INTEGRATIVE RESEARCH

METHODS

(2 SKS)

Budhi Gunawan, M.A., Ph.D.

Research Methods

⚫ Research Process
⚫ Research Strategies
⚫ Research Topics
RESEARCH PROCESS
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Human Inquiry

Errors in personal human inquiry:

⚫ Inaccurate observation/Overgeneralization

⚫ Made-up information

⚫ Mystification
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Wheel of Science

Deduction

Theories Hypotheses

Empirical
Observation
generalizations

Induction
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RESEARCH PROCESS (Lynch et al, 1974)

⚫ Step 1: Identify the Research Problem

⚫ Step 2: Make sure that the problem is researchable

⚫ Step 3: Immerse yourself in the research problem

⚫ Step 4: State your starting hypotheses and assumptions

⚫ Step 5: Choose the empirical variables

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RESEARCH PROCESS (Lynch et al, 1974)

⚫ Step 6: Choose the research method(s)

⚫ Step 7: Make a detailed research design

⚫ Step 8: Collect the data

⚫ Step 9: Analyze and interpret the data

⚫ Step 10: Write the report

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Step 1: Identify the Research Problem

⚫ Research problem  empirical phenomenon.

⚫ What does the word “problem” mean?

⚫ Something “negative”:
⚫ The high pollution level
⚫ The low participation level of the people in environmental
management

Research problem is not always a real problem

⚫ Something “positive”
⚫ The success of environmental management

⚫ Something “neutral”
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Step 1: Identify the Research Problem

⚫ Research problem  “Theory/Concept”

⚫ Example:
⚫ Agricultural involution theory (Clifford Geertz)
⚫ The different of ecological condition between rice-field
ecosystem and dry-land (upland) agriculture

⚫ Research problem  Empirical phenomenon and “Theory/ Concept”

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Step 1: Identify the Research Problem

• 1. In general, what do you want to find out?

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Step 1: Identify the Research Problem

⚫ 2. More specifically, what exactly do you want to find out?

⚫ A. Topic: Narrow down the research problem to the exact

area that will be the concern of the project.

⚫ Water resource management

⚫ Conflict over natural resource utilization
⚫ Management of conservation area
⚫ People participation in forest management
⚫ Demography and degradation of rural environment
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Step 1: Identify the Research Problem

⚫ B. Purpose

⚫ Exploration/exploratory:
⚫ To explore a topic; to provide a beginning familiarity with a topic.
⚫ Exp. : pattern of natural resource utilization of the Dayak

⚫ Description/descriptive:
⚫ To describe situations and events accurately.
⚫ Exp. : rate of forest resource utilization of the Dayak.

⚫ Explanation/explanatory:
⚫ To explain things, e.g. why participation level in environmental
management is low among rural people.

⚫ C. End users
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Step 2: Make sure that the problem is researchable

⚫ Is there really a problem present?

⚫ Theoretically
⚫ Practically

⚫ Can we do the research—is the project possible?

⚫ Do we have the necessary know-how and available staff?
⚫ Do we have sufficient budget and time?
⚫ Will the necessary data be available?

⚫ Is the research worth doing?

⚫ Will the research generate new knowledge?
⚫ Will the research provide practical benefits?
⚫ Is the research benefits bigger than other research?
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Step 3: Immerse yourself in the research problem

⚫ Conduct review of the literatures which are relevant to the research

problem:

⚫ Discussing relevant concepts/theories

⚫ From (text-)books and previous study reports, especially

articles published in scientific journals

⚫ This step is important to carry out. This will provide knowledge and
understanding to the researcher, especially when he/she will
develop frame of thinking (framework of the study).
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Step 4: State your starting hypothesis and assumptions

(Frame of Thinking/Framework of the Study)

⚫ Frame of thinking/Framework of the study: Conceptual ideas of

the researcher in kind of proposition or assumption, derived
from concepts/theories that are relevant to the research
problem. The ideas can be presented in kind of flow chart and if
possible can be further stated as hypothesis that can be tested.

(Kerangka Pemikiran: Gagasan-gagasan konseptual/teoretis yang

dirumuskan peneliti dalam bentuk proposisi atau asumsi, yang
diturunkan dari (beberapa) konsep/teori yang relevan dengan masalah
yang diteliti. Gagasan-gagasan tersebut dapat ditampilkan dalam
bentuk bagan alir dan bila memungkinkan dapat pula dirumuskan ke
dalam hipotesis yang dapat diuji.)
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Step 4: State your starting hypothesis and assumptions

(Frame of Thinking/Framework of the Study)

⚫ Proposition: hypothetical statement derived from

concepts/theories that are relevant to the research problem,
to explain or provide answer tentatively to the research
question.

⚫ Assumption: statements which are considered true/correct

by the researcher, derived from concepts/theories that are
relevant to the research problem. Assumption is used as
guidance in, for instance, developing “model” of conservation
area.
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Step 4: State your starting hypothesis and assumptions

(Frame of Thinking/Framework of the Study)

⚫ Hypothesis is a tentative statement of relation between

variables

⚫ Example:

⚫ If there is X, then Y will be found

⚫ If there is X, then Y will not be found
⚫ If X increases, then Y will also increase
⚫ If X increases, then Y will not increase
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Step 4: State your starting hypothesis and assumptions

(Frame of Thinking/Framework of the Study)

⚫ Hypothesis is considered important in Quantitative Research.

⚫ Nevertheless, Qualitative Research can also develop

hypothetical statements.

⚫ Quantitative:
⚫ To what extend X causes Y.

⚫ Qualitative:
⚫ How X plays role in causing Y
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Step 5: Choose the empirical variables

⚫ Clarifying the concepts developed in the framework of

study/hypotheses

⚫ Making operational definition of the formulated/developed

concepts

⚫ Example: ”Socioeconomic background determines

participation level of the community in environmental
management”
⚫ What is socioeconomic background?
⚫ What is participation level?
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Step 6: Choose the research method(s)

⚫ Quantitative Method (experiment or survey) vs

Qualitative Method (field research)

⚫ Miss-perception on the selection of research

methods:

⚫ Determined by habit/educational background

⚫ Inability to use a method
⚫ Qualitative methods is easier than quantitative
methods
⚫ Qalitative methods takes longer time than
quantitative methods
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Wheel of science
(adapted from Babbie; 1986, 2005)

Phenomenon
Deduction
Theories Hypotheses

Empirical
Observation
generalizations

Induction Phenomenon
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How to select research

design/methods?
Quantitative or Qualitative?
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Hennie Boeije (2010):

⚫ In quantitative research a deductive process is

employed, which means that theory is starting point for
formulating hypothesis that will be tested in research.

⚫ In qualitative research inductive thinking is paramount,

which means that a social phenomenon is explored in
order to find empirical patterns that can function as the
beginning of a theory.
7 Roda Ilmu Pengetahuan
(Wheel of science)

Deduction
Theories Hypotheses Quantitative ?

Empirical
Observation
generalizations
Qualitative ?
Induction
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Hennie Boeije (2010):
⚫In quantitative research a deductive process is employed, which means that
theory is starting point for formulating hypothesis that will be tested in research.

⚫In qualitative research inductive thinking is paramount, which means that a

social phenomenon is explored in order to find empirical patterns that can
function as the beginning of a theory.

⚫In practice, however, it is never this black and white. Quantitative research
can be used to explore scientific domains and make use of an inductive
approach as well, while in qualitative research existing theory can be used
more deductively as a background to see whether it applies to other settings.

John W. Creswell (2009, p.61):

⚫Qualitative inquirers use theory in their studies in several ways. First, much
like in quantitative research, it is used as a broad explanation for behavioral
and attitudes, and it may be complete with variables, construct, and
hypotheses”. ….
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Deductive Inductive

Quantitative methods √ √

Qualitative methods √ √
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How to select research

design/methods?
Quantitative and/or Qualitative
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FRIED
BANANAS
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PISANG
GOSONG
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PISANG
“AJAIB”
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Step 6: Choose the research methods

⚫ Qualitative and Quantitative methods are two

different methods:

⚫ Both are not mutually exclusive

⚫ Both have different strengths and logics

meaningful to be used for different research
problem.
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Research Design/methods:

⚫ Quantitative
⚫ Qualitative
⚫ How about using combination of
Quantitative and Qualitative methods (?)
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FRIED
BANANAS

STEAMED
BANANAS
21a
A Framework for design—the interconnection of worldviews, strategies
of inquiry, and research methods (Creswell, 2009)

Philosophical worldviews
Postpositive
Social construction
Advocacy/participatory
Pragmatic

Research designs
Qualitative
Quantitative
Mixed methods
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Philosophical worldview (paradigm)
Creswell, 2009

⚫ Postpositivist
⚫ Represents the traditional form of research, … more for
quantitative research than qualitative research
⚫ The problem studied by postpositivist reflects the need to identify
and assess the causes that influence outcomes
⚫ Social constructivist
⚫ Hold assumptions that individuals seek understanding of the
world in which they live and work. Individual develops subjective
meaning of their experiences ….
⚫ It is typically seen as an approach to qualitative research
21c
Philosophical worldview (paradigm)
Creswell, 2009
⚫ Advocacy and participatory
⚫ Research inquiry needs to be intertwined with politics and a
political agenda
⚫ The research contains an action agenda for reform that may
change the lives of the participants ….
⚫ Typically seen with qualitative research, but it can be a
foundation for quantitative research as well
⚫ Pragmatic
⚫ Instead of focussing on methods, researchers emphasize the
research problem and use all approaches available to
understand the problem
⚫ It is not commited to any one system of philosopy and reality
⚫ Applies to mixed methods research in that inquirers draw
deliberately from both quantitative and qualitative assumptions
21d
A Framework for design—the interconnection of worldviews, strategies
of inquiry, and research methods (Creswell, 2009)

Selected strategies of inquiry

Philosophical worldviews Qualitative strategy
Postpositive (e.g. ethnography)
Social construction Quantitative strategies
Advocacy/participatory (e.g. experiments)
Pragmatic Mixed methods strategies
(e.g. sequential [or concurrent])
Research designs
Qualitative
Quantitative
Mixed methods

Research methods
Questions
Data collection
Data analysis
Interpretation
Write-up
Validation
21e
Mixed methods
(cited in Hesse-Biber, 2010)

⚫ Mixed methods “involve[s] the collection, analysis, and integration of

quantitative and qualitative data in a single or multiphase study”
(Hanson, Creswell, Plano Clark, Petska, & Creswell, 2005, p. 224).

⚫ Mixed methods is a rich field for the combination of data because

with this design “words, pictures, and narrative can be used to add
meaning to numbers” (Johnson & Onwuegbuzie, 2004, p. 21).

⚫ Why use mixed methods?

⚫ …. The second reason to consider incorporating a mixed methods design is
complementarity. Complementarity allows the researcher to gain a fuller
understanding of the research problem and/or to clarify a given research result.
….
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Choose of the research methods

Quantitative: Qualitative:
Experiment Field research
Survey

Quantitative and Qualitative

DEPEND ON THE FORMULATED RESEARCH PROBLEM

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Step 7: Make a detailed research design

⚫ Problem formulation: step 1 - 5

⚫ Data gathering plan: langkah 6

⚫ Plans for analysis

⚫ Plans for reporting

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⚫ Step 8: Collect the data

⚫ Step 9: Analyze and interpret the data

⚫ Step 10: Write the report

Babbie, 1986 Research Process
INTEREST
IDEA
? Y THEORY
X ? X Y

CONCEPTUALIZATION CHOICE OF POPULATION

Specify the meaning of RESEARCH METHODS AND SAMPLING
the concept and variables Experiments, Survey Research Unit of analysis
to be studied Field Research, etc

OPERATIONALIZATION
How will we actually Step 1: Identify the Research Problem
measure the variable under Step 2: Make sure that the problem is
study researchable
Step 3: Immerse yourself in the research problem
Step 4: State your starting hypotheses and
OBSERVATION assumptions
Data collection Step 5: Choose the empirical variables
Step 6: Choose the research methods
Step 7: Make a detailed research design
Step 8: Collect the data
DATA PROCESSING
Step 9: Analyze and interpret the data
Step 10: Write the report

ANALYSIS
31 Outline of the Research Proposal

Step 1: Identify the Research 1. Background

Problem 2. Research Problem
Step 2: Make sure that the 3. Research Objective
problem is researchable 4. Benefit of the research

Step 3: Immerse yourself in the 5. Literature Review/

research problem Theoretical Framework

Step 4: State your starting

hypotheses and assumptions
6. Framework of the study/Hypotheses
Step 5: Choose the empirical
variables
7. Research Method:
Step 6: Choose the research
methods - Research design
- Unit of analysis/population/sample
Step 7: Make a detailed research - Data gathering technique
design
- Plan for data analysis
Step 8: Collect the data - Plan for reporting

Step 9: Analyze and interpret the

data Chapter I. Introduction, or
Chapter I. Introduction, Chap II. Literature
Step 10: Write the report
Review,, Framework of the study and
Hypotheses, and Chap III Research Methods
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Background and Research Problem

⚫ Can be written separately

⚫ Introducing background of the research and the research
problem
⚫ Develop research framework to assist readers
understanding the relation of the proposed research with
other researches.

⚫ According to Creswell (1994):

⚫ To create reader interest in the topic
⚫ To establish the problem that leds to the study
⚫ Place the study within the larger context of the scholarly
literature
⚫ Reach out to a specific audience
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Research Objectives:

⚫ Research Objectives: (example)

⚫ The study intend to explore pattern of people dependency

on forest resources ....

⚫ To describe level of people dependency on forest

resources ...

⚫ To examine socioeconomic bakground in affecting people

participation in environmental management program.
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Benefit of the Research

⚫ Theoretical: to provide/develop knowledge on ... Issue

(explain the issue)

⚫ Practical: recommend a concrete action in certain

issue (explain the issue)
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Literature Review

⚫ This part is often called as literature review. But it is

not merely a “compound” of theories or even
definitions which are not relevant.

⚫ It is also not to show the researcher’s familiarity of

many references in a particular study area, resulted in
a long “theoretical” description and often irrelevant to
the research issue.

⚫ According to Creswell (1994), literature is used

deductively as a framework for ... hypotheses
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Framework of the Study/Hypotheses

⚫ In this part, the framework of the study/hypotheses is

presented.

⚫ In certain research, hypotheses is unnecessary. In

qualitative research, such as grounded research or
ethnography, the researcher does not need to
formulate hypotheses, at least, explicitly. But, it does
not mean that such studies do not need to conduct
review of the relevant literatures.
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Research Method

⚫ This section describes the method that will be

used.

⚫ Description includes:
⚫ Research design,
⚫ unit of analysis/population/sample
⚫ Sampling technique,
⚫ Data gathering technique,
⚫ Plan for analysis, and
⚫ Plan for reporting.
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OUTLINE OF THE RESEARCH PROPOSAL

⚫ Chap I Introduction
⚫ 1.1. Research backround
⚫ 1.2. Research Problem
⚫ 1.3. Research Objectives
⚫ 1.4. Research benefit
⚫ Chap II Literature Review, Framework of the study, and
Hypotheses
⚫ 2.1. Literature review
⚫ 2.2. Framework of the study
⚫ 2.3. Hypotheses (if necessary/relevant)
⚫ Chap III Research Method
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OUTLINE OF THE THESIS
⚫ Chap I Introduction
⚫ 1.1. Research backround
⚫ 1.2. Research problem
⚫ 1.3. Research objectives
⚫ 1.4. Research benefit
⚫ Chap II Literature Review, Framework of the study, and
Hypotheses
⚫ 2.1. Literature review
⚫ 2.2. Framework of the study
⚫ 2.3. Hypotheses (if necessary/relevant)
⚫ Chap III Research Method
⚫ Chap IV Result and Discussion
⚫ 4.1. Results
⚫ 4.2. Discussion
⚫ Chap V Conclusion and Recommendation
⚫ References
⚫ Appendices

Note: Chap IV can be presented in more than one chapter.