STEP 2 Eliminate one of the variables by adding the
expression found in Step 1 to the other equation.
The result is an equation in one variable.
(continuation on next slide)
Linear Equations in Two Variables
Elimination Method
𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 6 Equation (1)
3𝑥 − 𝑦 = 11 Equation (2)
STEP 3 Solve the equation obtained in Step 2.

STEP 4 Back-substitute the value found in Step 3 into

either of the two original equations.
STEP 5 Check that the solution satisfies both equations.
Substitute a point into both equations.
Linear Equations in Two Variables
Solve the following equations using the elimination method:

𝑥+𝑦 =8
1. ቊ
3𝑥 − 𝑦 = 4

2𝑥 − 𝑦 = −5
2. ቊ
4𝑥 + 𝑦 = 11
−4𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 23
3. ቊ
12𝑥 + 5𝑦 = 1