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(DIgSILENT GMBH - 2003) Dynamic Modeling of DFIM Wind-Generators
(DIgSILENT GMBH - 2003) Dynamic Modeling of DFIM Wind-Generators
Technical Documentation
Dynamic Modelling of
Doubly-Fed Induction
Machine Wind-Generators
Published by
DIgSILENT GmbH, Germany
1 Introduction
The electrical systems of several European countries contain large amounts of embedded wind generation and similar scenarios
are foreseen in other parts of the world. This aspect, together with the significant size of new wind farm projects, requires
realistic modelling capabilities of wind generators for proper assessment of power system planning and impact analysis of future
wind generation.
As a result of research and consulting activities of DIgSILENT, generic dynamic models of different types of wind power
generation were developed. These models are now available in the standard Wind-Power library of PowerFactory.
This document describes a doubly-fed induction generator wind turbine model including all relevant components. At the same
time, this document is a reference to all DFIG-related models of the Wind-Power library.
The presented models are mainly intended for stability analysis of large power systems. The proper response of the models to
network faults was in the centre of interest, but the models can also be used for simulating the impact of wind fluctuations to
power systems.
There is no wind model included in this description. However, any type of stochastic or deterministic wind model, or measured
wind speeds can be connected to the wind speed input of the presented model.
The models are intended for balanced and unbalanced RMS calculations typically applied in stability studies. However, it is also
possible to perform electromagnetic transient simulations with these models.
The basic structure of the model is briefly described in this section and more thoroughly analyzed in the following sections.
Control Control
Protection
The prime mover, consisting of a pitch-angle controlled wind turbine, the shaft and the gear-box drives a slip-ring induction
generator. The stator of the DFIG is directly connected to the grid, the slip-rings of the rotor are fed by self-commutated
converters. These converters allow controlling the rotor voltage in magnitude and phase angle and can therefore be used for
active- and reactive power control.
grado
In the presented model, the converters and controllers are represented to the necessary extent. Both the rotor- and the grid-
side controllers are modelled in full detail, including fast current control loops. However, for many applications the fast control
loops of the grid side converter can be approximated by steady state models.
With the rotor side converter, the situation is different due to protective practices in DFIG. For protecting the rotor-side
converter against over-currents, it is usual practice to bypass the rotor-side converter during system faults. Whether the DFIG is
profundidad
totally disconnected from the system or not, depends on the actual deepness of the voltage sag and on the applied protection
evaluar
philosophy. The correct modelling of the rotor bypass, usually called “crow bar protection”, is essential to assess voltage
stability of large farms during faults in the transmission- or distribution network. For this reason, it is necessary to model even
the fast current controls of the rotor side converter to effectively determine the operation of the crow bar. Other protection
functions also found in DFIG such as over/under-speed and over/under-voltage are considered in the proposed model as wel
3.1 Overview
DIgSILENT
DFIG:
speed
Prime Mover
pt
beta
Pitch Control Shaft
* Pwind *
vw Turbine
*
omega..
Pref
MPT DFIG
ElmMpt* Ifq_ref;Ifd_ref
ElmAsm*
Pfq;Pfd Pmq ; Pmd
Qref
Transformatio..
P;Q PQ Control *
ElmGen* Current Control
Power Measurement *
StaPqmea
cosph..
Protection bypass
Ifq;I..
ElmPro*
(From Protection System)
u
psis_..
The complete scheme of a doubly-fed induction machine wind generator is shown in Figure 2. The main components are:
• The prime mover consisting of the pitch angle controller, the wind turbine and the shaft (Pitch-Control, Turbine,
Shaft)
• The control-system regulating active and reactive power of the DFIG through the rotor-side converter applying a
maximum power tracking strategy (MPT, Power Measurement, PQ Control, Current Control, Current Measurement)
The models of all major components are described in the following sections. It is important to point out that these models can
be used in combinations that differ from Figure 2, e.g. realizing power-dependent speed control instead of the speed-dependent
power control.
Additionally, the model can be extended by stochastic or deterministic wind-speed models, more sophisticated voltage and
frequency control.
• The turbine that transforms the wind energy into rotational energy at the turbine shaft.
The kinetic energy of a mass of air m having the speed vw is given by:
m 2
Ek = ⋅ vw (1)
2
The power associated to this moving air mass is the derivative of the kinetic energy with respect to time.
∂E k 1 ∂m 2 1 2
P0 = = ⋅ ⋅ vw = ⋅ q ⋅ vw (2)
∂t 2 ∂t 2
q = ρ ⋅ vw ⋅ A (3)
ρ is the air density and A the cross section of the air mass flow.
Only a fraction of the total kinetic power can be extracted by a wind turbine and converted into rotational power at the shaft.
This fraction of power (PWIND) depends on the wind speed, rotor speed and blade position (for pitch and active stall control
turbines) and on the turbine design. It is usually denominated aerodynamic efficiency Cp:
PWind
Cp = (4)
P0
For a specific turbine design, the values of Cp are usually presented as a function of the pitch angle (β) and the tip speed ratio
(λ). The tip speed ratio is given by:
ωTUR ⋅ R
λ= (5)
vw
R is the radius of the turbine blades and ωTUR is the turbine speed.
PowerFactory allows the input of a two-dimensional lookup characteristic (for different values of β and λ) to define Cp. A two-
dimensional, cubic spline-interpolation method is used for calculating points between actually entered values. The high accuracy
of the interpolation method avoids the need of entering a large number of points (see also Figure 3).
Alternatively, analytical approaches for approximating the Cp-characteristic could be used but since these data are usually
available in tabular formats, no such model was included into the PowerFactory standard Wind-Power-Library.
Finally, the mechanical power extracted from the wind is calculated using:
ρ
⋅ π ⋅ R 2 ⋅ Cp (λ , β ) ⋅ vw
3
Pmech = (6)
2
The Cp-characteristic can be calculated using special software for aerodynamic designs that is usually based on blade-iteration
techniques or it can be obtained from actual measurements.
It has to be pointed out that the presented turbine model is based on a steady state approach and is not able to represent stall
dynamics.
The input/output diagram of the turbine model is depicted in Figure 4 and the input-, output- and parameter definitions are
presented in Table 1 to
Table 3.
beta
vw Pwind
Wind-Turbine
omega_tur
DIgSILENT
Blade Angle Control:
ref
- beta_ref beta
speed
PI controller Time Const Limiter {1/s}
Ka,Tr,Ta T
-
Adjusting the blade angle allows varying the power coefficient Cp, and hence controlling the power generated by a wind turbine
(see also Figure 3).
The two common concepts are pitch-control and active-stall control. In a pitch-controlled wind turbine, the blades are turned
into the wind for reducing the lift forces at the blades which lowers the power coefficient.
Active-stall controlled wind turbines turn the blades out of the wind flow for disturbing the laminar air flow at the blades and
hence reducing the generated power.
The model presented here is generic and captures the main characteristics of pitch angle controls of existing wind generation
technologies. Controller and servomechanism are depicted in Figure 5. The controller has a feedback of the generator speed.
Its speed-reference is set to the maximum speed (usually above 20% nominal). The blade angle is at the minimum limit of the
controller for all operating conditions below rated rotor speed. This minimum limit corresponds to the optimum blade angle1.
The servomechanism model accounts for the associated time constant, rate-of-change limits and blade angle limitations.
1
Blade-Angle optimization can be realized using a variable minimum blade angle limit
3.2.3 Shaft
Jg ωg
Dtg
Jt
ωt
Ktg ω’g
Dg
Dt
DIgSILENT
Shaft Model:
speed_gen omega_gen
1 Gear Box
RPMnom
Under normal operating conditions, variable speed generators are “decoupled” from the grid; that is, with appropriate controls,
torsional shaft oscillations are filtered by the converters and almost not noticeable as harmonics of the generated power.
However, during heavy faults, e.g. short circuits in the network, generator and turbine acceleration can only be simulated with
sufficient accuracy if shaft oscillations are included in the model.
Shaft characteristics of wind generators are quite different from other types of generation due to the relatively low stiffness of
the turbine shaft. This results in torsional resonance frequencies in a range of about 0.5 to 2 Hz.
The proposed model approximates the shaft by a two-mass model, represented by turbine- and generator inertia (see Figure
7). The model according to Figure 7 and Figure 8 represents the turbine inertia and the coupling between turbine- and
generator. The generator inertia however, is modelled inside the built-in induction machine model. The generator inertia is
specified in the form of an acceleration time constant in the induction generator type. The inertia of the gear-box is not
modelled separately but shall be included in the generator inertia.
The spring-constant K and the corresponding damping coefficient D are related to the turbine-side.
Shaft-models of higher order can easily be implemented by expanding the second order model. For stability analysis however, a
second order model provides sufficient accuracy.
Pwind omega_tur
Shaft
speed_gen pt
Obviously, the equipment characteristics depend on the manufacturer. The models presented here reflect typical equipment and
control structures.
This section starts with a description of the DFIG including the rotor-side converter. The grid-side converter with controls is
described in section 0, followed by a presentation of DFIG protections.
Rs Xs Zrot
− jω r t
U Xm Ur Ur'= e Ur UAC UDC
Figure 10: Equivalent Circuit of the Doubly-Fed Induction Machine with Rotor-Side Converter
The PWM converter inserted in the rotor circuit allows for a flexible and fast control of the machine by modifying magnitude and
phase angle of the rotor voltage.
It is assumed that a standard bridge consisting of six transistors builds the converter and that sinusoidal pulse width modulation
is applied.
In contrast to the normal induction machine model, in which the rotor is short-circuited, the winding ratio between rotor and
stator is important for calculating actual DC voltages. The nominal rotor voltage that can be measured at the slip rings under
open rotor conditions defines this winding ratio.
For load flow calculations and transients initialization, only active power (AC-side), reactive power and the slip have to be
specified. Internally, the corresponding modulation factors of the converter (Pmd, Pmq) are calculated and together with the
power balance between the AC and DC side of the converter, DC voltage and DC current are obtained.
During time domain simulations the converter is controlled through the pulse width modulation indices Pmd and Pmq which
define the ratio between DC voltage and the AC-voltage at the slip rings. The modulation indices Pmd and Pmq are defined in a
rotor-oriented reference frame.
For more details about the built-in DFIG model, please refer to the corresponding Model Description of the Technical Reference
Manual.
Pref
Ifq_ref;Ifd_ref
Pfq;Pfd Pmq ; Pmd
Qref
Transformatio..
P;Q PQ Control Current Control *
ElmGen*
*
bypass
psis_r;psis_i
iq;id
Current Measurement
*
Irot phim
Figure 11: Main Components of the Rotor-Side Converter Controller (Composite Model Frame)
The basic diagram (Frame) of the rotor-side converter controllers is shown in Figure 11.
The rotor-side converter is controlled by a two stage controller. The first stage consists of very fast current controllers
regulating the machine’s rotor currents to reference values that are specified by a slower power-controller (second stage).
The rotor-side current-controller operates in a stator-flux oriented reference frame. Hence, rotor currents must first be
transformed into a stator-flux oriented reference frame (psis_r, psis_i, see Figure 11).
This transformation decomposes the rotor currents into a component that is in-phase with stator flux (d-component) and a
component that is orthogonal to stator flux (q-component). The q-component of the rotor current directly influences the torque,
why the q-axis can be used for torque- or active power control. The d-axis component is a reactive current component and can
be used for reactive power- or voltage control.
DIgSILENT
Current Control:
Rotor-Side Converter
bypass
Current Control
0
MaxPmq
0
non-windup PI
Kq,Tq
Irq_ref yi
1 1
- MinPmq
uq
Max
x3 Pmq
0 0 0
Irq
2 module limiter
(1/(1+sT)) Pmd
Tr 1 1 1
ud
MaxPmd
0
non-windup PI
Ird_ref yi1 Kd,Td
3 1
- MinPmd
x4
o16
Ird
4
(1/(1+sT))
Tr
The block-diagram depicted in Figure 12 is the implementation of the rotor-current controller. There are two independent
proportional-integral-(P-I-) controllers, one for the d-axis component, one for the q-axis component. The output of the current
controller defines the pulse-width modulation indices in stator-flux orientation.
For limiting harmonics, the magnitude of the pulse-width modulation index is limited to the parameter Max. Both P-I-controllers
are equipped with non-windup limiters.
By activating the additional input signal bypass, the pulse-width modulation indices are immediately set equal to zero, which is
equivalent to blocking and bypassing the rotor-side converter (“Crow-Bar protection”, see section 3.5).
Because the modulation index of the doubly-fed induction machine must be defined in a rotor-oriented reference frame, the
outputs of the rotor-current controller have to be transformed back from stator-flux-orientation to rotor-orientation. This
transformation is realized by the block Transformation.
cosphim
ifd
sinphim
id Rotor-Current
iq
Measurement ifq
psis_r
Irot
psis_i
bypass
Pmq
Ifq_ref
Rotor-Current
Ifq Controller
Ifd_ref Pmd
Ifd
cosphim
sinphim
Pmdd
Pfd Rotor-dq-
Pfq
Transformation
Pmq
psis_r
psis_i
3.3.2.2 Power-Controller
DIgSILENT
PQ Control:
MaxIfq
0
Pref non-windup PI
1 1
Kp,Tp
xP - MinIfq
P x1
2 (1/(1+sT) Max
Ttr Active Power Control
Ifq_ref
0 0 0
module limiter
Ifd_ref
1 1 1
MaxIfd
0
non-windup PI
Qref Kq,Tq
3 1
- MinIfd
xQ
x2
Q Reactive Power Control
4 (1/(1+sT)
Ttr
D-axis and q-axis component of the rotor current are controlled to reference values specified by active- and reactive power
controllers according to Figure 16. Similar to the rotor-current controller, the power controller regulates active- and reactive
power by independent P-I-controllers. The P-I-controllers are equipped with non-windup limiters. The output limits the
magnitude of the rotor-current reference. In contrast to the output-limiter in Figure 12, the q-axis-component (active current
component) is prioritized.
Voltage control can either be realized by connecting a voltage controller behind the reactive power reference or by replacing the
reactive power controller by a voltage controller defining the d-axis current reference.
bypass
Ifd_ref
Pref
PQ-Controller
P
Qref Ifq_ref
As shown in Figure 3 there is, for every wind speed, an optimum mechanical speed (optimum λ). Assuming that the wind
turbine always operates at this optimum point, the actual wind speed and hence the maximum possible active power can be
calculated from the mechanical speed, without the necessity of wind-speed measurements.
Calculating the table of max. power versus mechanical speed and applying the maximum power as active power reference to
the PQ-controller drives the wind turbine into the optimum point. In the PowerFactory model, the power vs. speed characteristic
(or MPT-characteristic) is defined using a linearly interpolated table.
Alternatively, many doubly-fed induction machines are operated using a slightly different control-scheme, in which active power
is measured and mechanical speed is calculated by the inverse MPT-characteristic. In this case, the calculated speed is sent as
speed-reference to a speed-controller. Replacing the active power controller according to Figure 16 by a speed-controller and
connecting an inverse MPT table to the speed-reference point realizes this alternative control scheme.
PWM U1
C1
The grid-side converter consists of a 6-pulse bridge (PWM U1 in Figure 19), the AC-inductance (L1) and the DC-capacitance
(C1).
Like the rotor-side converter, the grid-side PWM converter is modelled using a fundamental frequency approach. The input
variables Pmr and Pmi, together with the DC-voltage, define magnitude and phase angle of the AC-voltage at the PWM-
converter’s AC-terminal. The pulse-width modulation indices Pmr and Pmi are referred to the so-called global reference frame,
which is in EMT-simulations a steady state reference frame and which rotates with reference frequency (mechanical speed of
the reference machine) in case of an RMS simulation. However, the reference frame has no influence to the system’s
performance, as long as all quantities are given in the correct reference frames.
More information about the PWM-controller, the AC-inductance and the DC-capacitance can be found in the corresponding
Model Descriptions.
The modulation indices of the Converter are imposed from a Current Control through a reference frame transformation (ph-
transf). The Current Control operates in an AC-voltage oriented reference frame. It contains two current control loops: direct
(active-) and quadrature (reactive-) axis current components (id and iq). The reference of the direct axis current component
(id_ref) is set by DC voltage control. The reference of the quadrature axis current component (id_ref ) is, kept constant (const.
reactive power) in this case.
For defining the AC-voltage oriented reference frame, a PLL (phase-locked-loop) is required measuring the voltage angle. The
PLL-output is used for transforming the current measurement into the voltage-oriented reference frame (dq-transf) and for
transforming the controller outputs (pulse-width modulation indices) back to the global reference frame (ph-transf).
DIgSILENT
Grid Side Converter:
udc_ref iq_ref
ir Current Control
ElmCur*
Current Measurement
StaImea* ii iq Pmq
Pmr
id Pmd
dq transf Converter
ElmDq-* ph-transf ElmVsc*
cosph.. ElmDq-* Pmi
PLL
ElmPll*,ElmPhi* sinph..
Grid-Side Converter
Current Control
Max_Pmd
id_ref
0
{K (1+1/sT)}
- Kd,Td
Min_Pmd
id
1 Max
(1/(1+sT)) x3
Tr
Pmd
0 0 0
module limiter
Pmq
1 1 1
Max_Pmq
iq_ref
2
{K (1+1/sT)}
- Kq,Tq
Min_Pmq
iq
3
(1/(1+sT)) x4
Tr
The grid-side controller (Figure 21) is very similar to the rotor-side current controller (Figure 12). However, since it operates in
a voltage-oriented reference frame and not in a flux-oriented reference frame the role of d- and q-axis is inverted: the d-axis
component defines active-current and the q-axis component defines reactive current.
Id_ref
Pmd
Id Grid-Side Current
Controller
Iq_ref
Pmq
Iq
DIgSILENT
PLL:
sinphi
sin(x) 0
K
vr rr
om_nom
0
Kp
Kpphi
dphi dom om
1/s
dommax
Kiphi
vi ii
yi
1
K/s_lim cosphi
K
cos(x) 1
dommin
Fmeas
1/(2pi) 2
The reference angle of the current controller is provided by a PLL (phase locked loop). The PLL is a PowerFactory built-in model
that refers directly to a bus-bar or terminal. The block-diagram is shown in Figure 23, however, the input voltage is not defined
by a composite model but directly by a node-reference in the input-dialogue box of the PLL, as shown in Figure 24.
Fmeas
PLL sinphi
cosphi
The input/output definition of the transformation blocks carrying out the transformation from the global reference system to the
AC-voltage oriented reference system and back are shown in Figure 26.
ir
id
ii Grid-dq-
Transformation
sinphi iq
cosphi
id
ir
iq Phase-
Transformation
sinphi ii
cosphi
DIgSILENT
DC Voltage Control:
udc_ref
0
Max_idref
udc
- dudc id_ref
1 {K (1+1/sT)}
Kudc,Tudc
Min_idref
xidref
The P-I-controller shown in Figure 28 controls the DC-voltage and sets the d-axis current reference. Time constant and gain of
the controller must be set in accordance with the DC-capacitance (see Figure 19).
udc_ref
DC-Voltage id_ref
Controller
udc
3.5 Protection
DIgSILENT
Protection:
Irot CrowBar
0 Rotor Bypass
MaxIrotor, tbypass
u TripVoltage
2
VoltageProt
MaxVoltage1,ttripMaxV1, ..
The following protective functions are implemented in the block diagram according to Figure 30:
1. Under-/Over-Voltage
2. Under-/Over-Speed
3. Rotor-Over-Current (“Crow-Bar Protection”)
The Under/Over-Voltage unit supervises the voltage at the HV side of the transformer and has four voltage levels, two for
under-voltage and two for over-voltage. If this protective unit triggers the machine breaker is opened.
The Under/Over-speed protection unit supervises the generator speed and consists of four levels, two for under-speed and two
for over-speed. If this protective unit triggers the machine breaker is opened.
Rs Xs Zrot
− jω r t Additional
U Xm Ur Ur'= e Ur
Impedance
The Crow-Bar protection is specific to doubly-fed induction generators and protects the rotor-side converter against over-
currents. When the rotor current exceeds a threshold value, the converter is blocked and bypassed through an additional
impedance (see Figure 31). This additional impedance reduces the amount of reactive power absorbed by the machine and
improves the torque characteristic during voltage sags. While the Crow-Bar is inserted, the integral actions of the rotor-side
controllers are set to zero (see Figure 12 and Figure 16) for minimizing discontinuities in the rotor current when the Crow-Bar is
removed. Those discontinuities would eventually lead to subsequent operations of the Crow-Bar protection. When the Crow-Bar
is released, the rotor side converter is unblocked. For simulating cases, in which doubly-fed induction generators remain in the
system during faults, as recommended by the latest E.ON. guidelines, the operation of the Crow-Bar protection does not open
the machine breaker. For simulating synchronous operation of Crow-Bar protection and machine breaker, the model can easily
be modified.
Irot
speed DFIG-Protection
bypass
4 Simulation Examples
In this section the behaviour of the proposed DFIG model under different types of system faults is presented.
DIgSILENT
1.000
0.00
-1.000
-2.000
-3.000
0.00 1.000 2.000 3.000 .. 4.000
PQ Control: Total Reactive Power (Q)
1.200
0.80
0.40
0.00
-0.400
-0.800
0.00 1.000 2.000 3.000 .. 4.000
PQ Control: Total Active Power (P)
1.200
1.00
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
0.00 1.000 2.000 3.000 .. 4.000
T3WT1: AC Voltage at HV side (u)
Figure 33: Three-Phase Fault Far from Wind Generation, Connection Point
DIgSILENT
5.500 7.500
5.000
5.000
2.500
4.500
0.00
4.000
-2.500
3.500
-5.000
3.000 -7.500
0.00 1.000 2.000 3.000 .. 4.000 0.00 1.000 2.000 3.000 .. 4.000
G1d: Stator Active Power G1d: Stator Reactive Power
0.50 0.00
0.25
-0.100
0.00
-0.200
-0.250
-0.300
-0.500
-0.750 -0.400
0.00 1.000 2.000 3.000 .. 4.000 0.00 1.000 2.000 3.000 .. 4.000
PWM U1: Grid Side Converter Active Power PWM U1: Grid Side Converter Reactive Power
Figure 34: Three-Phase Fault Far from Wind Generation, Stator- and Grid-Side Results
DIgSILENT
1.000
0.99
0.98
0.97
0.96
0.95
0.94
0.00 1.000 2.000 3.000 .. 4.000
G1d: Generator Speed
3.000
2.000
1.000
0.00
-1.000
0.00 1.000 2.000 3.000 .. 4.000
Prime Mover: Blade pitch Angle
4.500
4.400
4.300
4.200
4.100
4.000
0.00 1.000 2.000 3.000 .. 4.000
Prime Mover: Wind Power
Figure 35: Three-Phase Fault Far from Wind Generation, Mechanical Variables
Figure 33 shows that the total active and reactive power at the connection point is quickly restored. The active power of the
stator has an oscillatory component due to torsional oscillations that is almost perfectly damped by the active power controller
of the grid-side converter (Figure 34). The speed deviations are not large enough to cause a variation of the blade angles the
pitch control.
In this case, it takes longer to restore total active and reactive power than in the previous case, due to the operation of the
crow bar (Figure 36). The total reactive power is almost zero during the fault and is negative during the time between clearing
the fault and removing the crow bar protection at t=0.5s. In this case, the speed deviation is larger than in the previous case
and the blade angle is increased to reduce the power extracted from the wind.
The reactive power absorbed by the generator during the time that the crow bar is inserted may have a negative impact on the
voltage stability of the system when a significant number of units are connected. The modelling of the operation of this
protective function should be particularly considered in the design of transmission systems connecting large wind farms to utility
grids.
DIgSILENT
1.000
0.00
-1.000
-2.000
-3.000
0.00 1.000 2.000 3.000 .. 4.000
PQ Control: Total Reactive Power (Q)
1.200
0.80
0.40
0.00
-0.400
-0.800
0.00 1.000 2.000 3.000 .. 4.000
PQ Control: Total Active Power (P)
1.200
1.00
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
0.00 1.000 2.000 3.000 .. 4.000
T3WT1: AC Voltage at HV side (u)
DIgSILENT
6.000 8.000
4.000 4.000
2.000 0.00
0.00 -4.000
-2.000 -8.000
-4.000 -12.00
0.00 1.000 2.000 3.000 .. 4.000 0.00 1.000 2.000 3.000 .. 4.000
G1d: Stator Active Power G1d: Stator Reactive Power
1.200 4.000
0.80
3.000
0.40
2.000
0.00
1.000
-0.400
0.00
-0.800
-1.200 -1.000
0.00 1.000 2.000 3.000 .. 4.000 0.00 1.000 2.000 3.000 .. 4.000
PWM U1: Grid Side Converter Active Power PWM U1: Grid Side Converter Reactive Power
Figure 37: Three-Phase Fault Close to Wind Generation, Stator- and Grid-Side Results
DIgSILENT
1.140
1.100
1.060
1.020
0.98
0.94
0.00 1.000 2.000 3.000 .. 4.000
G1d: Generator Speed
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00
-0.100
0.00 1.000 2.000 3.000 .. 4.000
Prime Mover: Blade pitch Angle
4.400
4.300
4.200
4.100
4.000
3.900
0.00 1.000 2.000 3.000 .. 4.000
Prime Mover: Wind Power
In this case, the total active power does not decrease during the fault as in the previous case due to the fault type. However,
the increasing rotor current causes the Crow-Bar protection to trip. Consequently, the total reactive power absorption
significantly increases until the crow bar protection is removed at t=0.5s. The speed deviation is less than in the previous case
and the blade angle is kept constant.
In contrast to the previous cases, this case was simulated using an instantaneous-value representation of the AC-system (EMT-
simulation). This more accurate model uses fifth-order generator models, including stator transients and differential equations
for all network components.
DIgSILENT
2.00
1.00
-0.00
-1.00
-2.00
-0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 [s] 1.00
PQ Control: Total Reactive Power (Q)
2.00
1.00
-0.00
-1.00
-0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 [s] 1.00
PQ Control: Total Active Power (P)
2.00
1.00
-0.00
-1.00
-2.00
-0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 [s] 1.00
T3WT1: Phasenspannung L1/OS-Seite in p.u.
DIgSILENT
7.50 9.00
5.00 6.00
2.50 3.00
0.00 0.00
-2.50 -3.00
-5.00 -6.00
-0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 [s] 1.00 -0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 [s] 1.00
G1d: Stator Active Power G1d: Stator Reactive Power
3.00 3.00
2.00 2.00
1.00 1.00
0.00 0.00
-1.00 -1.00
-0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 [s] 1.00 -0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 [s] 1.00
PWM U1: Grid Side Converter Active Power PWM U1: Grid Side Converter Reactive Power
Figure 40: Single Phase Fault Close to Wind Generation, Stator- and Grid-Side Results
DIgSILENT
1.14
1.10
1.06
1.02
0.98
0.94
-0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 [s] 1.00
G1d: Generator Speed
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.00
-0.05
-0.10
-0.15
-0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 [s] 1.00
Pitch Control: Blade pitch Angle
4.40
4.30
4.20
4.10
4.00
3.90
-0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 [s] 1.00
Turbine: Wind Power
5 Conclusions
The PowerFactory standard library of generic models for simulating DFIG-based wind power plants was described using a
typical DFIG-example. The models include the conversion from wind- to mechanical energy, pitch control, maximum power
tracking and controllers for the rotor-side- and grid-side converters.
The described models can easily be extended for different reactive and active power control schemes.
All block diagrams, equations and input/output definitions were presented in this document allowing to use the PowerFactory
standard library efficiently.
Simulation examples showing the dynamic response of the described models illustrate the validity and accuracy of the
presented approach