Tradeypary of Only Diffie: Diguestiating wat 4? geass Considan a iran tank temer ati 4 (tt ai) _ Te Tbe) at so i on & Cue . . Marre -ar' a8 +1*4 QS) Consrcler The Drantpsnation, baw; at , on a ee . fi ae Saat at pte oe . Ot a Oat a oe ob aot te xt ® SHABBIR HUSSAIN vkich Bquot tal the opdimarg dente Eyempler Leb Cb acnoe diptnrd by of tenn T the cwwe ua a = BEY Qe degra. Codcnautrtant tense, vila and only Zoe oy fu c uibon the % are the linear at ne . 0 = NSE tw re cuwatme fordtern of te xh. ant b= NG “Theesomes bit SR? in na om bavariond io “he dextuakine a ot Kent G8 ot Hemseh — Crtvilineny Cootdimater sence Ep, ik end onby th coordinate changes are eo gener) “Clasp, we rettricked to Linear trae} pmations. Mayle So Tot ot gh taeContant Dextvabine + The coartort divirabine of on anbb| tomers ib a tensr of which the covartawt onder exceeds exactly one Rok, of a tensor dexivative: The dutvotine of a yw order, tentev becemts a first otde. tenter. Generally, the Avi tive of on me onder tense forms anv mt! order trier. SHABBIR HUSSAIN Howeuer, i the olerivative inden BB a dusming Eek, thin, Tat rake ot the derivate will be Lwer, hj > Kank JB one be thon dd only ome fue jd Oi, The Covariant Derivative* One of the (many) reasons why tensor calculus is so useful is that it allows a proper description of physically meaningful derivatives of vectors. * We have not mentioned this before, but taking a derivative of a vector (or of any tensor) is a non- trivial thing. * As usual, in a rectangular orthonormal coordinate system this is usually not an issue. But when the coordinates are curved (like in polar coordinates, for example) then this becomes a big issue + Itis even more of an issue when the manifold is curved (like in general relativity), the techniques we will discuss here will be equally well applicable for curved manifolds. ‘+ We want to construct a derivative of a vector in such way that it makes physical sense even in the case of curved coordinates. Fe ajeaj rae ee a JA¥ dh je dlag (i) 2 ae SHABBIR HUSSAIN Te Covariaut Deriwtive Uk componende. However, in genval 2 pond Conke the pheblim of things cre not to shred forward. the dort vattne @ vechs. In In cummed Apacs the basi Dacian Cabertan Coordimadtes, tis ib mot complicated hecame He laws vectors arp contort. 5, we Can the duivative fede Uy apy taieg Vectong Hremrebres vaore fren point to poinb. “TRA means that whom we take cletvative Ha ver, we wilt howe boiUxercabiale “the baste vectors whae 2-38 | 2-08 ae well Ft is peagete candi, om ae Ow attend tudarpilen tondinte E> TR od Boose EY amd Dinrwdte sponta ait S . New condider hs site of change e ONY of Sane vecks felk Vin beth e[-* os X 2 =] Se Coon dt rote begters * 2 wnt B= Mi whee Ze hath 8 lig he Re niatiyee 2. Rl phy Tr sedlangalan Cantlinate, Syston: Bt low : ant E&= 4 = { Ve vie +Ve=3ve; ' 94-vi8,- ’ aa wuams eonthank vectors, I: ek Be aW-owid, ; we; 22%). 2, 8) ae Ue > ant ont lady: _ ite 4 2% wwe = BY + WV 2k: nN. ey ot On oe arQL - > => > fe a_h Gin Be, +heospe,= Or SHABBIR HUSSAIN DR. We (rele au ex we) > BE aha, + (o0" 408 755ot Oe at fi “bene Tae Toe te chaictof fel | Ayn bels Ond the derivative on Ris de ated Covarianct derive Ue. ‘SHABBIR HUSSAIN Chwistefpd Gpobad of the Fiat Kind : Tn 184 Chisteffel tdroduced Ceitain functions invelringr dertvokiner of the congernle of At fundamental tens “ty Fe furctinns out cabled chiisteppel Sgorbels on an affine connect iow - Basically, Hise spantitios represent Correction terms, which a alec vakive Dperston meeds to diffoudtiake a tents amd give a rtsubl thak is another, tensor.iathiom OT tet efectos Aid by $[ 20d Fy Bid -2, 04) Mer we te Chto Spl of te ft keted. Db 2s is p= Odns ae isser Shs Saat wie a as Vas 2 sin we fas a. Phe at. oe od oe” ae i) oh. oot ty fie oe in Lae oe 8" Te pave Pe Oy at +32 35 Be OF sa Tenapeeatinons Lain: Te Daufomstinny Lew for the Ti com be durtud few MEG Tj. Since a oo fecord rank tebe it ae od 4: St ageing othe Ltcas: at de tae 2 af 28) a] ait aot ont 4, kby| = Min a Oe aat at at +t ot 2 Contd’ Pye 3 Chant eat bess) D Figs Mut 2 2H 24 L “ we Oe 4s galoal ont mo nepladng atl values + et aka fies, duxivatie » we hanes (by ttinecharyiny Ft dump, tabi tard § ta last team) Pare at af ot Fie Aaa Waa Tee Sat oat Spb tn nota gear 8 > Chicbrtfel wu #99,[ 3428 Se, oon —_ peta att” Boe OF , SHABBIR HUSSAIN Quastiow: Conpite the chetsoffa Squats cowapreingy to the Enclldin an wie fo Ratt Sant bast Be al * Co) ‘0 eee we iil-(2 7 reel Le a : eh CR tay +a) bhibtew. The formula fev chasboft eb fa Goa * Faye ds; mee et ee Pia © aes 24) .x Fae EE it that Say iTaye b Chins thane t Taya)? Mand Cbs t M22hD et (2 eaterse) Kiailaly 1, = Pan > 2 3 a @ By LC 4 ts ha? os 331 . =4 (ca Gde) = AGERE a tol inst ease? 3237 OP Gatease’ ot Tyee - tind 80 Te (hy Senko 1337 Ba es SHABBIR HUSSAIN Papeitios Chuisto fel Syrvel og Qusebion: tepeilios of “ fist aed vee tat Tis iy” t . - Sobahiow? D Teye= Mine CGpmnatate fe frat ee By dante Figee 3 BiG 5) li) Aw Fig, Vanith yal by ; wp ted de ae eaten Ge = i c Fit as + re)eee weatite tense ik Symonatade. Cuatons Sms Ut if (9) ta w i : 7 wnabie, then for all fied pabseatge as tenplies Gorey > ic. Peay = Bhs x end BE k be TA barge tay, i Gi di TRG = Fj r DN ecee = b Trae (rat fammed on 0c) 2 "ee fee nit tammed _ Toop Magn = pte? 4 fae Coed 3) ML eemainiangy Chasstefp of Lambrts Tye Hp SHABBIR HUSSAIN Si (2) LA ijk be cesta Labsewipts, 09 Thee = 4 [-Faeege F Gaece t ex | Tren Hao ok Tyyynd eee? Gace implying that ef 1 (-Boue pbs ah.) Myr? . ceca = L(G, p+ Gap set TO pce, w, . . ; i Nye Te Hest hss) = Tease rn - Ait Tepes Mpaw = Lhe Greet bong) _3 = 5 CoatQuittion: Th atl Mii, vanish in sone crordinate dyttem, then do the mtbiic tent bar constant compre tv tony coordinate Lystern 7 Soden: Me Ti eh isct Faget Nap? > beim Peet Mh Nw, the Codusion would be valid Y, the Tie Venta im exeng Coutinake, biptern: Bab Tyg mh o tense and te ercatin we falbe Fi inthamery all Mais foe Coe (HH: +: Adding TH Te FL” eatttean bate ea Tatlin =1 Tea) = & Condinain bak 9, = Ct,» UY SEED ye a = 7 O Ge} ike, a Sphutead coondt nates ‘SHABBIR HUSSAIN et Symbils of the Secmd Kinds Propet: one “fr, The baste prepertics of 7,5, Canny aK Jes rin 7. me, we Chasteffel Of the Secmd. ) rr eg wetiic ‘a the Low! Kind. It db fimply the auth of failing the DK g Tedices.) *“ third subscript of He Chas Spore “ ° te fost tind MT, wah hy ae conten.Rese perrenesn Tans fotmattirn Laws See tte pig st ad att) fr, Pea Tae (7 38 So) eu Sabstitns for Pe Fron the “thenaprmati fo of Chistapal Aprtel of fat Kind, we dave SHABBIR HUSSAIN ant axt +t pe at st aid ah yp ax an! ax” Bat po ant owt =F 5B oe wn as ant xe) aed Vat Se oo ot t pd ato : ata! + (gtad at) (q, 2 2#) 2% Be ae : . he g i ag ae | OM Bae OF Gree ate eM ond Than Se <7", 6" 2% 2e Be Inphies : PM ame Se oe oe yo head, To oe tate go oe 3e je oot 2H DE Da oa® ont Th oe Soot PE ato gem tensa 2 Me cmd ub nerdy on offing tengar,,Question: Calevdate the Chistoffel Symbols , of the Seemd Wind for the tulle, rb bty + Tay + ay | websic bw re coun 2 Patty Fy) a : [ ve ot “Z (o+ oro = oO Ste 1 a 7 heat ET i gis =P Git hs * Gabe? Gk Chet tag t Bia | Bei hy , Lape T= 0 SHABBIR HUSSAIN Eta Toad Thanh) -t\-n, th. thal wee Kt hd iar p+ |- at 2£ * Car’) Ler ob-a ee 2 A ant hk rmeEL + Tas Ta) yt Eis War b F\-0at 2 wustines: TE i) a a angered rekite, MaDe tee tha | ee Tb fact tala the pune we) Wye 7 a) re T= 2a (5H! tiat) costes, ape L Ba at Tag t tie, «| Fi {eng te 5 O Fa, - 1 ee 2, (Lhe, z Ye On SHABBIR HUSSAIN an ction, Chuetoftel the YT, iP 55, Tope a fa te Gakilan wc Coon dimaler - rae Fant tr too ae Gs (%,] aft ar 6 ° ] "ee Mee, ’ (aiere. : el Tope + ese 7% pe PI en the wo candy Bymbols we heema Krk or tte. #8 2d rire, = Lo bee " TE> Ae . ty Me 2 GEO) Quutions: Use the expstion we fe ee OH) soe rh = Me B, (Gh etate)= be got Sinicbay: cot to find te mate gene 3- cbimenstonah mi ea pameprenation tf coordinates Suck that “ E castesport to tecargilss omc Sdicasnuspone (Catania) = Wl kab? | ‘i Ms lB (What) # S222 te ang thew ceoondimte. ystems for bch se chicapd, Sprcbole, aves re 2 (este) Lett fot Wer at 1 33 Tay ae 8) Siiat = - Bao ae - are ath st, an Joo. : ‘SHABBIR HUSSAI Gonations, 55 ructaoppler Coradi IN male oT wns Mecanr s = 95 4 [s ° ‘\o oe? 2 dy LT be as bo Fk tmp lias a tn , se. te 2H - Ths ato ao " wt at. a 2 rh a 2 Indy 3 wy =) ati _ oe a “ 3 ij pond Sri lang: ae; Pn 2 Le Bet aby whe +B, 5,82) acres * RE wits be™ ack, ) SHABBIR HUSSAIN Skim o" 7 i 2% om Zhe Ge we. Bed) He Se oe > WH se and DE =O sean! ako Sinitaly 64 pit Bh -0 od ar?Quastinns Ik ta, Ceondinade Lytton & be comedted to a Syctem sectangilase Coordi mates @ be: 4 we tte) and Et? wing re 22m dK Dd ant x Fink the non-Joo Chistopge Symbols, 2 © az -£) yy 2 eh 2e 3e eer n-% oe gt 3%. oe = e** = x © et) er) x xo ao e 2Bek? and Week ® Stave ed Dade Utrlne (bok! + Lee) Dee a and aes In — Dae? Det Ina! — baie} aM. ee ae "Gao 3% . ae fie) 162) Ee) 2 ON ae) CNC 2 We alle kesplte Iusease tunspormabions, and = De Dm, 1 - top ae ee we. wee ae woe 1 2 te Py gente 2 - 1 I 2 -t ++. Ve we ge" a2 oe pion 3H atte OF), Pe EDCovariank Di ffeedbiabinn, Hos we ull) dni, the formula for coventouct dualictive of a vector. Constden the transformation tuo a nay = find an exprncon for ar in tems Hf Chistrffed Sqrbel of Seand Kind. ax ot Recatl the trntfmebion lawn for chisistge Sgabobs of Sead Kind: © Th ato ot 4 Txt oe 2e Me a Kae ut ox" ant oat gta ot Th patiol yen oe ‘ — Wat oT, 3a + ou fs ot N at, at ae De ae ah 2k t Te ae =3CH) (3a in Se ot at oe OF oe a oF aoe OE Te rae oy ae fe ok M8) oe Loa Tw ae We oat SHABBIR HUSSAIN. ve ot 234 ~ sfewt ort oy 28 te ene oe al we 3a Be aa OR tat _ PE ot at 2 BT. wh ac a (re ast _ pad sel wt eR 1S ai Bat OD ae eon Da rt at oe 5 ‘ ot see BS mar Se OR Dok _ TS Coast) at toe ak Ke ot ot ae Ome ohio the cangaad 4 % 2 one comectes ae = _ peg, 28 vo Oe bbtincting cokate Umer > "Endinakions st ad oak of Te Ubhelf jth pawsh Ib 0 tensed,ik Definitions e t in map cmatnde Hythe contin In any Condimade Sstier Hythe cn deindtine win sped fo x" of a erator ie with nupect to 2% yecto, “Ty db The taser “e ao ai tat vectov a fentne Tie TE _TR ur ° ’ ET scot s Te ot a an Khu The Acc toda" emphadige Aut the duisitive Lo wiat Wh Condinat KTRE cmriont duritive and petal duteatie Cineide when %y ont contacts, SHABBIR HUSSAIN Cotaniand Derivative of arg tentev : Se eae RM oT TET TE Te org Coudivate Aystion auiuakie wily pupect te of of a tenet ait Tod, = 6 e Taps = Tete Tay Ty Ts oe « - ad Tv vel ‘ at +t 4 The covariant dutvatine of a Sela ' th yur the paket duntvative. Rae PwQuestion: Contider pola cordinates avd find the ertalant duivatine Vs N+ rvP Ws Resta eq— Sind be fait rival, i Getubinn, Using We forma wet beet re vatnge Bt chine Sy rbale Weg V% 4 BY + Voge Vy +V55 ye pe “ . were - Voey tly ne Vt a re elo fle weve mY ReMi et ot be jar Be *) Wie DA cos ‘SHABBIR HUSSAIN views MVP : 3 & Quittines Ving the SPhaieal prbw Coondiralts ee. P)oWitie)and the “ne Larbrle ey erty + Peete oT lye M,- ote tT, 3 vie ane bueno _cosd Tye 428 % » epee Vee snes en fod the ceputant duivative pif whe v* o(p, Rene, Swf) * = Gr ase cae +1 (hase) * r = wD + need. Nj Ve,2 Vee 3B opt! ap Vi Te = -Vy =), = 4 1 , : Vio = Mat MY yt \ Vato 7 ba Va + TUL = 04 C4) Kast) = Hen? ian +7 te ye ath Nos Nba = cet) (Sew) 2 Sot Step 5 Be 2 acs t Te = Bel V4 rey = (tnd), +t (a) cab (eso) cosh 44 4 hed Sad Bev ee ava Bie Ni pees) + CF 1) (en8) Nyc BSCE + head = BRE ayy op ve via Vere try = (Bead) DO = (Sn Bary) Sab SHABBIR HUSSAIN Quatre: Ke, enalontt danvatie of Krmeckor dig ob BY Giotto: gi op mito: 65 of i if ai ct s Shue ix t te de = re 20Quttion: Shao that % p20 pls Soladbory fapsr= Tepem Fhe Gout Sear 7 Baa . s s a me i. Fe kes -t t “( ne the as & feng + Tap — Terie) =f "Cage hay % ory) “ha Le erat Vee wo Toot) re Ue otf Ching + tae — To) -& yy Tp W a) fet 8! Tye T- % Asie Rigs t Aid + Ainss it fase . tas Toy Ay, k =o SdAtow: coustelr Ue LHS and export the formulas of covarionl > des =0 daxivab ives,iL iy Maisie Mem Ue hyo Mihi Ain. . ni ‘ si = Mii - Oa Aa MA ‘ t L eis = Magn Vi Ay The Adding oul Uae wre gel Grodiarb , Duagence amd cud. ) Gabe Tf p bea tala funitan p= hl), ‘then the gradient of 4 ik dented by They he ca gee ba Aisne Rigs hye Nish TR jaa + Nest q = CAG a AD e re — Chin + Aig) % = Oye +? Py Since Aig G8 Sheouo depron ne yee howe Asie Myatt heyy = Angin Meat Neg SHABBIR HUSSAIN Div or The divgence of the covtsavartanl vector Bap defined bby (be compere: fom) date Boy = At AS A ok amd Leenisbehe: Atl As) = Aisg 2 Aya A,Quation. Prac that dus 4 20) ok I Sows thn Kya Bale whe vA = sf (ta Fas ~ Toys we hove Proved thal if Ty ee onl mebatc then + 1 belt) )= 2 (hd el hota G ws) yh this bnplies rer L 2dis a 3 aR Rte Se 2) Oe a SS 28s a ( " - ot ) Javee DORR \ div te Toe r SHABBIR HUSSAIN Cub: The curl BA dugined as; (vk y= Fae hey doiveine we * hone (vik). = tie Rush IS Akar beg V) JA ki Ss Laplacton: Tre Lapliscan operetor a ix depinta as tp F.0p te div Que) Sine Implis vevpe(2b)Absite Diffemtiation Meng A cunnses bet tha tember, the inne pladucl of Th pith ansthey tinter id alto a tensor. Supprse thal the other bentonite bd Do the ent vector of the culm Cidade), “han the ime purduck » Tae bh a tensor of the heme type mad onder as the ofigiral tenses TE det at’ “His tena Jt Known ot the alosobue Ausivative of T! abort the came Cy with comport watt ab ote ari, rit’ det strat Tt Ub Clear that, be corndinite systerns ine which the J owe Couback, lose bate HY diftererdintion heducse to oraliany Agencitan rit, [7 tide det PET + ST det Or det 2 Todt woo ash GE of ae” ak 5 Tie Tie) SHABBIR HUSSAIN Thenare(Yoiquenis of He abselite desisative) ry Henan, dene fren a geen The tenger PO that Coinetdet ustth the Otdinery deyati AT! long ome come fw 9 tine Aectanpuder Coordinate tytlem it te abuabite deivative of TS obey thet cue, Reales 4. Tene Diffewitve: The basic tutor fa di Coleubss cog over to Colationts and bose dipyecdiation tensor. Fm caverta ol cucttotions Fue tenons Tonk S fren Joum 2 (TH8) y= Te + Sie Doster products [TS] p= (es {7 Sux] amen poets 8) = TS HT SieFe Nesshe dffewtiatoon; ) ems & - $1 48S » 8.148) ae ; _(6© sfafr = Soampents S731 =e Jsmov pada: & (Tso STs 47 ES 5 st st Quis Pw Hd stele cleat <1 Bb the rast of tomer plot of Thy witheh the tga vet AE of the came. Put a a sees ott rit en) Tru geeducts shad, (ake MYM gerd ri Tae ye (| a eae aE wat, ritad ast at So dt st ‘SHABBIR HUSSAIN Te Thetion Tensor, The. Tredion “Tenson Fa tnaton tense ra Bo me ne fn ang Cosy Sgr oun dt tenses Than difference ds a tenia Jn tov y ‘tevtion free pane TE, = Fe Howrey, in home “thenies te burton enter docs mob Vantec. med Ob: Neceluitier te Geaeral Cootalinstes . = Coondtmates, the accebtatiny veel of a posticle ik the time dudvative ih velocity veda, ov the feed Doe ducyation of ts pesto fetiew Bence) Ge (hy. (ol de) = (8) ae dt a Te ght m ecceelaatiow of the particle.Te gona f Pi de at Spay. d doe <(B)> Ge) * ise dE Hence, ae (aye (48 + ME ee ae) eS ot aE od a flaca Quustiem, A pastiche ik in matinw the Cirewlan are given Prrometazcae ‘im Sphuieal Corndinakes by eab 2K tout. Find Wi acedbrchion ute the frida ae otal SHABBIR HUSSAIN. Cheistaf fol Agrob om Aphaiend deb, Ky, ee wt bene: Te -#e-b, [pated bee The Solakiow, TP cfs othe ot 4 » z a “The compensa of acceluation one: Aye jo did 4 ft dt de “ a as ae at 2 othe ae att 33 at de = bat woy)= “BS hoys {2 2 lt” de ae de Ts ae Ge de, aie deat. 33 ae at —b r we a3 a » * a=dax 1B dt hae wee dt ° 2 at oh ym de ot Se av at ae at at Mi awe *cexpinedt wer se weyen (ab ye oy Get rhe ly ek” +e ye ee ye = 4,.- w sitet) oUGin 2 BY 4 SHABBIR HUSSAIN Cumature trv Creneral COokdinatic,, he goles formela for Cuvatuee i: In Euclidean pearnctny on ienpostiank Kise [izes aren sole dh plaged by the cuwatune. Te 4 who Com atune of a cue Ci tin atct) i 7" 6 dt ee rad ad aw ine! “ee of the Second cb (t+ Py ds, 2) dercvabine Goh ond <5 vole taser Meme leg reeAuction: Ying the fowauh mm kee (By eh) dees (Qj 8% ats abe) wd the casuchnos Hf tee Caele 3 dd i at at a tab iw eet capitate Be fee Ty ae de lai svn cosinte a)Ly fi) ade AEE de Te od chustrffel Sgprbele mer ot ‘et nit, at dz] Fe Uh ae aH anal Tone te Ge “at ‘ Le V rye Med Mecwinding, au are. Gow & -[Wront” ax! SHABBIR HUSSAIN ue af at. "at ae rae ated. det Matar ba Uy a as & OL ds ols ¥ e ae sds ae" 356 qs ae ata 2 dekh ab Ato a * ne . . oe ae a 4) at dt 2 of gt 2 2) deo we Lake a RS ) Bee ) Is (& at a \ \ = ° Awe o+ Cf) Cr “4 2 Yeotenes kes) (GER 4%, 2) - Woe) y Greodesies: Cotaabane he iengrnt application of . Tn cami¥inter Cooidivaber ah the fpUlening. Supa that wt Seak these Caer fv whch ie Line ode kao jie the ‘ pa i f 4d Koz) bb de raha 07 tly ds a8 sts hofleme of tered “Te Setation of onl diff tactial eppabtons will digine the ease = des) SHABBIR HUSSAIN Fat find hao t is nebeted tos; 4 Kise Lb 7 Question deste fa Be aif tat at = alee ik Elie matric tw por Coordinates ln gel coouinalg the cae ib x=a} cute + Grew ale ase “hun the paramstic: eputliona af cute wet oadect ra i omete™) we have “Bre ms abe yt oof ae, def ds ds. oo ee ‘ re phe Covidlnetess 1 Gy). [ ww | ph lee ye fereley dg tettnt od dH 4 ot=) de. cst ask = ds* o a + (aur ted + a Aatt)> = odet (14 tate)? de a atet Catt? = a pect J ats st v ds * - 4 (8) Nor dit. ltl dt di hect tt ost et oe ae E 1 (rat st) ost 2 Gt, a and aa A Sant) =H (Gar) at Sp ast wit aS gl) ae le = = SHABBI fd gt def ad. IR HUSSAIN as? was ds. ° New, tae # Te eee chaff sg ou ae ty ae re let Me Mt 2) 2 tatatt pI", del dt. te z x nk hee 1 >) ait Me aa = Sockets (Bat OE wit 4 (at ant = “s amet) (3 -? 5 oh Miotet 4 Ee Ane Ee a a ae 2) posse eytie a ed a) Wea heh ie D* ates ee pe fr the Gucbideer at , oe os Som fhe geQuattor ete te Yaoic tine sre the Laface a ee Solutions , Hae tue man ro cl Spree aes betatf fa T ne 3 re. ap Mes ate Ten", tie eal uate he sated fe jee: re af die fy ds ds ofa ae de 5 re (32 adidas af de - Ga pide ae = Os ds ease (Z£)=0 Be aartad de nas? je ae as ds ds oe, 2 at ae poate de deo ds as Using “Pre ferote: +m af ad. & v LEB (By-e aa ote a By ete CE Yoo SHABBIR HUSSAIN HUSSAIN e de re dot de ae +Uq Gs as 7° dat Av 20 +3 We x Aas OsRemake’ xf the hadiae cadet tua of the xpos Oise YY te matte fh @ Be )o Osh) “ (cm) [2 “ dene a (Some emekort) ) aut secbt oo. . a) wuite -the differed egpeions Sh dauiwives of unl Vette odes 7 jan of te cpt and eppadions art duced b+ : de eatese fe ° Va‘ables uele)” and vert as AS. b be oe _. 1) Tatepabe these eaten avd imine de 4 aud dt de 20 the anc. Length prremetin fem tee ds* ds ds betikion, tition! Giga HELLS and |, SHABBIR HUSSAIN. “afer gpoei[e 4) "se laa tng] de cuht tes Tye EL oat rite ype 3 ELH, oy +t) Be, th a oe 55 sigh) 4 fe Ss pieyr aos oe ret Laanat hk So fuk we wil find the Chast fel * g [Birt too fans on Ty tye shige fobs mint eae Fhe. °n 2 Tat Baya Tarn Je? t (ti. ttn thay foe 7 42. oP 2 oF a MoE astha.thn|=0 The only nan-Jno chartot fel Spree Yet 2 Nw fe ie + grea ehpabirm ines: ade 4 Tt ag ax. Te as ds Pe 4M dtl ad co et "as as = a [dt fee ? * z (I Chon us OFW) New me WoW tad is Ne vill iabegante beth qypatina Dt. (ues) and ebimtnat the ate Langtle Porconelin ome s- 5,(V-%) cade, de 55 ae acy wseste, ac nr 2 compauiser ‘pile A tn dg Bums) eo de 5 cpu Bo = = V-Cu Vis SS tCu = ve Ve SHABBIR HUSSAIN Gutinny: Find the obtstbe differentiation of Tenn Jon Chine Sebo fot palo Te 6 EY) amg the cane C witle Med, eee poumattaic egpalionb: eb, Bot iw plow a ee Coodinabes TTP ont Phe Ky, Setabion: hue W2%)> U0) Nowe ng Tas Sarma fox obuatat cbarte derivative: a veheb at Cedet Dado ry se ATE (tp, Gud”) = (est Sak ~der'adt, i ride st ‘ke d (at) «7, nm ae 22 dt = * sect = o at +G » (st) ae = - Mat — Gat UD gt! = - 2Sot 4a ti: Fata igo Cys tse? te pola nee ee Chaatopga opel Meee > Mpa ey sites coi the a s sf ir Sivilauly, ST? AT rd doth a tek od (Get) that, rd ate or ae Lost + [ i tak cl Ost + (L.) Sw! feat yen A 4) HELO = ot 4 te wt + sve Runt “5 E(t 5 2 ust) 47% SHABBIR HUSSAIN 2 Nye mya, é 048 ~ oe We Pe me = (ead). + me = he bn® +44) = ASD AYE dvi a, 2 aaa USD a=Quutticom Find the curl of ; (why. bei (ye cord”) bn sphutind pote condintis Psi ‘ (eA), ye Mag "G he T-Uhsj= oatioys: Hue one ote ta following femal re WA)y2 Fi Arye = Ene L 3127 ae Di Figg Oe fan [A.A (A); Rise * [ ania ety i ve = eoltis-M Asle ol ()a-% As] xT) = Sax Ags weg, « 7 2 0g tee it [BE “aoa be Sint ot Sint Tee Coa Oe SHABBIR HUSSAIN (92M jn Cig Mtge (WH), = Bass Ait (9%),= tant Mink 2 OD y= sig hiss Ass a Fay Ais + Enis “35! Esa) Maja t Parr Soy A 2cn[ hig TA] +09 Ag Trad a 0of hg —Pdeleen [Aan Ps Ae] 20 2hs = (SE) tai hs ze. rib te, # ‘a eo" > = -3 Dvih- (eee eke Coby 5, = Sd 2 or yuh > S428, 4 G2 by - Sy © =eel ds + Ce Cpacn cunt & +P > ae aw i OF = Sia De Edn n Myrtle (EAT ve --(4)(A)42-2 In 1905, Albert Einstein proposed the special theory of relativity based on three simple postulates: Postulate 1: The principle of relativity ‘The laws of physics are the same in al inertial reference Frames. astute 2: The speed of light is invariant All observers in inertial frames will measure the same speed of light, regardless of their state of motion Postulate 3: Uniform mation is invariant ‘A particle at rest or with constant velocity in one inertial frame will be at rest or have constant velocity in all inertial frames Frame of reference ‘The frame of reference is defined as any coordinate system with respect to which one can study the motion ‘of another object. For example a bus, train, the Earth, the road ete. :Inertial frame of reference Hae we vill olidcuns Some con of “ city whee tems a Inertia ~resitance of amobectto change estat of speial Radinity ae ate ein ‘motion used Inertial Fame of Reference Event Spaces © Non accelerating —— i 2 «Newton's law and othe aws of physes ae val How the concept of Spee and tine For example: Combined. Thus each ewer db Inside aus moving at constant velocity witha ball Inside frre Conclinater Ctybstt re) whe & db the time the een amd Onrfyk) do the il] — dete be ee i oad Yea teclompudas corrdinaites. Such corkdimates SHABBIR HUSSAIN ae cited Spaceline Coordinates. k Tepe identical, 4 Depisttteer: Ay event apece dt aw IB apace ded fe ut white pein ane ennte. Key ce Smuiltamens ent cordivau: Ode (8,#,0,) 4 4-4 whe Peet the Bapual coradinle, Tp me coptttional ark CCA) HOGER) He rectangle ok ae: poiitional ceondinaten of om event. f 4 «fe tear Lt Ei )ond Ep) ane boo enews 4 Te hmarc 6, ub : sy 2 ae y Ger +e? thew avai fer ts a3Relativistic. Lengtns Fa an arkiteavg erent EOC), the rebativiatic distance few wigin to EC) is the neal rumba go duck thal Se Ce OS J-0F Mowe gene, the babewwad, oO addtivistte distance “betwen E,(x}) aA El he lagt. Wet — Cady ded - ey dst (dy (dal). (hey le J Se ted ob eee) Wy Goce ke 4 (sl0 . 2 AES Canta (dE) + (de) SHABBIR HUSSAIN ‘Spacelike Interval: Ifthe interval between two events is spacelike then there is some frame of reference where the events occur atthe same lume, and there is no Irame of reference where the events occur atthe same place. The value of a spacelike interval is actually the proper distance between the wo events—that isthe distance as measured in a frame of reference where the two events occur atthe same time Lightlike We say that val is light-like or null ifthe interval is zero. If the interval is light-like (or null) then a ray of light can go from one event to the other Ifthe interval between ‘wo events is light-like then there is no frame of reference where the events accur at either the same time or atthe same place ‘Timelike Interval: I the interval between two events is timelike then there is ‘some frame of reference where the events occur at the ‘same place, and there is no frame of reference where the ‘events occur atthe same time. And the event that occurs first in one frame of reference, occurs frst in all frames of reference. The value of a timelike interval determines the ‘proper time between the two events—that isthe time ‘between the events as measured in a frame of reference ‘where they occur at the same position.Exncisn: Caen cbs; Mso diving the intewal type. $) Cabeuote ds? fr the cut pare WE(12, 4,4) ond FL41,2,6) 4) E,(5 1,-2.0) and E,@%1-2 + . dz. Gy wt @F- (2) asvauer_@ey- ae}— Gey 29-14-40 2 Ost -@-0-C49- 63> > Ag 0 = bitte abiaval 25 4-9-9 ©) E,(5,1,3,8) and E,@, AD as = 3 2 y yay _ ay age CGay- Catlay — > Timdike tntewel =a-4_-4-4 2-3 > Spas Meke jactowad SHABBIR HUSSAIN Quuthion: Show that >) Copriitional eyed have a Tinelthe intiqval 8) Cimttonines everls haw a spacelike Inbound. Saudion: Coprsttional, evenls means B= >» AL 20 fa EUd)y,§, GB) p52 oh 23 A, frieyee 2) Athen fr bor 5 Arey alr (bey) ast Axe f- (dx = (de J (ao Ddse 0-(dxys dey + eer] dss (dx) me > Spralike idtowal > timelike intewelLocally flat spacetime: Minkowski Spacetime: Minkowski space or Minkowski spacetime is name after the mathematician Hermann Minkowski Inthe case of significant gra tation. spacetime becomes curved and one mst ahandon special elatiity a favor ofthe Fl theory of general felausy inkowsh space also has , sis the Eelidean group SHABBIR HUSSAIN Matematen etion lands amd in mattrin matcitien the Minkowski Spacet & 1-Arentio Minksvoskt Spauitine Jb: Coordinate Kyttan aw wubich the axes * he (et,2.4,2) > Git 2€) t . . a ° S . v -4 0 The diffruitial fev ane Legtin m 18 8 as Miskows Spacetime. # aie Fe sie mete th YF ay des (dot (dt _aey de) and Hh bnerbe (MY 3a aro LaentLight Cones and Spacetime Diagrams Iti often helpful to visualize spacetime by considering a flash of light emitted at the origin. Such a flash of light is described by a spherical wavefront. However, our minds cannot visualize four dimensions and it's not possible to draw it on paper. So we do the next best thing and suppress one or more of the spatial dimensions Let's start with the simplest ofall eases, where we suppress two spatial dimensions. Doing so gives us a simple spacetime diagram. Ina spacetime diagram, the vertical axis represents time while one ‘oF two horizontal axes represent space. It is convenient to work in units where c= 1. The upper half plane where t > O represents ‘events tothe future ofthe origin. Past events are found in the lower half plane where t <0. SHABBIR HUSSAIN “The motion of light in such a diagram is then described by lines that make a 4Seangle with the x-axis, ie. lines tht satisfy 2 = x4 The motion of a particle through spacetime as depicted ina spacetime diagram is called a worldline. Lia mes The simplest ofall particle motion is a panicle just sitting somewhere. To indicate the worldline ofa stationary partiele on a spacetime diagram, we simply draw a straight vertical line that passes through the x-axis atthe spatial location of the particle ‘This makes sense because the particle is located at some position ‘x that does not change, but time keeps marching forward Special relativity tells us that a particle eannot move faster than the speed of the fact that particle moton is restricted o occur only inside the light cone The region inside the light cone is ealled timelike. Regions outside the ight cone, which are casually unrelated to the event E, are called spacelike 1 Ona spacetime diagram, this is indicated byThe fillwoings figere Shouse the prrjection of He lilt Cone rte Be hypupline Cao ct IOP (to) Light Come: A flask of Might ot posttéon (0,0,0) ond time t=O Sends wt am expanding Spherical wae frank, with eppalion L4G ez = ck om” eC) La -eT = 0 tis ete eppation of the Light cone Ji emit Space, uelitin. te the imextial frome (2), HABBIR Hi SAIN Th ong. tthe inertial frome CE) the eyation the igi cone i exactly the tame, Gnce all Obsevey mertine thre Velocity of Wyle mc). Le GL I WRT =0 Nate: Rebatividtic distance Jk om Harton across att inubial Freenes. Tis ts du to petite of Spectad rebtivitts te, Acs A? The bebtivistic dlistane byw to eves 16 ao called intervaldhorendie Maite ond. “Thantfomatiins + be ade id ye al FM 9 qadad ty doh deae “1 badd i gl as 9.88 ' 2% aid. nad “dedi «0 < Tipotdt ou a Tyjakad - 02 Gye ae She = taal what go the Minkowdlet mebie aj 8, 8 Mey i i 4 > = od Dik GT tye t od Hyooheen, w2 a> by “ ‘ AGA=G SHABBIR HUSSAIN arpa lay (y= 4 Gogte Lunt. Thansfpimatuons (of Yt )- @jy*— (j= -4 Ciena.) The Simple Lornbé tran formations ane af of; ot, aly als of 0b aly o inp) Deficitions: Arg tay mutate Con concrpending Vinenn thama formation) thal prsowes the Spada. fom GA is called Linectt. K Tre 6b of Lonab® muataian fom a peep tnd, matrip muttiplication called the Lowe qmp- oreo e woe? whine pay, 36 lative wlociby.Meg ah medi of the from: The tmsne of a Simple Loraatt malin bs AGES Galan fee eft yl eo et ° ° o rn th called Simple froudt and the oC ot te flat Velpeity ib seemed ase which ib abst a bimple Lounte mabiix, componding to —P. Be bits Tf the whecity of B (frene: of Mfosnee) wat 0 db vi then Te Velo city. 0 with Aupect to O da -v. SHABBIR HUSSAIN Comeguences inple dnsnidt Thangrmation: “Tory ewenli: (74, 5, ,%, 5%) > A By HR, WB Le Contackion + Fee ony fivad 2° Simple Lect trenttorenallzon gee Ajie be bel on Orbs [TR Be t SF a ; a Tf the frame Dus roting. at a untforen Dbt= ats Velocity Y pelative to 0, the chock of iP Obewer. B appes to obuwer 0 to Dace av fur blow by the facto [ig ce SHABBIR HUSSAIN Quins Veify thal the fet mation FAH Loneste: [3° a $$. & he 4, aiale (y- Gt es sn et i dif ys ate ij 1 Wh Ye Me Fi B: oo, Ce es te) ) 7 (%) Hoye B= = Gabdiions To thouw Haat the chwe wniiate ok ai Lonet , we have te Haw fs a . . _ “ar. al, (eS (@r)'L = wp — GS-4) - CE oe i) Fad, jue? 2 4 (gre at EN CAe t Cas cat ee wh = 81 0 AB Mian is f= (3-5) ~ UG Y= ob et beFoc: 23 for iso,je2: ana, - 2a, a a’, - 0-0 (&)eo)-en(£) - WEE) - CB) = © ()-(Eyly- (AIES ata; — aal aa a4 =0 (yGR)- em (GZ) -019(0h) 2 =? ae Ainattlan Yes Quution: rere Hat for ds A? 3 Conaddew + =Pt te -Poet ar’ F abc, dst, tide ds ty At de ot whe yD iskenskt spacetime. rR -& )-O) CE )20 foe nde (502) ~clk)- (4) - ©) UE) =e fst, je: CB) ()- (4B )GG)-(E) EL) - CE )-2 foc ica, fos: 2 GEE) ENE Do“ tk 28 SHABBIR HUSSAIN | Simple Lowit = > dea Gata Jw ty 5 adi’. eye Tey b, OR 4, eT ee pywarcl? Lye )]-de se ae ye 4 off} ead € jens apustl— pa'?wty apatite] — (axe (ae )* Lee Gee €-2,Ydiyet CUP) -1L, Cl YUD 4p” A (dey (dey Deis MET EHF ALY ey” = (As) Four vectors In special relativity, we work with @ unified entity called spacetime an viewing space as an arena with time flowing in the ind It vector is going to have a time component in addition tual components we are used to, This is ealled a four In generat, (V") ia four vector if t transforms according tothe law 0! = ajV!, where (aj) is the Lorentz matrix. SHABBIR HUSSAIN Me staally at the follmoing natin: hy 20%) whee Vin vy ok toffee Ce at the time Components of the vector anal Ve CVV V8) = CVny My Ve) ae the wnat space comporsaiti \< Fray Weadty end accdasatior tw the futtiol frame Cle Qtye, $2 lic a pedicle duatle He dam chowwe Gb) = (ct, Met) = (ct, x), F(t), £4) 2b ob Se Then we have the wy 2 dt (C9 ae Vv) whe Vs dR amd Wil= vary atwsr-(42)- (0,2) Duduibiow of Lert thantf ronatcon of Vela: wus 22 dV and Seat e [aeaiea - contd, the Limp Lom te sasinnan dt 5 Pa a ee BoP goatee eat, Tf Wy ond Cs) ane the Uike apactition dap dine” aia w 5), then wn the Me Aine Lotenbd ye Crp ont tect > ch-v (ct-po %= ¥(-pet +2) t-¢ kek SHABBIR HUSSAIN New dffeubiade the fist egpalion hey (pet t+%) wat £ and ule the chow puller dada di 2 dy(_pet +x) Ht ce Ye-P ua) ow ae ae °F at Cf 0S c = Vn. Jolt ee 2y (Be + Yea Yiepuy eC) ( a 3M <7 (Pet ye) Ms BY, 6 Fr rw) aa, 4 e CBeevd at ¥ (iW) >tet =) ay 2 Cha wales Oe oY a at S sy Y= ge 8 5 ery) = vee + Vy) = 1 > vee Tat 2a" Fe) 2 e t+ We eo a %y- ice pa We ond Aonibady Ye LonudZ Vniformairs of hecelboition : 2 ay Aig, ety coy oR ee a - he = avy. dt 2 week Me oye OC Valy) — eV O-E) on “YU. 20s hig, iphin ee ¥ UE Cy 3p fe B®Siotdaaleye tye tO DE UF) Wey and dg tat Ue YE UD £ (me) Prope Tene el 3S 44d SEA ae Proper Tine i shee Ta oa wepatamctaiye He’ use Sor ee -tf de dd Tes Shag “ ow oT. fi te Oc the www promo, known ab the piper time for te parkicte SHABBIR HUSSAIN Tas f [hpatat do te > at 2b ee ety ys the a in kawiic, able 9 ten ei -UaT- (Ag ay J mele. [a Raper Vebeity ama Aeelwation; Raper Velbetiiy andl Recevelivn Whuw ‘T - derivalcves lace t_derivitins the comnts pending whe city and accderation become prep velocity and accelsatior rat us we haves dedt , ge at oe aT dt atwe Semple Lokett thanformations we we uti Pe (elie ee Dee ftp Fe ple Bee = 2 Quution: Deine usti= c* cansider : dye = z wud i = wy (Pca SE = [tet yh “(S y -(e Ht. SHABBIR HUSSAIN oe” Ge ae Tnttanttoneont Rest Frames Mn intarhamewes ett fame for the puilicle oon imedtial that trenslater ins fash o. rmannes, that 2h otdgin crincides with Fy ot to 1), rire fe RCE) iA instawtrreens prittion of He paticde at boty. Te posttele’¢ mation (sotth Aupeck to frame 0) a wri fornly auclaid § 4 ot spool acedustion relatin to inttantanesct seats Frama 6 dies ni vgs Ba daprdpre% -D Rest Mass and Relat The mst mau of a particle ix ith mats ins as measured frum Neutrnioe mechanics iw Ye og Wrutantaneous aut flame for. that particle. ‘SHABBIR HUSSAIN Relativistic Momentum and Fe Tn terms of plop tint T, The 4. fotce alte Te of Special Radativily ta called Minkewekl force A Atpined os define ge cx) «(46 ) (Piya CP )= (vi) 7 (ae dt. FE . > kK. opi dt. RAE = end te Lowe fur (h,P) ts cyined a at ae ye as the time olerivative of the d.mernuitien: rE oP A (fon) of rr Te) 24 GEe)eran “Te Fe Cane anecorgs Te Biren mn few By definition of he catatlact dexivaies analycs of & seaple pati Starting vith eM = CME = 3, Mig PE Og) -T9_ Oise) Catatants vector (Vz) ond taking the colina rey ad, ith napek to ond Dw ae — yt speck to aS produ the third did Bae Wd “Re Quustinn is: Door the otden of dif feuntiatton matter? ont TE + PEM a De rth Be, Nis je ae Me deer Vij e Viggy Ahold eo geasral! Hsu SHABBIR HUSSAIN Tatachanging j and K giles Yi, — Ving =f 2 em tu ms * Vs MY, BRT Mi aly 4. Te Pe MgB, - Sh TAM Be ng SEE) A Te GB + "4 eve ce Yuriy? Ran eo sat mers pe pt cuenting (from A), we owes pon Rio Te yl Visi —Vigaj = BTS S Ve The Qustted: Hheniem tmmediately peoples a Tk iP ry BeTha ab Conprrants dufiea bey Eyton 01) oy tarde of a froth ond tensor » contrsuoaont of Orden pre ond coverrants ode Baer.” Ree is called the Rtemann dy Riemann Christoffel tensor of the Sect Kind, Lewetng the contvan anton ‘edit gies Raters Ty Rae Je the Riemann tember of fivt Kind. Kobe, We mag nao Sag that Covactand diffrsttation is onder. olepenaleah unley the mete tb such ab to make Reemamn tensor vamibh. SHABBIR HUSSAIN uations Sheos tab a amp print whine the Catateg fe Goes vanish, FoR FRE 20 Bat kej Rie Kdihion: Gren Thal the chuistefyel Aporelt Vanith, the excprtion fr Remman bene < i ‘ Ri 2 2 ae ont ond alt thuc: . + ee pei 2 2k yoni oti Ray +R : wm Fd + Wh Why ae =0 became — CAiubrffel Serbs oat tgemstio wat bower nds, aeRrepesticn of te Riemann “Tenses: Interchange of Kank L iw the aefiattion 4 Bg Smet that i Ree Mik lies Set ee i Bye Sih Se Mie Mo ahe Reine =~ Rejee Balms ore the mene prepecbice #f Reemonn bones D Rig > - Pine > Bisa = — Risnn (fiece sew Spomderg) nd atk ae DR, Re om ae pi ae pig ae (seem Stew Egorsieg) tk st SE Mic ae! jae Hee ~ Ry 5) Rite + ints + Ravine? (Bianchi? s Tabi SHABBIR HUSSAIN Newbee edu Cs oy We cubs the Spaite Typ of pobestialig ‘tangero componenb, using the obeie Sgrnetig Phpeities. “he fash too pupal inply Bal Rysag ed Rater (nat Summed on ct 0% €) are Ht40. Tw the fellewing- Lish, the Nepeated indices he anit Summed vier. Bear heer Rae? AAP Ry yacbs - = Acne!) My = MO, Sr toss CB a O) Hpe Riva becr mye 3%, = Tar Ca-y) z ae apn alee ©) Ty Rated 0% Racha aedeced mn 2 My OD (a-2)(n-3) ~~ BThemen: Thee one a total of ab tt) 2 componudds of the Riemone tose By et vat ideicady So and tok ame i Po = Sgrentiies of the Reman Peabo ae nN pa= nord (a-» 2 8 ond Ne = mn (naipCor-2) -2) 1 mo adding, atk tase No Of mer-yo0 daclependct component of the Remann tener = = nev] Lace cupen)] = é SOE) | day 4 ener n] Ry + Net Me 2 nin- nad [be fre sm 4h) 1% = REA) = ft le =). as 12 SHABBIR HUSSAIN Caroblang« Ta a tr dimaniional ppere the only Components of the Riemann testen not tally fox oe Rios = Rone wo® Say (aot Quon: Lids the indeperdind, patil nengor componente of Reg far 25. Saatinne Tipe As Rows Ries Riga 2 Rise » Reser, Roary, Rass Reasy , Risac > RasasTope Bt Rois Rms Riaiss Siam 7 Rise Ring R, 195, Rast Rane Ranh Saye s Roles Rous Rain Raise »Rsasy Rags Kaus Raya Ree? Ras Riots Rasas ? Rasa k, sie Revs Resur® sass, Rove, Ressy Toe c+ ge C+ Rasy Ruse» Rang Riggg Rests R 826 Rae Biase Rage) Ratar Ingles Tyfe A: 10 compere “Tage B: 30 comperenlé Tec: le componerls > Total 50 components ond ale ROP, 262” 55 — 1D om SHABBIR HUSSAIN Qpustion: Compe the Components of the Rune tuts 4a wl 2a wha de 2 dors suze dp” and the magne chistggd Lymbele owe: Whe Sing casB XBto & OP 2 but R=) eee = ate |zids HD Sitios aig the fact tat the mon-fér compra of We Riemann tenter in tio climmstons ase git be Rye Rains => Ring = Raa Hoe rm 3, wT Me Qe a a +t ‘ ye ! ~2 (-Sieoess) — 04 7 Pamir, -ror tale 4 S89 — Ute M0 eae) Sto ato 4 ufo = SubOQustions: Fx the mesic of Sphuical 4 Ree Rea $0 we find the mined canpenenl coopbinater, Ashe Udy alae T+ LE dine dd) Mi and calculate the nonJelo Compmecle The moncgero Chasdfgd Lambe ave: Reng Sf any: Them Tie - aur O Setukérns There ove toe a) = 6 Ppa -L 1,2 -Soome DThere are Sin menage component re Mek PRAT = ote Rina 7 Riaig > Rosas 8) Riss Rass > Rinne SHABBIR HUSSAIN Rye Moe OT ge STA TEM Sols: i en nae eee pet! ; ae = Bey -UyN an = CH- 49 Rig 2 Ru = -babao Rae? Ras = 0 Ryg= My TATE, OE, ae we . = ute TET, Theugose Rejey =O for ott irk be = —m® (5) Crtie) = 0The Rect Tenn and Riess Scalar Ras = Rach “re Riemanw tintoh Cam be vied to obedive too mote qyusibities thal ote used to Tre Ricci nar Smite, So dyn the Eeahetw tener. The fits of Raw = Rew Using. Contactor ov the Ricci tenter, ne obtain the Ricci Sele Reg Ra Ro Hus Us the Ricet enter, which ts calewdated thom the Ri tontos by conthadinn om the first ond tind indices, SHABBIR HUSSAIN Queiver, Shaw tial Rag for the unit bo, — 2 . Gu 2 gat ees GEO, Rape St? Rae F Ras = Le stent Sotition = Sone® Tha. Symmelig conditions of the Riemann Regi FR > - SO tentye, inglicn ‘thal 1 “it \(cete)e 4 Ree Bama =-Rian © Rous Rg O Rane? lege) 6 ) The rmulaie of 2-Sphue ott The comparenile of Une Rect tonaee ds* de*+ Satedg> ae gion by:Ry = Rie Ray t Raye OF Lat 0 ter Re - Riaz Roar Rat Ria= MeO Ra Ry Gime 2 2 1 . > Riaz Rar7? 2+, Roe, Raw oF bon Pen eat Re Kise sy Baas so 1 Baw Gd wre = tle ‘SHABBIR HUSSAIN + Ris 2 ij = @ Rasy ed Raat FP Reiss Tepes: ay Be AP Ram Go =F Ram whue grt and Rane + a a L 7! Quedtens Fou the metic asta ethene aepr2e ery 2k, “3a g) * > 4 Rae Rage Raase -9( 5) Ge) ant \ yas ae \ 1 Rae FP Rawes = op (3) _DR. tacky eaxy SHABBIR HUSSAIN Physical Interpretation: ‘Curvature describes how a geometric object such as a curve deviates from a straight line or a surface fiom a flat plane ‘Curvature can be expressed simply asa scalar that represents the ‘magnitude of this deviation Curvature ean also be deseribed as a vector that takes into account the direction of the curve along with the magnitude For more complex objects such as surfaces or n-dimensional spaces, a more complex object is needed to describe the curvature. Ome ‘such object, is the Riemann curvature tensor. rinse objects are those which can be obtained by measuring ditances and computing the derivatives of those distances im some space The metre fensarsan example ofan ntinsie obyet The metre tensor describes hoe to comput stances and engi of curses a given sae cman generalized this es ad extended to spaces m-mensions. esause the metric tensor isan rirnsic obec. susquent het that canbe described in terme ofthe meric tensor ands derivatives are also ns (ne byes that ean be derive fom the mets tensor the Christof symbol “The Chitflel symbol describes the variation inbass vector rom one oi another in cursiineae coordinate stems. The Crise sms messi the fate of shang of the covariant hans wth respect the coordinate arabes ‘The Riemann tens, Rice! tensor. and Rit salar areal derived fom the mei tensor andar therefore intninsic measres of eur ate‘A manifold isa space that can be curved but is locally flat. That is, near each point the space resembles Euclidean space. One ‘example of a curved manifold isthe surface of a sphere The Riemann tensor is the most common tol used to deseribe the curvature of a Riemannian maniiold The Riemann curvature tensor is a tool used to deseribe the tensor plays relativity and gi mportant role ity as well as the curvature of spacetime Contraction, of the Riemann tensor produces the Ricei tensor The Rice! tensor provides a way measute the degree to which a space differs from Euclidean space Contraction of the Ricci tensor produces the scalar ‘curvature of Ricci scalar. The Ricci scalar isthe simplest ‘curvature invariant of a manifold SHABBIR HUSSAIN Rearmeian Cusine; “he Riemannian oh Sectional cuwvalure relative te a gen metic 3), a Kiemannian, cawifll ood an ab Wi) ut depined. aay iodependent Taorgpennts ve kara Ihe hare ane (0) and keke vive Rie viutvt mys Gorgas UVEUNY' win Gon dye— h te The cunature con be amsociated to Gaursion Cumdtute of te AutaTu tut of cumabine depends net only one puttin, but also on a paby of clisectiont felectel ot each patil. Conbeott, the curate k of o 5 cleperels ovly on toe pridh alerg In ‘the Colealittone of K it i habppull prisess exactly the Aame Rigg Vv a 26 ore etestnc Grysvvurve > 3 alto cn tavartenct Te follows thal K tw on tnvarianh ond it Sewes to goog te. Gaussian Cueline wf a Surface to Maho disuntions. SHABBIR HUSSAIN Gaines ing the fast bn a te dimenstenad Space the only enero Componcsts Of Riemann tinber ae Ry = Baas * ~ Rare - Raum Simplify toe expusiton of Riemmamrnten Cuwatie. Solution: Kael’ VIVE Rad OH as MOV Rh CY ai Goes” olviusye = Ran WUPW TRON) ryay wu)? G,. Luvors-2uv vy +O" sw] & thawte ieExamples Colealsbe K fp the disc ds we] Uy ae), aring tee Kesubt Rote Rink ond as ted, me Ty x Pee Te et Nw, ke fiw hits =e AD Wa)-0 (es) Solution: R= oe OT TY, Te x ox 220 - Fre eB Os et ey >Raaetn Rage oI Ot) =O0dyt * wae " MV Riemannian Spas: | Riemannian Space the Space RY cootdinabiged by cx), ter with a ferrdamental foro a Riemannian mibizy ty dotde whe a4) olegs conditions forZero Cunrsture ond the Gucbidean mebric, Reve Cwidune 00 des dnecat, AOe de eay \ OEE ST A Riemannian mitiic = (G3), Specified in 4 Coondivate Agttien C8) , ib the Euclidean metric if, und Some pemmenstbbe Comidinate. Drantronation , (Gyr Si. Neo a cooudinste Syitem GE) iam wahich, ig)" i Je 0 ettanpudan Corin Seth. Than Kao, Since all chaisteffel Syriocde varity “we CO), But Riemamnton, Cumabure sib anv jnwuian’, So thal Keo Ww the oun Coradimater (a) as well. Hence TN Riemanntam metace ($,;) the Exclideaw mebaic if and ony 4 the Riemannian Curvature kK ub yoo at ott prints.” SHABBIR HUSSAIN Raf, he necessity port of he Abtened ib: Tf the mebtic te Euclidean Huw this implies k=0, ad the ie portine uy Keo thew the metic Ot Euchiluan mebtic To Pine the fist pul comin thet the mmebic tb Euclidean then there exis a thantgotmatin Bly (a!) Aigstiom anol the rectangle coordinate Sytem (%) Mic, al chuisteffel Symbol vaniile ba Cov tdi abet kenplping. Kooba Kia om wwatant 2) Keo. To Pine the Sutgicioncy part consider K=0. Also to pine the counpending metaie JA Eucliclean we esbablith a Aachen of Fiat orden @PSp L/w og and UB) Agee.Hue we Set up a of fist orden patiol li ffembial ccations for or a fundion of Cd), So Conttdery q-tT Talerchanying tilde ard nome Bue Coultnrtes ond replacing ME = D pil se ast de * Bagg oe 5 tt ot 3 a aes Oy oy aaant ot oe 3 oe alto the cenefen dus oF > Sat af 2 a& at Be ve Me oe ae a aw att axl SHABBIR HUSSAIN si | st ee Flat Rismannianinns Spats 5S Mew u ; g ? Se A Rtemannion Space is flab if and Bes ST Oy ad 4 only 3 Kee ed all pris. Tretems If K20, thon Ro. Pref: If Kao, tn the Space la ft and himce the i. are constant far tome coordinate Sxpten Ge). Tt follwt thal ald Fh Re wee > Rig voniAh and dene R= Riocond. Since the Ricci curvature ih invariant, Rao, X The Cormernte of tit turtenr dete mt hold ie, if Rao thin ib dow not implies K-20. Qusdtinw; Show that Runde, the de ve footed ee [othe eT aeeds dey us Euclidean. Guew thal Thee wheres, if oe K apr to > amd red Mele --# Meat Mh eM sk Mee we w wD whae we WF 4 OCF SHABBIR HUSSAIN Sukie: The in indipendach componntt of tm Riemann town aver Bans Rasher Rens Rony Rrra A componerds of the Riemann tener nieteing lden > qe eae So the onl prdely. ner Foro compere de taint Rous $e, Egan mm - 2 aw e2 en) ete). (Ct y(&) 26)-28)-2C) =0Ay att the components of Riemann teases ae Bury ot hase k-0 2 Te mettle dk fuslidean, Qrettion: Voile that des kT Tae Aephtir the Euclidean Sobatters: “Tie oa axctunlly pe abies ae ate ed (tv 3n2) with chiatep fel oles M>-« [es m5 Qemainimgall 42) The ee Componeds 3 ec tenses ue: to) =) - = 4), “a SHABBIR HUSSAIN fey Rai eye Mb Th AMPS My ae =2,()- are -TaE Qn _- LC) Uy) = -lal Rin = © > K=0 2 maui. aa Euclidean. Quustion, Determine whethey the aa folleuinyy metic is Euclidean on not. dds date (EY tT dey Solin: Fou we wilt find the omyue at “ren which oe: . 3g ree The bo Mate“The ‘undeperclet components of the Riera tems ane’ Reais > Risisr Resasr Ryan 7Risas 2® ass the, vu Pritlly- rem Zeno compenach Bane R a 2 Ae TS re = ig)- (a) Ue) *? 2) Kre 25 metic ib Exdidean fun: Emir the Rianne dso der 4cey del + Gee} (dee ~ 4d (dat a) Caledate He Riemantan Cumabunre b) Find a Aebition of Dui_ phy, 2 Ree? and hence Keo b) Comider, we Pe a, de. et ae i = du = Hp Dinesh oe fe beth aus uy. Bee Me DMge PHONYTag aatcon yids: a= 2,22) wee fe) use? flee) ord Uy ef (xD 2) whut fy teva axe adebeeny forcttows. and DY uy oa afew = (ui ad 2) wa Gu, alsa, Der Mae ty ae coun fac; < rntant » we have J ! Panty CPE CH OH pou [e,2e 402 NH Cy u 1 by a a we 6 mt Cael OTE Cc, ME Cs a a a ' pp > we MHF ALCP HAL) AOE Os SHABBIR HUSSAIN ard as wa Peake ahi ucte fh Gots ah, OY af fue 2; or constants. Nownal Coordinators Te sa priibte to intieduce focal , gpast hactangabr Camedimatih im Reemanstany Spae the ue of which quatly Simply the pots of coda Complicated Tenton Lt ‘0° donate. an cubitrang pobeh of Rand (PE) om aurbitinng unit veclw a& 0.id Une dlifpeunbial i Conpider tf Egyationg fo Fou ax givers (PB) the puiout Syttem has codecs 5 é at i dd ant unis Soutien, Moreover, fot each print ge4 je dE P ig Same meighhmuhoat Arp 0» thew dt as a untape cheice of dirsctin (pt) af 0 aleng wilh. the initial Conditions: Such Tha the Solution came w= EC) de). vod ds 2 (ie, a geodesic) pawes Hace P. Poe) { t 0 SHABBIR HUSSAIN Accordingly» for each Pin M, dhpine Team: A He ovigin of he . he cavidinades of Pas Coondinae, Syptery C#), al ray, 2, ie sp : at |e é Tig od My mee Boe whee s ib ihe diktence olor the gpotvic fiom Oto P. The member (9) ane Called the mokeval Coraclinater OA the qeadesic cca | Fog: Tf (pf) ou noted Coordinate , fren dre qeodesic throng 0 and ang poet Po dw Somme, waigibouhad Nf 2 hos oh the Riemannian Coordinates the parernettde: from: re 2. test pe Festi Ce et) ink of Pak P. ae5 ar at SH, ds as . > iad Meo () ewondinatee must Seiichi te 4 ii epstions 6 ote vat Bua MH +a at ato Ve ys as ik = a new eondiden : + ok i atin Tat Up > me 20 (fx au(P?)) se sad momo PE Lb cantar - => 2 20 zy SHABBIR HUSSAIN ” he i Quectivn: Phere Bianchits fiat Want, : Raggy #Bang Rane 22 (rp meal cond 2 Pe 256 + a sew! : vosounet . at %5 Gobhiny: cmitda stue Cemanaion Contdinabes, Tew 2 2 zo > ° os ce Caine Bie -2ys Tah Ty, ae Oj, F? 55 becarnth => 2T -o Rasy = Mie Wie ae ja Se - ct otigin of Riemannian Ceondivates.2) Rives Mien — Mbedye ord Sint: R Pein feng = dit Rays aie a) on a Mig Sgmomakinie: im fit tory Frobieus > Rijuy + ines + Ritin=? Tite Riemannian Cotas, j SHABBIR HUSSAIN ee i _ Bian age Cita Th Eten ay: { . The Einstein tenese Je olepinedd bu + i a Yat = aka Ju, tk towns af the Ricet tensor Rig and Tuophin: the cumdture — datackartt R as: i in tog vg Rett Rint Casce? ° Gis gy -454R DR, . . _ of Guesut Rint Rijuna Vo? sale mired tanto of > Reseda + Rieju + Riquee =2 Quittion; Prose Bianchi ’S Second idlestity. Rijerya t Rijuu nt Regunse =? Sabines? Coen a no art a a aoe Rin” ari -a* 4 PGT ie ma ei > [ath ah GPE] vo op ra a ee ity i dbyku ie at ‘0’ ofMabeply bth dg it ik il, it. PEP Ricage TPP Rist UP Ringt” aE Rigagy OP Rite TY Rian ik ob dk gt tke PT Ray ot twin t Rinnsb = 2 Rae « k jk Roger Royo Base nr ak 1 K 2 Qian Rasen SHABBIR HUSSAIN #(3fe— Rigg) 8 (-$ ER )yn =? « 20 54, ik Quitiom: Yor Bob he Einthiiy terror Gaz rotned by bewedinge the index 3 iw BB Mppabaie sli Gy BG a diye Ta (8-255) G7 Ria da ® Spd. Mymnstrte > Gig He SymretteQuestion: Shaw that Einstein Cuortant basing the Aesult thet ip spas te flit K x0 and tit Lopliot Reo 2 G20 4 Spee oF fot. SHABBIR HUSSAIN Energy Momentum Tensor: The quanity 7; 1,) = 0.1.2.3 the so-called energy-momentum tress tensor or ma share version the energy-momentum ensr or te siress- energy tensor Tis ank-2sommete tensor encaing all the nfmaton hot energy densi, momentan Jeni. Stes pressure ele In genera elatvity the stress-energy’ or energy-momentum tensor Pacts asthe source of the sravitaional eld eneray os Tsien The ten components of this tensor have the following interpretation = 79° is the local energy density. ineluding any potential contribution fram forces between particles and their kinetic ‘The T% component represents enerey density. To see why. consider the momentum four veeor p# = (E,p'). Using this definition. we see that in this case T°? is the p® component of the momentum four vector This is energy density densitL js th amevnt iwa ea te ety