I.

OBJECTIVES:
THIS EXPERIMENT SHOWS THE BEHAVIOR OF THE FLUX LEVEL, FIELD
SYSTEM AND INDUCED ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE OF AN ELECTRICAL
MACHINE. SPECIALLY, IT AIMS TO ACHIEVE THE FOLLOWING
OBJECTIVES:
1. DETERMINE THE PATTERN OF MAGNETIC FIELD.
2. DETERMINE THE DIRECTION AND STRENGTH OF MAGNETIC FIELD.
3. VERIFY LENZ’S LAW AS A RESULT OF LAW OF ELECTROMAGNETIC
INDUCTION.

II. INTRODUCTION
ROTATING ELECTRICAL MACHINES ARE WIDELY USED FOR THE
PURPOSE OF CONVERTING ENERGY FROM ONE FORM TO ANOTHER. THE TWO
MOST FREQUENTLY USED TYPES OF SUCH MACHINES ARE GENERATOR AND
MOTORS. IN THE FIRST OF THESE, THE GENERATOR, ,ECHANICAL
ENERGY IS CONVERTED TO ELECTRICAL ENERGY. TWO OTHER TYPES OF
ROTATING MACHINES, NOT USED SO OFTEN AS GENERATORS AND MOSTLY
MOTORS, ARE ROTARY CONVERTERS AND FRQUENCY CONVERTERS. WHEN
AN ELECTRIC GENERATOR IS IN OPERATION, IT IS DRIVEN (ROTATED)
BY A MECHANICAL MACHINE CALLED A PRIME MOVER. THE LATTER MAY
BE A STEAM TURBINE, A GASOLINE ENGINE, AN ELECTRIC MOTOR OR
EVEN A HAND – OPERATED CRANK. GENERATOR ACTION CAN TAKE PLACE
WHEN AND ONLY WHEN, THERE IS RELATIVE MOTION BETWEEN
CONDUCTING WIRES (USUALLY COPPER) AND MAGNETIC LINES OF FORCE.
WHEN AN ELECTRIC MOTOR IS IN OPERATION, IT IS SUPPLIED
WITH ELECTRICAL ENERGY AND DEVELOPS TORQUE, THAT IS, A
TENDENCY TO PRODUCE ROTATION. AND IF THE ROTATING ELEMENT OF
THE MOTOR S FREE TO TURN, IT WILL DO SO AND THEREBY CAUSE
MECHANICAL ROTATION OF ITSELF AND ITS APPLICATION. ALL
ROTATING ELECTRIC GENERATORS CONSISTS ESSENTIALLY OF TWO
IMPORTANT PARTS (1) AN EVEN SET OF ELECTROMAGNETS OR
PERMANENT MAGNETS AND (2) THE LAMINATED STEEL CORE CONTAINING
CURRENT CARRYING COPPER WIRES, THE LATTER BEING CALLED THE
ARMATURE WINDING.BRIEFLY SUMMARIZED, THE FOREGOING
PRINCIPLE OF GENERATOR ACTION REQUIRES (1) THE PRESENCE OF
MAGNETIC LINES OF FORCE AND (2) THE MOTION OF CONDUCTORS
CUTTING THE FLUX, BEFORE (3) VOLTAG E IS GENERATED .
III. MATERIALS REQUIRED:
ASSEMBLY 3
ASSEMBLY 1 1 – SQUIRREL CAGE ROTOR
1 – L9 COIL 1 – BASE UNIT WITH SHAFT
REMOVED
1 – FIELD POLE
2 – L9 COILS
6 – VOLT DC SUPPLY
2 – FIELD POLES
FIELD PLOTTING COMPASS
MULTIMETER
CONNECTING WIRES
CONNECTING WIRES
ASSEMBLY 2
1 – BASE UNIT WITH SHAFT
REMOVED ASSEMBY 4
2 – L9 COILS 1 – BASE UNIT WITH SHAFT
REMOVED
2 – FIELD POLES
4 – ARMATURE COILS
FIELD PLOTTING COMPASS
2 – FIELD POLES
12V DC SUPPLY
1 – VARIABLE TRANSFORMER
CONNECTING WIRES
1 – AC AMMETER
1 – AC VOLTMETER

ASSEMBLY 5
1 – FIELD POLE
2 – ARMATURE COILS
1 – DC SUPPLY
1 – DC VOLTMETER
IV. PROCEDURES:

ASSEMBLY 1

1. STAND THE COIL VERTICALLY IN FRONT OF THE COMPASS WITH THE

RED BAND ON ITS RIGHT HAND SIDE AND CONNECT THE DC SUPPLY TO
THE COIL, TAKING THE POSITIVE TERMINAL TO THE LEAD NEXT TO
THE RED BAND.
2. SWITCH ON AND NOTE WHAT HAPPENS TO THE COMPASS NEEDLE.
3. DETERMINE THE PATTERN OF ITS MAGNETIC FIELD BY FOLLOWING
THE LINES OF FLUX THROUGH AND OUTSIDE THE COIL.
4. SWITCH OFF THE DC SUPPLY AND OBSERVE WHAT HAPPENS TO THE
COMPASS NEEDLE.

ASSEMBLY 2
1. FIT THE L9 COILS TO THE FIELD POLES AND ATTACH THEM TO THE
FRAME RING IN THE 3’ OCLOCK AND 9’ OCLOCK POSITIONS.
2. MAKE THE COIL CONNECTIONS SHOWN IN THE FIGURE AND SWITCH ON
THE DC SUPPLY.
3. PLACE THE ROTOR BETWEEN THE POLES AND AGAIN SWITCH THE
SUPPLY ON AND OFF. OBSERVE THE METER NEEDLE DEFLECTION.
ASSEMBLY 3
1. MAKE THE CONNECTIONS SHOWN IN THE DIAGRAM BELOW AND SET THE
METER TO THE DC RANGE.
2. WITH THE ROTOR REMOVED FROM THE ASSEMBLY, SWITCH THE DC
SUPPLY ON AND OFF. OBSERVE THE METER NEEDLE AT EACH OPERATION.
3. USE A PLOTTING COMPASS TO IDENTIFY THE POLES AND OBSERVE HOW
THE POLES BEHAVE.
ASSEMBLY 4
1. REMOVE THE DC SUPPLY AND CONNECT A LOW VOLTAGE AC SOURCE TO
THE L5 COIL TERMINALS.
2. SET THE MULTI-RANGE METER WHICH IS CONNECTED TO THE L4 COIL
TO THE 25V AC RANGE, SWITCH ON THE AC SUPPLY AND RAISE THE
APPLIED VOLTAGE TO 10V.
3. MEASURE THE VOLTAGE ACROSS THE L4 TERMINAL.
4. REMOVE THE FIELD POLE FROM THE COIL AND AGAIN, MEASURE THE
VOLTAGE ACROSS THE L4 TERMINAL. COMPARE THE RESULTS WITH
THAT OF PROCEDURE 3.
5. MAKE THE CONNECTION AS SHOWN. SET THE VARIABLE TRANSFORMER
TO ZERO OUTPUT AND SWITCH ON THE AC SUPPLY.
6. RAISE THE CURRENT APPLIED TO THE L5 COIL IN STEPS, MEASURING
EXCITATION CURRENT AND OUTPUT VOLTAGE AT EACH STEP.

ASSEMBLY 5
1. FIT THE L4 AND L5 COILS OVER THE FIELD POLE AND CONNECT THE DC
SUPPLY TO THE L5 COIL, POSITIVE TO THE RED TERMINAL, NEGATIVE
TO THE BLACK.
2. CONNECT THE MULTIRANGE METER TO THE L4 TERMINALS, POSITIVE
TO THE RED TERMINAL AND SET IT TO THE 100MA DC RANGE NEAREST.
3. SWITCH ON AND OFF THE DC SUPPLY AND OBSERVE THE DIRECTIONS OF
CURRENT FLOW IN THE TWO COILS.
VI. ANALYSIS
ASSEMBLY 1
ASSEMBLY 1, INCLUDES A DC POWER SUPPLY AS A SOURCE O COIL, A FIELD
STATOR POLE, AND A COMPASS CONNECTED AS SHOWN. THE DIRECTION OF
THE MAGNETIC FIELD WAS DETERMINED USING THE COMPASS. AT FIRST,
THE NEEDLE DEFLECTED TOWARDS THE COIL WHEN IT IS PLACED JUST IN
FRONT OF THE COIL.

ASSEMBLY 2
IN ASSEMBLY 2, TWO COILS IN A FIELD STATOR POLE ARE ASSEMBLED
IN THE FRAME RING WHEN THE COILS ARE FITTED IN THE STATOR
POLES AND FIXED IN THE FRAME RING THE PLUX AS IDENTIFIED USING
THE COMPASS LEAVES ONE PHASE OF THE COIL AND FLOWS TOWARDS THE
OTHER SIDE.

ASSEMBLY 3
FOR ASSEMBLY 3, A ROTOR WAS PLACED IN THE MIDDLE OF THE RING TO
FILL THE SPACE AND GAP BETWEEN THE TWO FIELD POLE STATOR AN
ANALOG AMMETER WAS ALSO ADDED TO INVESTIGATE THE CURRENT
THROUGH THE ASSEMBLY. WHEN THE SUPPLY WAS TURNED ON, THE METER
DETECTED BUT IMMEDIATELY RETURNED TO ITS ORIGINAL POSITION
AND WHEN THE SWITCH IS TURNED OR, THE DEPLECTION WAS IN
BACKWARD AND REVERSE DI RECTION BUT EVENTUALLY RETURNED TO
ZERO

ASSEMBLY 4
IN ASSEMBLY 4, WE USE A VANOC AS AN AC SUPPLY, WE FIT THE L4 AND 15
COILS IN THE FIELD POLES WE USE A DIGITAL MULTIMETER IN
PLEASURING THE VOLTAGE AND CURRENT FLOWING INTO THE COILS
THEN SETTING THE SUPPLY FROM 1 VOLT TO TO VOS, WE HAVE
CHISERVED THAT THE READINGS FROM THE DIFFERENT SET OF
VOLTAGESWERE ALMOST THE SAME AS WHAT THE VOLTAGE SUPPLIED
ASSEMBLY 5
IN ASSEMBLY 5, IT WAS OBSERVED THAT THE ALTERNATING CURRENT
SUPPLIED CREATED A CHANGE IN FLUX IN THE FIRST ALL WHICH
CREATED A CURRENT INDUCED VOLTAGE IN THE NEXT COIL THIS
INDICATES OPPOSITE DIRECTION IN CURRENT CHANGE OR TO COILS WHO
EXPLAIN AND SUPPORTED THE CONCEPT OR THE LENZ'S LAW

VII. QUESTIONS

1. DETERMINE THE COMPASS NEEDLE DEFLECTION AS THE FIELD IS

STRENGTHENED THE FIELD COILS.
WHEN THE FIELD COIL IS STRENGTHENED THE FIELD COILS,THE NORTH
POLE OF THE COMPASS NEEDLE DEFLECTED AWAY FROM THE FIELD COIL
DUE TO THE STRENGTHENED MAGNETIC FIELD.

2. WHAT WILL HAPPEN TO THE COMPASS IF IT IS PLACED BETWEEN THE

FIELD POLES.
LIKE POLES THE POLE OF MAGNET REPEL EACH OTHER. THUS, THE
NEEDLE OF THE COMPASS WILL REST IN THE DIRECTION OF MAGNETIC
FIELD CORRESPONDING TO THE SOLENOID AT THAT POINT.

3. WHAT WILL BE THE RESULT IF 6V DC SUPPLY IS PLACED TO THE COILS

IN DETERMINING THE FLUX LEVEL IN THE MAGNETIC CIRCUIT
THE MAGNETIC FLUX DEVELOPED AROUND THE COIL BEING
PROPORTIONAL TO THE AMOUNT OF CURRENT FLOWING IN THE COILS
WINDINGS AS SHOWN. IF A 6 V DC . THE SAME COIL WITH THE CURRENT
FLOWING THROUGH THEM, THEN THE STATIC MAGNETIC FIELD STRENGTH
WOULD BE INCREASED. THEREFORE, THE MAGNETIC FIELD STRENGTH OF
A COIL IS DETERMINED BY THE AMPERE TURNS OF THE COIL. WITH MORE
TURNS OF WIRE WITHIN THE COIL, THE GREATER THE STRENGTH OF THE
STATIC MAGNETIC FIELD AROUND IT.
4. WHAT IS SATURATION AND HOW IS THIS RELATED TO THE FLUX
DENSITY
FLUX IS THE AMOUNT OF THE FIELD THROUGH A PARTICULAR SURFACE.
FLUX DENSITY IS THE AMOUNT OF THE FIELD GOING THROUGH A UNIT
AREA. BOTH OF THESE IDEAS ARE VERY IMPORTANT IN FIELDS SUCH
AS ELECTROMAGNETICS, POWER AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING,
PHYSICS AND MANY MORE FIELDS.

5. WHAT IS LENZ LAW, HOW IS THIS LAW MANIFESTED IN THE

EXPERIMENT
LENZ'S LAW STATED THAT THE MOTION OF THE COIL IS OPPOSED WHEN
THE INDUCED CURRENT IS APPLIED IN THE SAME DIRECTION. TO
PRODUCE THE CURRENT, FORCE IS EXERTED BY THE MAGNET IN THE
LOOP. TO OPPOSE THE CHANGE, THE CURRENT ON THE MAGNET MUST
EXERT A FORCE ON THE MAGNET. LENZ LAW MANIFESTED IN DIS
EXPERIMENT WHEN WE INDUCED CURRENT ON COIL THEN THE FORCE
EXERTED OPPOSE THE INDUCED FORCE WHICH CAN CLEARLY SEE IN THE
DIRECTION WHERE THE COMPASS NEEDLE DEPLETED.

6. HOW DOES THE VOLTAGE BEING USED IN ASSEMBLY 5

THE VOLTAGE IS USED IN ASSEMBLY 5 TO ENDUCED VOLTAGE AND TO

SHOW ITS DIRECTION TO SUPPORT LENZ'S LAW

VIII. CONCLUSION
THROUGH THIS EXPERIMENT, WE SEE THEMEASUREMENT OF THE TOTAL
MAGNETIC FIELD WHICH PASSES THROUGH A GIVEN AREA IN COIL . IT IS
A USEFUL TOOL FOR HELPING DESCRIBE THE EFFECTS OF THE MAGNETIC
FORCE ON SOMETHING OCCUPYING A GIVEN AREA. THE MEASUREMENT OF
MAGNETIC FLUX IS TIED TO THE PARTICULAR AREA CHOSEN. WE ALSO
CONCLUDED THAT WHEN THE COIL IS PULLED TOWARDS THE MAGNETIC
FLUX, THE COIL LINKED WITH IT DECREASES, WHICH MEANS THAT THE
AREA OF THE COIL INSIDE THE MAGNETIC FIELD DECREASES.
ACCORDING TO LENZ’S LAW, THE MOTION OF THE COIL IS OPPOSED WHEN
THE INDUCED CURRENT IS APPLIED IN THE SAME DIRECTION. TO
PRODUCE THE CURRENT, FORCE IS EXERTED BY THE MAGNET IN THE
LOOP. TO OPPOSE THE CHANGE, THE CURRENT ON THE MAGNET MUST
EXERT A FORCE ON THE MAGNET.