FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE, PLANNING AND SURVEYING

DEPARTMENT OF SURVEYING SCIENCE AND GEOMATICS

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA (UiTM) PERLIS BRANCH

DIPLOMA IN GEOMATIC SCIENCE

GLS290 : Photogrammetry Survey

Aerial Photograph Image Processing Report

Name Nor Aqilah Diana Binti Mohd Azizi

Class RAP1204I

Student ID 2019209506

Lecturer Mrs. Sharifah Norashikin Binti Bohari

Date of Submission 30 June 2021

MARCH 2021– AUGUST 2021
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 2
1.1 TITLE 2
1.2 OBJECTIVES 2

CHAPTER 2 METHODOLOGY 3

CHAPTER 3 ANALYSIS 4
3.1 RESULT 4

CHAPTER 4 CONCLUSION 8

CHAPTER 5 REFERENCES 9

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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

Photogrammetry survey is a very important survey as it plays a crucial duty in exploring

all features on the Earth’s surface. “Photo” refers to light, “gram” refers to drawing, and “metry”
refers to measurements, all derived from Greek words. Day by day the development of
photogrammetry has improved and has resulted in a strong array of technology change in
industries such as construction, engineering, medicine, and much more. By analysing the
change of position in two different images, photogrammetry collects measurements and data on
an object. Moreover, photogrammetry collects measurements from photographs, which can be
used to create drawings and models.
The process of photogrammetry can vary, but the general idea is to gather information
about an object from photographs of it. The photos are taken from various angles and locations
to allow for precise calculations that assist analysts in gathering the data needed. To collect
measurements for photogrammetry, usually by applying techniques such as photo interpretation
and geometric relationships. Thus, topographic maps can be created and 3D models of
real-world scenes using the data collected from photogrammetry.
There are three types of photogrammetry which consist of aerial photogrammetry,
terrestrial photogrammetry and space photogrammetry. However, in this report aerial
photogrammetry will be the main topic that will be discussed because this lab exercise includes
aerial photograph image processing. In addition, all the image processing of the aerial
photographs will be mentioned in this report. Interior orientation, relative orientation, exterior
orientation and orthorectification are the processes used in order to produce the topographic
map. Hence, the processes will be explained broadly in chapter 2; methodology. In fact, the
results and discussion are presented on chapter 3; analysis and conclusion on chapter 4.

1.1 TITLE
Aerial Photograph Image Processing Report

1.2 OBJECTIVES
● To enhance the skills of students in using software like PhotoMod and ArcGis
Map.
● To produce a topographic map.
● Build students knowledge in learning the basic tools in the software used.
● To enable students to carry out interior, exterior and relative orientation
processes.

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CHAPTER 2 METHODOLOGY

Figure 2.1 Flow Chart of Aerial Photograph Image Processing

Based on the figure 2.1, there are 5 procedures that need to be carried out throughout
the preparation of this lab report. Firstly, the planning; this procedure needs to be done to make
sure the individual understands more about the task given and can make things easier because
they studied the tools function in the software used before starting using it. Next, data
processing in PhotoMod Software which include interior orientation that are used to manage the
camera, relative orientation used to establish GCP points and tie points on the images, exterior
orientation which is used to reduce error from the GCP and tie points made on relative
orientation by applying bundle adjustment for all the images and orthorectification which is used
to remove the effects of the image view (tilt) and relief (terrain) effects in a planimetric image
creation. Then, continue the data processing on ArcMap Software by inserting the last output
made from PhotoMod that already changed format to ArcMap. Georeferencing needs to be
done and RMS errors need to be acceptable to the tolerance in order to continue with digitizing.

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Digitize all the features on the image and proceed the lab task by producing a topographic map.
This process is not complicated because it is very easy to generate the map. To produce the
map, there are some requirements needed in the map which are the title, scale, legend, north
arrow and the author. After the map is produced, start preparing the report by referring to the
format and rubric given by the lecturer to produce the report.

CHAPTER 3 ANALYSIS

3.1 RESULT
Interior Orientation Report
Figure 3.1 below shows the interior orientation report of the data processing in
PhotoMod Software.

Figure 3.1 Interior Orientation Report

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 Relative Orientation Report
Figure 3.2 below shows the relative orientation report of the data processing in PhotoMod Software. The error is acceptable to
the tolerance which is set as 0.2.

Figure 3.2 Relative Orientation Report

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 Exterior Orientation Report
Figure 3.3 below shows the exterior orientation report of the data processing in PhotoMod Software. The bundle adjustment is
acceptable to the tolerance which is set as 0.2.

Figure 3.3 Exterior Orientation Report

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Last product

Figure 3.4 Topographic Map of Malacca

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CHAPTER 4 CONCLUSION

In a nutshell, throughout this laboratory work students can manage to understand more
about the tools used in PhotoMod and ArcGis software. Moreover, the objective of the reports
was achieved. The flow of the procedure was all done well because everything was guided by
the lecturer. In fact, the data processing in PhotoMod which includes interior orientation, relative
orientation and exterior orientation was also achieved as it is acceptable to the tolerance.
Overall, students had learnt how to process data in Photomod and ArcGis software. Most
importantly, it really helps students in improving survey processing data skills. However, I faced
some problems throughout my journey in preparing this report. Such as it took me a long time to
reduce the error of the GCP and tie points to make sure that it is acceptable to the tolerance,
which was set less than 0.2. Thus, I enjoyed my journey preparing for this report thanks to my
friends and my lecturer.

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CHAPTER 5 REFERENCES

1. What is Photogrammetry? by TOPS Marketing. (2020, June 16). Take-Off

Professionals. Retrieved June 28, 2021, from TOPS website:

https://www.takeoffpros.com/2020/06/16/what-is-photogrammetry/

2. orthorectification by OSSIM. (2014). Retrieved June 30, 2021, from Osgeo.org

website:

https://trac.osgeo.org/ossim/wiki/orthorectification#:~:text=Orthorectification%20is%20th

e%20process%20of,in%20their%20’true’%20positions.

3. Adrov, V., & Petr Titarov. (2004, October 21). Digital Photogrammetric System

PHOTOMOD and its Usage for Pushbroom Imagery Processing. Retrieved July 2,

2021, from ResearchGate website:

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332411022_Digital_Photogrammetric_System_

PHOTOMOD_and_its_Usage_for_Pushbroom_Imagery_Processing

4. Coops, N., D.D. Fraser, Rollings, N., & Ellis, G. P. (1990, November 15). The use of

image processing systems for the analysis of digitised Aerial Photography.

Retrieved July 2, 2021, from ResearchGate website:

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273123333_The_use_of_image_processing_s

ystems_for_the_analysis_of_digitised_Aerial_Photography

5. Kersten, T. P., & Silvio Haering. (1997, January 7). Automatic Interior Orientation of

Digital Aerial Images. Retrieved July 2, 2021, from ResearchGate website:

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/243774522_Automatic_Interior_Orientation_of

_Digital_Aerial_Images