BDwbU

14 gvbevwaKvi

f‚wgKv
gvbyl wn‡m‡e GKRb e¨w³ †h AwaKvi, m¤§vb I wbivcËv jvf K‡i ZvB gvbevwaKvi| †gŠwjK
AwaKviB gvbevwaKv‡ii wfwË| †h‡Kv‡bv ai‡bi Ryjyg, wbh©vZb I †kvl‡Yi wei“‡× cÖwZev`
wn‡m‡e gvbevwaKv‡ii aviYv weKvk jvf K‡i‡Q| gvbevwaKvi eZ©gv‡b wek¦gvbeZv I mf¨ mgvR
KZ©„K ¯^xK…Z AwaKvi| Aeva I gy³ wPš—v, gZ cÖKvk I cÖwZev‡`i AwaKvi gvbevwaKv‡ii
g~jK_v| gvbevwaKvi †gŠwjK AwaKvi †_‡K jvf Ki‡jI Gi we¯—…wZ wek¦e¨vcx| †gŠwjK
AwaKvi ivóªxq msweav‡b mwbœ‡ewkZ Ges ivóªxq cwigʇjB Gi Zvrch© mxgve×| wKš‘
gvbevwaKvi wek¦e¨vcx cwie¨vß Ges †h‡Kv‡bv ivóªxq Ryjy‡gi wei“‡×I gvbevwaKvi ms¯’v †mv”Pvi
n‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e †gŠwjK AwaKv‡ii gZ gvbevwaKvi ejer Kiv m¤¢e nq bv| Aek¨ 1948
mv‡ji 10B wW‡m¤^i RvwZms‡Ni mvaviY cwil‡` †gŠwjK gvbweK AwaKvimg~n †NvwlZ I M„nxZ
nIqvq G¸‡jv Zvrch©c~Y© n‡q D‡V‡Q| GB gvbevwaKvi¸‡jvi g‡a¨ e¨w³MZ, mvgvwRK,
ivR‰bwZK, A_©‰bwZK, mvs¯‹…wZK I ag©xq AwaKvi‡K cwic~Y©iƒ‡c ¯^xK…wZ †`Iqv n‡q‡Q|
cvV- 1 : gvbevwaKv‡ii msÁv, e¨vL¨v I ¯^iƒc
D‡Ïk¨ : GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb−

gvbevwaKv‡ii msÁv w`‡Z cvi‡eb|

gvbevwaKv‡ii e¨vL¨v w`‡Z cvi‡eb Ges Gi ¯^iƒc we‡k−lY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

†gŠwjK AwaKvi I gvbevwaKv‡ii m¤úK© wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

gvbevwaKvi wKfv‡e Av_©-mvgvwRK mvg¨ cÖwZôv Ki‡Z cv‡i Zv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
14.1.1 gvbevwaKv‡ii msÁv
gvbylB mewKQyi cwigvcK GB aviYv †_‡KB gvbevwaKv‡ii Rb¥| wek¦ gvbeZvi m`m¨ wn‡m‡e
RvwZ, ag© I eY© wbwe©‡k‡l gvbyl Zvi e¨w³Z¡ weKvk I Av‡Z¥vcjwäi Rb¨ †h mg¯— my‡hvM-myweav
`vex Ki‡Z cv‡i Zv‡K gvbevwaKvi e‡j| gvbyl wn‡m‡e GKRb e¨w³ †h m¤§vb, kª×v, AwaKvi
I wbivcËv jvf K‡i ZvB gvbevwaKvi| gvbevwaKv‡ii e‡j GKRb gvbyl Zvi wbR iv‡óªi
ˆ¯^ivPvix wbcxo‡bi wei“‡× Avš—R©vwZK gvbeZv KZ©„K wbivcËv jvf Ki‡Z cvi‡e| 1948
mv‡ji 10B wW‡m¤^i RvwZms‡Ni mvaviY cwil‡` †gŠwjK gvbevwaKvimg~n †NvwlZ I M„nxZ nq|
14.1.2 gvbevwaKv‡ii e¨vL¨v I ¯^iƒc
wek¦ms¯’v KZ©„K †NvwlZ I ¯^xK…Z AwaKvimg~n gvbevwaKvi wn‡m‡e wPwýZ| Kv‡RB bvMwiK
AwaKvi Ges gvbevwaKv‡ii ˆewkó¨ I ¯^iƒc c„_K| bvMwiK AwaKvi e¨w³i †mB AwaKvi hv
ivóªxq cwigʇj mxwgZ| Acic‡¶ gvbevwaKvi mgvR, ivóª I Avš—R©vwZK cwigʇj ¯^xK…Z|
gvbevwaKvie‡j †Kvb e¨w³ Zvi wbR iv‡óª wbivc` g‡b bv Ki‡j Ab¨ iv‡óª Avkªq wb‡Z cv‡i|
GKRb Kwe, mvwnwZ¨K ev `vk©wbK Zvi gZv`k© cÖKv‡ki Kvi‡Y wbR iv‡óª wbM„nxZ n‡j Ab¨
iv‡óª Avkªq cÖv_©bv Ki‡Z cv‡ib Ges gvbevwaKv‡ii Kvi‡Y Avkªq †c‡ZI cv‡ib| GKRb
gwnjv ¯^vgx KZ©„K wbM„nxZ n‡j ev †Kvb kªwgK ev evwoi Kv‡Ri †Q‡j ev †g‡q M„n¯^vgx KZ©„K
AZ¨vPvwiZ n‡j gvbevwaKvi ms¯’v Zvi wei“‡× e¨e¯’v MÖnY Ges Zv‡K wbivc` Kivi Rb¨
 I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

GwM‡q Avm‡Z cv‡i| gvbevwaKvi e‡j GKRb kªwgK‡K wba©vwiZ mg‡qi †ewk KvR Ki‡Z eva¨
Kiv hv‡e bv| Avš—R©vwZK kªg ms¯’v KZ©„K cÖYxZ wewamg~n mv‡c‡¶ GKRb kªwgK gRyix, gh©v`v
I wbivcËv cvIqvi AwaKvix n‡e|
14.1.3 †gŠwjK AwaKvi I gvbevwaKv‡ii m¤úK©
†gŠwjK AwaKvi ej‡Z †mB AwaKvi eySvq hv mve©‡fŠg iv‡óªi msweav‡b mwbœ‡ewkZ I
ejer‡hvM¨| ivóªxq mxgvbvi g‡a¨B †gŠwjK AwaKvi Dc‡fvM‡hvM¨| Acic‡¶ gvbevwaKvi
Avš—R©vwZK ms¯’v KZ…©K †NvwlZ I M„nxZ Ges Avš—R©vwZK cwigʇj Dc‡fvM‡hvM¨| msweavb
KZ©„K M„nxZ nIqvi d‡j †gŠwjK AwaKvi my¯úó Ges AwaKZi `„pZvi mv‡_ ejer‡hvM¨| wKš‘
gvbevwaKvi my¯úó n‡jI `„pZvi mv‡_ ejer‡hvM¨ bq| †Kvb ivóª Zvi †Kvb bvMwiK‡K wbM„nxZ
Ki‡j †mB iv‡óªi wei“‡× RbgZ m„wó Kiv †M‡jI Zv‡K weiZ Kiv me mgq m¤¢e nq bv| Gme
cv_©K¨ _vK‡jI Giv G‡K Aci‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i| †gŠwjK AwaKv‡ii aviYv †_‡KB
gvbevwaKv‡ii m„wó| Acic‡¶ †gŠwjK gvbevwaKvimg~n iv‡óªi Af¨š—‡i †gŠwjK AwaKv‡ii
Kvgbv‡K †eMevb K‡i| ZvB Giv G‡K Ac‡ii cwic~iK|
14.1.4 gvbevwaKvi I Av_©-mvgvwRK mvg¨
gvbevwaKvi Av_©-mvgvwRK mv‡g¨i wfwË iPbv K‡i| Lv`¨, e¯¿, evm¯’vb, wk¶v I wPwKrmvi gZ
†gŠwjK AwaKvi¸‡jv gvbevwaKv‡ii AvIZvfy³ nIqvq we‡k¦i mKj bvMwi‡Ki b~¨bZg Pvwn`v
c~i‡Yi AvKzwZ AMÖvwaKvi jvf K‡i‡Q| G¸‡jv cÖwZôv Ki‡Z cvi‡j A_©‡bwZK I mvgvwRK
ˆelg¨ `~i n‡e| †h‡Kv‡bv †ckv MÖnY, Dchy³ cvwikªwgK jvf, K‡g©i AbyK~j kZ©vw` jv‡fi
AwaKvi Ges Amy¯’Zv, Amvg_© I ˆ`e `ywe©cv‡K mvgvwRK wbivcËv jv‡fi AwaKv‡ii e¨e¯’v K‡i
gvbevwaKvi Av_©-mvgvwRK mv‡g¨i wfwË iPbv K‡i‡Q|
mvi-ms‡¶c
†cŠibxwZ bvMwi‡Ki AwaKvi I KZ©e¨ msµvš— welq| bvMwi‡Ki †gŠwjK AwaKvi¸‡jv GLb
†gŠwjK AwaKvi wn‡m‡e msweav‡b mwbœ‡ewkZ nq| †gŠwjK AwaKviB gvbevwaKv‡ii wfwË|
wek¦ gvbeZvi m`m¨ wn‡m‡e RvwZ, ag©, eY© wbwe©‡k‡l gvbyl Zvi e¨w³Z¡ weKv‡ki Rb¨ †h
mKj my‡hvM-myweav `vex Ki‡Z cv‡i Zv‡K gvbevwaKvi e‡j| mg¯— Ryjyg I wbcxo‡bi
wei“‡× gvbevwaKvi GK R¡jš— cÖwZev`| GwU †gŠwjK AwaKv‡ii †P‡q we¯—…Z GK aviYv|
KviY gvbevwaKvi Avš—R©vwZK cwigʇj we¯—…Z| gvbevwaKv‡ii e‡j ¯^vaxb wPš—vfvebv I gZ
cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ wbR iv‡óª wbM„nxZ n‡j gvbyl Ab¨ iv‡óªi Avkªq Kvgbv Ki‡Z I †c‡Z cv‡i|
Z‡e †gŠwjK AwaKv‡ii gZ gvbevwaKvi my¯úó I KovKwofv‡e ejer‡hvM¨ bq| ZeyI Zviv
ci¯úi wbf©ikxj| †Kbbv †gŠwjK AwaKviB gvbevwaKv‡ii wfwË|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb− 1

mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b|
1| gvbevwaKvi wK ?
K. Avnv‡ii AwaKvi L. e‡¯¿i AwaKvi
M. wPwKrmvi AwaKvi N. m¤§vb, kª×v I wbivcËv jv‡fi AwaKvi
2| gvbevwaKvi I †gŠwjK AwaKv‡ii m¤úK© †Kgb ?
K. m¤úK©nxb L. m¤ú~iK
M. cwic~iK N. wecixZ fvevcbœ

GBP Gm wm †cÖvMÖvg †cŠ i bx wZ
144

I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cvV- 2 : RvwZmsN ¯^xK…Z †gŠwjK gvbevwaKvi I gvbevwaKvi

msµvš— mvaviY bxwZ
D‡Ïk¨ : GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb−

RvwZms‡Ni mvaviY cwil‡` M„nxZ I †NvwlZ †gŠwjK gvbevwaKvimg~n D‡j−L Ki‡Z
cvi‡eb|

mvaviY cwil‡` M„nxZ †gŠwjK AwaKvimg~n eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

14.2.1 RvwZmsN ¯^xK…Z †gŠwjK gvbevwaKvi

1948 mv‡ji 10B wW‡m¤^i RvwZms‡Ni mvaviY cwil‡` †gŠwjK gvbevwaKvimg~n †NvwlZ I
M„nxZ nq| RvwZms‡Ni mb‡` D‡j−L Kiv n‡q‡Q †h RvwZ, ag©, eY© I fvlv wbwe©‡k‡l mKj
gvby‡li ¯^vaxbZv‡K mgybœZ Ki‡Z n‡e| †gŠwjK gvbevwaKv‡ii †NvlYv RvwZms‡Ni j¶¨‡K ev¯—
evwqZ Kivi GK gnvb I ewjô c`‡¶c| RvwZms‡Ni mKj m`m¨ivóª GKK I †hŠ_ cÖ‡Póvq
GB AwaKvi¸‡jv‡K ev¯—evwqZ Ki‡Z e×cwiKi|
RvwZms‡Ni †NvlYvq ewY©Z †gŠwjK gvbevwaKv‡ii bxwZmg~n wbæiƒc :
(1) mKj gvbylB Rb¥MZfv‡e ¯^vaxb, mg AwaKvi I mggh©v`v m¤úbœ| mK‡jB we‡eK we‡ePbvi
AwaKvix| myZivs Zviv ci¯úi åvZ„Z¡g~jK AvPiY Ki‡e|
(2) G †NvlYvq Dwj−wLZ mKj AwaKvi I ¯^vaxbZv RvwZ, ag©, eY©, bvix, cyi“l, abx, wba©b,
ivR‰bwZK gZv`k©, c`gh©v`v wbwe©‡k‡l mK‡ji Rb¨ mgfv‡e cÖ‡hvR¨|
(3) c„w_exi me ¯^vaxb, Aa©¯^vaxb ev A-¯^vqËkvwmZ iv‡óªi bvMwiKe„›`‡K Zv‡`i †`‡ki
ivR‰bwZK ev Avš—R©vwZK gh©v`v wbwe©‡k‡l mg`„wó‡Z †`Lv n‡e|
14.2.2 RvwZmsN KZ©„K M„nxZ †gŠwjK AwaKvi
wb‡æ RvwZmsN KZ©„K M„nxZ †gŠwjK AwaKvimg~n D‡j−L Kiv nj :
(K) e¨w³MZ, mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK AwaKvimg~n−
(1) cÖ‡Z¨K e¨w³iB wb‡Ri Rxeb, ¯^vaxbZv I wbivcËvi AwaKvi _vK‡e| (3bs aviv)
(2) KvD‡KI `vm‡Z¡ Ave× ivLv hv‡e bv| (4bs aviv)
(3) KviI cÖwZ AgvbywlK wbh©vZb I gh©v`v nvwbKi AvPiY Kiv hv‡e bv| (5bs aviv)
(4) AvB‡bi `„wó‡Z mK‡jB mgvb| (7bs aviv)
(5) †gŠwjK AwaKvi Le© Kiv n‡j Av`vj‡Z h_v_© cÖwZKv‡ii e¨e¯’v Kiv hv‡e| (8bs aviv)
(6) KvD‡K webv Kvi‡Y AvUK, †MÖdZvi I wbe©vwmZ Kiv hv‡e bv| (9bs aviv)
(7) cÖ‡Z¨‡KB wbi‡c¶ mywePvi cvIqvi AwaKvix| (10bs aviv)
(8) Aciva cÖgvwYZ bv nIqv ch©š— cÖ‡Z¨‡K wb‡R‡K wb‡`©vl e‡j `vex Ki‡Z cvi‡e Ges
Aciva msNwUZ nIqvi cÖv°v‡j KvD‡KI Awfhy³ Kiv bv n‡j ev Zvi KvR‡K Aciva
e‡j MY¨ Kiv bv n‡j Zv‡K kvw¯— †`Iqv hv‡e bv| (11bs aviv)
(9) mK‡ji M„‡ni wbivcËv I †hvM‡hv‡Mi †MvcbxqZvi AwaKvi _vK‡e| (12bs aviv)
(10) †`‡ki me©Î Pjv‡div, wbR †`kZ¨vM I cÖZ¨veZ©b Kivi AwaKvi mK‡ji _vK‡e| (13bs aviv)
(11) cÖ‡Z¨K e¨w³B wbh©vZb †_‡K AvÍ
i¶vi Rb¨ Ab¨ †`‡k Avkªq wb‡Z cvi‡e| (14 bs aviv)
(12) RvZxq AvwaKvi †_‡K KvD‡KI ewÂZ Kiv hv‡e bv| (15 bs aviv)
(13) mK‡ji weev‡ni AwaKvi _vK‡e Ges weevn we‡”Q‡`i †¶‡Î bvix cyi“‡li mgAwaKvi
_vK‡e| (16 bs aviv)
(14) mK‡ji m¤úwËi AwaKvi _vK‡e Ges †Rvic~e©K KvD‡KB m¤úwËi AwaKvi †_‡K ewÂZ
Kiv hv‡e bv| (17bs aviv)
(15) cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki wPš—v, we‡eK I a‡g©i ¯^vaxbZv _vK‡e| (18 bs aviv)
(16) mK‡ji ¯^vaxb gZ cÖKv‡ki AwaKvi _vK‡e| (19 bs aviv)
(17) mw¤§wjZ nIqvi I msN MV‡bi AwaKvi mK‡ji _vK‡e| (20bs aviv)

GBP Gm wm †cÖvMÖvg †cŠ i bx wZ
145

 I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

(L) A_©‰bwZK, mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹…wZK AwaKvimg~n−

(1) cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki mvgvwRK wbivcËv jv‡fi AwaKvi _vK‡e| (22bs aviv)
(2) K‡g©i AwaKvi, †h‡Kv‡bv †ckv MÖnY, cvwikªwgK jvf Ges K‡g©i Dchy³ kZ©vw` jv‡fi
AwaKvi mK‡ji _vK‡e| (23bs aviv)
(3) cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki Kg©Rxe‡b wekªvg, AeKvk I Kv‡Ri mywbw`©ó mgqmxgv jv‡fi AwaKvimn †eZb
I QywU †fvM Kivi AwaKvi _vK‡e| (24 bs aviv)
(4) cÖ‡Z¨‡KB Zvi wb‡Ri I cwiev‡ii ¯^v¯’¨ I RxebhvÎvi Dc‡hvMx Lv`¨, evm¯’vb I wPwKrmv
jv‡fi AwaKvi cv‡e| GQvov †eKviZ¡, Amy¯’Zv, Amvg_©¨, ˆeae¨ I e„× eq‡m wKsev ˆ`e
`ywe©cv‡K c~Y© mvgvwRK wbivcËv jv‡fi AwaKvi cv‡e| gv I wkï we‡kl hZœjv‡fi
AwaKvi cv‡e| (26bs aviv)
(5) cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki wk¶vjv‡fi AwaKvi _vK‡e| e¨w³‡Z¡i weKvk I †h‡Kv‡bv Kv‡Ri †hvM¨Zv
AR©‡bi Rb¨ KvwiMix I e„wËg~jK wk¶vmn D”P wk¶v MÖn‡Yi AwaKvi _vK‡e| (26bs aviv)
(6) cÖ‡Z¨‡KiB Zvi mgv‡Ri mKj mvs¯‹…wZK †¶‡Î AskMÖn‡Yi Ges wkí I weÁv‡bi weKv‡k
myweav jv‡fi c~Y© AwaKvi _vK‡e| (27bs aviv)

(M) †kl avivmg~n−

RvwZms‡Ni AwaKvi mb‡`i 28 b¤^i †_‡K 30 bs aviv ch©š— bvMwiK Rxe‡bi cwic~Y© weKv‡ki
Rb¨ my¯’ I myk„•Ljvc~Y© mvgvwRK Rxe‡bi cÖwZ ¸i“Z¡ Av‡ivc K‡i wb‡Pi 3wU AwaKv‡ii eY©bv
Kiv n‡q‡Q−
(1) mš¿v‡mi ivR‡Z¡ ev †Kvjvnjc~Y© we‡k¦ RvwZmsN †NvwlZ AwaKvi¸‡jv Dc‡fvM Kiv m¤¢e
bq, ZvB mK‡ji Rb¨ mvgvwRK I Avš—R©vwZK k„•Ljvi AwaKvi _vK‡e| (28bs aviv)
(2) RvwZms‡Ni Av`k© I D‡Ï‡k¨i cwicš’x †Kvb AwaKvi I ¯^vaxbZv †KD †fvM Ki‡Z
cvi‡e bv| (29bs aviv)
(3) AwaKvi mb‡` mveavb K‡i †`Iqv n‡q‡Q †h, RvwZms‡Ni †NvwlZ AwaKvi I ¯^vaxbZv
aŸsmKvix †Kvb ivóª, `j ev e¨w³i cÖwZ AwaKv‡ii †NvlYv Av‡ivc Kiv hv‡e bv| (30 bs
aviv)

mvi-ms‡¶c
gvbevwaKvi mb` 1948 mv‡ji 10B wW‡m¤^i RvwZms‡Ni mvaviY cwil` KZ©„K M„nxZ I
†NvwlZ nq| G¸‡jv LyeB we¯—…Z Ges gvbeZvi cwic~Y© weKv‡ki Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq| A_©‡bwZK,
mvgvwRK, ivR‰bwZK ag©xq I mvs¯‹…wZK AwaKvi¸‡jv gvbevwaKv‡ii wewfbœ avivi g‡a¨ Aš—
fz©³|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb− 2

mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b|
1| RvwZmsN KZ mv‡j gvbevwaKv‡ii †NvlYv `vb K‡i ?
K. 1947 L. 1948
M. 1957 N. 1967
2| †KvbwU gvbevwaKvi ?
K. Rxeb, ¯^vaxbZv I wbivcËv L. AvB‡bi `„wó‡Z mK‡jB mgvb
M. †ckv, cvwikªwgK I wekªvg N. me¸‡jv

GBP Gm wm †cÖvMÖvg †cŠ i bx wZ
146

 I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cvV- 3 : evsjv‡`k msweavb− †gŠwjK bvMwiK AwaKvi I gvbevwaKvi

D‡Ïk¨ : GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb−

evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡b wea„Z †gŠwjK AwaKvimg~n gvbevwaKv‡ii mv‡_ KZUzKz m½wZc~Y©
Zv we‡k−lY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

14.3.1 evsjv‡`‡k †gŠwjK AwaKvi

evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡b mwbœ‡ewkZ †gŠwjK AwaKvimg~n gvbevwaKv‡ii mv‡_ mvgÄm¨c~Y©|
evsjv‡`k msweav‡bi 28 †_‡K 30 Aby‡”Q‡` mv‡g¨i AwaKvi A_©vr RvwZ, ag©, eY©, bvix-cyi“l
wbwe©‡k‡l mK‡ji ivóªxq Kv‡R Ask MÖn‡Yi AwaKvi wbwðZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| GB avivwU Ô†KD †QvU
ev †KD eo bqÕ− gvbevwaKv‡ii GB bxwZi mv‡_ mvgÄm¨c~Y©| msweav‡bi 31 †_‡K 35
Aby‡”Q` ch©š— aviv¸wj gvbevwaKv‡ii e¨w³i Rxeb I ¯^vaxbZvi aviv¸wji mv‡_ mvgÄm¨c~Y©|
msweav‡bi 36 †_‡K 41 Aby‡”Q` ch©š— Pjv‡divi AwaKvi, mgv‡e‡ki AwaKvi msMV‡bi
AwaKvi, wPš—v I we‡e‡Ki ¯^vaxbZv, evK-¯^vaxbZv, †ckv I e„wËi ¯^vaxbZv, ag©xq ¯^vaxbZv,
m¤úwËi AwaKvi, e¨w³MZ AwaKvi cÖf…wZ †gŠwjK AwaKvi¸‡jv †gŠwjK gvbevwaKv‡ii mv‡_
cy‡ivcywi mvgÄm¨c~Y©|
DcwiD³ Av‡jvPbv †_‡K my¯úófv‡e eySv hvq †h, evsjv‡`k RvwZms‡Ni gvbevwaKvi‡K
cyivcywi m¤§vb I kª×v K‡i| evsjv‡`k ZvB me©cÖKv‡ii Ryjyg, wbh©vZb I †kvl‡Yi wei“‡×
†mv”Pvi| evsjv‡`k gvbevwaKvi cÖwZôvq Avš—R©vwZK †¶‡Î h_v‡hvM¨ f‚wgKv cvj‡b
A½xKvive×|

mvi-ms‡¶c
evsjv‡`k GKwU ¯^vaxb I mve©‡fŠg ivóª wnmv‡e gvbevwaKvi¸‡jv‡K m¤§vb I gh©v`v `vb
K‡i| GRb¨ evsjv‡`k msweav‡bi 28 †_‡K 41 Aby‡”Q‡`i g‡a¨ †gŠwjK AwaKvi¸‡jv
mwbœ‡ewkZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`k ZvB me©cÖKv‡ii Ryjyg, wbh©vZb I †kvl‡Yi wei“‡×
ewjôfv‡e †mv”Pvi Ges gvbe gh©v`v cÖwZôvq Avš—R©vwZK †¶‡Î h_v‡hvM¨ f‚wgKv cvj‡b
A½xKvive×|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb− 3

mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b|
1| evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡b †gŠwjK AwaKv‡ii Ae¯’v †Kgb ?
K. gvbevwaKvi‡ii mv‡_ msMwZc~Y© L. gvbevwaKvi †g‡b Pjv nq
M. gvbevwaKvi jsw•NZ n‡q _v‡K N. gvbevwaKvi m¤^‡Ü miKvi mRvM
2| †KvbwUi ¯^vaxbZv †gŠwjK gvbevwaKv‡ii mv‡_ AmvgÄm¨c~Y© ?
K. we‡eK L. ag©
M. †ckv N. kvm‡bi ¯^vaxbZv

Abykxjbx
msw¶ß-DËi cÖkœ t

1| gvbevwaKv‡ii msÁv w`b| −14.1.1
2| gvbevwaKvi I Av_©-mvgvwRK mv‡g¨i m¤úK© wK ? −14.1.4
3| RvwZmsN KZ©„K †NvwlZ †gŠwjK gvbevwaKvi¸‡jv †Kvb †Kvb bxwZi Dci wfwËkxj?
−14.2.1 †kl Ask
4| †gŠwjK AwaKvi I gvbevwaKv‡ii m¤úK© Kxiƒc ? −14.1.3
GBP Gm wm †cÖvMÖvg †cŠ i bx wZ
147
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ t
1| gvbevwaKvi ej‡Z wK eySvq? gvbevwaKv‡ii ¯^iƒc e¨vL¨v Ki“b| −14.1.1 I 14.1.2
2| RvwZmsN †NvwlZ A_©‰bwZK, mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹…wZK †gŠwjK AwaKvi¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Ki“b| −14.2.2
3| evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡bi Dwj−wLZ †gŠwjK AwaKvi¸‡jvi weeiY w`b| −14.3.1

DËigvjv
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb− 1 t 1| N, 2| M
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb− 2 t 1| L, 2| N
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb− 3 t 1| K, 2| N

GBP Gm wm †cÖvMÖvg †cŠ i bx wZ
148