MINISTRY OF MANPOWER

DIRECTORATE GENERAL OF TECHNOLOGICAL EDUCATION

ALMUSANA COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF BUSINESS STUDIES

COURSE NAME: BUSINESS ETHICS

COURSE CODE: PHIL3108

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 Chapter – 1

Introduction to Ethics
** What the Meaning of Ethics?
Ethics means the moral principles that govern a person's or group's behavior.

** What the Nature of Ethics?

1. Ethics is learned or studied and practiced by human beings.
2. Ethics are not universal. Ethics keep changing from place to place, group to group,
culture to culture and country to country.
3. Ethics gives better sense of making judgments.
4. Ethics deals with conduct, which is voluntarily and not forced by anyone under any
circumstances.

** Why studying / learning Ethics?

1. We make ethical decisions everyday.

2. Guides behaviour to be a good person/citizen.

3. Developing helping attitude" Thinking ".

4. Source of gaining business" Help to Improve Our BS or Increase Our Sales".

5. Living a life good for us and others " If you are ethical you will making happy to

yours self and others ".

6. Respecting & valuing others community / differences " Help you do respect and give

importance's to other culture ".

Note: ‫إﻟﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻮن اﻟﺒﻨﻲ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻟﻮ طﻠﺐ ﺷﺮح اﻟﻨﻘﺎط وﻟﻮﻋﻨﺪﻛﻢ أي إﺿﺎﻓﺎت ﺑﺈﻣﻜﺎﻧﻜﻢ ﺗﻀﯿﻔﻮا‬

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** What Is the Ethical Theories?

1. Virtue ethics:
• It was found by the Aristotle.
• It is focuses on position of people then the behavior.
• It is focuses in the person not on behavior.

EX: ‫ اﻟـﺘﺼﺮف ﻏـﯿﺮ أﺧـﻼﻗـﻲ ﻟـﻜﻨﮫ ف ﻧـﻔﺲ اﻟـﻮﻗـﺖ ﻣـﻔﯿﺪ ﻟـﻠﻄﻔﻞ‬, ‫طـﻔﻞ ﯾـﺄﻛـﻞ ﺑـﯿﺪه اﻟﯿﺴـﺮى ودﯾـﻨﻨﺎ أﻣـﺮﻧـﺎ أن ﻧـﺄﻛـﻞ ﺑـﺎﻟـﯿﻤﯿﻦ‬
. ‫ﻓﮭﻮ ﯾﺘﻐﺬى‬

2. Ethics for the greater good:

• It was found by the David Hume.
• It focuses on the outcomes not on ways.
• It says if outcomes are great then any way is acceptable to achieve the outcomes.

EX: ‫ اﻟـﺘﺼﺮف أﺧـﻼﻗـﻲ ﻟـﻜﻦ اﻟـﻄﻠﺐ ﻗـﺪ‬, ‫رﺟـﻞ أﻋـﻤﺎل ﯾـﻮد أن ﯾـﺒﻨﻲ ﻣﺴـﺘﺸﻔﻰ ﺧـﯿﺮي ﻟـﻠﻔﻘﺮاء ﻟـﻜﻦ اﻟـﺤﻜﻮﻣـﮫ رﻓـﻀﺖ طـﻠﺒﮫ‬
. ‫رﻓﺾ‬

3. Universal Ethics:
• It was found by the Immanuel Kent.
• It focuses on finding some common values and ethics.
• It says if outcomes are great then any way is acceptable to achieve the outcomes.

EX: ‫اﻟـﻨﺎس اﻟـﺬﯾـﻦ ﯾﺴـﺘﺨﺪﻣـﻮن اﻟـﺤﯿﻮاﻧـﺎت ف اﻟـﺘﺠﺎرب اﻟـﻄﺒﯿﮫ ﻗـﺪ ﯾـﺤﺼﻠﻮن ع ﻧـﺘﺎﺋـﺞ راﺋـﻌﮫ وﻣـﻔﯿﺪه ﺑـﻌﺪ ﻓـﺘﺮه ﻟـﻜﻦ‬
. ‫ﺗﺼﺮﻓﮭﻢ ﻏﯿﺮ أﺧﻼﻗﻲ‬

4. Ethical relativism:
• Action should base on situation.
• Situation should decide the course of action( what should be done ).

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 EX: ‫ اﻟـﻄﺮﯾـﻘﺘﺎن‬, ‫اﻣـﺮأﺗـﺎن ﻛـﻠﺘﺎھـﻤﺎ ﻣـﺘﺪﯾـﻨﺘﺎن اﺣـﺪاھـﻤﺎ ﺗـﺮﺗـﺪي اﻟـﻌﺒﺎﯾـﮫ واﻟـﺤﺠﺎب واﻷﺧـﺮى اﻟـﻌﺒﺎﯾـﮫ واﻟـﺤﺠﺎب واﻟـﻨﻘﺎب‬
. ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺘﺎن وﻟﻜﻦ اﻹﺛﻨﺘﺎن ﻟﺪﯾﮭﻤﺎ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﺪﯾﺎﻧﮫ‬

Note: ‫اﻷﻣﺜﻠﮫ ﻛﺘﺒﺘﮭﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ﻋﺸﺎن اﻧﺘﻮا ﺗﺘﺮﺟﻤﻮھﺎ وﺗﺼﯿﻐﻮھﺎ ع طﺮﯾﻘﺘﻜﻢ‬

Chapter – 2
Introduction to Business Ethics

** Meaning of Business ethics?

Ethics is application of moral standards and ethical behaviors in business situations.

** The benefits of “CODES OF BEHAVIOUR”?

• Helps the companies to design corporate values.
• Guide management decisions and behavior.
• Can include fair training.
• Evaluating, programs.

** What the Importance of Ethics in Business and Society?

1. The Great Guidelines for Human Life:
• Ethics is important because it helps human to differentiate between right and
wrong.
• Help human to know how to live their lives and keeping (save) them on right
track.
2. Creating Credibility (ORG which is driven by ethics):
• Is respected & appreciated in the society even by those who may have no
information about the working and the businesses of the organizations.
• Ethics creates and enhances the organizational image and social acceptability.
3. Employee’s & Customer’s Loyalty (Organizations motivated by ethics):
• Develop employees to stay and work.
• Reduces labor turnover and increases productivity.
• Attract customers to the firm’s products and boosts sales and profits.

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 4. Uniting People and Leadership (organization driven by ethics):
• Is respected appreciated by its employees.
• Creates an emotional bond between employees, leaders and organization.
• This goes a long way in aligning behaviors within the organization towards the
achievement of one common goal or mission.
5. Long Term Gains (The organizations guided by ethics):
• Ethics provides a base to the organization to work.
• Is profitable in the long run, though in the short run they may seem to lose money.
6. Securing the Society:
• Ethics develops a standard for social behavior.
• It guides people to behave within a moral framework.
• It restricts people to indulge in socially unacceptable behavior and thus
safeguards the society.

** What Is The Major Ethical Concerns in Companies?

1. Trust & Honesty:

2. Health and Safety:

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 • Providing no health and safety equipment.
• Providing no health and safety trainings.
• Violating health and safety lows of company.
• Issues of health insurance facilities.

3. Technology:
• Issues related to price.
• Issues related to copywriters.
• Price issues in organization.

4. Transparency of Business:
• Business should be clear.
• No hidden dealing in organization.
• Open communicating.

5. Fair Working Conditions:

• Fair and equal treatment with all employees.
• Fair salary and allowance.
• Fair work evaluating and promotion.
• Fair distribution of jobs to employees.
• Non-discriminatory environment.

6. Employee Behavior:
• Non-serious to the job.
• Non-serious towards safety lows.
• Distracting other employees.
• Late commerce , wasting time , busy on social network , doing personal work.

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 7. Compliance and Governance Issues:
• Not following environmental laws.
• Not following governmental law

Chapter – 3

** Meaning of value?

• Make behavior same.

• Help to make right.

It is the set of principles that people aim to live their lives.

** What is the nature of value?

• Values provide a right way between right and wrong , good and bad.

• Values affect the people's behavior.

• Values can be: personal, cultural, traditional, or a combination of internal and

external factors.

• Values are usually developed and shaped by many different internal and external
influences.

EX: family, traditions, culture, and more recently, the media and the internet.

• Some common business values are:

Honest, hardworking, discipline, fairness community involvement etc.

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** What Types of Values?

1. W.M. Urban Classification of Values:

a. Based on necessities: values are based on need of human beings.

EX: food, water, air, shelter, and clothing without which survival of the body
is not possible. It can be called as physical and economic values.

b. Based on Social: values are based on social needs of human beings.

EX: social needs, security needs etc.. These values are social values, values of
association and character values.

c. Based on Spiritual: values are based on religion needs of human beings.

EX: religious values.

2. Rokeach Classification of Values:

a. Terminal Values: Refer to “desirable ends” of existence that a person would like to
achieve during his or her lifetime. It could be categorized as:

i. Personal Values: like happiness, good health, family, family security, a comfortable life.

ii. Social Values: like social recognition, freedom, end of poverty, peace on earth.

b. Instrumental Value: The way to achieve desirable goals / desirable means-ways. It

could be categorized as:

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 i. Moral Values: like honesty, politeness, helpfulness, and ethical decisions.

ii. Competence Value: like personal ability, ambitions, job competency.

CASE STUDY

Isa, a 20 year employee with Toyota, was fired for poor job performance and poor attendance. He
was also warned with five disciplinary actions within 12 month period under the company’s
progressive policy. One week later, (after termination of job) Isa told the supervisor that he had a
problem of drug abuse.
After knowing the situation the HR Manager of the Toyota helped Isa in obtaining treatment
from the company’s fund. In 2 weeks Isa get discharged from the hospital and the doctor said
that Isa is totally fit to resume the job again. Isa received a letter from the hospital which said
that “Isa is completely healthy for leading a clean and sober lifestyle”.
Isa once again approached to Toyota Company and requested for another chance. He told that
past problems resulted from drug addiction.
Toyota Company said that Isa should have notified his supervisor of his drug problem. The
company stressed that Isa was fired for poor performance and absenteeism and also he was
warned with five disciplinary actions including careless, distracting others, wasting time,
disregarding safety rules. So he will not be given another chance to get the job.

Discussion Question:
1. Should Isa be given another chance to get the job?
2. Did the company behave ethically toward Isa?
3. If Isa is given a chance, will it affect the company’s progressive policy?

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 4. Would it be fair to other employees to reinstate Isa?

Note: ‫ﻣﺜﻞ ھﺎﻟﺴﺆال اﺣﺘﻤﺎل ﯾﺠﻲ ف اﻟﻤﺪ أو اﻟﻔﺎﯾﻨﻞ‬

** How Developing Personal Values?

1. Thinking :

2. Feeling :

This dimension of the developing valuing process involves being open to your “gut level”
feelings (inner level). It means you develop value based on something is going to happen in a
certain way and start. If it doesn’t “feel right,” it probably isn’t.

3. Communicating:

• Take feedback from people of some choice , EX: " price , taste , clean " / opinion.

• Consulting others and hear what the other people says.

4. Choosing:

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Choosing the best suited one for me.

5. Acting:

Practice / implementing.
EX: VIDEO ON DEVELOPING PERSONAL VALUES.

** What Is The Major Influences that Shape Our Values?

1. Generational Influences (Traditions) :

Ideas are passing generation to generation.

2. Family:

• Values are developed and shaped by family.

• Family is the first school of child.

• All basic values people learn in their family.

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 3. Religious Groups:

• Religion is the important source of value and controls our life / behavior.

• Religion provides a " FRAMEWORK " for life.

• Religion provides a list of " DO , DON’T'S ".

4. Education:

• The more people get education, the more they develop values.

• Education improves the morals and values system of human beings.

5. The Media:

• Powerful source and influence our values.

• One of the most intlnetial sources.

• People share and learn the different cultures , language's , values.

** What Is The Developing Organization’s Values?

1. Determination to Run a Value-Based Business:

Determination deciding to run a value based business or value less business.

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 2. Figuring out the Personal Values:

To develop common values for company between ( Employer & Employess )

• EX of common values :

Respecting + Cooperation + Timing ( ‫) فيه توافق بني الطرفني‬.

• EX of common values :

Office line + Teamwork ( ‫) ال يوجد توافق بني الطرفني‬.

3. Adopting Values from Key Persons or Organization:

Finding and adopting coping value from successful:

• Peoples.

• Organization " company ".

High quality " Product ".

Honest " Customer – Employee ".

Hard work.

Following safety role.

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 EX: ‫ ﷼ ﯾـﺬھـﺐ ﻟـﻠﻤﻨﺎزل وﯾـﺒﯿﻊ اﻟـﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت ﻟﺤـﺪ‬40-45 ‫ﯾـﻮﺳـﻒ ﻋـﻠﻲ ﺻـﺎﺣـﺐ ﻣـﺮﻛـﺰ اﻟـﻠﻮﻟـﻮ ﻛـﺎن راﺗـﺒﮫ ﺳـﺎﺑـﻘﺎ‬

.‫ﻣﺎ أﺻﺒﺢ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻧﺎﺟﺢ وﻟﺪﯾﮫ اﻟﻜﺜﯿﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺮاﻛﺰ‬

4. Combining the Values:

Bringing all identified values together (3 , 2 , 1 ‫) ﻧﺠﻤﻊ ﻛﻞ اﻟﻘﯿﻢ اﻟﺘﻲ ذﻛﺮت ﻓﻲ‬:

Timing.

High quality " Product ".

Honest " Customer – Employee ".

Hard work.

Following safety role.

Respecting.

Safety.

Cooperation.

5. Taking Feedback on Newly Developed Values:

Discusses with employees to take their feedback.

6. Integrating Core Values into Everything Organization Does:

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They agree with it or selected and delete the values they not agree with it.

Chapter – 4
Introduction to Ethical Dilemma

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Note: ‫ باملختصر هي صراع بني شيئني ما تعرف وين منهن‬, ‫ أمثلة عليها‬3 + ‫تعريفها‬

‫الصح‬

** What Is The Common Ethical Dilemmas in companies?

1. Illegal or unethical commands from supervisors/ seniors:

The most danger ethical dilemma is arises when a supervisor or manager asks you to do

something illegal or unethical. ( ‫) ﺷﺮﺣﻮھﺎ ﺑﻄﺮﯾﻘﺘﻜﻢ ﻋﺎد‬.

2. Overlooking wrong doing of others:

• Overlooking by appraiser/ supervisor: Wrong performance by employee because of personal

reasons and the manager find it difficult to take any harsh action due to his/her family or some

other personal reasons.

• Overlooking by collogues: Co-workers not report to the managers about the mistake of

their colleagues because they think that If today he will report anything to the manager, in

future, also his colleague will reported about him if he made any mistake.

3. Dilemma related to accepting/ rejecting special gifts:

Offer gift or a Promotion to get a favor.

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EX: favor from boss / manager to change report for him and in return give him a gift or a

Promotion.

** What Is The Criteria for Ethical Decision Making?

1. Utilitarian Approach: focus on " RESULT " of an action not the " WAYS " that how that
result achieved.

2. Individualism Approach: focus on long-term-gains not on short-term-gains.

3. Moral – Right Approach: focus is on people basic right it says " Not To Harm Any One's

Life ".

4. Justice Approach: focus on Applying equlity, fairness and impartiality " Not Pay Special

Attention To Anyone ".

5. Teleological Approach: your decision is good if your outcomes are great.

6. Deontological Approach: ways are important not only result.

Note: ‫ ﻧﻈﺮﯾﺔ‬greater good & 5 & 1 ‫اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ‬

‫ﻧﻘﺎط ﻣﺘﺸﺎﺑﮭﺔ اﻧﺘﺒﮭﻮا ﻋﻦ ﺗﻠﺨﺒﻄﻮا ﺑﯿﻨﮭﻦ‬

**WHAT IS WHISTLEBLOWING?

• A situation when we see something wrong or unethical in the company and decide to
report this to manager.

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 ‫•‬ ‫‪Whistleblowing can be defined as raising a concern about a wrong doing within an‬‬
‫‪organization.‬‬

‫?‪**WHO IS A WHISTLEBLOWER‬‬

‫‪A whistleblower is a person who raises a concern about a wrongdoing in their workplace or‬‬
‫‪within the social care setting.‬‬

‫هذا وهلل الحمد ما قمت به ألجل تلخيص هذه املاده وبمساعدة مستر محمد تسليم ‪,‬‬

‫تعليق البعض ليش حددت مستر محمد تسليم بالذات ؟‬

‫السبب بأنه قد يكون شرحه وأفكاره غير عن الثانيني ‪ ,‬وقد يكون فيه اختالفات ف‬

‫التصحيح بينه وبني الثانيني بعد ‪ .‬لذلك حددت اسم املستر حتى يكون الجميع ع علم ‪.‬‬

‫أيضا ما بالضرورة تمشيوا ع ملخصي قد يكون انتوا عندكم إضافات وممكن تفيدكم‬

‫وتفيدني ‪ ,‬ويمكن أنا فيه أخطاء عندي بامللخص هذا‬

‫" وجهات نظر أفضل من وجهة نظر واحدة " لو فيه أي تعليق أو خطأ رجاء نبهوني‬

‫عشان أصحح الغلط ومنكم نستفيد طبعا ‪.‬‬

‫إيميلي ‪:‬‬

‫‪Dady141115@gmail.com‬‬

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‫باألخير م أبى أي مقابل غير إنكم تدعوا ألبوي بالرحمة وألمجد الناعبي وله حساب‬

‫صدقه ف اإلنستا وإلي اهو ‪:‬‬

‫‪Amjad_alnabi‬‬

‫لعلكم إلى اهلل أقرب مني بالدعوات ‪ ..‬ولكم جزيل الشكر‬

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