The Paradise Garden: A Model for Designing for those with Dementia and Alzheimer's

Disease
Author(s): Margarette E. Beckwith and Susan D. Gilster
Source: Journal of Therapeutic Horticulture , 1996, Vol. 8, Therapeutic Landscapes:
Designing Gardens for Health and Healing (1996), pp. 45-52
Published by: American Horticultural Therapy Association

Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/44025353

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 The Paradise Garden
A Model for Designing for those with Dement
and Alzheimer's Disease

Margarette E. Beckwith, ASLA, and Susan D. Gilster, RN, BGS,

less important to the unaffected group of indi

tablets of cuneiform text were discovered in viduals but are critical to that of the Alzheimer's
In tablets thethe
the ruins nineteenth
ruins of of cuneiform
of what had century, text
what had been werebeen
the a number temple
the discovered population. These aspects deal with "memory."
of library clay in library
temple
in Nineveh, once the capital of ancient Assyria. To most effectively involve memory, memory can
The tablets, dating from the seventh century beB.C.
viewed on a number of different levels. First
were, it is hypothesized, collected from a much there is the personal memory, the repository of in-
earlier text dated at about 2500 B.C. In the form of formation amassed from earliest recollections
an oral history, its origins extended back even
and expanded daily, hourly, and by the moment
as our lives unfold. Personal memory is the basi
further to a much earlier period. The document
has become known as the Gilgamesh Epic (Gard-of who we are and where we come from, and
ner and Maier 1984). forms much of our world view. Another level of
The story describes the experiences of memory could be that of the archetypal. These are
Gilgamesh, the king and his friend Enkidu. It ex-images lodged deep in our consciousness or un-
plores the depth of his grief at Enkidu's untimelyconsciousness, spanning cultural boundaries,
death. In an attempt to assuage the pain, he pur- they provide a potent reservoir of images and
sues a course in search for the key to everlastingsymbols to the designer. One such example is a
life. What is striking about this document is not bridge. A universal image, it suggests progres-
only the universal manifestations of this emo-sion, crossing from one realm to another, moving
tion, but that it is probably the earliest descrip- over a river which may symbolize the passing of
tion of the "Garden of the Gods," a place oftime. Finally, there is the genetic "memory," those
eternal and everlasting beauty, sustenance, andinnate based responses (Kellert and Wilson 1993)
pleasure. Here, the "Tree of Life," bears gems of that have assured the survival of the species and
ruby, carnelian, lapis lazuli, and other rarecontinue to contribute to our life experiences.
stones - fruit of imperishable beauty. These areOne such example is the pleasure of water, to
the elements of hope, survival, and benefit, an oa-hear it, see it, and feel it. Numerous studies have
sis in an otherwise hostile environment. This confirmed the preference for a water element in a
seems to be depicting the earliest known ante- scene. One need only observe a space
landscape
cedent of the "paradise garden," in the region
with a of
fountain, to confirm the response that it
the world that would later introduce it to the elicits. Our connection to water is reflected in the
great garden traditions. fascination that we derive from it.
As the paradise garden offered a spiritual As the disease of Alzheimer's progresses, ever
oasis
to those in early Assyria, so it provides a contracting
restor- the realm of cognitive activity, the de-
signer must pursue the diminishing bank of
ative, environment for individuals suffering
stress or malady today. For the person with
memories, which provide a connection to the
Alzheimer's disease it is the anxiety associated
continuum of life. Allowing this expanded inter-
with progressive cognitive demise and pretation
gradual of memory offers the designer a greater
range
dissolution of memory. Here the designer has of opportunities in the creation of a mean-
the
opportunity to integrate elements that ingful
may be place.
Journal of "Therapeutic ^Horticulture Üt 45

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 Guidelines to confirming the effectiveness of a part in earlier years or childhood, remain in vary
proposed exterior space and associated elements ing degrees as a connection to the past, providin
are revealed in two ways: first, through current memories and pleasures of an earlier phase o
and recent research into the response to the natural one's existence.
setting, and second, through historic precedents The continued decline of the cognitive abilities
that have seeped into our psyches through cul- poses further challenges to the participant. In
ture and tradition. The repetition of garden ele- time, the disease leaves the individual unable to
ments over time confirms the preference for act independently. The person's capacities seem
them. Based on the review of these bodies of in-
to be confined to the pleasures of the moment
formation, an application of the concepts is within
pre- an ever contracting arena. Exactly how
sented in the form of three gardens designed much
for a and what sensory abilities continue to
specialized Alzheimer 's facility in the suburbfunction
of a are not known at this time. Some inter-
midwestern city. First, let us review some of the research is currently being pursued on this
esting
characteristics of the disease. topic, but one could surmise that some very basic
responses to the environment still exist. These are
What is Alzheimer's Disease?
the responses that are innate, those that are
bonded to our genetic heritage. Beyond the
Alzheimer's disease is a progressive, irreversible
brain disease that effects approximately four mil-
senses of touch, smell, and sight lie those prefer-
lion Americans today. Although first describedencesin based on our earliest "race" experiences
1907 by Dr. Alois Alzheimer, currently there is that
no resulted in the survival of the human spe-
known prevention or cure. Generally appearing cies. It could be said that at this stage the job of
in the later years, it is initially noticed through
the designer is most critical. What can be offered
subtle changes in a person's ability to remember is a situation that maximizes the quality of life by
things. As the disease progresses, additional cog-
enriching the immediate experience. Facilitating
nitive functions are effected, such as language,
independence, where possible, and maximizing
capabilities through modifications in the envi-
abstract thinking, and physical functions, even-
ronment and therapeutic program aids in en-
tually leaving an individual dependent on others
for all their care and daily needs. In the early
hancing life's pleasures and creating joy. In most
stages of the disease, cognitive abilities cases,
and death occurs many years after the earliest
signs of the disease and subsequent diagnosed
memory are not significantly impaired. The indi-
vidual has relatively unchanged capacities for
symptoms.
perceiving the environment, for remembering
Selected Current Research
objects and space. The short-term memory is the
first casualty of this disease. This decline takes
Current research and empirical evidence of the
with it the day-to-day, hour-to-hour recall of
beneficial affects of nature is extensive. It sup-
events. The names and identities of those most
ports the concept that there exists an intuitive re-
sponse to nature. The study of preferences and
recently known and other more current experi-
ences are often lost. For many, the ability to to plants, animals, and life processes has
affinity
resulted
move, to walk, and to be physically active re- in a wealth of valuable information for
mains. "Wandering" or moving in a less directed
the designer. The Biophilia Hypothesis (1993), a se-
mode is also a characteristic of the disease. This
ries of essays, has been assembled by Kellert and
Wilson hypothesizing ón the origins of these
activity seems to relieve stress, as does walking
for any unafflicted person, and it providespleasures. It is Wilson's theory that response to
healthful exercise. However, due to the dimin-
the natural environment is genetically based. He
ished cognitive capacity, this activity canstated
causethat the affinity one has to a setting is
anguish because in an unsecured environment,
strongly determined by survival instincts estab-
the individual frequently gets lost. lished "thousands or millions of years ago" (Wil-
The long-term memory of the individual sonbe-
1993). Survival strategies within the natural
comes the resource when recent events are no environment became the experience that effec-
tively programmed
longer registered. Images, or things that played a the genetic memory bank.
46 Ä American Horticultural T herapy Association

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One of the facets of this affinity has been the topic
that Rachel Kaplan, an environmental psycholo-
gist, has studied for many years. Like Frederick
Law Olmsted in the mid-nineteenth century, she
has identified and described the mental activity
that is involved in our interest and pleasure in the
natural environment. This is what Kaplan cat-
egorized as "fascination" (Kaplan and Kaplan
1989). This is an absorbing, restful, and rejuve-
nating state of mental alertness not derived from
other settings or situations. Richard Ulrich, an-
other researcher on this topic, found that a room
with a view of a planted landscape contributed to
the speed of recovery from stress and from sur-
gery (Ulrich 1991). Recorded brain electrical ac-
tivity "data suggest that people were more
wakefully relaxed during exposure to the natural
landscapes" (Ulrich 1993). Could one say that
this pleasure equates to a form of therapy?
Another topic of interest, particularly to the de-
signer, is the response to the configuration and el-
ements within the site situation. Ulrich and
others have determined from many preference
studies that there is a significant affinity to "sa-
vanna or parklike settings, including visual
openness and uniform ground cover associated
with large-diameter mature trees" (Ulrich 1993).
Alhambra, Court of Lions
Distant unobstructed views most certainly pro- (Photo Christopher Diehl).
vided opportunities to see potential danger and
enhance possibility for escape. The tree canopy This evidence on the benefit of nature and spe-
screens the desiccating rays of the sun, and cifically
the the preference of enclosed space, as well
trunks offer the agile individual a potentialases-
vistas into savannah like landscapes, coupled
cape from the jaws of predators. Although this
with historical precedents, which follow, is the
thesis is understandable, Judith Heerwagen foundation
and for the direction that has been taken
Gordon Orians have identified other aspectsinof this project. It suggests the hypothesis that gar-
site that are equally intriguing. There are major
dens, especially enclosed spaces, (Heerwagen
differences, they profess, in the way the groups and
of Orians 1993) provide an environment pre-
individuals respond to landscapes. Females, chil-ferred by certain groups of individuals. This
would include those people with Alzheimer's
dren, the elderly, as well as those who are physi-
cally ill or depressed, the researchers deduce, disease.
should exhibit "a greater affinity to enclosures
and protected places. . ." (Heerwagen and Orians Historical Precedents
1993). Women, possibly pregnant or with chil- Historically, the preference for gardens is
dren, older people, and the ill (less fleet-of-foot)
chronicled throughout literature, in pictorial arts
would be unlikely to survive in the open, park- and the remains of buildings and associated exte-
like landscape. A place of shelter would offer riora spaces. Their repeated inclusion indicates a
degree of security and refuge; hiding rather thanpreference. These were restorative environments
escape would be a realistic defense. Their prefer-
needed or desired to ameliorate life's pressures.
ences and pleasures would lie in the security An ofearly example of the benefit derived from gar-
the enclosed garden. dens is exquisitely illustrated in tomb paintings
Journal of Therapeutic ^rticulture 47

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of ancient Egypt (600 B.C.)- These paintings de- An Enclosing Wall
scribe ordered, productive and pleasurable en- The enclosing wall delineates the paradise gar-
closed spaces. Often associated with pools, den. To look more carefully at this garden is to
stocked with fish and fowl, fruit trees, flowers, analyze its other features, but most obvious is the
and water plants are painted with a degree of enclosing wall.
liveliness and acuity that conveys a sense of un- The term "paradise" is a transliteration of the
derstanding and fascination with the garden en- Persian word, "Pairidaeza": pairi- meaning
vironment. But, as cited in the introduction, in an around and -daeza meaning wall (Webster's
even earlier era, of the Gilgamesh Epic are de- 1981). These enclosing walls associated with a
scriptions of the "Garden of the Gods." Emerging residence, originally constructed of mud or
from the region described as the "cradle of civili- stone, provided a degree of privacy, important to
zation," between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers the activities of family life. Sheltering plants and
of the Middle East (Kluger 1992), this becomes people from the searing wind that swept the
one of the earliest images. desert, they also protected against undesirable
Evolving from the same cultural roots as the entry of thief and wild beast, and they secured
Gilgamesh Epic situated in the Middle East was the space for pleasure of shade, fruit, and flower.
the paradise garden. A man-made oasis, it was The sacred cedar, date palm, pomegranate, fig,
characterized by an enclosing wall. This created a and grape vines were among those plants culti-
space that was stocked with animals and planted vated in this man-made oasis of shade, pleasure,
with trees for shade and fruit and plants for and plenty.
flower and food. Continuing as a garden tradi- The walled or fenced space served as a refuge.
tion from earliest recorded time, the paradise gar- For the Arabian, it defined an area that was re-
den spread rapidly with events of the eighth moved from the "hostile aspect of the desert"
century. On the wave of Islamic religious fervor, (Dickie, 1976). For the individual with
the tradition moved across North Africa and the
Alzheimer's, there is a similar appeal. It offers a
safe and secure space for exercise: walking and
Straits of Gibraltar to Spain. Like any expression,
over time it absorbed influences, including "wandering," gardening, and socializing. Defin-
Greek, Roman, and Italian. Extending eastward,
ing the limits of the space, the enclosure prevents
the influence of this landscape tradition seeped
the predator from accosting the individual made
into the Mughal gardens of India and Kashmir.
vulnerable by cognitive impairment. It provides
The garden setting of the Taj Mahal is Alhambra,
privacy and offers a degree of dignity appropri-
Court of Lions (Photo: Christopher Diehl)
ate to those people with Alzheimer's disease.
Alhambra, Court of Myrtles (Photo: Christopher Whether this is a screen wall to prohibit the views
Diehl), probably one of the most well known of public or picket fences (Hoover 1994), the
of the
delineation
the examples of this tradition. Even earlier, it fil- of space is the key attribute of the
paradise garden.
tered into the Judeo-Christian tradition, provid-
ing images of the garden found in the Torah and Whereas Rachel Kaplan, environmental psy-
Old Testament of the Bible. The garden seems to
chologist, makes a strong case for the therapeutic
benefit of accessible nature in a neighborhood
have penetrated into our cultural consciousness
from a number of sources, becoming an arche-
scale, so it may be applied to the residence of the
typal image. person with Alzheimer's disease. A secured exte-
To more specifically describe and analyzerior
the space immediately accessible has the same
model of the paradise garden as myth and asbenefit
cul- in a "nearby nature" situation. This com-
ponent
tural phenomenon, it is worth considering the el- of the paradise garden makes this free,
ements that Moynihan (1979) identifies as being
safe, and importantly, accessible to the individual
with Alzheimer's disease as and when desired.
significant. They are the: enclosing wall, water
element, canopy, and hill. These four elements
In addition, the enclosed space, if planned cor-
can likewise provide a structure within which
rectly, can offer views from interior spaces, or
one can create a restorative space to meet"places
the of refuge." Changing views with the
needs of the person with Alzheimer's disease.
variations of daylight, night lighting, season, and
48 Ä American Horticultural T herapy Association

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climatic conditions are reminders that are impor-
tant for all of us but are particularly useful to
those with diminished memory capacity. The
aesthetic and affective experience of viewing the
exterior space from within offer a psychic escape
into the natural environment. Whether it is the
delicate lavender shadows of a summer evening,
the landscape ladened with snow, or the gentle
fury of a summer storm, the effect of nature's dis-
play can be engaging, engendering "fascination,"
and providing vicarious contact with the natural
phenomenon. In the final analysis, the enclosure,
as was the case in the early desert situation, pro-
vides privacy, security, and safety. It offers the
opportunity for accessibility to exercise areas, to
nature, and to social contact.

Water Feature

Water in the paradise garden is a key feature. One

of the early depictions of water being the source
of all life is found in an ivory plaque from Assur
ca. 1247 to 1207 B.C. This image describes a
mountain, trees, and a four-parted river, symbol-
izing the four rivers of life (Moynihan 1979). The
concept seeps through history, appearing in the
Judeo-Christian tradition, Mogul Gardens, and
beyond. "And the Lord planted a garden east- Alhambra , Court of Myrtles
ward in Eden;. . .And out of the ground made the (Photo: Christopher Diehl).
Lord to grow every tree that is pleasant to the
sight and good for food; the tree of life also in the
midst of the garden... and a river went The out essential
of element for life, through irriga
Eden to water the garden and from thence tionitor
wasaesthetics, water in garden design has a
parted and became four heads" (Bible). The motif
ways been a significant feature. For both childr
was manipulated and refined by the early de-
and adults, it holds an attraction that, in gener
signers of the paradise gardens. Greek,has not been superseded by any other featu
Roman,
and other influences no doubt contributed, Whetheren- it is a muddy stream or a reflecting po
riching the tradition as it was manipulatedpeople byare drawn to water. Ervin Zube and ot
ers have
successive designers through history. The con-conducted numerous studies that have
revealed
cept was interpreted by the Christian monks in subject's unquestioned preference for
designing the cloister garths. Like manybodies
"pagan" of water, especially with a calm surfac
events, the space associated with cathedral
(Zubeand1978). Researchers have hypothesized that
monasteries, were imbued with meaning appro-
this is based on our biological necessity for the
element.
priate to the Christian doctrine. Eighteenth cen-Or could it be that we are at one with it?
tury carpet makers interpreted and embellished
Which ever the case may be, the affinity for a wa-
the quadralaterly bisected space, creatingter
minia-
feature in the landscape reveals a genetically
ture two-dimensional gardens of colorful based
geom-
preference (Ulrich 1993).
etry in knots. Representing the four rivers, For the
individuals with Alzheimer's disease, wa-
tree of knowledge, and flowering plots, ter these
can be experienced on a number of different
decorative fabrics brought to the interior space
levels. From a more cognitive perspective, when
the wonders of the garden. the symptoms are mild, it can be seen symboli-
Journal of "Therapeutic Horticulture jfc 49

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cally: as source of ablution, time, or fertility. It can Assyria, 660 B.C. Here, again, the trellis of grape-
stimulate the recall of other features and events. vines creates the ceiling defining the space with
As the cognitive abilities diminish, the reaction visual and gustatory appeal. Alternating cedar
can be one of a more affective or precognitive na-and date trees provide the boundary of the space.
ture. Elicited from the deeper memory, the aes- Symbolizing the essence of royal pleasure, the
thetic response, remains. Beyond these visual king and probably his queen, sip wine while be-
reactions is the physical. Dipping a hand into theing fanned and serenaded in this most pleasant
cool liquid or hearing the murmur of a fountainenclosure.
can be another means of sensory stimulation
The Mount or Hill
when the cognitive activity has diminished.
And finally, the promontory, or hill, in the garden
Canopy (Tree or Trellis) has been represented in the paradise myth and in
As the enclosure wall is the delineation of hori-many cultures (Moynihan 1979). The ancient
ziggurat (a stepped building or "ladder to
zontal limit so is the canopy a delineation of the
vertical. Whether by suggestion through the heaven") of Mesopotamia, is one of the earliest
canopy of tree foliage or the overhead trellis,largea man-made structures. A sacred setting in an
"ceiling" element can be established. As elevated situation, it raised man nearer to the ce-
Heerwagen and Orians have hypothesized, the lestial beings. Other examples are the great Stupa
tree has played an important role in man's sur- at Sanchi (a sacred mound), and the burial
vival. It offered the potential for food, refuge, mounds of the American Indians in southwest
shade, and a vantage point for surveying the Ohio. But the concept of hill need not always be
landscape (Bourliere 1963; Isaac 1983; Shipman large to be effective. The Japanese gardens, such
1986, cited by Heerwagen and Orains 1993). as Ryoan-ji, where from within a sea of whit
gravel, emerges the realistic mountains is such a
Formed by trees or trellis for shade, it is as effec-
example. These oriental gardens were designe
tive for the desert regions as it is for the temper-
ate zone of North America. It defines and orders as a visual experience.
space, it shelters from the sun, and it filters andIn the gardens for the Alzheimer's population,
softens light. For individuals sensitive to glare,the hill is also a visual element. Located in prox-
which is common to this age group, the extremes imity to a seating area the hill becomes a met
in light intensity can be a source of discomfort.phor for the place of prospect, allowing vicariou
Trees can be clues to the climatic conditions. wandering. A place that defines, by its altern
Tousled by the wind, the foliage flutters, sways tive configuration, the flat zones in the garden.
or snaps, animating the space and providing an Thus, the essential elements of the paradise
indication of the wind force. The annual cycle, garden
es- (wall, water, canopy, and mound) hav
pecially visible in the condition of deciduous
been components of the design of three therapeu
trees, reminds one of the season. tic gardens at an Alzheimer center in southwest
Ohio.
By their location, trees were frequently indica-
tors of the existence of water, or an oasis, offering
The Model Applied
not only the potential for water but also the pos-
sibility of food. Historic examples are seen The in Alois Alzheimer Center opened May 1, 1987,
Egyptian tomb paintings of Ammonhotep dating in Cincinnati, Ohio as a specialized facility dedi-
cated exclusively to the care of individuals with
to 1300 B.C. Here the depiction of date palms and
other fruit-laden trees define the garden param-Alzheimer's disease and dementia. It is the set-
ting for applying the paradise garden model. The
eter, while the center space was defined by a trel-
home, which accommodates eighty-two resi
lis. Grapevines, heavy with fruit, cover the trellis
creating an edible and decorative ceiling. One dents, provides a continuum of care from th
can only imagine the pleasure of that spaceearlyof onset of symptoms to the final stages of th
dappled light, luminescent foliage, and fruit. disease. The facility is internally organized int
Another example of the trellis is illustrated three
in zones to meet the social and physical needs
the alabaster relief of Assurbanípal of Nineveh,of the residents. Given the particular require
50 Ä American Horticultural T herapy Association

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ments of each of these groups, one garden would ries would be stimulated by old fashioned plants:
not work. Therefore, an accessible garden space pansy, peony, snapdragon, and nasturtium. Lav-
was designed for each group. ender, thyme, and mint would merge visual and
olfactory pleasures. Tastes and fragrances tug ef-
The Courtyard fectively at the memory as Marcel Proust con-
The first garden to be constructed was the firms, integrating into the situation what has
"Courtyard." This space is not unlike the early been called "remembrance therapy" (Hoover
Middle Eastern precedent in that it would be- 1994). As recent memory declines, the remem-
come a focus for many of the adjacent interior brance of earlier times can be the source of plea-
rooms. The building was originally designed as sure. There are numerous ways of creatively
an elementary school, only later to be adapted to including elements into a garden landscape to
an Alzheimer's center. This single-level structure provoke memory.
was designed in the era when bringing daylight
The South Terrace
into the classroom and allowing a child to view
the landscape was considered an advantage. The second garden, the "South Terrace", is some
Generous windows face into the courtyard offer- what smaller; a contraction consistent with the
ing a "psychic" escape in summer, winter, day, or abilities of the participant. The individuals usin
night. This visual access was one of the therapeu- this space have lost much cognitive ability but r
tic goals established for the project. Another was main very active, continuing to walk and "to
the need for the loop path (a circuit walk). This wander," sometimes with greater intensity than
would accommodate the "wanderers" and the before. Disorientation, however, is more pro
walkers on a sinuous path of leisurely progres-
nounced. Here, the length of path would need t
be more
sion, offering a variety of views along the way. As limited. A planted island in the terra
would
a means of consistent reassurance, it delivers the provide a zone to be circumnavigate
The paving would follow the gentle curve of
user back to the origin of the journey. A well-de-
raised planter. Luxurious and colorful plan
fined path, avoiding the confusion and resulting
disorientation of "dead ends," is found to bewould
the fill the planter. A small pool with fountai
again,
most successful configuration. Benches are lo- acts as a focal point, drawing attentio
cated at intervals, offering an opportunity from
to sitthe screen wall and fence that secure the
with visitors or in quiet contemplation. space. Clusters of solid garden furniture would
It is not necessary for all elements in the be arranged beneath the trellis. The sunshine
space
would
to be participatory. The hill, or mound, as seen in be stencilled in an ever-moving pattern on
the paradise garden or other ancient models thecanpaving below. Again, consistent with the con-
cept of "nearby nature," the space must be fully
provide visual interest. This element offers varia-
tion in the otherwise two-dimensional ground accessible to ambulatory or non-ambulatory us-
plane, giving change and contour to the garden;
ers.

offering fascination and mystery. A generous pa-

The West Garden
tio, for easy movement of wheelchair or walker,
is screened overhead by a trellis for both Further
shade along the continuum, the "West Garden"
and psychological containment. It is a ceilingarea
cre-contracts the space still further. The need for
ating a degree of security. Nearby a small poola "wandering"
in loop gives way to an area config-
ured to accommodate wheelchairs and comfort-
a raised planter is a focus to the space. The single
jet of water gently ripples the pool surface,able,
pro-sturdy garden furniture. The canopy, once
viding a quiet and comforting murmur. more a trellis, offers relief from the glare of the
A curved planted hedge designed to gently sun. The pool and fountain activate'the space in a
embrace the space is not so high as to obscureplanter
the at about a 30-inch height. At this stage of
the disease (described above), one of the remain-
view to the building entrance. It suggests enclo-
ing pleasures is tactile sensation. Plants are se-
sure of the sitting area. Raised planters facilitate
lecteda to provide that experience. Lamb's ear,
the individual's desire to reach the soil, to plant
tomato, or to smell the flowers. Personal memo-dusty miller, and ornamental grasses are all
Journal of Therapeutic Mìrticuiture Ä 5 1

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within reach: soft, velvety, rough, and smooth. heal the spirit and most importantly, it confirms
Color and fragrance are offered through an array ones place in the universe of things.
of annuals, perennials, and herbs: lavender, basil,
mint, and chives. The cool water of a fountain of- Bibliography
fers a complementary experience. Gardner, J. and J. Maier. Gilgamesh, translated from the sin-
A word of caution: These individuals are likely leqi-unninni version , Vintage Press, New York, 1984.
to touch and ingest parts of plants. Therefore it is Heerwagen, J.H. and G.H. Orians. "Humans, habitats, and
aesthetics." In S.R. Kellert and E.O. Wilson (eds.). The
essential to be knowledgeable of the plant mate-
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52 Ä American Horticultural T herapy Association

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