La

ti
hanUTBK202
3
Baha
saI
nggr
is
Ge nZa dultsareint
eres
tedinu si
ngapp arelr
entalservi
cestoredu c
eo ver-c
o ns
ump ti
o n
,acco
rd i
ngtoan ewstudyin
thejo
u r
nalS ust
a i
nabil
i
tybyWa shi
ng t
onStateUn iver
si
tyr es
e ar
cher
s."Theideao fapp ar
elrent
alserv
icesisgrowingmo re
popul
ar,especi
a l
l
ya mo ngGe nZc onsumers,
"saidTingCh i
,t
hec or
respondinga ut
h o
r onthepapera ndcha i
rofWS U's
Depart
me nto fApparel
,Me rc
h a
n d
isi
n g
,Desi
gn ,andTe xti
les
."Theya r
ev eryint
e r
estedinsustai
nabl
ec onsume ri
sm,ca r
e
aboutthee nvi
ronme nt
,anda r
ewill
ingtoma kec han g
e stoh el
pthep l
an et
."
Ch ia
n dco -
authorsLi
ndsayMc Co yandY ua n-
TingWa ngsurveyed3 62a dult
sbo r
nb et
we e
n19 97and2 002f rom
acro
sstheUn i
t
e dStates.
Th e
yf oundthattherespo nd
e ntswe r
esti
lli
nterest
edinb ei
n gfashi
onabl
e,bu tdi
dn '
tneedtoo wna
product
.Thes t
u dyidenti
fi
edseveralfac
tor
sth atma dec lot
hingrent
al accept
ab l
etoGe nZa dult
s.Themo sti
mp ort
an t
,
accor
dingtoCh i,
isthep er
cei
vede f
fecti
venessofma kingad iff
eren
ce.Ifconsume rsfeelt
he i
ref
for
twillhavea nimpa ct
,
they'
r
emo reli
kelytoacceptac hange..
.
."
The ywo uldge tnewe r
productsmo refrequentl
yt h
aniftheyo wna nitem,"Chisa
id.
"
Th edesir
et ogetmo renewa rt
icl
eso fcl
othi
ngma deitmo reli
kel
yt hattheywo u l
dtryrentals
erv
ices.
"
Th eideao frent
ingcl
o t
hingi
sn'tnew,peopleh aveb eenrent
ingforma lwe arf
ord ec
ad es
,butexpandingintomo redai
ly
si
tuat
ionsisama jo
rc h
a ngeforco
n s
u mers.
"Th at
'swh ywes tart
edb ytalki
ngwi thGenZ" Ch i
sai
d."They'r
emo r
ewi l
l
ingto
adapttoch anges,andd o
ingsotoh el
pthee nvir
on mentma kesi
tevenmo reap peal
i
n g.
"
In2018 ,
themo strecentyearstat
ist
i
csa reava i
l
ablea ndconsume rssento ver1
7mi l
l
iontonsof t
exti
le
st omill
iontonsi
n
2009a nd9 .
4mi ll
io
nt onsi
n2 000. "
We '
rewa sti
ngtooma nyt ex
ti
le
s,"Chisaid.
"Ame ri
cansa r
ebuyinga nav er
ageo f67
cl
othi
ngitemse ve r
yy ear
,buthowma nydower eall
yn eed?Th ey'
reinexpensi
v ebutc auserea
lenvir
onme n t
aldama ge.We
needtoma keani ndi
vi
dualeffo
rttoh el
pthee nvi
ronme n tandonewa yt ohelpisbri
ng i
nginas har
inge co
n omy .
"
Ch ia
n dh i
sc o
-author
sp l
antoc onti
nueth ei
rresearchbys ur
veyingo t
h e
rg enerat
ionstogaugeth ei
ri
n ter
esti
nr ent
al
apparel
.
Adaptedfromh t
tps:
//www. sci
enceda i
ly
.co
m/
1
.
Whatto
picdoestheparag
raphpr
ece
din
gthepa
ssa
gemo
stl
i
kel
ydi
sc
uss
?
(
A)Resea
rchonGe nZa du
lt
s
(
B)Sus
tai
nableconsumeri
sm
(
C)Def
ini
ti
onof o
ver-
consu
mp t
i
on
(
D)GenZa dul
ts'
fash
ioni
nspi
ra
ti
on
(
E)Theinc
reaseofappar
elr
ent
ali
ntheUS
2
.Ac
cor
di
ngtothepas
sag
e,a
ppa
rel
ren
tal
ser
vi
cesa
re.
.
pop
ula
ramo
ngGe
nZa
dul
t
s.
(
A)i
ncr
easi
ngl
y
(
B)i
nte
rest
i
ngly
(
C)f
reque
ntl
y
(
D)pos
si
bly
(
E)r
eal
ly
3
.I
nastud
yc o
nducte
db yChi
,
McCo
yan
dWa
ng,
362Ge
nZa
dul
t
s..
(A)ha
vebeeninvo
lved
(B)t
obeinvo
lve
d
(C)ar
ein
volv
ed
(D)wer
einvo
lve
d
(E)
wil
lbeinv
olv
ed
4
.Ba
sedonthepas
sag
e,t
hewo
rd'
ar
ti
cl
es'
inp
ara
gra
ph2i
scl
ose
sti
nme
ani
ngt
o…
(
A)c
laus
es
(
B)pa
pers
(
C)i
te
ms
(
D)par
ts
(
E)s
ect
ions
5
.Wh
ichofthef
oll
owingsent
encesca
nc ompl
etethemiss
ingsen
tencei
npar
agra
ph2oft
hep
ass
age
?
(A)GenZa d
ult
sge t
boredeasi
l
ywiththe
ircl
ot
h i
ngcol
l
e c
ti
on.
(B)Therea
sonisthei
rdes
ir
etopres
ervet
hee nvi
r
onmen t
.
(C)GenZa d
ult
sareeagertopar
ti
ci
patei
na c
ti
onstogi
veimpactonen
vir
onmen
t.
(D)Rent
alser
vi
cesoff
ermoreappar
elchoi
ces
.
(E)An
o t
herf
actori
sthef
o c
usonusage,n
otown er
shi
p.
6
.Th
eautho
ril
l
ust
rat
est
hei
deat
hat
app
are
lre
nta
lisn
otar
ece
ntp
hen
ome
nonmo
ste
ff
ect
i
vel
yinp
ara
gra
ph.
.
(
A)1
(
B)2
(
C)3
(
D)4
(
E)5
7
.Theaut
horwoul
dappare
ntl
yag r
eethatt
heide
aof
app
are
lre
nta
lse
rvi
cest
ore
duc
eov
er-
con
sump
ti
ond
isc
uss
edi
nth
e
p
a s
sagei
ssi
mil
art
othatof.
.
(
A)re
nti
ngsomeon
e'scameratota
kepict
ure
s
(
B)sel
l
ingo
ldcl
ot
hestobuyn e
wo nes
(
C)usi
ngapai
dlaun
d r
yser
vice
(
D)ri
de-
sha
ri
ngacartogotowo r
k
 (
E)p
ayi
ngs
ome
onet
obu
ygr
oce
ri
es
8
.Ac
cor
dingt
othepass
age,t
hemo re
..
,t
hele
ss..
(
A)peop
lere
ntcl
ot
hing-tex
ti
lewast
etheypro
duce
(
B)peop
lebuycl
ot
hing-th
eyp r
eser
vetheenv
ir
onment
(
C)re
centt
hefas
hio
nisproduce
d- f
or
ma lt
hecl
othi
ngwil
lbe
(
D)appar
elr
ent
alse
rvi
cesar
ea vai
l
abl
e-it
emsb o
ughtbyGenZadult
s
(
E)GenZconsu
me r
su s
erent
alser
vi
ces-th
eir
wil
li
ngne
sstopr
ese
rvethee
nvi
r
onme
nt
Recentl
y,t
hen umb erof r
ob ot
-as
sistedsu r
geri
es(RASs)usi
ngthed aVinc
irobothasbeeninc
reasi
ngy ea r
l
y.Ho wever,
i
mp r
operu s
eo fth
ed aVi nci
robo taugme ntedthen umb erofi
njur
ie
s.Si
ncealacko fe
x per
i
encehascau s
e d5 3
%o fsu r
gic
al
er
ror
s,st
ri
cttr
a i
ni
ngb eforeperf
o r
mingRASi srequi
red.Nonethel
ess,
sever
alhospi
tal
sca nno
taff
ordtobuyad aVincirobotf
or
t
rai
ni
n gpurposes.
Too vercomet his
,av i
rtualr
e al
it
y(VR)S i
mu l
atorc
anb eau s
e f
ulal
ternat
i
veforgai
ningb asi
ctechn i
cal
co
mp etenceinRAS .
I
ndeed,gazingatthree-di
me nsi
ona l(3
D) imagesinVRc anc a
usemo ti
onsickn
ess.However
,t
hiscouldb eminimizedby
r
epeatedtrai
ni
ng .
Top roveit,
wee v
aluatedth eadverseeff
ectof3Dmo ti
onsicknes
su si
ngaVRs i
mu l
atorWea l
soe xamined
i
frep
e at
edtrain
ingwitht heVRs imulat
or couldles
sen3 Dmo ti
onsic
kn e
ss.
Wei nvol
ved3 0underg
raduateme di
calstudent
s
i
nour s
tudy.Fi
ft
e e
no fthemwe regiventrai
n i
ngwi t
haVRs i
mu l
atorf
orfi
ved a
y s
.Then ,
mo t
i
onsick
n e
sswa sd et
e r
mi ned
us
ingtheVisualAnalogS cal
e(VAS )
.
Ourstudypresentstwoma i
nfindi
n gs.Fi
rst
,weo bser
vedama j
orri
seinthema ni
pulat
io
ntimeforthes t
u de
n t
swh o
wer
et r
ainedwithaVRs i
mu l
ator.Thus,t
h eVRs i
mu l
at
o rwasu s
eful
fori
mp ro
vingtheRASt e
chniq
uee venfor s
tuden t
s
wi
thoutsurgi
calexper
ience.Secon d
,wef oundt hatmo ti
onsickn
esswo r
senedaft
erthetrai
ni
ng.I
ncontr
a s
t,repeatedtrai
ni
ng
wi
ththeVRs imu l
atorr
ed ucedmo ti
ons i
ck nesscausedby3 Dma nipu
lati
on.I
nsum,practi
cewit
htheVRs imu l
atorcould
i
mp r
ovethete c
h n
iqueo ftheop er
ati
on.Itcoulda l
soreducethestude
n t
'
sfati
gueb ec
au s
eo ft
heproces
so fthed aVinciro
bot.
Withtheri
singnumb erofRASsinre centy e
ars,
studentshavemo r
ech ance
stob eexpose
dtoRAS .Th ebenefi
tsof
ex
posingme di
calstudentstoRASa ndth esi
mu l
at
o r
sarea mple.
Me di
calst
udentscanfull
ylea
rnafte
rthet rai
ni
n g
.In
co
ntrast
,repe
a t
edt r
ai
ningwi t
ht heVRs i
mu l
atorreducedmo ti
onsic
knesscausedby3 Dma ni
pula
ti
on.I
ns um, pr
a c
ticewith
t
heVRs imu l
ato
r c
o ul
dimp rovethetechn i
queo ftheop er
ati
on.I
tcoul
da l
soreducethestudent
'
sfati
gueb ecauseof the
pr
ocessofthedaVi ncir
o bot
.
Withtheri
singnumb erofRASsinre centy e
ars,
studentshavemo r
ech ance
stob eexpose
dtoRAS .Th ebenefi
tsof
ex
posingme di
calstudentstoRASa ndth esi
mu l
at
o r
sarea mple.
Me di
calst
udentscanfull
yle
arnthelat
es ttec
hn o
logiesi
n
su
rgeryThe
. ywill
a l
sob eabletop r
ovidemo rea ppro
priat
einfor
ma t
iontothei
rpati
entswhentheybecomed oct
o r
s.To
co
nclude,web el
i
eveth attr
aini
n gme di
ca lst
ud ent
swithVRs imula
tor
sisvit
alformedi
c al
educat
ion.

Ad
apt
edf
ro
mht
tps
:
//b
mcr
ede
duc
.
bio
med
cen
tra
l.
co
m/
9
.Th
eword"i
t"
inparag
raph2re
fer
sto.
.
(
A)moti
onsi
ckness
(
B)r
epeat
edtra
ini
ng
(
C)avi
rt
ualsi
mu l
at
or
(
D)gaz
ingatt
hree-
dimens
io
nal(
3D)i
mages
(
E)r
educt
io
no fmoti
onsi
ckn
essbyc
onti
nuo
ust
rai
ni
ng
1
0.Whi
chofth
efol
lowingist
hebestpara
phr
aseoft
hesent
ence"I
ncont
ras
t,
repe
ate
dtra
ini
ngwithth
eVRs i
mula
tor
r
edu
cedmo t
ionsi
cknesscau
sedby3 Dmani
pul
ati
on"
inpara
graph3?
(
A)Onthecontr
ar
y ,
mo ti
onsi
ckn
essdueto3
Dma ni
pulat
i
oncoul
dbeless
enedbycont
i
nuoustra
ini
ngusi
ngtheVR
s
imula
tor
.
(
B)I
ncomp ar
i
son,rec
u r
re
nttr
ai
ningwhi
chwasequi
ppedwit
htheVRsi
mu l
at
orhadaposi
t
iveimpacto
nmo t
ion
s
ick
nessl
inkedto3Dma ni
pul
a t
i
on.
 (
C)Di
ff
eren
tl
y,occa
sio
naltr
ai
nin
gwh i
chmadeus
eoftheVRsimu
lat
orl
edtobet
ter
mo t
io
nsi
cknes
sbecauseof3D
mani
pula
ti
on.
(
D)Ontheothe
rhand,con
ti
nualt
rai
ni
ngcou
ldde
cre
asemo t
i
onsi
cknes
sowin
gto3Dma ni
pul
at
ion
,buti
tnecess
it
ate
d
t
heuseoftheVRsimula
tor
(
E)Conv
ers
ely,
3Dma ni
pulat
i
onwh i
chca
usedmot
io
nsick
nesswasde
crea
sedbytheVRsi
mula
torpr
ovi
deditwasgi
ven
oc
casi
onal
ly
.
1
1
.Ho
wa r
eideasinpara
graph3an dpara
g r
aph4inthepass
a g
erel
a t
ed?P a
ragra
ph3 .
.
(
A)summa ri
zest
heresear
chfindi
ngsandpara
g r
aph4laysouttheimpli
cat
io
nsofthest
udyfo
reducat
io
nalpur
pose
s
(
B)desc
ri
besthebenefi
t
so fVRsi
mu l
ator
sintr
aini
ng,
andp a
ragr
ap h4li
stst
heira
dvant
agesi
nme di
cale
ducat
io
na t
l
arge
(C)
general
iz
esthepotent
ia
l be
nefi
ci
ari
esoftheuseofVRsi
mu l
atorsasexper
ie
ncedbythepop
ulat
io
nsamp l
e
di
scuss
edinparag
raph4
(
D)pr
ovideevi
dencefo
r t
heu s
eful
nessofVRsi
mu l
ato
rsformedic
a ls
tudent
sandp a
rag
raph4prop
osesth
eir
appl
i
cati
oninme d
ical
ed uc
ati
on
(
E)f
ocusesonas p
ecif
i
csit
ua t
io
ninwh i
chVRsimulat
or
sa r
eu s
ed,andp a
ragra
ph4p r
esent
smoregener
i
cscenar
i
oson
howtoma keuseofth
em
1
2.
Basedonthegraph
,wh a
tisthema i
ndif
fer
enceint
heVASscoresoft
heunder
grad
uatemedi
calst
uden
tsbet
wee
nthe
p
re-t
rai
ni
nga ndpo
st-
tra
ini
ng?
(
A)Thea v
erageofpr
e-t
rai
n i
ngscor
esis20andtheaver
ageofpost
-t
rai
ni
ngscor
esi
s40.
(
B)Pre-
tr
ai
ningsc
oresarerat
herconst
ant
,wh i
l
epost-
tr
ai
ni
ngscor
esfl
uctua
te.
(
C)Pre-
tr
ai
ningsco
resarestea
dil
ylow,whi
lepost
-t
rai
ni
ngsco
resshowadownwardtr
end
.
(
D)Thetrendofpr
e-t
rai
ningscor
esi
sirr
egula
r,whi
l
ethetr
endofpost
-t
rai
ni
ngscor
esi
spr
e d
ict
abl
e.
(
E)Pre
-tr
ai
ningsc
oresre
a c
ht h
elowestpoi
ntonDay3 ,
whi
lepost
-t
rai
ni
ngscor
esre
achthel
owestpo
into
nDay5.
1
3.
Bas
edonthegra
ph,aft
erthetr
ai
ningwasc
omp
let
edb
yDa
y5,
theVASs
cor
ewo
uld.
.
(
A)pr
obabl
yst
ayont hedecr
ease
(
B)pos
si
bl
yseeanu pta
ke
(
C)bebac
ktothei
n i
t
ialf
igur
e
(
D)t
akeadeepplu
n gesoonaft
er
(
E)b
ea shi
ghasthepost
-tr
ai
ningsc
oreo
nDay2
1
4.
Whichoft
hefol
lo
wingaboutdaVinci
robo
tsisNOTCORRE CTa c
cor
din
gtothepas
sag
e?
(
A)VRsi
mu l
ato
rsar
einexpe
n si
vecompar
e dtoad aVin
ci r
obot
.
(
B)Theappl
ic
ati
onofth
ed aVinci
roboti
nR AShasb e
eno ntheri
se.
(
C)DaVin
ciro
botsar
euseda sal
ter
nat
ivestovi
rtu
a l
real
i
tys i
mula
tor
s.
(
D)DaVinc
irob
otshav
eb eenusedfor
tra
iningpurpo
sesinsomeh os
pit
al
s.
(
E)Mosti
nju
ri
esinRASarel
ikel
ycausedbyin c
orr
ectuseofthedaVinc
iro
bot
.
1
5.
Thewor
l
d'ampl
e'i
nsent
enc
e"Thebe
n e
fi
tsof
exposi
ngmed
ica
lst
ude
ntst
oRASa
ndt
he
si
mul
at
orsar
eample
."
(Pa
r.4
)hass
imil
armean
ingto…
(
A)absol
ut
e
(
B)abundant
(
C)extr
aor
di
nary
(
D)int
er
mitt
ent
(
E)pri
cel
ess
1
6.Th
ewo r
ld'
they'i
nsentence"Theywi
llal
sobeabl
etop
rov
idemo
rea
ppr
opr
i
atei
nf
or
mat
i
ont
o
the
irp
a t
i
entswh e
nt heybecomedoctor
s"r
ef
er
sto…
(
A)me di
calst
udents
(
B)t hebenefi
tsofRAS
(
C)t hebenefi
tofsi
mu l
ators
(
D)t hebenefi
tofRASa ndsimul
ato
rs
(
E)t hela
testt
e c
hn o
logi
esinsur
ger
y
1
7.Whi
choft
hefol
lowi
ngisthebestti
tl
efort
hep as
sage?
(
A)Ef
fec
tsofaVir
tua
lRe al
i
tySimu l
at
oron3 DMoti
onSick
nessi
nR o
bot-
ass
is
tedSur
ger
y
(
B)Red
ucin
g3 DMo t
i
o nSi
cknessintheUseofaVir
tual
Reali
t
yS i
mulat
or
(
C)I
ncr
easi
ngMe di
calStud
e n
tsSu r
gi
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ent
s.
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or
sh a
venotbee
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tegr
ate
dint
ome d
ica
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li
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it
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ain
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cal
stude
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qui
redtokee
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iesi
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E)Medi
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educat
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2
0.Thepass
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