to the society that the Prophet, 12 pecifically, who would lead th & had established, ag = '¢ Muslim community? pyophet Muhammad in his lifetime had not Pre Hemise there was an urgent need to fin Wis soit ofthe Muslim community. The Ans, them he ws 2570 more arnong t appoint na Teader oe acess, 59 soon af ere wa after - ar wanted Sa threat emselvesin view of their services to Islam. The Brake elect aleade to the the et from nd they wanted the successor to the Propheti& to b ‘US, however, amongst and was a Q\ from amon, Uraysh, cjection of Hazrat Abu Bakr; gst ther, nile the final rites of the Holy Propheta& were j i on of Hazrat ‘Umardis that a Geer hed boost "28 brought othe Saqita-e-Banu Saida to elect a successor to the Prophet, Hee, He Ansar at the jo the place accompanied by Hazrat Abu Bakr and Hazrat Abu Ue hurried Jarrah. The Ansar had almost declared the leader of the Khazraj t Pydah fon al. ‘Ubaydah, as the Caliph. Hazrat Abu Bakris at this point made a Bele ©, Sa’ad ibn vray @ Quraysh should now lead the Muslims. On hearing this com osv® sPeech onher leader of the Ansar, Khubbab ibn Mundhar putforwora no oer anor sate solution, one led by a Madinan and one by aMakken Atmel O8 ‘aydah ion al-Jarrah said, (O Ansar! You were the frst to uphold Issn eet iherst to sow the seeds of dissension in it’ On hearing this, the aren co withdrew their claim. quickly attenti aarat Abu Bakriz put forward the name of Hazrat Abu ‘Ubayd feet ‘Umarizg nominated Hazrat Abu Bakrii as the politcal lesde ate = Muslim state, based in Madina. Taking Hazrat Abu Bakr'siss hand, Hazrat ‘Umaniss took the pledge of loyalty to him. Hazrat Abu Bakrisiz was a natural choice, as afte, Hazrat Alig he was the first man to accept the prophethood of Hazrat Muhammad and convert to Islam. He had been with the Holy Prophet during his migration from Makkah and for this act was mentioned by Allah in the Qur'an as being The one amongst two in the cave’ (at-Taubah, 9:40). He was even appointed by the ailing Prophet Muhammad to lead the prayers in the final days of his life, and had also been appointed as the chief of the Hajj caravan. Hazrat Abu Bakr was a Makkan, no doubt, but no one, neither the Muhajireen nor the Ansar, could dispute his qualifications and eligibility for this post. After Hazrat 'Umarizg and Hazrat Zaid ibn Thabit Ansari took the oath of loyalty, people from all sides rushed to pledge their loyalty to Hazrat Abu Bakrizg as the Prophet'sé& vicegerent. The next day at the Masjid-e-Nabavi, a general oath of loyalty was taken by the Muslims. Hazrat Abu Bakr thus became the first Caliph of Isam. Hazrat Abu Bakr, the first Caliph of Islam, 632-634 Upon assuming the office of the Caliphate, Hazrat Abu Bakriiig took the title ‘Khalifa-tul-Rasul-Allah’ i.e. ‘Vicegerent of the Messenger of Allah’ and gave a memorable speech which reflected his humility.have been given authority over you and | am not the best of you. If do Well ey me, and if ldo wrong, set me right....Obey me as long as i obey Allah and ye Messenger. But if! disobey Allah and His Messenger, you owe me no obedience I gy ich lasted a little over two years, i Hazrat Abu Bakr's# short Caliphate, whic! I EATS, Was impact, Byers an Thera mainline Unity and solidarity ofthe Unmet by putting down the uprisings that began after the Prophet's demise and, Secondly he had to continue with the expedition to Syria, which the Prophet had Planned, Nee,’ Expedition to Syria ee ee ‘inuil ith the policy of the Holy Propheté, Hazrat Abu Bal res ispatcheg eee to Syria, preparations for which had been begun by the Prophe himself, but were postponed due to his ill health and subsequent demise, Thig expedition set off under the command of Usama ibn Zayd ibn Hartha, the sow = the Muslim commander Zayd ibn Harithag3, who had been martyred in the Battle of Mu'ta in 629. Many companions had advised Hazrat Abu Bakr, to not send this expedition under the command of someone as young as Usama, and to Postpone it tll the internal uprisings that had started after Prophet Muhammad si demise were brought under control. Hazrat Abu Bakritis was, however, firm in his decision an decided to send the army to Syria, saying: ‘Who am | to withold the army that the Propheté& had ordered to Proceed? Come what may, let Madina stand or fal, the Khilafat live or perish, the command of the Holy Prophets will be carried out.’ The army led by young Usama, which left three weeks after Prophet Muhammad's demise, was successful. It demonstrated the strength and unity of the Muslims even in the absence of the Holy Propheté, thus Paving the way for the subsequent conquests of the Syrian and Egyptian regions, both of which were conquered during Usama’s lifetime. The apostasy/riddah movement Many of the Arabian tribes had reacted to the Passing away of the Holy Prophets by reclaiming their independence. Although this period is known as the riddah ie. apostasy, very few of them had actually renounced the Prophet's teachings or the daily prayers. What they rejected was the Payment of the charity tax, zakat. Some tribes, however, felt that they had made a pledge of allegiance to the Prophetag, Muslim sources refer to all these movements as riddah, a term that usually means @postasy from Islam, but here it was taken to mean a rejection of the political authoritydina. The first Caliph, Hazrat Abu Bakriss faced these e rG me Push nd oreareouses rave challenges with deter mpaign against the tribes refusing to Pay zakat Can abu Bakriz called for a meeting of the advisory council (Shura) to discuss tierhpest to handle this threat to the integrity of Islars, tic was advised by many to hottake action against the tribes who were refusing to Pay zakat as many of them not ell ready to uphold the remaining four Pillaroot 'slam; it was suggested that were Be ainst them would further weaken the community at this critical time, Hazrat action ae, however, against this advice, decided to take firm action against the Abu i agg that the payment of zakat was a compulsory obligation under (ooo snd hence he had no authority to allow any relovation re declared, 'I swear ell h, Iwill fight alone, if others do not support me, against everybody whosoever by a i 2 single she-goat kid is due on him in zakat.’ re dressing the delegates of the rebelling tribes who had come to him to seek ee tion from zakat payment for their tribes, he said, ‘If with reference to zakat ori nold even as much asa string totie a camel, as the Kh ou alfa of the Holy Prophets, il] be my duty to fight for it, whatever the consequences.’ it wi rebuffed, the tribes one night launched an attack on Madina and met with Lee itial success, but the Muslims under the command of Hazrat Abu Bakrizs Senda counet ac reodiesdhe Cpe gee away from Madina, the Epes gatiered stl Oca, which was sts lle deere Ges ieiee Hazrat Abu Be aaced there as the head of a Muslim force and launched an attack against Aalayiy some resistance, the tribes broke rank and retreated to Abraq, When fe main Muslim army under Usama returned from the Syrian front successfully, fear Abu Bakrgis marched at its head and proceeded to Abraq. The tribes were routed, and their lands were confiscated by the Muslims. This was a significant moment in the Caliphate of Hazrat Abu Bakri3 as, after this victory, the tribes sent their delegates to Madina and not only offered allegiance to the Caliphass, but expressed their willingness to pay zakat as well. Campaign against the false prophets and apostate tribes Hazrat Abu Bakrgis, after successfully dealing with the rebel tribes refusing to pay zakat, now turned his attention to take military action against the false prophets and the apostate tribes. The four major false prophets who had risen from different parts of Arabia were: * Al-Aswad al-‘Ansi; * Tulayha ibn Khuwaylid ibn Nawfal al-Asadi; * Sajah bint-al-Harith; and * Musailimah al-Kadhdhab. Brief accounts of each of them and th an e fate they met at the hands of the Caliph’sey my follow, as well as an account of the campaigns led against the apostate tribes.Al oe alAnsi ophethood, al-Aswad had tried his hand 2tsoothying a. So a ee he had knowledge of the unknown. Hi Haat hal ibn magic, and claimed he had Kv vans tribe in Yemen. His ark complexion hag Me a a Ans an ae oe atAswad’ (the dark one later, towards the end of earned hin the epitl el on Sanied prophethood, he startec covering his face Prophet'sdg life, when al- ir of mystery and used tricks to convince People of hig with a vel to create an ar of Mystere vemen, anda er kling Sho miracles, He a te ply married his widow and declared himself the ruler of the ruler of Yemen, i ‘Ans tribe. Yemen and the leader of the se jim di gainst rie orn who succeeded in killing al-Agwss dition was organised agains wosleat Persian Mus was led by Firuz al-Dhalaymi, 2 hammadif had predicted a day a Y ich Prophet Muham f yan ech oad Se acid Madina as the Companions were preparing ate tn tadd funeral ites, However, after Prophets dermise, aAsvads a eee eed and revolted under a man called Qais ibn aghus. They etre by Firuz during the Caliphate of Hazrat Abu Bakrgis and were on ‘ they surrendered along with their leader. i id i | al-Asadi Tulayha ibn Khuwaylid ibn Nawfal Tuleyha ai to the Banu Asad tribe in north Arabia. He was a very wealthy leader and 2 renowned warrior who initially opposed Islam. He, however, briefly embraced Islam in 630, s00n to rebel and proclaim himself as a prophet. He managed i i hood and raised a formidable force many tribes to accept his prophet! a sainenten Khalid ibn al-Waleed was sent to put down this revolt and at the battle i d and escaped to Syria, while kha, in September 632, Tulayha was defeates : Fabereieieh submitted and accepted Islam. When Syria was later conquered by the Muslims, Tulayha converted to Islam once again and fought alongside the Muslims in many significant battles like those of Jalula, Qadissiya, and Nihawand, The Battle of Nagra and the campaign against Banu Tamim The Muslim force under Khalid ibn al-Waleed, after defeating Tulayha, launched an attack against Banu Sulaim at Naqra. The Banu Sulaim were defeated, and their leader Abu Shajra was captured alive and sent to Madina, where he accepted Islam. Having reduced the tribes in the north, Khalid ibn al-Waleed marched against the Banu Tamim. When the Muslim force reached Butaha, the headquarters of Banu Tamim, there were none of the latter forces to oppose the Muslims. Malik, the chief of Banu Tamim, and his people neither came forth to offer their submission, nor did they oppose the Muslims. Khalid directed his soldiers to search for Malik. Malik and Laila, his wife, were later found, taken captive, and brought before Khalid. On Malik’s death, the entire tribe of Banu Tamim surrendered and accepted Islam. Sajah bint-al Harith She was a Christian soothsayer with a strong following and she also belonged to the tribe of Banu Tamim. After the death of Prophet Muhammadg&, when her tribe“gjottthe fold of slam, she declared hersl | 00 Sajah eres ” Madina but on hearin 41 4000, S""" | Waleed, she changed her pla sather self-proclaimed prophet and oc Sought the help rahali in a combined force. Sajah subsequently menor enewith ce pis prophethood. However, Khalid ibn al-Waleed manage imah Hipelore moving against Musailimah who was killed meteors? Sv converted to Islam after the death of Musailimah '® Pate of as a prophet. Colle, tin 19 of Tulayha’s defeat atthe mah, ar pte force’ ah’s sai na. Sale nah al-Kadhdhab (the Liar) sail! ann prophets that arose in Arabia after Prophet Muhammad'sg pa: opailthe ae Fangerous and powerful of them all was Musailimah, He belonged the me fa and was an extremel i y ride of Banu Hanita a ‘emely wealthy and influential man who sources to misguide people. In fact, he had visited the Holy Propheté& and spent time in his company. Upon his return from Madina, in the Mt jaly Prophetéé, Musailimah declared his prophethood and claimed syed divine revelations. He founded a new creed in which he reduced {daily prayers, relieved his followers from the practice of fasting and 'd made drinking and adultery permissible. He had the audacity to 0 sharing Hazrat Muhammad's prophethood and wrote to him he Arabian Peninsula into two halves, ‘one for the Muslims and the other owers. Prophet Muhammadé% responded very clearly about his own led Musailimah a liar; he said that all land belonged to Allah, Who that He willed. However, with the Holy Prophet'sé& passing away, fluence grew stronger and many tribes, who were hostile to Islam, g his € Madina same of th zakat, an claim to divide # for his foll satus and call blessed those Musailimah’s in joined him of Yamama, 632 hallenged the Caliphate of Hazrat Abu Bakr, who in 632, sent him—one under the command of Ikramah, son of Abu Jahl, and command of Shurahbil ibn Hasnah. The instructions to both the commanders were to join forces and then launch a combined attack on Musailimah, who commanded a strong force of 40,000 Bedouins, some of whom did not necessarily believe him to be a prophet but had joined forces to support their tribe. Battle Musailimah now c! two forces against the other under the c \kramah was the first of the two commanders to reach the Yamama valley where Musailimah was lodged with his force. Upon reaching the Yamama valley, he ignored the Caliph’sg#z instructions to launch a combined attack with Shurahbil's force; he went on to attack Musailimah on his own and was beaten back. Shurahbil, too, on reaching Yamama proceeded to attack Musailimah’s force and met with the same fate as kramah. The defeat of the Muslim forces emboldened Musailimah and he boasted of his invincibility. It was at this critical juncture that Hazrat Abu Bakrsz asked Khalid ibn al-Waleed to lead an attack against Musailmah. Khalid marched south from Butaha to the valley of Yamama with a force of 13,000 men and was met by Musailimah on the plain of Aqraba. After a fierce fight, theid there was much jubilati es had to retreat an : ion in M utara had been forced to withdraw, he refused t aiailmah Though ey the army under tribal commands. From the Magee it dep My ed t kan an ey torn he created a reserve force of a thousand cavalry an} ior Mag " : lem ah WNds, higpersonal command. aeons two armies faced each other in a headlong attack wy. The nen Me armies grappled with each other in single comba, Mie ey ran! 7 reserves to the mound where Musailimah was camped. The Hs ick legit cit move took the opposition completely by surprise, Musatimahie ponent on bravely but they could not hold guard for long AS Khalid neg ii sure, Musailimah lost his nerve, and retreate into a neighbourin, ‘ethic ooejen, With the withdrawal of Musailimah, his army lost the wil to fight, ig cond safety in seeking refuge in the garden. The garden Was Surroungr Mey huge wall and the fugitives closed the gate thus shutting access tg nn sel bys Mustims. The Muslim army broke open the gate and engaged in afiercs ee Musailimah's troops. So bloody was the Berle of the Garden’, that in Arab oe it came to be known as ‘The Battle of Death’. nals i illed by Wahshi al-Harb, who had Killed Musailimah was finally killed azrat Hames ance velo of Uhud, the Banu Hanifa surrendered, accopted the ofereg eS snd were readmitted to the fold of Islam. Many prominent Muslims snd huttag lost their lives in this battle. Hazrat Abu Bakri#z, after defeating the falge Prophy 8 turned his attention to the uprisings in Bahrain, Oman, Mahrah, and Hadramaut Campaign in Bahrain : During the lifetime of the Holy Propheté, Mundhir, the ruler of Bahrain, had Accepteg his invitation to Islam and converted; under his influence, most of the People of Bahrain also accepted Islam. Mundhir died soon after the Prophetaé and hig death led to anarchy and chaos; the people of Bahrain apostatised except for Jarud, the leader ofthe Bahraini tribe of Banu ‘Abdul Qais, who remained firm in hisallegiane to lslam, and dissuaded his tribe from apostasy. However, Munhiz, a descendant the Arab kings of Hirah, took over and pledged to fight against Islam, Al-Hadrami, the Muslim envoy to Bahrain, left for Madina to seek help from Hazrat Abu Bakr$iz, and returned to Bahrain with a Muslim force. He had a ditch dug round his camp and waited for a suitable opportunity to overpower the enemy. One night there was considerable noise from the non-Muslim camp, where they were celebrating their national festival and were heavily intoxicated. Al-Hadrami ordered his forces to take up arms, cross the ditch, and pounce upon the enemy. The surprise attack unnerved the rebels who fell into disarray and were subdued by the pursuing Muslin forces. Munhiz’s men laid down their arms and, along with the people of Bahrain, were admitted into the fold of Islam. Campaigns in Oman, Mahrah, and Hadramaut In Oman, a false prophet, Laquit bin Malik, rose to prominence and captured political Power. A Muslim force under Hudhaifah was sent to Oman. In the Battle of Daba,ousand of his followers were killed, The tenth : site eople of Oman joined the fold of Islam. Omani forces surrender d, mye Re ed, an 2 people had apostatised but instead of fighting a: 4 h, ot i {natrah among themselves for political power. The Musings nen Muslims slims allied with the u : Po Wey Sad fought against the majority, who were subsequently d oil abr repented, and were reconverted to Islam, 'y defeated, The pe It led by the trib ’ maut, there was a revol y the tribe of Ash’as. When tl 7 nnedes them, they retreated to the fortified city of Nujair. The Msn foees are the city, Which was finally captured in February 633. army laid seg? . of apostasy campaigns Ent pyone: armies loyal to the Caliphate spread throughout the Arabian Peninsul on os back to Islam and battling against ahiaes whe contnuiea-s rebelae ling Toe ef apostasy were over: Islam had survived its frst politcal challenge, 3, the Ws : . a 8 tire Arabian Peninsula was once again united as a Muslim state. jrathe en the wars of apostasy firstly established that spiritual unity was of utmost importance gag aeviations from the faith and false prophets would not be tolerated. Khalid ibn Waleed’ military successes showed that the Muslim world was ready to take up aamstO protect the divine message. The apostasy wars were also a confirmation of Muslim state under one Muslim leader, the Caliph. Most importantly, there being one the authority of the central government was strengthened. expeditions to the Persian and Byzantine Empires Hazrat Abu Bakr now turned his attention to the Persian (also known as Sassanian) and Byzantine Empires, which were a threat to Islam and the Caliphate. Relations between the Muslims, Persians, and Byzantines had been tense from the time of Prophet Muhammadg. The Prophet's envoy to Khusro Pervez ll, the Persian emperor, had been met with insult and the Persians’ enmity was further revealed when they supported the rebellion in Bahrain during the apostasy movement. Iraq, which lay to the north of Arabia, was a province of Persia in the seventh century. The Arab tribes who lived on the border of Iraq instigated the native Arabs to rise against the Muslims in ‘Arabia. The Islamic state also depended on Iraq for its trade Empire did not allow this, hence economic necessity was passage, but the Persian Muslims into conflict with the Persians. yet another reason that compelled the The Persian conquest 1n633, the Persian Empire was in discord after being engaged in a twenty-five years’ long battle with the Byzantines; the Arab tribes in the Persian Empire were also unhappy with the state of affairs. Hazrat Abu Bakrig took this moment to exploit the situation of the Persians to the advantage of the Muslims. Furthermore, the Persian emperor had insulted and turned back the Muslim envoy sent by the Holy Prophet.it 3 The Battle of Chains, 63: L Khalid ibn al-Waleed was ordered by Hazrat Abu Bakr to Proceed to ty -e battalions were sent to reinforce the Musi © Par borer Pe eee senta letter to Hurmuz, the Persian enna : hai reac! ve options: accept Islam, pay jizya, or be prepared for war. H ler, Sing nim ous end confident commander, accepted the third option ang ua 8 ambi ioe meet the Muslim army at Kazima. Upon arrival, the Persian ar Cte, hig Forceulately engage in battle 2s the Muslim army was already there oT had imme - nel The Persian soldiers in this battle were linked with Gitta Sea mm to fight with unity and to prevent any soldier from Tetreatin, is ty the chains had one rawbac} 5's 18. in ourage the! " a Guta the battle its name. However, t wa of defeat the men could not retreat as the chains acted as fetters, The case s and the Persians were left with no choice but to retreat slim r them. Tabari (Volume 3, P. 206) algo a ites lating Slims attack was ferociou: about the chains restricting the Persians escape, for whom this battle was a i defeat. Hurmuz, along with thousands of his soldiers, was killed and the Mu took many others as prisoners of war. it Muslim forces defeated the Pere : from the Battle of Chains, the v raul auc and Ulleis. After the victory at Ulleis, the Muslim army advanced ie Maz hore upon hearing of the arrival of Khalid and his army, the governor - finch abandoned the city and fled to Madain. With Hira under Muslim contro| the whole of Central Iraq came under the rule of the Caliphate. id ibn al-Waleed now turned to Anbar, an important commercial centre in Vane ae and a deep ditch protected the city. Khalid chose a narrow Point to cross the ditch and then went on to slaughter the old and weak camels of the army and filled the ditch with their carcasses. The Muslim army crossed over the pile of carcasses and attacked Anbar, whose governor surrendered on the condition that the Muslims would allow them to withdraw in safety. After Anbar, another fortified town, Enat-ul-Tamar, was taken by the Muslims after a few days’ siege, and the region came under Muslim rule. The Byzantine Conquest The Byzantine Empire comprising of Syria, Jordan, Jerusalem, and Egypt, was on friendly terms with the Muslims in the early days. Prophet Muhammad'sé& envoy was received by Emperor Heraclius with great honour. However, relations deteriorated when the governor of al-Balga murdered the Muslim envoy when he was on his way to Basra. This event led to the Battle of Mu'ta in the Prophet'sg lifetime and, later to the Syrian expedition. After the demise of Prophet Muhammadg&, the tribesmen living on the border of Syria and Jerusalem began aiding their kinsmen in Arabia to attack the Muslims. For these reasons as well as forthe safety of Islam, the Muslims had to engage in conflict with the Byzantines, as they did with the Persians,stl? v., in February 634, called for a ; 7 mee 7 Or a jihad t Cor i Pet be Gre ies adina in re reba large army & n response to the Caliphiga «ne Tian ser ss aded the army into four units each consisting of ag al Hazrt woe Yazidibn Abu Sufyan, Shurahbil ibn al-Hasanah, Aba eander ese armies fought successfully but whe, Hee cmeyseh came to k the command of his brother evelopment, he asked Khalid and lead the Syrian campaign ain 18 days, iyi” ah Th a et he despatched a large force under “itis mys. When Hazrat Abu Bakr heard of this d he ‘valees! who was then atthe Iraqi border, to join jwale™ ned from Hira with 9000 of his best men i and reach xnalid merch in those times across an unrelenting d bie i esert terrain, asl advancing to Damascus, Khalid met the Muslim e at Bostra and sent word to Abu 'Ubaydah to jo ; sae met the Byzantines, Khalid invited its comman: Muslin 2 after discussing and understanding the differ: ofisiam™’ ‘accepted Islam. At this turn of events, the Byzai 701 ew into the city and locked the gates. Romanus they wit! ity through an underground passage in the darkne: intothe ¢ large numbers and the surviving ones su sve killed in ri si the first and most significant victory of the Mu: army under Shurahbil's in him there. When the der Romanus o the fold ent aspects of the faith ntine army lost courage, then guided the Muslims 88 of night. The Byzantines rendered. The Battle of oan slims in Syria. of Ajnadayn, 634 antine Emperor Heraclius, in reaction to the defeat at Bostra, mobilised a huge force against the Muslims in Ajnadayn. Khalid ibn al-Waleed also ordered all wens} armies to assemble at Ajnadayn. The 40,000 strong Muslim army drove vredgesin the Byzantine army once the fighting started; their commander was killed, veffhe Byzantine army retreated from the battlefield. The Muslims pursued the fleeing army and killed a large number of them. pattle The By2 After their success 10 Ajnadayn, the Muslim army marched towards Damascus and were met by Byzantine forces a few miles away. The Muslims were once again yictorious and the remaining Byzantine force fled back into the city. The Muslim army laid siege to Damascus but did not proceed further as they received the sad news of Hazrat Abu Bakr's passing away. Damascus was finally conquered during the Caliphate of Hazrat ‘Umargiz, the second Caliph. Hazrat Abu Bakr’s3 demise Hazrat Abu Bakrgz3 died in Madina in 634, at the age of 63. He was buried the same night next to the Holy Prophet's grave in Hazrat ‘Aishah’s% house in Masjid a-Nabavi. Hazrat Abu Bakr, whilst on his deathbed, chose someone whom he believed was most qualified and capable of being the next Caliph and nominated Hazrat ‘Umar ibn al-Khattabgus as his successor.Hazrat Abu Bakr'sys services as Caliph at Abu Bake was a very humble man with simple habits, Upon t = : ) ; refused to take a salary for himself and maintained hinge! Decoy, 2c self from yong oh, he refu: ncome. However, when he felt that that by looking after his 6 ty. the affairs of the state were being neglected he started six thousand dirhams annually from the Bait-ul-Maal. However, up . properties to be sold and, from the proce, D1 wh busing, "Nat taking asa ang On his do. } i eat he asked for one of his p c eds, rota thh ; money he had received from the Bait-ul-Maal, The Prophets is known to k Ned thy in the cave and my Companion at the fountain,’ me Said. (Tirny my Companic ¢ Abu Bakrgs laid the foundations ofa truly democratic state, He foll ngs of the Qur'an and the Sunnah of the Prophetg, and conducte ®t he s of the state after consultation with the Majlis-e-Shura, He divided the all the ate into provinces, with each under a governor who was required tole Usliny supervise the army, collect taxes, administer justice, and maint, / ‘You ‘ain law and ort tenure as Caliph, Hazrat Abu Bakrgiz also established military cantonm, and maintained a reserve force. He set up a strict standard of accounting for pubis money and appointed all his officials, commanders, and governors on the basis : of merit. Apart from being an excellent administrator, he had to his credit the unity of th, Ummah ata crucial time after the Holy Prophet’s& death. He fought and defeat le the false prophets, suppressed the uprisings that took place all over the Mul state, and dealt firmly with the tribes refusing to pay zakat. He maintained the inte 7 of Islam and, with his campaigns in Persia and the Byzantine Empire, extended thy boundaries of Islam. Hazrat Abu Bakr’s Caliphate was also significant for the preservation of the Qur‘an. (Details ofthe compilation of the Qur‘an are given in Part One, Chapter 2.)