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2ND Semester | Midterms
PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION
What is Language?
 Language is purely human and non-instinctive
method of communicating ideas, emotions and
desires by means of voluntarily produced symbols
(Sapir,1921, as cited in Madrunio & Martin, 2018).
Why purely human? Because it is our language, we
understand, we use this to express our ideas and
convey messages to the listeners. This is non-
instinctive method of communicating ideas. Our
emotions with our words with the symbols that
come out from our mouth is actually giving them a
lot of things and thoughts. Voluntary produced
symbols, symbols with meanings, with meaningful
messages.
 It is a system of communication by sound,
operating through organs of speech, among
members of a given community, and using vocal
symbols possessing arbitrary conventional
meaning (Pei, 1966, as cited in Madrunio & Martin,
2018). Phonology has something to do
with sounds. Through organs of speech (mouth)
something to do with linguistic. Among members
of a given community
 Language is purely human and a communication by
sound, meaning sinasalita, vocal, oral.
 (The world is shrinking rapidly today) Advances in
information, in technology, in science, in
applications, including globalization have
transformed earth into a global village (you are
being part of that) People with various cultures
and nationalities now meet, they can meet them
online, that is because of the globalization, of the
internet, and that is because of the Language.
 Even though we came from different places, we
still able to understand each other because of
Language.
 Language is the ability to produce and
comprehend both spoken and written. (and in the
case of sign language, signed) words. Language is
not all about oral, not only about spoken, it also
has something to do with written.
 Sign language which is the language used for those
who have special needs, they also have their own
language. One of the characteristics of language is
unique because we have our own language, we use
our language in order for us to communicate,
express ideas.
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 When we have language, we tend to communicate
to understand each other. There is feedback/
response from the receiver.
 Language shapes our social interactions and
brings order to our lives. Complex language is one
of the defining factors that make us human.
 Social interactions we need a f2f interactions but
now in this modern world, we can now use like
social media platforms, with the help of
technologies
 Social interactions are not only limited to f2f
interactions, it’s becoming strengthened, wider
because of the innovation
 Complex language because you have to interpret
or comprehend, u have to listen for u to be able to
give your feedback. There are communication
barriers which can lead to misinterpretation of the
message.
 Why complicated? Because it has so many process
before u finally get it
 Language has a system of rules (also known as
grammar), a sound system (phonology) and a
vocabulary (lexicon)
 Phonology (sound)
 Morphology (word)
 Lexicon (vocabulary)
 Pragmatics (grammar/ sentence construction)
= ALL OF THESE MUST BE FOLLOWED to avoid
misinterpretation of language/ message.
 Speech Community is a group of people who
share rules for conducting and interpreting at
least one variety of a language or dialect. The
term can be applied to a neighborhood, a city, a
region or a nation. We all belong to at least one
speech community.
 Ha Tacloban may speech community, and also ha
iba na lugar like Biliran. In your home and in ur
brgy is considered to be a speech community.
 Language Acquisition refers to the process of
acquiring a language, usually due to immersion
(hearing the language often and in everyday
contexts). Most of us acquire our native language
just from being around others such as our
parents
 Chomsky concluded that children must have an
inborn faculty for language acquisition.
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According to this theory, the process is
biologically determined – the human species has
evolved a brain whose neural circuits contain
linguistic information at birth.
 If your language is waray waray, because of your
surroundings/ family, you already acquiring the
language.
 You acquire that language because of your
nature/ your environment that is what you call
the FIRST LANGUAGE/ mother tongue/ native
tongue/ native language
 Before learning, we acquire first, the so-called
process. We have Language Acquisition before
Language Learning.
 Language Acquisition you are acquiring the
language without full understanding, u hear
those language every day.
- Process of building the ability to understand a
language using it to communicate to others.
 Language Learning is when you are using, or
applying the word/ the language in your daily
conversation. When you are able to appropriately
use the language in context
 Language Acquisition “acquiring stage”
 Language Learning “u already know how to use
the language in a sentence, u already know the
rules, its vocabulary.
 NATIVE LANGUAGE Because u are expose to your
speech community, you are able to adapt the
language, that’s your native language
 SECOND LANGUAGE is the ENGLISH, because it’s
the language of intelligent people so you are now
exposed to English language.
 But if you are expose to that English language
ever since because u are watching cartoons etc
and u already acquired the English language
hasta pagdako mo naspeak ka na English. It is
called NATIVE LANGUAGE
 Language Acquired is also know the FIRST
LANGUAGE/ Native/ Mother Tongue Language
First Language – language a person has learn from
birth or within a critical period (ages to 0-12 years old)
CRITICAL PERIOD……
Language Acquisition Device (LAD) - it is in our brain
(we easily acquire language when we are 0-12 yrs old)
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Monolingual- only one language
Bilingual – two language
Multilingual – more than two
SECOND LANGUAGE – language that a person learns
in addition to his/her first language
Language Learning- it may be learned in formal and
informal way such as in school & family. Nagagamit na
ha community an language na u have learned
“Language is used to establish relationship with other
people”
“It is through interaction (we need to interact), we
learn language”
Social interaction –
Linguistic material that we are able to acquire and as
time goes on, nalelearn na naton an language
Social Interactionism Theory – social interaction is
important because it builds a social, meaningful,
significant relationship w/ other people.
 Language is a tool to communicate, express
needs and wants, express his/her feelings
LANGUAGE ACQUISITION
The study of child language acquisition is the study of
the processes by which children learn a language. At
a very young age, children begin to understand, and
gradually use, the language spoken by their
caregivers.
The study of language acquisition involves three main
areas:
1. First-language acquisition (your native language,
child language acquisition)
2. Bilingual language acquisition (learning two native
languages)
3. Second-language acquisition (learning a foreign
language). Fun fact – There’s a reason why French
lessons were so difficult – babies’ brains are much
more primed for language learning than our adult
brains are!
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1. What is Language? 1. INSTRUMENTAL

 Language can only be called language if: Classroom

Function Example
a. It has a system of rules (grammar) Experience
b. A sound system (phonology) Instrumental
Problem
c. A vocabulary (lexicon) language is
solving,
used to
gathering
communicate “I want to…”
materials, role
preferences,
playing,
choices, wants,
persuading
or needs
- giving commands, making an order, you use
language to express people’s needs
- to get things done

2. PERSONAL

Classroom
Function Example
Experience
 Speech community mayda set of rules na Personal Making feelings
ginfofollow han group of people. language is public,
“Here I am…”
 First circle first language, language acquisition used to express interacting with
naaacquire an mother tongue pero as we get along individuality others
with people/ interact with people using the - using language in sharing and expressing your ideas
language we acquired, we tend to add more - hinanakit mo/ opinion mo/ you are declaring
language to our system called SECOND LANGUAGE something
(natutunan based ha peers, schools na naeexpose - the use of language in order to express opinions,
in addition haat first language. feelings and individual identity
LANGUAGE vs. DIALECT 3. INTERACTIONAL
 Dialect is a regional variety of language Classroom
distinguished by features of vocabulary, Function Example
Experience
grammar, and pronunciation from other Interactional
regional varieties and constituting together language is
with them a single language. used to interact Structured play,
and plan, “You and me…” dialogues and
II. What are the Functions of Language? develop, or “I’ll be the discussions,
maintain a play cashier…” talking in
 Haliday (1975) identifies 7 functions of
or group groups
language that children demonstrate in their
activity or social
early years. The first 4 functions –
relationship
instrumental, regulatory, interactional, and - Language is used to make contact with others and
personal- help the child to address his/her form relationships. You are interacting, you are
physical, emotional, and social needs. On the creating relationships, you are meddling with other
other hand, the next 3 functions – heuristic, people. You use language to socialize
imaginative, and representational- help the
child to adapt to his/her environment.
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- more on questioning, answering

7. IMAGINATIVE
4. REGULATORY
Classroom
Classroom Function Example
Function Example Experience
Experience

Stories and
Imaginative “Let’s
dramatizations,
Making rules in language is used pretend…”
Regulatory “Do as I tell rhymes, poems,
games, giving to create, “I went to my
language is you…” and riddles,
instructions, explore, and grandma’s last
used to control “You need…” nonsense and
teaching entertain night…”
word play

- you have to be creative, u explore and entertain,

- Language used to tell others what to do.
storytelling, draw
- In Instrumental, you are asking somebody to get
things done but in Regulatory, you are controlling
somebody
II.
- mechanics on games, create rules, policies, laws
 According to Roman Jakobson, we can classify
the functions of language into 6 factors, which
5. REPRESENTATIONAL are necessary for successful communication:
1. Context
Classroom
Function Example 2. Addresser
Experience
3. Addressee
Conveying 4. Contact
messages, 5. Common Code
Representational 6. Message
telling about
use language to “I’ll tell you…”
the real world,
explain “I know that…”
expressing a
FACTS
proposition.
(CLAIM)

- use of language to convey facts and information.

- “The world is spherical”
- You are sharing data, information using language Language an instrument or tool that enables
people to understand his or her feelings
6. HEURISTIC

Classroom COMMUNICATION
Function Example - we are trying to interact with other people
Experience
- the sender and the receiver who makes
meaning and feedback
Heuristic - Latin word: Communicare means (to share
“Tell me why…” Question and
language is used something in common) (to unite, to join or to
“Why did you answer,
to find things have phase in common)
do that?” routines, inquiry
out, wonder, or Communication = process of exchanging, of
“What for?” and research
hypothesize sending, and receiving of information from
one person to another
- when the language is used to gain knowledge about
the environment
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= is a process by which people send messages
and exchange ideas or thoughts with one
another
= exchange of ideas, concepts and views between
among people
MANNERS/ WAYS IN COMMUNICATION
1. Verbal manner –
2. Non-verbal manner – use of written words, hand
gestures etc to communicate
- written, gestures, printed, digital (that gives you
knowledge)
Speech Communication- process of transmitting
(transmission of information through spoken words)
knowledge/ idea/ emotions) information, thoughts, or
feelings of one person to another through spoken
words
Communication skills – is important for us to know
when we do communication because there will be
misinterpretation if u don’t have communication skills.
- it helps us and it teaches us how we give and receive
information and how to convey ideas/ opinions
- The information that you want to convey will not be
fully grasped by the reader/listener.
Communication comes in many forms:
1. Sound
2. Language
3. Tone of voice
= these are called VERBAL
5 FORMS OF COMMUNICATION
1. Verbal - it includes sounds, language, and tone of
voice (rising and falling intonation), diction (the way u
speaks, emotions)
2. Aural – involves hearing and listening
- There is comprehension when Listening u have
critical thinking to process information, hearing while
understanding. While Hearing, it could be hearing
alone not understanding.
3. Non-Verbal- it contains facial expressions, body
language, posture (at first glance the way he presents
his self if educated hiya/ u judge)
4. Written- text messages, newspaper, blogs, emails,
journals, letters, digital
5. Visual- signs, symbols, pictures, posters
5 MACROSKILLS
Written, writing, listening, speaking, reading, viewing
ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION
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The term communication process refers to the
exchange of information (message between 2 or more
people), transmitting the information
- for communication to succeed/ to have an effective
communication, ano ang mahalaga? FEEDBACK
1. Sender – the information come from
2. Message
3. Receiver
4. Feedback
SOURCE, MESSAGE, CHANNEL, ENVIRONMENT (place,
mode, feelings that both the sender and receiver) ,
CONTEXT (expectations of the sender and receiver),
INTERFERENCE
With only these 3, u can communicate
effectively/successful/ have communication
- for communication to succeed, both parties must be
able to exchange information, and understand each
other.
- if the flow of information is blocked, there will be
MISCOMMUNICATION/ COMMUNICATION FAILS
because there is no exchange of information even the
sender sent his message, but there is a blockage, di
nakarating ang message sa receiver, there is no
feedback. The effective communication fails
The communication process begins with the SENDER.
Also called the COMMUNICATOR / THE SOURCE OF
INFORMATION
It could be a command, request, idea that the
speaker he/she wants to share to others
- In order for the message to be received, the sender
must first enfold the message in a form that can be
understood and transmit
Types of Communication according to
Mode, Context, Purpose and Style
According to CONTEXT
Communication is a process of exchanging
information, ideas, thoughts, feelings, and emotions
through speech, signals, writing, and behavior.
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CONTEXT
 is the circumstance or environment in which
communication styles take place.
 may include the physical or actual setting, the
value positions of a speaker/listener, and the
relevance or appropriateness of a message
conveyed.
Communication may be classified according to:
1. Communication mode
2. Context
3. Purpose and style
3 Types of Communication According to Mode
 Verbal
 Non-verbal
 Visual
1. Verbal – spoken rather than written
- relating to words or using words
 It refers to the form of communication in
which message is transmitted verbally.
 Communication is done by word of mouth and
a piece of writing
Verbal Communication is divided into:
 Oral Communication
 Written Communication
1. Oral Communication – spoken words are used,
includes face to face conversations, speech,
telephonic conversation, video, radio, television
- communication is influence by pitch, volume, speed,
and clarity of speaking
Advantages:
- it brings quick feedback in a f2f conversation, by
reading facial expression and body language one can
guess whether he/she should trust what’s being said
or not.
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Disadvantages:
- in f2f discussion, user is unable to deeply think about
what he is delivering, so this can be counted as a fault.
2. Written Communication – written signs or symbols
are used to communicate
- message can be transmitted via email, letter, report,
memo, etc. Most common form of communication
being used in business.
Advantages:
- Messages can be edited and revised. Written
communication provides record and backup. A written
message enables receiver to fully understand it and
send appropriate feedback.
Disadvantages:
- written communication doesn’t bring instant
feedback. It takes more time in composing a written
message as compared to word-of-mouth and number
of people struggles for writing ability.
2. Nonverbal – is the sending or receiving of wordless
messages. Such as gesture, body language, posture,
tone of voice/ facial expressions.
3 ELEMENTS OF NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION
1. Appearance
Speaker- clothing, hairstyle, neatness, use of
cosmetics
Surrounding – room size, lighting, decorations,
furnishings
2. Body Language
- facial expressions, gestures, postures
3. Sounds
- voice tone, volume, speech rate
3. Visual – uses visuals to convey information/
messages, sense of sight to see the surroundings
- signs, symbols, imagery, maps, graphs, charts,
diagrams, photos, drawings/illustrations, various
forms of electronic devices (movies, videos, AUDIO
VISUAL)
Types of Communication According to CONTEXT
1. Intrapersonal
2. Interpersonal
3. Extended
4. Organization
5. Intercultural
1. Intrapersonal Communication
- is communication that occurs in your own mind
- basis of your feelings, biases, prejudices, and beliefs
Example: when u make any kind of decision, what to
eat or wear. When u think abt something
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- when you are talking yourself n a mirror, you are
trying to compose yourself, you’re making yourself
comfortable, relax
2. Interpersonal Communication
- communication between two people but can involve
more in informal conversations
Example: when u are talking to your friends, patient
and doctor discussing a treatment
3. Extended Communication
- involves the use of electronic media
- includes telephone, audio, or phone conferencing,
video conferencing, skype calls/ technological means
- your smartphone any gadgets u use to reach out
somebody / people who are separated with distance,
it becomes quick and possible.
4. Organizational Communication
- the focus is on the role that communication plays in
organizational contexts
- for an organization to be successful, a system of
communication should be put in place.
2 types of Organizational Structure
1. Formal
2. Informal
1. Formal Structure Communication– allows
communication to take place via designated channels
of message flow between positions in the
organization.
4 Approaches
1. Downward Communication – is the type that flows
from upper to lower positions, president to a manager
or supervisor, a manager to an ordinary staff.
- the flow of communication is top-down or from a
superior to a subordinate, usually asking certain
individuals to perform a certain task.
2. Upward Communication – message transmission is
bottom-up in which subordinates send
communication to their superior/ bosses bearing their
views/feedback on organizational policies, and issues
related to their jobs
3. Horizontal Communication – is lateral in approach
as it take place among people belonging to the same
level but coming from different departments or units
to facilitate performance or tasks through proper
coordination.
4. Crosswise Communication – is diagonal in nature
as employees from different units or departments
working at various levels communicate with each
other. UNITED AS ONE TO ATTAIN ONE PURPOSE
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2. Informal Structure Communication – comes from
unofficial channels of message flow, NOT PROPER
CHANNEL
- also known as “grapevine”, messages coming from
the different levels of the organization are
transmitted.
- this occurs due to the dissatisfaction of some
employees accompanied by uncertainty, such as
superiors playing regulations.
Organizational culture
- dictate the kind of behavior that employees should
posses as well as the extent of commitment expected
from them by the organization.
- they share all in the values, practices, vision, and
mission of the organization.
Intercultural Communication
- is the communication between or among people
having different linguistic, religious, ethnic, social, and
professional backgrounds.
Types of Communication According to
PURPOSE AND STYLE
 Formal Communication
 Informal Communication
1. Formal Communication
- employs formal language delivered orally or in
written form
- lectures, public tasks/speeches, research and project
proposals, reports, and business letters
2. Informal Communication
- does not employ formal language
- involves personal and ordinary conversation with
friends, family members.
- the mode may be oral as in face to face, ordinary or
everyday talks, phone calls, written email messages,
text messages
- the purpose it simply to socialize and enhance
relationships
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4 KINDS OF INTERFERENCE receiver. This clearly reflects that

1. Psychological barriers- mental thoughts your mind communication is a one-way process.
hinders you to interpret properly the things na  One-way process- not expecting a feedback
ginsend ni sender. Gin ask ka tas damo na tim gin iisip
2. Physical barriers- something to do with the A. ARISTOTLE’S COMMUNICATION MODEL
environment/ atmosphere / with the weather,  Orator to a large audience. The speaker plays
physical ability (hearing/ visually impaired) an important role in communication. Aristotle
3. Linguistic and Cultural barriers- pertain to the emphasized that there are 3 variables in the
language/ they can’t understand each other’s communication process – SPEAKER, SPEECH,
language/ the words that we used based on our & AUDIENCE
culture, discussing the weather (SCIENTIST jargon)  Delivering a speech, campaigns (not expecting
explaining with his neighbor (not best in science a feedback), announcements, oration
compared to scientist) AN ETHICAL
COMMUNICATION.
- u met an American, you are expecting them to say
“maam, sir”, they are first name basis B. LASWELL’S COMMUNICATION MODEL
4. Mechanical Barriers- raised by a channel, employed  This communication model was developed by
for interpersonal (interacting with others), group or communication theorist Harold D. Lasswell in
mass communication 1948. This model was summed up and can be
- internet, technical problems, cellphone understood by answering the 5 questions:
Who, Says what, In which channel, To whom,
Elements of Communication Process with what effect.
1. Source (sender)
2. Message
3. Channel
- NO FEEDBACK - ONE WAY COMMUNICATION
4. Receiver
5. Feedback
C. SHANNON AND WEAVER’S MODEL
6. Environment (place, feelings, mode, mindset, and
 Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver broadly
both condition of the sender and receiver on their
defined communication as “all of the
environment)
procedures by which one mind may affect
7. context (involves the expectation of the sender and
another”. Their communication model
the receiver. You are expecting him to be like this like
consisted of an information source: the
that)
source’s message, a transmitter, and a signal,
8. Interference/ barriers
and a receiver; the receiver’s message, and a
destination. This model is specially designed
COMMUNICATION PROCESS
to improve the technical communication.
Later it's widely applied in the field of
 The communication process is best described
communication. Furthermore, there is also
through discussion of different communication
concept of noise included in the model, which
models. In simple terms, model means systematic
goes through the channel and renders the
description of a phenomenon or abstract process.
message more difficult to understand by the
The common models of communication that have
receiver.
been utilized over the years are as follows:
 NO FEEDBACK BECAUSE THEY ARE PART OF
LINEAR MODEL (ONE WAY PROCESS)
1. Linear Model- straightforward
 Also called the TRANSMISSION MODEL, a
linear model is based on the assumption that
communication is transmitted in a
2. INTERACTIVE MODEL
straightforward manner- from a sender to a
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 Also called as TRANSACTION MODEL. This
model is in contrast with the linear one, which
considers communication flowing only in one
direction, from a sender to a receiver. In this
model, communication is a two-way process,
which involves an exchange or an interaction
between the sender and the receiver.
3. SCHRAMM MODEL
- filled of experience
- known as the circular model because the message
can go into 2 directions, continuous cycle, di
natatapos ang usapan
FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION
1. Control – used communication to control behavior,
give policies, laws, related to regulatory
2. Social interaction – thinking, interaction
3. Motivation- communication motivates people to
live better, lift the mood, uplift the person, sharing
quotations, valedictory speech
4. Emotional Expression- u communicate to express
your feelings, ross greets rocky, “THINKS”
5. Information Dissemination- create
announcements, create research, relay information,
tourist, presents strategies to execute the plans,
sharing informative speeches
Principles of Communication
- We have to follow these to have successful
communication
1. Communication is Transactional (two-way
communication)
2. Communication is Inevitable
3. Communication is goal-oriented
- if u are communicating, you have goals in mind/
know your purpose of communication
4. communication has various levels
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1. Intrapersonal (knowledge of oneself)
2. Interpersonal
2 kinds of interpersonal communication
1. DYADIC INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
- communication between 2 individuals
2. SMALL GROUP INTERPERSONAL
COMMUNICATION
- interaction between 3 or more persons
3. Extended Communication
- involves the use of electronic media, technologies
4. Organizational Communication
- system of communication
- agencies, office
2 ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE
1. Formal structure- allows take place between the
positions, 4 approaches
2. Informal structure -
4.
5. Complex Structure Communication
- includes cognitive processes
- communication is a skill it can be learned.
9 C’s OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION
1. Clarity – makes speeches understandable, you have
to consider your listener
2. Concreteness (SMART)- reduces misunderstanding,
messages must be according to facts, research data,
site authors
3. Courtesy - (good will, being polite in terms of
approach, manner of addressing the individual
4. Correctness - (grammatically correct)
5. Consideration - (the level of profession, consider
the race)
6. Creativity – sentence structure and word choice,
example: hugot
7. Conciseness – brief
8. Cultural Sensitivity – culture, general equality
9. Captivating – strive to make your messages
interesting, speech starts with a joke
Michael Osbom
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Ethical Considerations in Communication

- Ethics is a branch of philosophy that focuses on
issues of right or wrong.
Ethical communicator
1. Respect (the audience)
2. Consider the result of communication
3. Value truth
4. Use information correctly
5. do not falsify information
- valuing truth (falsification) (must be research based)