Personalised Learning Check

AQA A Level Chemistry 3.1 Physical chemistry

3.1.8 Thermodynamics

Define: enthalpy of formation, ionisation energy, enthalpy of atomisation, bond enthalpy, electron afinity

Construct Born-Haber cycles to calculate lattice enthalpies using the above enthalpies

Construct Born–Haber cycles to calculate one of the other enthalpy changes

Compare lattice enthalpies from Born-Haber cycles with those from calculations based on a perfect ionic model

Define enthalpy of hydration

Perform calculations of an enthalpy change using cycles

Explain how ΔS accounts for deficiency of ΔH in explaining feasible change

Describe the value of ΔG necessary for a reaction to be feasible

Calculate entropy changes from absolute entropy valuesUse the relationship ΔG=ΔH-TΔS to determine how G va

Use the relationship: ΔG=ΔH-TΔS, to determine the temperature at which a reaction becomes feasible
3.1.9 Rate equations

Define the terms: order of reaction and rate constant

Perform calculations using the rate equation k[A] m[B]n

Explain the qualitative effect of changes in temperature on the rate constant k

Perform calculations using the equation k = Ae -Ea/RT

Understand that the above equation can be rearranged to form In k = -E a/RT + In A

Know how to use the rearranged equation with experimental data to plot a straight line graph with slope -E a/R

Use concentration - time graphs to deduce the rate of a reaction

Use initial concentration-time data to deduce the initial rate of a reation

Use rate-concentration data or graphs to deduce the order with respect to a reaction
Derive the rate equation for a reaction from the orders with respect to each of the reactants

Use the orders with respect to reactants to provide information about the rate determining/ limiting step of a re
3.1.10 Equilibrium constant Kp for homogeneous systems

Explain how Kp is derived/ calculated

Derive particle pressures from mole fraction and total pressure

Construct an expression for Kp for a homogeneous system in equilibrium

Perform calculations involving Kp

Predict the qualitative effects of changing temperature and pressure on the position of equilibrium

Predict the qualitative effects of changing temperature on the value of Kp

Understand how catalysts affect the rate of attainment of equilibrium/ value of equilibrium constant
3.1.11 Electrode potentials and electrochemical cells

Write and apply the conventional representation of a cell including half equations

Define the standard electrode potential conditions

Use Eθ values to predict the direction of simple redox reactions

Calculate the EMF of a cell

State the simplified electrode reactions in a lithium cell

State the electrode reactions in an alkaline hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell

State the benefits and risks to socity associated with using these cells

Deduce the reactions occuring in non-rechargeable and rechargeable cells

Deduce the EMF of a cell

Explain how the electrode reactions can be used to generate a current

3.1.12 Acids and bases

Definition of acid and base in terms of protons

Definition of acid-base equilibria in terms of protons

Definition of the term pH including pH= -log 10[H+]

Conversion of hydrogen ion concentration into pH and vice versa

Calculate the pH of a solution of a strong acid from its concentration

Define Kw in terms of the dissociation of water and Kw = [H +][OH-]

Understand the value of Kw varies with temperature

Use Kw to calulate the pH of a strong base from its concentration

Understand Ka in terms of dissociation of weak acids and pKa = -log 10Ka

Construct an expression for Ka

Perform calculations relating the pH of a weak acid to the cocnetration of the acid and Ka

Convert Ka into pKa and vice versa

Perform calculations for titrations of acids and bases

Sketch and explain typical pH curves for acid-base titrations

Use pH curves to select an appropriate indicator

Define the term buffer solution

Explain the difference between an acidic buffer and a base buffer solution

Explain qualitatively the action of acidic and basic buffers

Calculate the pH of acidic buffer solutions

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AQA A Level Chemistry 3.2 Inorganic chemistry
3.2.4 Properties of Period 3 elements and their oxides

Describe the reactions of Na and Mg with water

Describe the trends in the reactions of elements Na, Mg, Al, Si, P and S with oxygen

Describe the trend in melting point of the highest oxides of the elements Na-S

Explain the trend in the melting point of the oxides of the elements Na-S in terms of their structure and bonding

Describe the reactions of the oxides of the elements Na-S

Explain the trends in the reactions of the oxides in water in terms of the type of bonding present

Give the structures of the acids and the anions formed when P 4O10, SO2 and SO3 react with water

Write equations for the reactions that occur between the oxides of the elements Na-S given acids and bases
3.2.5 Transition metals

Explain the transition metal characteristics of elements Ti-Cu in terms of d sub-level shell

Describe the characteristic properties

Define the terms: Ligand, complex, coordination number

Describe H2O, NH3 and Cl- as monodentate ligands; describe the charge and relative size of these ligands

Describe the exchange of these ligands in terms of coordination number

Explain that substitution may be incomplete

Give examples of bidentate and multidentate ligands

Describe and explain the importance of iron as a multidentate ligand in the haem molecule in blood

Explain the chelate effect in terms of the balance between the entropy and enthalpy change in reactions

Describe the type of complexes formed by transition metal ions with small and large ligands
Describe types of stereoisomerism shown by octahedral complexes including those associated with monodentat

Use of cis-platin as an anticancer drug and its action

Type of complex formed by Ag+ as used in Tollens' reagent

Description and explanation of the use of colour to identify transition metal ions, in terms of wavelengths of ligh

Use of the equation: ΔE = hv = hc/λ to give the energy difference in these electrons

Explanation of how oxidation state, co-ordination number and ligand alter ΔE leading to colour change

Explanation of how simple colorimeter can be used to determine the concntration of coloured ions in solution

Understand transition metals have variable oxidation states as exemplified by vanadium speicies

Explanation of how pH and ligand influence the redox potential for a transition metal ion changing oxidation stat

Understand redution in Tollens' reagent is used to distinguish between aldehydes and ketones

Perfrom calculations for the redox titrations of Fe 2+ and C2O42- with MnO4-

Understand transition metals can act as homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts

Define heterogeneous catalyst in terms of phase and active site; explain the impact this has on cost

Describe the use of heterogeneous catalystss in the Contact and Haber processes

Explain, with the aid of equations, how V2O5 acts as a catalyst in the Contact process

Explain that heterogeneous catalysts can become poisoned and the impact this has on cost

Define the term homogeneous catalyst in terms of phase and intermediate specieis

Explain the importance of variable oxidation state in catalysis

Explain, with the aid of equations, how Fe 2+ ions catalyse the reaction between I- and S2O82-

Explain, with the aid of equations, how Mn 2+ ions autocatalyse the reaction between C2O42- and MnO4-
3.2.6 Reactions of ions in aqueous solution

Describe the production of metal-aqua ions in aqueous solution

Explain why the acidity of these ions varies in terms of the charge/size of the metal ion

Understand some metal hydroxides show amphoteric character by dissolving in both acids and bases

Describe and explain the simple test tube reactions of M 2+ ions with bases limited to Fe and Cu

Describe and explain the simple test tube reactions of M 3+ ions with bases limited to Al and Fe
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AQA A Level Chemistry 3.3 Organic chemistry
3.3.7 Optical isomerism

Define the term optical isomerism

Explain why an asymmetric carbon atom is chiral and gives rise to optical isomers (enantiomers)

Draw the displayed and structural formulas of enantiomers

Define the term racemic mixture

Understand how racemic mixtures aare formed and why thye are optically active
3.3.8 Aldehydes and ketones

Understand that aldehydes are readily oxidised to carboxylic acids

Describe chemical tests to distinguish between aldehydes and ketones (Fehling's/ Tollens')

Describe how aldehydes can be reduced to primary alcohols and ketones to secondary alcohols

Write overall ractions for these reduction reactions using [H] as the reductant

Outline the nucleophilic addition mechanism for these reduction reactions

Decribe thenucleophilic addition reactions of carbonyl compounds with KCN including overall equations

Outline the nucleophilic addition mechanism for this addition reaction

Explain why nucleophilic addition reactions of KCN can produce a mixture of enantiomers with aldehydes and un
3.3.9 Carboxylic acids

Describe the structures of carboxylic acids and esters

Understand carboxylic acids are weak, but will liberate CO 2 from carbonates

Describe the reaction between carboxylic acids and alcohols to give esters

State common uses of esters

Understand vegetable oils and animals fats are esters of propane-1,2,3-triol (glycerol) and that they can be hydro
Describe biodiesel production from vegetable oils

Describe the structure of: acid anhydrides, acyl chlorides and amides

Outline the mechanism of nucleophilic addition-elimination reactions of water, alcohols, ammonia and primary

State the industrial advantages of ethanoic anhydride over ethanoyl chloride in the manufacture of aspirin
3.3.10 Aromatic chemistry

Describe the nature of the bonding in a benzene ring

Explain why benzene is more stable than cyclohexa-1,3,5-triene in terms of electrons

Use thermochemical evidence from enthalpies of hydrogenation to account for the stability

Explain why substitution reactions occur in preference to addition reactions

Describe the outcome of electrophilic attack on benzene rings

Outline the electrophilic sustitution mechanism of nitration

Understand the importance of nitration in synthesis

Outline the electrophilic substitution mechanism of acylation using AlCl 3 as a catalyst (Friedel- Crafts)
3.3.11 Amines

Describe how primary aliphatic amines can be prepared

Describe how aromatic amines can be prepared

Understand amines are weak bases

Describe and explain the diffenrece in base strength between ammonia, primary aliphatic and primary aromatic

Understand amines are nucleophiles

Outline the mechanisms of nucleophilic substitution reactions of ammonia and amines with halogenoalkanes

Understand the use of quaternary ammonium salts and cationic surfactants

Outline the mechanisms of nucleophilic addition-elimination reactions of ammonia and primary amines with acy
3.3.12 Polymers
Understand how condensation polymers are formed from carboxylic acids, diols, diamines and amino acids

Desribe the repeating units in polyesters and polyamides and well as the linkages between them

Desrcibe typical uses of these polymers

Draw the repeating unit from a monomer structure

Draw the repeating unit from a section of the polymer

Draw the structure of the monomer from a section of the polymer

Explain the nature of the intermolecular forces between molecules of condensation polymers

Explain why polyesters and polyamides can be hydrolysed and biodegrade and polyalkenes cannot

Describe the advantages and disadvantages of different methods of disposal of polymers

3.3.13 Amino acids, proteins and DNA

Understand amino acids have both acidic and basic properties and form zwitterions

Draw the structures of amino acid zwitterions in both acidic and alkaline solutions

Define proteins in terms of amino acids and bonding

Describe and identify the primary, secondary and tertiary structure of proteins

Draw the structure of a peptide formed from up to 3 amino acids

Understand hydrolysis of the peptide link produces the constituent amino acids

Draw the structure of an amino acid formed by the hydrolysis of a peptide

Explain how the structure of a protein is maintained by hydrogen and S-S bonding

Understand amino acids can be separtated and identified by thin-layer chromatography

Describe how amino acids can be located on a chromatogram

Calculate Rf values from a chromatogram

Define enzymes as proteins and describe their action as catalysts

Understand the principle of a drug acting as an enzyme inhibitor by blocking the active site

Explain why a stereospecific active site can only bond to one enantiomeric form of a substrate or drug

Describe the structure of a nucleotide

Decribe the structure of a single strand of DNA

Understand DNA exists as two complementary strands arranged in a double helix

Explain how hydrogen bonding betweem base pairs leads to two complementary strands of DNA

Describe how the Pt(II) complex cisplatin prevents DNA replication in cancer cells

Explain why cisplatin prevents DNA replication

Explain why such drugs can have adverse effects

Understand the cost/ benefit implications of such drugs

3.3.14 Organic synthesis

Understand the synthesis of an organic compound can be multi-step

Explain why chemists aim to design processes that do not require a solvent and that use non-hazardous strating

Explain why chemists aim to design production methods with fewer steps with a high percentage atom economy

Devise a synthesis, with up to four steps, for an organic compound

3.3.15 Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

Understand NMR gives information about the position of 13C or 1H atoms in a molecule and that 13C NMR has a si

Use the σ scale for the recording of chemical shift

Use spectra and data booklet to suggest possible structures or part structures for molecules

Use the integrated spectra to determine the relative numbers of equivalent protons in the molecule

Explain why TMS is a suitable standard

Use the n+1 rule to deduce the spin-spin splitting patterns of adjacent, non-equivalent protons (Aliphatic compo
3.3.16 Chromatography
Describe thin layer chromatography (TLC)

Describe coloumn chromatography (CC)

Describe gas chromatography (GC)

Explain ow chromatography separates substances

Understand mass spectrometry is used to analyse the components separated by GC

Calculate Rf values from a chromatogram

Compare retention times and Rf values with standards to identify different substances
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