DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER &

SOFTWARE ENGINEERING
COLLEGE OF E&ME, NUST,
RAWALPINDI

EC-431 Digital Communication

Lab Number 07
Name: Syed Ali John Naqvi
CE 41 B
Reg# 307975

Objective:
To demonstrate the principle of PCM (pulse code modulation) and implementation of a PCM
based digital communication system.

Tasks:

1. Plot a difference delta of the sampled signal and quantized signal in Fig. 3. Compare
them using different line specs on same graph. How much is the maximum quantization
error?
Code:
n = input('Enter n value for n-bit PCM system: ');
n1 = input('Enter number of samples in a period: ');
L = 2^n;

% Signal Generation + Sampling Operation

x = 0:2*pi/n1:4*pi;
Vmax = 8;
s = Vmax.*sin(x);
subplot(3,1,1);
plot(s);
title('Source Analogue Signal');
ylabel('Amplitude');
xlabel('Time');
subplot(3,1,2);
stem(s);
grid on;
title('Sampled Signal');
ylabel('Amplitude');
xlabel('Time');

% Quantization
Vmin = -Vmax;
delta = (Vmax-Vmin)/L;
part = Vmin:delta:Vmax;
code = Vmin-(delta/2):delta:Vmax+(delta/2);
[ind,q] = quantiz(s,part,code);
subplot(3,1,3);
stem(q,'r*');
grid on;
title('Quantized Signal');
ylabel('Amplitude');
xlabel('Time');
% Plot difference
figure;
diff = s - q;
plot(diff, 'b', 'LineWidth', 2);
hold on;
stem(zeros(size(diff)), 'k--');
grid on;
title('Difference between Sampled and Quantized Signals');
ylabel('Amplitude');
xlabel('Time');
mx = max(diff)
 2. Run your whole PCM encoder code (whose output in Fig; 3 and 4) for a 8-bit PCM i.e.,
n=8. Use a sampling period of 8 also i.e., n1 =8. Plot Fig. 3 and 4 again as above. Also
give the values of ind and code matrices as mentioned in the PCM encoding section
above.
n = 8;
n1 = 8;
L = 2^n;

% Signal Generation + Sampling Operation

x = 0:2*pi/n1:4*pi;
Vmax = 8;
s = Vmax.*sin(x);
subplot(3,1,1);
stem(s);
title('Source Analogue Signal');
ylabel('Amplitude');
xlabel('Time');
subplot(3,1,2);
stem(s);
grid on;
title('Sampled Signal');
ylabel('Amplitude');
xlabel('Time');

% Quantization
Vmin = -Vmax;
delta = (Vmax-Vmin)/L;
part = Vmin:delta:Vmax;
code = Vmin-(delta/2):delta:Vmax+(delta/2);
[ind,q] = quantiz(s,part,code);
subplot(3,1,3);
stem(q,'r*');
grid on;
title('Quantized Signal');
ylabel('Amplitude');
xlabel('Time');

% Plot difference
figure;
diff = s - q;
stem(diff, 'b', 'LineWidth', 2);
hold on;
stem(zeros(size(diff)), 'k--');
grid on;
title('Difference between Sampled and Quantized Signals');
ylabel('Amplitude');
xlabel('Time');

% Print the values of ind and code matrices

disp('ind matrix: ');
disp(ind);
disp('code matrix: ');
disp(code);
 3. Demodulation of PCM signal
Demodulate the PCM encoded signal above to recover the original analogue signal. Plot
the two on same graph with different color and line specs to compare results.

Hint: Use reshape to convert the coded vector above and use bi2dec to convert the binary
indices back to decimal. Then get back the quantized value using,
q = delta*index + Vmin + (delta/2);
Code:

clc;
close all;
clear all;
n=input('Enter n value for n-bit PCM system : ');
n1=input('Enter number of samples in a period : ');
L=2^n;

% % Signal Generation + Sampling Operation

x=0:2*pi/n1:4*pi; %4pi to plot two cycles for visibility and n1 number of
samples per period have to be selected

Vmax=8;
s=Vmax.*sin(x);%Vmax.*sin(x)
subplot(4,1,1);
plot(s);
title('Source Analogue Signal');
ylabel('Amplitude');
xlabel('Time');
subplot(4,1,2);
stem(s);grid on; title('Sampled Signal'); ylabel('Amplitude');
xlabel('Time');

%Quantizer for our PCM encoder case

Vmin=-Vmax;
delta=(Vmax-Vmin)/L; %step size delta
part=Vmin:delta:Vmax; % Levels are between
Vmin and Vmax with difference of delta- Without quantization
code=Vmin-(delta/2):delta:Vmax+(delta/2); % Contains Quantized
values
[ind,q]=quantiz(s,part,code);
% Now, ind will contain index number and q contain quantized values
l1=length(ind);
l2=length(q);

for i=1:l1
if(ind(i)~=0) % To make index as binary decimal so started from
0 to N
ind(i)=ind(i)-1;
end
i=i+1;
end
for i=1:l2
if(q(i)==Vmin-(delta/2)) % To make quantized value in between the levels
q(i)=Vmin+(delta/2);
end
end
subplot(4,1,3);
stem(q,'r*');grid on; % Display the Quantized values
title('Quantized Signal');
ylabel('Amplitude');
xlabel('Time');

% subplot(4,1,4);
% stem(s);
% hold on
% stem(q,'r*');

subplot(4,1,4);
diff= s-q;
stem(diff);
title('Difference of s and q');

figure
code=de2bi(ind,'left-msb');
k=1;
for i=1:l1
for j=1:n
coded(k)=code(i,j);
% convert code matrix to a coded row vector
j=j+1;
k=k+1;
end
i=i+1;
end
subplot(2,1,1); grid on;
stem(coded);
% Display the encoded signal
[a b]= size(code);
axis([0 a*b -1 2]); title('Encoded Signal');
ylabel('Amplitude');
xlabel('Time Index');

subplot(2,1,2); grid on;

stairs(coded);
% Display the encoded signal
[a b]= size(code);
axis([0 a*b -1 2]);
%title('Encoded Signal');
ylabel('Amplitude');
xlabel('Time Index');

% Demodulation of PCM encoded signal

decode = reshape(coded, n, length(coded)/n)';
index = bi2de(decode, 'left-msb')';
q = delta*index + Vmin + (delta/2);

% Plot the quantized values and recovered analog signal

figure
subplot(3,1,1)
stem(q, 'r*');
title('Recovered Signal')
ylabel('Amplitude')
xlabel('Time Index')

subplot(3,1,2)
plot(q, 'r*'); hold on
plot(s, 'b--')
title('Quantized Signal and Recovered Analog Signal')
ylabel('Amplitude')
xlabel('Time')