MA3151 MATRICES AND CALCULUS

UNIT -3 FUNCTIONS OF SEVERAL VARIABLES

PART – A
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
1. If 𝑢 = + 𝑧 + 𝑥, then find 𝑥 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 + 𝑧 𝜕𝑧 .
𝑦
Solution:
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
Given 𝑢 = 𝑦 + 𝑧 + 𝑥
∂u 1 z ∂u x 1 ∂u y 1
= +0− 2; = − 2 + + 0; =− 2+
∂x y x ∂y y z ∂z z x
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝑥 𝑥𝑧 𝑥𝑦 𝑦 𝑦𝑧 𝑧
𝑥 +𝑦 +𝑧 = − − + − +
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝑦 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑧 𝑧 2 𝑥
𝑥 𝑧 𝑥 𝑦 𝑦 𝑧
= − − + − + =0
𝑦 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 𝑧 𝑥

2. (i) State Euler’s Theorem and (ii) State properties of Jacobians.

Solution:
(i)Euler’s Theorem:
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
If 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) is a homogenous of degree 𝑛. Then, 𝑥 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 = 𝑛𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦).
(ii) properties of Jacobians:
(a) If 𝑢 and 𝑣 are the functions of 𝑟 and 𝑠 and 𝑟, 𝑠 are the functions of 𝑥 and 𝑦,
𝜕(𝑢,𝑣) 𝜕(𝑢,𝑣) 𝜕(𝑟,𝑠)
Then 𝜕(𝑥,𝑦) = . .
𝜕(𝑟,𝑠) 𝜕(𝑥,𝑦)
𝜕(𝑢,𝑣)
(b) If 𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦), 𝑣 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦). Then, if 𝜕(𝑥,𝑦) = 0, then 𝑢, 𝑣 are functionally dependent.
𝜕(𝑢,𝑣) 𝜕(𝑥,𝑦)
If 𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦), 𝑣 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦). Then, if 𝜕(𝑥,𝑦) . 𝜕(𝑢,𝑣) = 1.

𝑥 3 +𝑦 3 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
3. If 𝑢 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ), then prove that 𝑥 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑢.
𝑥−𝑦
𝑥 3 +𝑦 3
Solution: Given 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )
𝑥−𝑦
3 3
𝑥 +𝑦
tan(𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦)) = ( )
𝑥−𝑦

(𝑡𝑥)3 + (𝑡𝑦)3 (𝑡)3 ((𝑥)3 + (𝑦)3 )

tan(𝑢(𝑡𝑥, 𝑡𝑦)) = ( )=( )
𝑡𝑥 − 𝑡𝑦 𝑡(𝑥 − 𝑦)

(𝑡)2 ((𝑥)3 + (𝑦)3 )

=( ) = (𝑡)2 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦)
(𝑥 − 𝑦)

Therefore, tan(𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦)) is a homogenous function of degree 2. Then by Euler’s theorem,

𝜕𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑢 𝜕𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑢
𝑥 +𝑦 = 𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

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𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑢 + 𝑦𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑢 = 2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑢
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑢
𝑥 +𝑦 =2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑢

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝑥 +𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑢.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝑥+𝑦 1
4. If 𝑢 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( ), then prove that 𝑥𝑢𝑥 + 𝑦𝑢𝑦 = − 2 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑢.
√𝑥+√ 𝑦
𝑥+𝑦
Solution: Given 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( )
√𝑥+√𝑦
𝑥+𝑦
cos(𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦)) = ( )
√𝑥 + √𝑦
𝑡𝑥 + 𝑡𝑦 𝑡(𝑥 + 𝑦)
cos(𝑢(𝑡𝑥, 𝑡𝑦)) = ( )=( )
√𝑡𝑥 + √𝑡𝑦 √𝑡(√𝑥 + √𝑦)
√𝑡(𝑥 + 𝑦)
=( ) = √𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦)
(√𝑥 + √𝑦)
1
Therefore, cos(𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦)) is a homogenous function of degree 2. Then by Euler’s
𝜕𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑢 𝜕𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑢
theorem, 𝑥 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 = 𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 1
𝑥(−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢) + 𝑦(−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑢
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 2
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑢
𝑥 +𝑦 =−
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 1
𝑥 +𝑦 = − 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑢.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 2
1
𝑥𝑢𝑥 + 𝑦𝑢𝑦 = − 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑢
2
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
5. If 𝑢 = 𝑓 ( , , ), then prove that 𝑥𝑢𝑥 + 𝑦𝑢𝑦 + 𝑧𝑢𝑧 = 0.
𝑦 𝑧 𝑥
Solution:
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
Given 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑓 (𝑦 , 𝑧 , 𝑥)
𝑡𝑥 𝑡𝑦 𝑡𝑧 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
𝑢(𝑡𝑥, 𝑡𝑦, 𝑡𝑧) = 𝑓 ( , , ) = 𝑓 ( , , ) = 𝑡 0 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)
𝑡𝑦 𝑡𝑧 𝑡𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 𝑥
Therefore, 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) is a homogenous function of degree 0. Then by Euler’s theorem,
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝑥 +𝑦 +𝑧 = 𝑛𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝑥 +𝑦 +𝑧 = 0𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

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𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝑥 +𝑦 +𝑧 =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝑥𝑢𝑥 + 𝑦𝑢𝑦 + 𝑧𝑢𝑧 = 0.

𝑦 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢
6. If 𝑢 = (𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑓 ( ), then find 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 + 𝑦 2 𝜕𝑦 2 .
𝑥 𝜕𝑥 2
𝑦
Solution: Given 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑓 (𝑥 )
𝑡𝑦 𝑦
𝑢(𝑡𝑥, 𝑡𝑦) = (𝑡𝑥 − 𝑡𝑦)𝑓 ( ) = 𝑡(𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑓 ( ) = 𝑡𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝑡𝑥 𝑥
Therefore, 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) is a homogenous function of degree 1. Then by Euler’s theorem,
𝜕 2𝑢 𝜕 2𝑢 𝜕 2𝑢
𝑥 2 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 2 = 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
2 2
2
𝜕 𝑢 𝜕 𝑢 2
𝜕 2𝑢
𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦 +𝑦 = 1(1 − 1)𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2
2
𝜕 2𝑢 𝜕 2𝑢 2
𝜕 2𝑢
𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦 +𝑦 =0
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2

𝑑𝑢
7. If 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑡 , 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡, 𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡, then find .
𝑑𝑡
Solution:
𝑑𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑦 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑧
= + +
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑧 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑢
= (2𝑥)(𝑒 𝑡 ) + (2𝑦)(𝑒 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 + 𝑒 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡) + 2𝑧(𝑒 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 − 𝑒 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡)
𝑑𝑡
𝜕𝑍 𝜕𝑍 𝜕𝑍
8. 𝑍 = 𝑓(𝑦 − 𝑧, 𝑧 − 𝑥, 𝑥 − 𝑦), show that + + = 0.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
Solution: Let 𝑟 = 𝑦 − 𝑧, 𝑠 = 𝑧 − 𝑥, 𝑡 = 𝑥 − 𝑦,

Then 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑟, 𝑠, 𝑡)

𝜕𝑍 𝜕𝑍 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑍 𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑍 𝜕𝑡
= + +
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑍 𝜕𝑍 𝜕𝑍 𝜕𝑍
= (0) + (−1) + (1)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝑍 𝜕𝑍 𝜕𝑍
= − 𝜕𝑠 + 𝜕𝑡 -------------------(1)
𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑍 𝜕𝑍 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑍 𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑍 𝜕𝑡
= + +
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑍 𝜕𝑍 𝜕𝑍 𝜕𝑍
= (1) + (0) + (−1)
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑡

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𝜕𝑍 𝜕𝑍 𝜕𝑍
= − − − − − − (2)
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑡

𝜕𝑍 𝜕𝑍 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑍 𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑍 𝜕𝑡
= + +
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑍 𝜕𝑍 𝜕𝑍 𝜕𝑍
= (−1) + (1) + (0)
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝑍 𝜕𝑍 𝜕𝑍
=− + − − − −(3)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑠
𝜕𝑍 𝜕𝑍 𝜕𝑍 𝜕𝑍 𝜕𝑍 𝜕𝑍 𝜕𝑍 𝜕𝑍 𝜕𝑍
+ + =− + + − − + =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑠
𝑑𝑦
9. If (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)𝑦 = (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦)𝑥 ,find
𝑑𝑥

Solution: Let 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)𝑦 − (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦)𝑥

𝜕𝑓
𝑑𝑦 − 𝜕𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑓
𝜕𝑦
We know that, 𝑑(𝑥 𝑛 ) = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1 and 𝑑(𝑎 𝑥 ) = 𝑎 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎

𝑑𝑦 −(𝑦(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)𝑦−1 (−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) − (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦)𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦)

=
𝑑𝑥 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 𝑥(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦)𝑥−1 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦)

𝑑𝑦 (𝑦(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)𝑦−1 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) + (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦)𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦)

=
𝑑𝑥 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 𝑥(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦)𝑥−1 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦)

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
10. (a) If 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑦 𝑥 , find (b) 𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑦 𝑥 = 1,find .
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Solution: (a)𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 𝑦 − 𝑦 𝑥
𝜕𝑓
𝑑𝑦 − 𝜕𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑓
𝜕𝑦
We know that,
𝑑(𝑥 𝑛 ) = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1 and 𝑑(𝑎 𝑥 ) = 𝑎 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎
𝑑𝑦 (𝑦𝑥 𝑦−1 − 𝑦 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦)
=− 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦 𝑥−1 )
(b)𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑦 𝑥 − 1

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𝜕𝑓
𝑑𝑦 − 𝜕𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑓
𝜕𝑦
We know that,
𝑑(𝑥 𝑛 ) = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1 and 𝑑(𝑎 𝑥 ) = 𝑎 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎
𝑑𝑦 (𝑦𝑥 𝑦−1 + 𝑦 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦)
=− 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 𝑥−1 )
𝑑𝑢
11. If 𝑢 = sin(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 , find .
𝑑𝑥
Solution:

𝑢 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2
𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑦
= 2𝑥. 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) 2𝑦 = −2𝑥
𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑦 −𝑥
= 2𝑦. 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) =
𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑦

𝑑𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑦
= + .
𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑥
−𝑥
= 2𝑥. cos(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) + 2𝑦. cos(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) ( )
𝑦
−𝑥
= 2𝑥. cos(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) + 2𝑦. cos(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) ( ) [since 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 ]
𝑦
= 2𝑥. cos(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) − 2𝑥. cos(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )
=0
𝜕(𝑥,𝑦) 𝜕(𝑟,𝜃)
12. If 𝑥 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃, 𝑦 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 (𝑖) , (𝑖𝑖) 𝜕(𝑥,𝑦).
𝜕(𝑟,𝜃)
Solution:

Given: 𝑥 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃, 𝑦 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃, = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
= −𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃, = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜃

𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝜕𝜃| = |𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 −𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
= | 𝜕𝑟 | = 𝑟[𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃] = 𝑟
𝜕(𝑟, 𝜃) 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝜃
𝜕(𝑥,𝑦) 𝜕(𝑟,𝜃) 𝜕(𝑟,𝜃)
We know that 𝜕(𝑟,𝜃) 𝜕(𝑥,𝑦) = 1 (𝑟) 𝜕(𝑥,𝑦) = 1

𝜕(𝑟, 𝜃) 1
=
𝜕(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑟

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𝑦2 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 𝜕(𝑢,𝑣)
13. If 𝑢 = ,𝑣 = , 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑
2𝑥 2𝑥 𝜕(𝑥,𝑦)

Solution:
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 −𝑦 2 𝑦
𝜕(𝑢, 𝑣) 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 | 2
= || | = | 22𝑥 2 𝑥|
𝜕(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝑥 −𝑦 𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 2𝑥 2 𝑥

−𝑦 3 𝑦(𝑥 2 −𝑦 2 ) −𝑦
= 2𝑥 3 − =
2𝑥 3 2𝑥
𝑦
14. Find Taylor’s of 𝑥 at (1,1) up to first degree terms.
Solution:
Taylor’s series is
1
 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑓(𝑎, 𝑏) + 1 [ℎ𝑓𝑥 (𝑎, 𝑏) + 𝑘𝑓𝑦 (𝑎, 𝑏)] + ⋯

Where ℎ = 𝑥 − 𝑎, 𝑘 = 𝑦 − 𝑏

Here, (𝑎, 𝑏) = (1,1)

Therefore, ℎ = 𝑥 − 1, 𝑘 = 𝑦 − 1

Function Value at (1,1)

𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 𝑦 𝑓(1,1) = 1
𝑓𝑥 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑦𝑥 𝑦−1 𝑓𝑥 (1,1) = 1
𝑓𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 𝑦 (𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥) 𝑓𝑦 (1,1) = 1(𝑙𝑜𝑔 1) = 0
1
Therefore 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 1 + 1! [(𝑥 − 1)1 + (𝑦 − 1)(0)]
=1+𝑥−1=𝑥
15. A flat circular plate is heated so that the temperature at any point (𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑖s (𝑥, 𝑦) =
𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 − 𝑥. Find the coldest point.
Solution:

u=𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 − 𝑥 𝑢𝑥 = 0 𝑢𝑦 = 0

𝑢𝑥 = 2𝑥 − 1 2𝑥 − 1 = 0 4𝑦 = 0
𝑢𝑦 = 4𝑦 1 𝑦=0
𝑥=
2

𝐴 = 𝑢𝑥𝑥 = 2; 𝐶 = 𝑢𝑦𝑦 = 4; 𝐵 == 𝑢𝑥𝑦 = 0

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∆= 𝐴𝐶 − 𝐵 2 > 0
1 −1
u is minimum at (2 , 𝑜) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑖𝑠 4
16. State the condition for maxima and minima of 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦).
Solution:
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
Step 1: Find 𝑓𝑥 = 𝜕𝑥 , 𝑓𝑦 = 𝜕𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑥 = 0 , 𝑓𝑦 = 0 as simultaneous equations in x
and y.
Let (𝑎, 𝑏), (𝑎1 , 𝑏1 ) …. Be the solutions. Which are stationary points of 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦).
𝜕2 𝑓 𝜕2 𝑓 𝜕2 𝑓
Step 2: find 𝑟 = 𝑓𝑥𝑥 = 𝜕𝑥 2 , 𝑠 = 𝑓𝑥𝑦 = 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 , 𝑡 = 𝑓𝑦𝑦 = 𝜕𝑦 2

Step 3: Evaluate 𝑟, 𝑠, 𝑠𝑡 at each stationary point.

At the stationary point (𝑎, 𝑏)

(𝑖) 𝑖𝑓 𝑟𝑡 − 𝑠 2 > 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟 < 0. 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓(𝑎, 𝑏) is a maximum value of 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦).

(𝑖𝑖)𝑖𝑓 𝑟𝑡 − 𝑠 2 > 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟 > 0. 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓(𝑎, 𝑏) is a minimum value of 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)

(𝑖𝑖𝑖)𝑖𝑓 𝑟𝑡 − 𝑠 2 < 0 𝑎. 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 (𝑎, 𝑏) is a saddle point.

(𝑖𝑣)𝑖𝑓 𝑟𝑡 − 𝑠 2 = 0 , no conclusion can be made; further investigation is required.

17. Define stationary value.

Solution: A function 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) is said to be stationary at (𝑎, 𝑏) 𝑜𝑟 𝑓(𝑎, 𝑏) is said to be a
stationary value of 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) if 𝑓𝑥 (𝑎, 𝑏) = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑦 (𝑎, 𝑏) = 0

𝑑𝑢
18. If 𝑢 = 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 where 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑡 2 , 𝑦 = 2𝑎𝑡 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 .
𝑑𝑡
Solution:
𝑢 = 𝑥3 + 𝑦3 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑡 2 𝑦 = 2𝑎𝑡
𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
= 3𝑥 2 = 2𝑎𝑡 = 2𝑎
𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝜕𝑢
= 3𝑦 2
𝜕𝑦
𝑑𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑦
= . + .
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑡

= 3𝑥 2 . 2𝑎𝑡 + 3𝑦 2 . 2𝑎
= 6𝑎3 𝑡 5 + 24𝑎3 𝑡 2

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1 𝑑𝑢
19. If 𝑢 = 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑧𝑥, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑥 = , 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑡 , 𝑧 = 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 .
𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Solution:

𝑢 = 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑧𝑥 1 𝑦 = 𝑒𝑡 𝑧 = 𝑒 −𝑡
𝑥=
𝜕𝑢 𝑡 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
𝑡 −𝑡
𝜕𝑥
=𝑦+𝑧 𝑑𝑥 −1 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑒 𝑑𝑡 = −𝑒
= 2
𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑡 𝑡
=𝑥+𝑧
𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢
=𝑦+𝑥
𝜕𝑧
𝑑𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑦 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑧
= . + . + .
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑧 𝑑𝑡

−1
= (𝑦 + 𝑧). + (𝑥 + 𝑧). 𝑒 𝑡 + (𝑦 + 𝑥)(−𝑒 −𝑡 )
𝑡2
−1 1 1
=(𝑒 𝑡 + 𝑒 −𝑡 ). 𝑡 2 + ( 𝑡 + 𝑒 −𝑡 ) . 𝑒 𝑡 + (𝑒 𝑡 + 𝑡 ) (−𝑒 −𝑡 )
𝑢 𝜕(𝑥,𝑦)
20. If 𝑥 = 𝑢𝑣 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = , then find 𝜕(𝑢,𝑣).
𝑣

Solution:
𝑥 = 𝑢𝑣 𝑢
𝑦=
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝑣
= 𝑣; 𝜕𝑣 = 𝑢,
𝜕𝑢

𝜕𝑦 1 𝜕𝑦 −𝑢
= ; =
𝜕𝑢 𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝑣 2

𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝑣 𝑢
𝜕(𝑥, 𝑦) −𝑢| = −𝑢 − 𝑢 = −2𝑢
= |𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 | = |1
𝜕(𝑢, 𝑣) 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝑣 𝑣 𝑣
𝑣 𝑣2
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣

dy
21. Find ,if x3+y3=3axy
dx
Solution:
Let f(x,y)= x3+y3=3axy
𝜕𝑓
𝑑𝑦 − 𝜕𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑓
𝜕𝑦

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𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
= 3𝑥 2 − 3𝑎𝑦; = 3𝑦 2 − 3𝑎𝑥
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝑑𝑦 3𝑥 2 − 3𝑎𝑦 𝑎𝑦 − 𝑥 2
= −( 2 )= 2
𝑑𝑥 3𝑦 − 3𝑎𝑥 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥

22. Verify Euler’s theorem for the function 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥𝑦

𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: Given 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥𝑦
It is clear that u is a homogeneous function of degree 2 in x and y.
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
By Euler’s theorem 𝑥 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 = 𝑛𝑢 = 2𝑢 → (1)
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
= 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 2(𝑥 + 𝑦); = 2𝑦 + 2𝑥 = 2(𝑥 + 𝑦)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝑥 = 2𝑥(𝑥 + 𝑦); 𝑦 = 2𝑦(𝑥 + 𝑦)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝑥 = 2(𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦); 𝑦 2(𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝑥 +𝑦 = 2𝑢
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
It is same as (1), Hence Euler’s theorem is verified

𝜕𝑟
23. If 𝑥 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃, 𝑦 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑
𝜕𝑥
Solution: Given that 𝑥 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 → 𝑥 2 = 𝑟 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 → 𝑦 2 = 𝑟 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑟 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝑟 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 = 𝑟 2 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃) = 𝑟 2
𝑟 2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑟 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
𝜕𝑟 1 𝑥 𝑥
= [2𝑥] = =
𝜕𝑥 2√𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑟

2 2 2 f 2 f
24. If f ( x, y )  log x  y ,show that  0
x 2 y 2
Solution:
2 2 1 2 2
Given f ( x, y )  log x  y  log( x  y )
2
f 1 2 x x  2 f ( x 2  y 2 )(1)  x(2 x) y2  x2
  ;  
x 2 x 2  y 2 x 2  y 2 x 2 (x2  y 2 )2 (x2  y 2 )2
2 f x2  y2
Similarly, 
y 2 (x2  y 2 )2

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2 f 2 f
  0
x 2 y 2
2 f 2 f
25. Prove that  if f  x 3  y 3  z 3  3 xyz
xy yx
Solution:
3 3 3
Given f  x  y  z  3 xyz
f f
 3x 2  3 yz;  3 y 2  3xz
x y
2 f   f  2 f   f 
    3z  (1);     3z  (2)
xy x  y  yx y  x 
2 f 2 f
From (1) and (2) we get 
xy yx

PART – B

1. If 𝑢 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑧 3 − 3𝑥𝑦𝑧) show that

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 2 9
( + + ) 𝑢=−
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)2

Solution:

Given 𝑢 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑧 3 − 3𝑥𝑦𝑧)

𝜕𝑢 (3𝑥 2 − 3𝑦𝑧)
= 3 ;
𝜕𝑥 (𝑥 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑧 3 − 3𝑥𝑦𝑧)

𝜕𝑢 (3𝑦 2 − 3𝑥𝑧)
= 3 ;
𝜕𝑦 (𝑥 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑧 3 − 3𝑥𝑦𝑧)

𝜕𝑢 (3𝑧 2 − 3𝑥𝑦)
= 3 ;
𝜕𝑧 (𝑥 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑧 3 − 3𝑥𝑦𝑧)

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 (3𝑥 2 − 3𝑦𝑧) (3𝑦 2 − 3𝑥𝑧)

+ + = +
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 (𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑧 3 − 3𝑥𝑦𝑧) (𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑧 3 − 3𝑥𝑦𝑧)

(3𝑧 2 − 3𝑥𝑦)
+ 3
(𝑥 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑧 3 − 3𝑥𝑦𝑧)

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𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 (3𝑥 2 − 3𝑦𝑧 + 3𝑦 2 − 3𝑥𝑧 + 3𝑧 2 − 3𝑥𝑦)

( + + ) (𝑢) =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 (𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑧3 − 3𝑥𝑦𝑧)

3(𝑥 2 − 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑦 2 − 𝑥𝑧 + 𝑧 2 − 𝑥𝑦) 3(𝑥 2 − 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑦 2 − 𝑥𝑧 + 𝑧 2 − 𝑥𝑦)

= =
(𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑧 3 − 3𝑥𝑦𝑧) (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)(𝑥 2 − 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑦 2 − 𝑥𝑧 + 𝑧 2 − 𝑥𝑦)

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 3
( + + ) (𝑢) =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝑥+𝑦+𝑧

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 3
( + + ) (𝑢) = ( )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 −3
( + + ) (𝑢) = (1)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)2

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 −3
( + + ) (𝑢) = (2)
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)2

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 −3
( + + ) (𝑢) = (3)
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)2

Adding (1),(2) and (3), we get

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 −9
( + + ) (𝑢) + ( + + ) (𝑢) + ( + + ) (𝑢) =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)2

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 2 9
( + + ) 𝑢=−
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)2
𝑦−𝑥 𝑧−𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
2. If 𝑢 = 𝑓 ( 𝑥𝑦 , ), show that 𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 2 𝜕𝑦 + 𝑧 2 𝜕𝑧
𝑥𝑧
Solution:
𝑦−𝑥 𝑧−𝑥
Given 𝑢 = 𝑓 ( 𝑥𝑦 , )
𝑥𝑧
𝑦−𝑥 𝑧−𝑥
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑟, 𝑠) where 𝑟 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠 =
𝑥𝑦 𝑥𝑧
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑠
= . + .
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 (𝑥𝑦)(−1) − (𝑦 − 𝑥)(𝑦) 𝜕𝑢 (𝑥𝑧)(−1) − (𝑧 − 𝑥)(𝑧)
= . + .
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑟 (𝑥𝑦)2 𝜕𝑠 (𝑥𝑧)2
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 (−𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 2 + 𝑥𝑦) 𝜕𝑢 (−𝑥𝑧 − 𝑧 2 + 𝑧𝑥)
= . + .
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑟 (𝑥𝑦)2 𝜕𝑠 (𝑥𝑧)2
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 (−𝑦 2 ) 𝜕𝑢 (−𝑧 2 )
= . + .
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑟 (𝑥𝑦)2 𝜕𝑠 (𝑥𝑧)2

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𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 (−1) 𝜕𝑢 (−1)
= . + .
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑟 (𝑥)2 𝜕𝑠 (𝑥)2
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝑥2 = . (−1) + . (−1)
𝑧𝑥 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑠
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝑥2 =− − (1)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑠
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑠
= . + .
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 (𝑥𝑦)(1) − (𝑦 − 𝑥)(𝑥) 𝜕𝑢
= . + .0
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑟 (𝑥𝑦)2 𝜕𝑠

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 (𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦𝑥 + 𝑥 2 ) 𝜕𝑢
= . + .0
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑟 (𝑥𝑦)2 𝜕𝑠
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 (𝑥 2 )
= .
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑟 (𝑥𝑦)2
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 1
= . ;
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑟 𝑦 2
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝑦2 = (2)
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑟

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑠
= . + .
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 (𝑥𝑧)(1) − (𝑧 − 𝑥)(𝑥)
= .0 + .
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑠 (𝑥𝑧)2

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝑥𝑧 − 𝑧𝑥 + 𝑥 2
= .
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑠 (𝑥𝑧)2

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 1
= .
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑠 𝑧 2
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝑧2 = (3)
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑠

Adding (1),(2) and (3)

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧2 =− − + + =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑠
3. If 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)where 𝑥 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃, 𝑦 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃. Show that
𝜕𝑍 2 𝜕𝑍 2 𝜕𝑍 2 1 𝜕𝑍 2
( ) +( ) = ( ) + 2( )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃

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Solution:
Given, 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)where 𝑥 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃, 𝑦 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

𝜕𝑍 𝜕𝑍 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑍 𝜕𝑦
= +
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑟

𝜕𝑍 𝜕𝑍 𝜕𝑍
= (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) + (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑍 2 𝜕𝑍 2 𝜕𝑍 2 𝜕𝑍 𝜕𝑍
( ) = ( ) (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) + ( ) (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)2 + 2
2
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑍 𝜕𝑍 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑍 𝜕𝑦
= +
𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝜃

𝜕𝑍 𝜕𝑍 𝜕𝑍
= (−𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) + (𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)
𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑍 2 𝜕𝑍 2 𝜕𝑍 𝜕𝑍
=( ) (−𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)2 + ( ) (𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)2 − 2𝑟 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

1 𝜕𝑍 2 𝜕𝑍 2 2
𝜕𝑍 2 2
𝜕𝑍 𝜕𝑍
( ) = ( ) (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) + ( ) (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) − 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑟 2 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑍 2 1 𝜕𝑍 2 𝜕𝑍 2 𝜕𝑍 2 𝜕𝑍 𝜕𝑍
( ) + 2 ( ) = ( ) (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) + ( ) (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)2 + 2
2
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 +
𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑍 2 𝜕𝑍 2 𝜕𝑍 𝜕𝑍
( ) (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) + ( ) (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)2 − 2
2
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑍 2 1 𝜕𝑍 2 𝜕𝑍 2 𝜕𝑍 2
( ) + 2 ( ) = ( ) (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃) + ( ) (𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃)
2 2
𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑍 2 1 𝜕𝑍 2 𝜕𝑍 2 𝜕𝑍 2
( ) + 2( ) = ( ) +( )
𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

4. If 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝜙(𝑢, 𝑣) where 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 , 𝑣 = 2𝑥𝑦 show that

𝜕 2𝑓 𝜕 2𝑓 2 2)
𝜕 2ϕ 𝜕 2𝜙
+ = 4(𝑥 + 𝑦 ( 2 + 2 )
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣

Solution:

Given 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝜙(𝑢, 𝑣) where 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 , 𝑣 = 2𝑥𝑦

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𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝑣
= = +
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙
= (2𝑥) + (2𝑦)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
= 2𝑥 + 2𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
𝜕 𝜕𝜙 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙
( ) = (2𝑥 + 2𝑦 ) (2𝑥 + 2𝑦 )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣

𝜕 2ϕ 2
𝜕 2ϕ 𝜕 2ϕ 2
𝜕 2ϕ
= 4𝑥 + 4𝑥𝑦 + 4𝑦
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑢2 𝜕𝑢𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 2
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝑣
= = +
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙
= (−2𝑦) + (2𝑥)
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
= −2𝑦 + 2𝑥
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣

𝜕 𝜕𝜙 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙
( ) = (−2𝑦 + 2𝑥 ) (−2𝑦 + 2𝑥 )
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣

𝜕 2ϕ 2
𝜕 2ϕ 𝜕 2ϕ 2
𝜕 2ϕ
= 4𝑦 − 4𝑥𝑦 + 4𝑥
𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑢2 𝜕𝑢𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 2

𝜕 2𝑓 𝜕 2𝑓 𝜕 2ϕ 𝜕 2ϕ 2
𝜕 2ϕ 𝜕 2ϕ 2
𝜕 2ϕ
+ = + = 4𝑥 + 4𝑥𝑦 + 4𝑦 +
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑢2 𝜕𝑢𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 2

𝜕 2ϕ 𝜕 2ϕ 𝜕 2ϕ
4𝑦 2 − 4𝑥𝑦 + 4𝑥 2
𝜕𝑢2 𝜕𝑢𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 2
𝜕 2𝑓 𝜕 2𝑓 2
𝜕 2ϕ 2
𝜕 2ϕ 2
𝜕 2ϕ 2
𝜕 2ϕ
+ = 4𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 4𝑦 + 4𝑥
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑢2 𝜕𝑣 2 𝜕𝑢2 𝜕𝑣 2

𝜕 2ϕ 𝜕 2ϕ
= (4𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 ) + (4𝑦 2
+ 4𝑥 2)
𝜕𝑢2 𝜕𝑣 2
𝜕 2ϕ 𝜕 2ϕ
= (4𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 ) ( 2 + 2 )
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣

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2 2)
𝜕 2ϕ 𝜕 2ϕ
= 4(𝑥 + 𝑦 ( 2 + 2)
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣

Therefore,
𝜕 2𝑓 𝜕 2𝑓 2 2)
𝜕 2ϕ 𝜕 2𝜙
+ = 4(𝑥 + 𝑦 ( + )
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑢2 𝜕𝑣 2
𝑥+𝑦 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 1
5. If 𝑢 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( ), then prove that (𝑖) 𝑥 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 = 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑢
√𝑥+√𝑦
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑢
(𝑖𝑖)𝑥 2 𝑢𝑥𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦𝑢𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 𝑢𝑦𝑦 = − .
4𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑢

Solution:
𝑥+𝑦
Given 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( )
√𝑥+√𝑦

𝑥+𝑦
sin(𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦)) = ( )
√𝑥 + √𝑦

𝑡𝑥 + 𝑡𝑦 𝑡(𝑥 + 𝑦)
sin(𝑢(𝑡𝑥, 𝑡𝑦)) = ( )=( )
√𝑡𝑥 + √𝑡𝑦 √𝑡(√𝑥 + √𝑦)

√𝑡(𝑥 + 𝑦)
=( ) = √𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦)
(√𝑥 + √𝑦)
1
Therefore, sin(𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦)) is a homogenous function of degree 2.

𝜕𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢 𝜕𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢
(i)Then by Euler’s theorem, 𝑥 +𝑦 = 𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 1
𝑥(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑢) + 𝑦(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑢) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 2

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢
𝑥 +𝑦 =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑢

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 1
𝑥 +𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑢.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 2
1
(ii)Let us consider 𝑔(𝑢) = 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑢, then by Euler’s theorem

𝑥 2 𝑢𝑥𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦𝑢𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 𝑢𝑦𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑢)(𝑔′ (𝑢) − 1)

1 1
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑢( 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑢 − 1)
2 2

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1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢 1 1
= (( ) − 1)
2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑢 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑢

1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑢

= − =
4 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑢 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑢 4𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑢
−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢(2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑢 − 1) −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑢
= =
4𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑢 4𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑢
𝑥 3 +𝑦 3
6. If 𝑢 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ), prove that 𝑥 2 𝑢𝑥𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦𝑢𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 𝑢𝑦𝑦 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑢 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢
𝑥−𝑦

Solution:
𝑥 3 +𝑦 3
Given 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )
𝑥−𝑦

𝑥3 + 𝑦3
tan(𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦)) = ( )
𝑥−𝑦

(𝑡𝑥)3 + (𝑡𝑦)3 (𝑡)3 ((𝑥)3 + (𝑦)3 )

tan(𝑢(𝑡𝑥, 𝑡𝑦)) = ( )=( )
𝑡𝑥 − 𝑡𝑦 𝑡(𝑥 − 𝑦)

(𝑡)2 ((𝑥)3 + (𝑦)3 )

=( ) = (𝑡)2 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦)
(𝑥 − 𝑦)

Therefore, tan(𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦)) is a homogenous function of degree 2.

𝜕𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑢 𝜕𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑢
(i)Then by Euler’s theorem, 𝑥 +𝑦 = 𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑢 + 𝑦𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑢 = 2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑢
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑢
𝑥 +𝑦 =2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑢

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝑥 +𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑢.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

(ii) Let us consider 𝑔(𝑢) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑢

𝑥 2 𝑢𝑥𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦𝑢𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 𝑢𝑦𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑢)(𝑔′ (𝑢) − 1)

= 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑢(2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑢 − 1) = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑢𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑢 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑢

4𝑢 + 2𝑢 4𝑢 − 2𝑢
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝑢 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑢 = 2cos ( ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )
2 2
= 2cos3u𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢

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𝜋
7. Expand the function 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑦 in powers of (𝑥 − 1) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑦 − 2 )upto second degree
terms.

Solution: The Taylor series expansion is given by

1 1
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑓(𝑎, 𝑏) + [ℎ𝑓𝑥 (𝑎, 𝑏) + 𝑘𝑓𝑦 (𝑎, 𝑏)] + [ℎ2 𝑓𝑥𝑥 (𝑎, 𝑏) + 2ℎ𝑘𝑓𝑥𝑦 (𝑎, 𝑏) + 𝑘 2 𝑓𝑦𝑦 (𝑎, 𝑏)
1! 2!
+⋯

Where ℎ = 𝑥 − 𝑎 and 𝑘 = 𝑦 − 𝑏
𝜋
Here 𝑎 = 1 and 𝑏 = 2 ,

𝜋
ℎ = 𝑥 − 1 and 𝑘 = 𝑦 −
2

𝜋
Function Value at (1, 2 )
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑦 𝜋 𝜋
𝑓 (1, ) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 = 1
2 2
𝑓𝑥 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑦 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝑓𝑥 (1, ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 = 0
2 2 2
𝑓𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑦 𝜋 𝜋
𝑓𝑦 (1, ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 = 0
2 2
𝑓𝑥𝑥 (𝑥, 𝑦) = −𝑦 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑦 𝜋 𝜋 2 𝜋 𝜋2
𝑓𝑥𝑥 (1, ) = − ( ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 = −
2 2 2 4
𝑓𝑥𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦) = −𝑦𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑦 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑦 𝑓 (1, 𝜋) = − 𝜋 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜋 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜋 = − 𝜋
𝑥𝑦
2 2 2 2 2
2
𝑓𝑦𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦) = −𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑦 𝜋 2
𝜋
𝑓𝑦𝑦 (1, ) = −(1) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 = −1
2 2
1 𝜋 1 2 𝜋2 𝜋 𝜋
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑦 =1+1! [(𝑥 − 1). 0 + (𝑦 − 2 ) . 0] + 2! [(𝑥 − 1) (− 4 ) + 2(𝑥 − 1)(𝑦 − 2 ) (− 2 ) +
𝜋 2
(𝑦 − 2 ) (−1) + ⋯

1 𝜋2 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑦 =1+2 [−(𝑥 − 1)2 ( 4 ) − 2(𝑥 − 1) (𝑦 − 2 ) (2 ) − (𝑦 − 2 ) + ⋯
8. Expand 𝑒 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔(1 + 𝑦) in powers of 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 upto terms of third degree.

Solution:The Taylor series expansion is given by

1 1
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑓(𝑎, 𝑏) + [ℎ𝑓𝑥 (𝑎, 𝑏) + 𝑘𝑓𝑦 (𝑎, 𝑏)] + [ℎ2 𝑓𝑥𝑥 (𝑎, 𝑏) + 2ℎ𝑘𝑓𝑥𝑦 (𝑎, 𝑏) + 𝑘 2 𝑓𝑦𝑦 (𝑎, 𝑏)]
1! 2!
1 3
+ [ℎ 𝑓𝑥𝑥𝑥 (𝑎, 𝑏) + 3ℎ2 𝑘𝑓𝑥𝑦 (𝑎, 𝑏) + 3ℎ𝑘 2 𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦 (𝑎, 𝑏)] + 3𝑘 3 𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦 (𝑎, 𝑏)] …
3!

Where ℎ = 𝑥 − 𝑎 and 𝑘 = 𝑦 − 𝑏

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Here 𝑎 = 0 and 𝑏 = 0,

ℎ = 𝑥 − 0 = 𝑥 and 𝑘 = 𝑦 − 0 = 𝑦

Function Value at (0,0)

𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔(1 + 𝑦) 𝑓(0,0) = 𝑒 0 𝑙𝑜𝑔(1 + 0) = 0

𝑓𝑥 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔(1 + 𝑦) 𝑓𝑥 (0,0) = 𝑒 0 𝑙𝑜𝑔(1 + 0) = 0

𝑒𝑥 𝑒0
𝑓𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑓𝑦 (0,0) = =1
1+𝑦 1+0
𝑥
𝑓𝑥𝑥 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑔(1 + 𝑦) 𝑓𝑥𝑥 (0,0) = 𝑒 0 𝑙𝑜𝑔(1 + 0) = 0
𝑒𝑥 𝑒0
𝑓𝑥𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑓𝑥𝑦 (0,0) = =1
1+𝑦 1+0
𝑒𝑥 𝑒0
𝑓𝑦𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦) = − 𝑓𝑦𝑦 (0,0) = − = −1
(1 + 𝑦)2 (1 + 0)2
𝑓𝑥𝑥𝑥 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔(1 + 𝑦) 𝑓𝑥𝑥𝑥 (0,0) = 𝑒 0 𝑙𝑜𝑔(1 + 0) = 0

𝑒𝑥 𝑒0
𝑓𝑥𝑥𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑓𝑥𝑥𝑦 (0,0) = =1
1+𝑦 1+0
𝑒𝑥 𝑒0
𝑓𝑥𝑦𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦) = − 𝑓𝑥𝑦𝑦 (0,0) = − = −1
(1 + 𝑦)2 (1 + 0)2
2𝑒 𝑥 2𝑒 0
𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦 (0,0) = =2
(1 + 𝑦)3 (1 + 0)3
1 1
𝑒 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔(1 + 𝑦) = 0 + [𝑥. 0 + 𝑦. 1] + [𝑥 2 . 0 + 2𝑥𝑦. (1) + 𝑦 2 . (−1)]
1 2
1 3
+ [𝑥 . 0 + 3𝑥 2 𝑦. (1) + 3𝑥𝑦 2 . (−1) + 𝑦 3 . (2)] + ⋯
6
1 1
𝑒 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔(1 + 𝑦) = 𝑦 + [2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 2 ] + [3𝑥 2 𝑦 − 3𝑥𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 3 ] + ⋯
2 6

9. Expand 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 in powers of 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 upto third degree.

Solution: The Taylor series expansion is given by

1 1
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑓(𝑎, 𝑏) + [ℎ𝑓𝑥 (𝑎, 𝑏) + 𝑘𝑓𝑦 (𝑎, 𝑏)] + [ℎ2 𝑓𝑥𝑥 (𝑎, 𝑏) + 2ℎ𝑘𝑓𝑥𝑦 (𝑎, 𝑏) + 𝑘 2 𝑓𝑦𝑦 (𝑎, 𝑏)]
1! 2!
1 3
+ [ℎ 𝑓𝑥𝑥𝑥 (𝑎, 𝑏) + 3ℎ2 𝑘𝑓𝑥𝑦 (𝑎, 𝑏) + 3ℎ𝑘 2 𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦 (𝑎, 𝑏)] + 3𝑘 3 𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦 (𝑎, 𝑏)] …
3!

Where ℎ = 𝑥 − 𝑎 and 𝑘 = 𝑦 − 𝑏

Here 𝑎 = 0 and 𝑏 = 0,

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ℎ = 𝑥 − 0 = 𝑥 and 𝑘 = 𝑦 − 0 = 𝑦

Function Value at (0,0)

𝑥
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 𝑓(0,0) = 𝑒 0 𝑠𝑖𝑛0 = 0
𝑥
𝑓𝑥 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 𝑓𝑥 (0,0) = 𝑒 0 𝑠𝑖𝑛0 = 0
𝑓𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 𝑓𝑦 (0,0) = 𝑒 0 𝑐𝑜𝑠0 = 1
𝑓𝑥𝑥 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 𝑓𝑥𝑥 (0,0) = 𝑒 0 𝑠𝑖𝑛0 = 0
𝑓𝑥𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 𝑓𝑥𝑦 (0,0) = 𝑒 0 𝑐𝑜𝑠0 = 1
𝑓𝑦𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦) = −𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 𝑓𝑦𝑦 (0,0) = −𝑒 0 𝑠𝑖𝑛0 = 0
𝑓𝑥𝑥𝑥 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 𝑓𝑥𝑥𝑥 (0,0) = 𝑒 0 𝑠𝑖𝑛0=0
𝑓𝑥𝑥𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 𝑓𝑥𝑥𝑦 (0,0) = 𝑒 0 𝑐𝑜𝑠0 = 1
𝑓𝑥𝑦𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦) = −𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 𝑓𝑥𝑦𝑦 (0,0) = −𝑒 0 𝑠𝑖𝑛0= 0
𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦) = −𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦 (0,0) = −𝑒 0 𝑐𝑜𝑠0 = −1

1 1
𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 = 0 + [𝑥. 0 + 𝑦. 1] + [𝑥 2 . 0 + 2𝑥𝑦. (1) + 𝑦 2 . (0)]
1 2
1 3
+ [𝑥 . 0 + 3𝑥 2 𝑦. (1) + 3𝑥𝑦 2 . (0) + 𝑦 3 . (−1)] + ⋯
6
1 1
𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 = 𝑦 + [2𝑥𝑦] + [3𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑦 3 ] + ⋯
2 6
10. Expand (𝑖)𝑥 2 𝑦 + 3𝑦 − 2 in powers of 𝑥 − 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 + 2 upto third degree terms.
(𝑖𝑖)𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑥𝑦 2 in powers of 𝑥 − 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 − 2upto third degree terms.
Solution:
(i) The Taylor series expansion is given by
1 1
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑓(𝑎, 𝑏) + [ℎ𝑓𝑥 (𝑎, 𝑏) + 𝑘𝑓𝑦 (𝑎, 𝑏)] + [ℎ2 𝑓𝑥𝑥 (𝑎, 𝑏) + 2ℎ𝑘𝑓𝑥𝑦 (𝑎, 𝑏) + 𝑘 2 𝑓𝑦𝑦 (𝑎, 𝑏)]
1! 2!
1 3
+ [ℎ 𝑓𝑥𝑥𝑥 (𝑎, 𝑏) + 3ℎ2 𝑘𝑓𝑥𝑦 (𝑎, 𝑏) + 3ℎ𝑘 2 𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦 (𝑎, 𝑏)] + 3𝑘 3 𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦 (𝑎, 𝑏)] …
3!

Where ℎ = 𝑥 − 𝑎 and 𝑘 = 𝑦 − 𝑏

Here 𝑎 = 1 and 𝑏 = −2,

ℎ = 𝑥 − 1 and 𝑘 = 𝑦 + 2

Function Value at (𝟏, −𝟐)

𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 𝑦 + 3𝑦 − 2 𝑓(1, −2) = 12 (−2) + 3(−2) − 2 = −10
2

𝑓𝑥 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 2𝑥𝑦 𝑓𝑥 (1, −2) = −4

𝑓𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 + 3 𝑓𝑦 (1, −2) = 4
𝑓𝑥𝑥 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 2𝑦 𝑓𝑥𝑥 (1, −2) = −4
𝑓𝑥𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 2𝑥 𝑓𝑥𝑦 (1, −2) = 2

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𝑓𝑦𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 0 𝑓𝑦𝑦 (1, −2) = 0

𝑓𝑥𝑥𝑥 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 0 𝑓𝑥𝑥𝑥 (1, −2) = 0
𝑓𝑥𝑥𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 2 𝑓𝑥𝑥𝑦 (1, −2) = 2
𝑓𝑥𝑦𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 0 𝑓𝑥𝑦𝑦 (1, −2) = 0
𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 0 𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦 (1, −2) = 0
1
𝑥 2 𝑦 + 3𝑦 − 2 = −10 + [−4(𝑥 − 1) + 4(𝑦 + 2)]
1!
1 1
+ [−4(𝑥 − 1)2 + 4(𝑥 − 1)(𝑦 + 2) + 0. (𝑦 + 2)2 )] + [0. (𝑥 − 1)3
2! 3!
2 (𝑦 2 3
+ 3(𝑥 − 1) + 2). 2 + 3(𝑥 − 1)(𝑦 + 2) . 0 + (𝑦 + 2) . 0]

1 1
𝑥 2 𝑦 + 3𝑦 − 2 = −10 + [−4(𝑥 − 1) + 4(𝑦 + 2)] + [−4(𝑥 − 1)2 + 4(𝑥 − 1)(𝑦 + 2))]
1! 2!
1
+ [6(𝑥 − 1)2 (𝑦 + 2)]
3!

(ii) The Taylor series expansion is given by

1 1
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑓(𝑎, 𝑏) + [ℎ𝑓𝑥 (𝑎, 𝑏) + 𝑘𝑓𝑦 (𝑎, 𝑏)] + [ℎ2 𝑓𝑥𝑥 (𝑎, 𝑏) + 2ℎ𝑘𝑓𝑥𝑦 (𝑎, 𝑏) + 𝑘 2 𝑓𝑦𝑦 (𝑎, 𝑏)]
1! 2!
1 3
+ [ℎ 𝑓𝑥𝑥𝑥 (𝑎, 𝑏) + 3ℎ2 𝑘𝑓𝑥𝑦 (𝑎, 𝑏) + 3ℎ𝑘 2 𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦 (𝑎, 𝑏)] + 3𝑘 3 𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦 (𝑎, 𝑏)] …
3!

Where ℎ = 𝑥 − 𝑎 and 𝑘 = 𝑦 − 𝑏

Here 𝑎 = 1 and 𝑏 = 2,

ℎ = 𝑥 − 1 and 𝑘 = 𝑦 − 2

Function Value at (𝟏, 𝟐)

3 3 2
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 𝑓(1,2) = 1 + 8 + 4 = 13
𝑓𝑥 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 3𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑓𝑥 (1,2) = 3 + 4 = 7
2
𝑓𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 3𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑦 𝑓𝑦 (1,2) = 12 + 4 = 16
𝑓𝑥𝑥 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 6𝑥 𝑓𝑥𝑥 (1,2) = 6
𝑓𝑥𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 2𝑦 𝑓𝑥𝑦 (1,2) = 4
𝑓𝑦𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 6𝑦 + 2𝑥 𝑓𝑦𝑦 (1,2) = 12 + 2 = 14
𝑓𝑥𝑥𝑥 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 6 𝑓𝑥𝑥𝑥 (1,2) = 6
𝑓𝑥𝑥𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 0 𝑓𝑥𝑥𝑦 (1,2) = 0
𝑓𝑥𝑦𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 2 𝑓𝑥𝑦𝑦 (1,2) = 2
𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 6 𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦 (1,2) = 6

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𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑥𝑦 2
1
= 13 + [7(𝑥 − 1) + 16(𝑦 − 2)]
1!
1 1
+ [6(𝑥 − 1)2 + 8(𝑥 − 1)(𝑦 − 2) + 14(𝑦 + 2)2 )] + [6(𝑥 − 1)3
2! 3!
+ 3(𝑥 − 1)2 (𝑦 + 2). 0 + 3(𝑥 − 1)(𝑦 + 2)2 . 2 + (𝑦 + 2)3 . 6]

𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑥𝑦 2
1
= 13 + [7(𝑥 − 1) + 16(𝑦 − 2)]
1!
1 1
+ [6(𝑥 − 1)2 + 8(𝑥 − 1)(𝑦 − 2) + 14(𝑦 + 2)2 )] + [6(𝑥 − 1)3
2! 3!
+ 6(𝑥 − 1)(𝑦 + 2)2 + 6(𝑦 + 2)3 ]

𝜕(𝑥,𝑦,𝑧)
11. If 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 𝑢, 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 𝑢𝑣, 𝑧 = 𝑢𝑣𝑤, prove that 𝜕(𝑢,𝑣,𝑤) = 𝑢2 𝑣
Solution:
𝑧 = 𝑢𝑣𝑤
𝑦 + 𝑧 = 𝑢𝑣; 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑣 − 𝑧; 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑣 − 𝑢𝑣𝑤
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 𝑢; 𝑥 = 𝑢 − (𝑦 + 𝑧) = 𝑢 − 𝑢𝑣
Therefore,
𝑥 = 𝑢 − 𝑢𝑣, 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑣 − 𝑢𝑣𝑤, 𝑧 = 𝑢𝑣𝑤

𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤 |
𝜕(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) |𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
=
𝜕(𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤) |𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤 |
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤
𝜕(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) 1−𝑣 −𝑢 0
= |𝑣 − 𝑣𝑤 𝑢 − 𝑢𝑤 −𝑢𝑣|
𝜕(𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤)
𝑣𝑤 𝑢𝑤 𝑢𝑣
𝜕(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)
= (1 − 𝑣)(𝑢2 𝑣 − 𝑢2 𝑣𝑤 + 𝑢2 𝑣𝑤) + 𝑢(𝑢𝑣 2 − 𝑢𝑣 2 𝑤 + 𝑢𝑣 2 𝑤)
𝜕(𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤)
𝜕(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)
= (1 − 𝑣)(𝑢2 𝑣) + 𝑢(𝑢𝑣 2 )
𝜕(𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤)

𝜕(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)
= 𝑢2 𝑣 − 𝑢2 𝑣 2 + 𝑢2 𝑣 2
𝜕(𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤)

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𝜕(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)
= 𝑢2 𝑣
𝜕(𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤)
𝑥2 𝑥 3 𝑥3 𝑥1
12. Find the jacobian of 𝑦1 , 𝑦2 , 𝑦3 with respect to 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 if 𝑦1 = , 𝑦2 = , 𝑦3 =
𝑥1 𝑥2
𝑥 1 𝑥2
𝑥3
Solution:
𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥3 𝑥1 𝑥1 𝑥2
Given 𝑦1 = , 𝑦2 = , 𝑦3 =
𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3
𝜕𝑦1 𝜕𝑦1 𝜕𝑦1
|𝜕𝑥1 𝜕𝑥2 𝜕𝑥3 |
𝜕(𝑦1 , 𝑦2 , 𝑦3 ) 𝜕𝑦2 𝜕𝑦2 𝜕𝑦2
=
𝜕(𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 ) 𝜕𝑥1 𝜕𝑥2 𝜕𝑥3
|𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 |
3 3 3
𝜕𝑥1 𝜕𝑥2 𝜕𝑥3
𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥3 𝑥2
− 2
𝑥1 𝑥1 𝑥1
𝜕(𝑦1 , 𝑦2 , 𝑦3 ) | 𝑥3 𝑥3 𝑥1 𝑥1 |
= −
𝜕(𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 ) | 𝑥2 𝑥2 2 𝑥2
𝑥2 𝑥1 𝑥1 𝑥2 |
− 2
𝑥3 𝑥3 𝑥3
𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥3 𝑥2
− 2
𝑥1 𝑥1 𝑥1
𝜕(𝑦1 , 𝑦2 , 𝑦3 ) | 𝑥3 𝑥3 𝑥1 𝑥1 |
= − 2
𝜕(𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 ) | 𝑥2 𝑥2 𝑥2
𝑥2 𝑥1 𝑥1 𝑥2 |
− 2
𝑥3 𝑥3 𝑥3
𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥1 𝑥3 𝑥1 𝑥2
− 2
𝑥1 𝑥1 2 𝑥1 2
𝜕(𝑦1 , 𝑦2 , 𝑦3 ) | 𝑥 2 𝑥3 𝑥3 𝑥1 𝑥1 𝑥2 |
= − 2
𝜕(𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 ) | 𝑥2 2 𝑥2 𝑥2 2
𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥1 𝑥3 𝑥1 𝑥2 |
− 2
𝑥3 2 𝑥3 2 𝑥3
𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥1 𝑥3 𝑥1 𝑥2
−
1 1 1
𝜕(𝑦1 , 𝑦2 , 𝑦3 ) 1 | 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥3 𝑥1 𝑥1 𝑥2 |
= −
𝜕(𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 ) 𝑥1 2 𝑥2 2 𝑥3 2 | 1 1 1 |
𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥1 𝑥3 𝑥1 𝑥2
−
1 1 1
𝜕(𝑦1 , 𝑦2 , 𝑦3 ) 𝑥1 2 𝑥2 2 𝑥3 2 −1 1 1
= 2 2 2 | 1 −1 1 |
𝜕(𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 ) 𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3
1 1 −1

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𝜕(𝑦1 , 𝑦2 , 𝑦3 )
= −1(1 − 1) − 1(−1 − 1) + 1(1 + 1) = 4
𝜕(𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 )
𝜕(𝑥,𝑦,𝑧)
13. Find the jacobian of of the transformation 𝑥 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙, 𝑦 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜙, 𝑧 =
𝜕(𝑟,𝜃,𝜙)
𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃.
Solution: Given
𝑥 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙, 𝑦 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜙, 𝑧 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
| 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜙|
𝜕(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
=
𝜕(𝑟, 𝜃, 𝜙) 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜙
| 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 |
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜙
𝜕(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙 −𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜙
= | 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜙 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜙 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙 |
𝜕(𝑟, 𝜃, 𝜙)
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 −𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 0
𝜕(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙(0 + 𝑟 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑) − 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙(0 − 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑)
𝜕(𝑟, 𝜃, 𝜙)
− 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜙(−𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑 − 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑)
𝜕(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)
= 𝑟 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜙 + 𝑟 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜙 − 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜙(−𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑(𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃))
𝜕(𝑟, 𝜃, 𝜙)
𝜕(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)
= 𝑟 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜙 + 𝑟 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜙 + 𝑟 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜙
𝜕(𝑟, 𝜃, 𝜙)
𝜕(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)
= 𝑟 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜙(𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃) + 𝑟 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜙
𝜕(𝑟, 𝜃, 𝜙)
𝜕(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)
= 𝑟 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜙 + 𝑟 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜙
𝜕(𝑟, 𝜃, 𝑧)
𝜕(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)
= 𝑟 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃(𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜙 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜙)
𝜕(𝑟, 𝜃, 𝜙)
𝜕(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)
= 𝑟 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝜕(𝑟, 𝜃, 𝜙)
14. Prove that 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧, 𝑣 = 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑧𝑥, 𝑤 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 are functionally
dependent. Find the relation between them.
Solution:

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𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
| 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 |
𝜕(𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤) 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 1 1 1
= = |𝑦 + 𝑧 𝑧+𝑥 𝑥 + 𝑦|
𝜕(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 2𝑥 2𝑦 2𝑧
|𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 |
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
=1[2𝑧(𝑧 + 𝑥) − 2𝑦(𝑥 + 𝑦)] − 1[2𝑧(𝑦 + 𝑧) − 2𝑥(𝑥 + 𝑦)] + 1[2𝑦(𝑦 + 𝑧) − 2𝑥(𝑧 + 𝑥)]

= 2𝑧 2 + 2𝑥𝑧 − 2𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑦 2 − 2𝑦𝑧 − 2𝑧 2 + 2𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦 2 + 2𝑦𝑧 − 2𝑥𝑧 − 2𝑥 2

=0

Therefore 𝑢, 𝑣 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑤are functionally dependent. The relation between them is given

by the formula.

(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 + 2(𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑧𝑥)

𝑢2 = 𝑤 + 2𝑣
15. Find the maximum and minimum values of the function𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 − 3𝑦 −
12𝑥 + 20
Solution:

Given (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 − 3𝑦 − 12𝑥 + 20

𝑓𝑥 = 3𝑥 2 − 12
𝑓𝑦 = 3𝑦 2 − 3
𝑟 = 𝑓𝑥𝑥 = 6𝑥
𝑠 = 𝑓𝑥𝑦 = 0
𝑡 = 𝑓𝑦𝑦 = 6𝑦

To find the stationary points, solve 𝑓𝑥 = 0, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑦 = 0

3𝑥 2 − 12 = 0 𝑥 2 = 4  𝑥 = ±2
And 3𝑦 2 − 3 = 0 𝑦 2 = 1  𝑦 = ±1

The points are (2,1), (2, −1), (−2,1), (−2, −1)

At (2,1)
𝑟 = 6. 2 = 12 > 0
𝑠=0
𝑡 = 6. 1 = 6

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𝑟𝑡 − 𝑠 2 = 12 × 6 = 72 > 0

𝑟𝑡 − 𝑠 2 > 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟 > 0

(2,1) is a minimum point.
𝑀𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 = 𝑓(2,1) = 23 + 1 − 12 × 2 − 3.1 + 20

= 8 + 1 − 24 − 3 + 20
=2

𝐴𝑡 (−2,1)

𝑟 = 6 × (−2) = −12 < 0

𝑠=0
𝑡 = 6.1 = 6
𝑟𝑡 − 𝑠 2 = −12 × 6 − 0 = −72 < 0
(−2,1) is a saddle point.
At (2, −1),

𝑟 = 6.2 = 12 > 0
𝑠=0
𝑡 = 6. (−1) = −6
𝑟𝑡 − 𝑠 2 = 12 × (−6) − 0 = −72 < 0

(2, −1) is a saddle point.

At (−2, −1)
𝑟 = 6. (−2) = − 12 < 0
𝑠=0
𝑡 = 6. (−1) = −6
𝑟𝑡 − 𝑠 2 = (−12) × (−6) − 0 = 72 < 0
𝑟𝑡 − 𝑠 2 > 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟 < 0
(−2, −1) is a maximum point.

𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 = 𝑓(−2, −1)

= (−2)3 + (−1)3 − 12(−2) − 3(−1) + 20

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= −8 − 1 + 24 + 3 + 20
= 38
16. Find the extreme values of the function 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 3 𝑦 2 (1 − 𝑥 − 𝑦).
Solution:
Given 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 3 𝑦 2 (1 − 𝑥 − 𝑦)
 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥3 𝑦2 − 𝑥4 𝑦2 − 𝑥3 𝑦3
𝑓𝑥 = 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 3 𝑦 2 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦 3
𝑓𝑦 = 2𝑥 3 𝑦 − 2𝑥 4 𝑦 − 3𝑥 3 𝑦 2
𝑟 = 𝑓𝑥𝑥 = 6𝑥𝑦 2 − 12𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − 6𝑥𝑦 3
𝑠 = 𝑓𝑥𝑦 = 6𝑥 2 𝑦 − 8𝑥 3 𝑦 − 9𝑥 2 𝑦 2
𝑡 = 𝑓𝑦𝑦 = 2𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 4 − 6𝑥 3 𝑦
To find the stationary points, solve 𝑓𝑥 = 0, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑦 = 0
3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 3 𝑦 2 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦 3 = 0 … . . (1)
 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0 𝑜𝑟 3 − 4𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 0
And 2𝑥 3 𝑦 − 2𝑥 4 𝑦 − 3𝑥 3 𝑦 2 = 0
𝑥 3 𝑦(2 − 2𝑥 − 3𝑦) = 0 … … . (2)
𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0 𝑜𝑟 2 − 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 0
We find that (0,0) satisfies the equation (1) and (2)
Solving 3 − 4𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 0
And 2 − 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 0
1 1
We get 𝑥 = 2 , 𝑦 = 3
1 1
The stationary points are (0,0)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (2 , 3)
At (𝟎, 𝟎),

𝑟 = 0, 𝑠 = 0, 𝑡 = 0
𝑟𝑡 − 𝑠 2 = 0
We cannot say maximum or minimum. Further investigation is required.
1 1
At (2 , 3)
1 1 2 11 1 1
𝑟 = 6. ( ) − 12. − 6. .
2 3 49 2 27
1 1 1 1
= − − =− <0
3 3 9 9
1 1 1 1 1 1
𝑠 = 6. . − 8. . − 9. .
4 3 8 3 4 9
1 1 1 1
= − − =−
2 3 4 12
1 1 1 1
𝑡 = 2. − 2. − 6. .
8 16 8 3
2 1 2 1
= − − =−
8 8 8 8

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2
1 1 1 2
𝑟𝑡 − 𝑠 = (− ) . (− ) − (− )
9 8 12
1 1 1
= − = >0
72 144 44
𝑟𝑡 − 𝑠 2 > 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟 < 0
1 1
The point (2 , 3) is a maximum point.
1 1 1 1
The maximum value = 8 . 9 (1 − 2 − 3)
𝑥 3 𝑦 2 (1 − 𝑥 − 𝑦).
1 1 1
= . = .
72 6 432
17. Discuss the maxima and minima of 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 − 3𝑎𝑥𝑦.
Solution:
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 − 3𝑎𝑥𝑦

𝑓𝑥 = 3𝑥 2 − 3𝑎𝑥𝑦 𝑓𝑦 = 3𝑧2 − 3𝑎𝑥

𝐴 = 𝑓𝑥𝑥 = 6𝑥 𝐶 = 𝑓𝑦𝑦 = 6𝑦
𝐵 = 𝑓𝑥𝑦 = −3𝑎

𝑓𝑥 = 0 𝑓𝑦 = 0
3𝑥 2 − 3𝑎𝑦 = 0 3𝑦 2 − 3𝑎𝑥 = 0
𝑥 2 − 𝑎𝑦 = 0 𝑦 2 − 𝑎𝑥 = 0
𝑥 2 = 𝑎𝑦……….(1) 𝑦 2 = 𝑎𝑥 ……….(2)
𝑥2
(1) ⟹ 𝑦 =
𝑎
2
𝑥2 𝑥4
(2) ⟹ ( ) = 𝑎𝑥 ⟹ 2 = 𝑎𝑥 ⟹ 𝑥 4 = 𝑎3 𝑥
𝑎 𝑎
⟹ 𝑥 4 − 𝑎3 𝑥 = 0 ⟹ 𝑥(𝑥 3 − 𝑎3 ) = 0
⟹ 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 𝑎
Put 𝑥 = 0 𝑖𝑛 (1), 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡 𝑦 = 0
𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑖𝑛 (1), 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡 𝑦 = 𝑎
Therefore, the stationary points are (0,0) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑎, 𝑎)
At (0,0) At (𝑎, 𝑎)
𝐴 = 6𝑥 A=0 𝐴 = 6𝑥 = 0

𝐶 = 6𝑦 𝐶=0 𝐶 = 6𝑎
𝐵 = −3𝑎 𝐵 = −3𝑎 𝐵 = −3𝑎

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𝐴𝐶 − 𝐵 2 = 0 − 9𝑎2 = 36𝑎2 − 9𝑎2

= 27𝑎2

At (0,0), 𝐴𝐶 − 𝐵 2 = -−9𝑎2 < 0

There is neither a maximum nor a minimum at (0,0)
At (𝑎, 𝑎), 𝐴𝐶 − 𝐵 2 = 36𝑎2 − 9𝑎2 = +𝑣𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴(𝑎, 𝑎) = 6𝑎
𝑖𝑓𝑎 > 0, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐴 > 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓(𝑎, 𝑎)𝑖𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑎𝑡 (𝑎, 𝑎)
𝑖𝑓𝑎 < 0, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐴 < 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓(𝑎, 𝑎)𝑖𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑎𝑡 (𝑎, 𝑎) and the minimum
value of 𝑓(𝑎, 𝑎).
Hence, the maximum value or minimum value at (𝑎, 𝑎) 𝑖𝑛𝑓(𝑎, 𝑎) = −𝑎2

18. Find the extreme values of 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥𝑦 2 − 15𝑥 2 − 15𝑦 2 + 72𝑥.

Solution:
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥𝑦 2 − 15𝑥 2 − 15𝑦 2 + 72𝑥.

𝑓𝑥 = 3𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 − 30𝑥 + 72 𝑓𝑦 = 6𝑥𝑦 − 30𝑦

𝐴 = 𝑓𝑥𝑥 = 6𝑥 − 30 𝐶 = 𝑓𝑦𝑦 = 6𝑥 − 30
𝐵 = 𝑓𝑥𝑦 = 6𝑦

𝑓𝑥 = 0 𝑓𝑦 = 0
3𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 − 30𝑥 + 72 = 0 … … . . (1) 6𝑥𝑦 − 30𝑦 = 0
When y=0, (1) ⟹ 3𝑥 2 − 30𝑥 + 72 = 0 6𝑦(𝑥 − 5) = 0

⟹ 3(𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 + 24) = 0 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 5 subtitute in (1)

(𝑥 − 6)(𝑥 − 4) = 0
⟹ 𝒙 = 𝟔, 𝟒
When x=5, (1) ⟹ 3𝑦 2 − 3 = 0
𝑦2 − 1 = 0
⟹ 𝒚 = ±𝟏

Therefore, the stationary points are(4,0), (6,0), (5,1), (5, −1)

At (4,0) At (6,0) At (5,1) At (5, −1)

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𝐴 = 6𝑥 − 30 𝐴<0 𝐴>0 𝐴=0 𝐴=0

𝐶 = 6𝑥 − 30 𝐶<0 𝐶>0 𝐶=0 𝐶=0
𝐵 = 6𝑦 𝐵=0 𝐵=0 𝐵>0 𝐵<0
𝐴𝐶 − 𝐵 2 𝐴𝐶 − 𝐵 2 > 0 𝐴𝐶 − 𝐵 2 > 0 𝐴𝐶 − 𝐵 2 < 0 𝐴𝐶 − 𝐵 2 < 0
Conclusion Maximum point minimum point Saddle point Saddle point

(4, 0) is a maximum point.

𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 = 𝑓(4, 0) = 112
(6,0)is a minimum point.
Minimum value = 𝑓(6,0) = 108

19. Find the maximum values of 𝑥 𝑚 𝑦 𝑛 𝑧 𝑝 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 𝑎.

Solution:
𝐹 = 𝑥 𝑚 𝑦 𝑛 𝑧 𝑝 + 𝜆(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 − 𝑎)
𝜕𝐹
= 𝑚𝑥 𝑚−1 𝑦 𝑛 𝑧 𝑝 + 𝜆 = 0
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝐹
= 𝑛𝑥 𝑚 𝑦 𝑛−1 𝑧 𝑝 + 𝜆 = 0
𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝐹
= 𝑝𝑥 𝑚 𝑦 𝑛 𝑧 𝑝−1 + 𝜆 = 0
𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝐹
=𝑥+𝑦+𝑧−𝑎 =0
𝜕𝜆
−𝑚𝑥 𝑚 𝑦 𝑛 𝑧 𝑝 −𝑛𝑥 𝑚 𝑦 𝑛 𝑧 𝑝 −𝑝𝑥 𝑚 𝑦 𝑛 𝑧 𝑝
𝜆= = =
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
𝑚 𝑛 𝑝
 = =
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
𝑚𝑦 𝑚𝑧
𝑥= , 𝑥=
𝑛 𝑝
𝑥+𝑦+𝑧 =𝑎
𝑛𝑥 𝑝𝑥
𝑥+ + =𝑎
𝑚 𝑚
𝑚+𝑛+𝑝
𝑥=𝑎
𝑚
𝑎𝑚 𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑝
𝑥= , 𝑦= , 𝑧=
𝑚+𝑛+𝑝 𝑚+𝑛+𝑝 𝑚+𝑛+𝑝

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𝑎𝑚+𝑛+𝑝 𝑚𝑚 𝑛𝑛 𝑝𝑝
max 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 =
(𝑚 + 𝑛 + 𝑝)𝑚+𝑛+𝑝
20. Find the shortest and longest distance from the point (1,2, −1 ) to the sphere 𝑥 2 +
𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 24
Solution:
𝑑2 = (𝑥 − 1)2 + (𝑦 − 2)2 + (𝑧 + 1)2
𝐹 = (𝑥 − 1)2 + (𝑦 − 2)2 + (𝑧 + 1)2 + 𝜆(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 − 24)
𝜕𝐹
= 2(𝑥 − 1) + 2𝑥𝜆 = 0,
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝐹
= 2(𝑦 − 2) + 2𝑦𝜆 = 0,
𝜕𝑦

∂F
= 2(z + 1) + λ2z = 0,
∂z

𝜕𝐹
= 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 − 24 = 0,
𝜕𝜆
−2(𝑥 − 1) −2(𝑦 − 2) −2(𝑧 + 1)
𝜆= = =
2𝑥 2𝑦 2𝑧
−2(𝑥 − 1) −2(𝑦 − 2)
=
2𝑥 2𝑦
𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑥

𝑦 = 2𝑥

−2(𝑥 − 1) −2(𝑧 + 1)
=
2𝑥 2𝑧
𝑥𝑧 − 𝑧 = 𝑥𝑧 + 𝑥

𝑧 = −𝑥
𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2 = 24
6𝑥 2 = 24
𝑥2 = 4
𝑥 = ±2
𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 4, 𝑧 = −2 (2,4, −2), 𝑑 = √1 + 4 + 1 = √6
𝑥 = −2, 𝑦 = −4, 𝑧 = 2 (−2, −4,2), 𝑑 = √9 + 36 + 9 = 3√6

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25
21. Find the length of the shortest line from the point (0, 0, 9 ) to the surface 𝑧 = 𝑥𝑦.
Solution:

Let (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) be a point on the surface 𝑧 = 𝑥𝑦

25 25 2
The square distance between (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) and (0, 0, 9 ) 𝑖𝑠 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + [𝑧 − ]
9

25 2
The auxiliary function is 𝑉(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + [𝑧 − ] + 𝜆(𝑧 − 𝑥𝑦)
9

Differentiate partially w.r.t 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧, 𝑤𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒

𝜕𝑉 2𝑥
= 2𝑥 − 𝜆𝑦 = 0  𝜆 = … (1)
𝜕𝑥 𝑦
𝜕𝑉 2𝑦
= 2𝑦 − 𝜆𝑥 = 0  𝜆 = … (2)
𝜕𝑦 𝑥
𝜕𝑉 25
= 2 (𝑧 − ) + 𝜆 = 0
𝜕𝑧 9
25
𝜆 = −2 (𝑧 − ) … … … (3)
9
From (1) and (2), we get 𝑥 = ±𝑦
16
Substitute 𝑥 = 𝑦 𝑖𝑛 (3) we get 𝑧 = 9
34
When 𝑥 = −𝑦 , 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡 𝑧 = 9
When 𝑥 = 𝑦
34
But 𝑥 = −𝑦 is absurd because 𝑧 = −𝑦 2 = 9 gives a complex value
16 4
𝑧 = 𝑥 2 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 2 = and 𝑥 = ± 3
9
25 2 4 2 4 2 16 25 2 41
The distance is √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + [𝑧 − ] = √(3) + (3) + [ 9 − ] =
9 9 9

22. Find the maximum volume of the largest rectangular parallelepiped that can be
𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑧2
inscribed in an ellipsoid + + = 1.
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2

Solution:
𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑧2
Given the ellipsoid 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 + 𝑐 2 = 1.

By the symmetry of the ellipsoid, for the largest parallelepiped, the edges must be

parallel to the coordinates axis and centre coincides with the centre (0,0,0) of the

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ellipsoid. Let 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) be the coordinates of a vertex then the dimensions of the

rectangular parallelepiped are 2x, 2y, and 2z respectively.

Volume 𝑉 = 2𝑥. 2𝑦. 2𝑧

= 8𝑥𝑦𝑧
𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑧2
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝜑(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = + + − 1 = 0 … … … . . (1)
𝑎2 𝑏 2 𝑐 2
We want to maximize V subject to 𝜑(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 0

Form the auxiliary equation 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑉 + 𝜆𝜑(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)

Where 𝜆 be the Lagrange’s multiplier

𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑧2
𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 8𝑥𝑦𝑧 + 𝜆 + + −1
𝑎2 𝑏 2 𝑐 2

𝜆𝑥
𝐹𝑥 = 8𝑦𝑧 + 2
𝑎2

𝜆𝑦
𝐹𝑦 = 8𝑥𝑧 + 2
𝑏2

𝜆𝑧
𝐹𝑧 = 8𝑦𝑥 + 2
𝑐2

To find stationary points solve 𝐹𝑥 = 0, 𝐹𝑦 = 0, 𝐹𝑧 = 0, 𝜑 = 0

𝜆𝑥
𝐹𝑥 = 08𝑦𝑧 + 2 2 = 0
𝑎
𝜆𝑥
4𝑦𝑧 = − 2
𝑎
𝑥2
4𝑦𝑧 = −𝜆 2 (𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑦 𝑥)
𝑎

−4𝑥𝑦𝑧 𝑥 2
 = 2 … … (2)
𝜆 𝑎
𝜆𝑦
𝐹𝑦 = 08𝑥𝑧 + 2=0
𝑏2
𝜆𝑦
4𝑥𝑧 = − 2
𝑏
𝑦2
4𝑦𝑧 = −𝜆 2 (𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑦 𝑦)
𝑏

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−4𝑥𝑦𝑧 𝑦 2
 = 2 … … (3)
𝜆 𝑏

𝜆𝑧
𝐹𝑥 = 08𝑦𝑥 + 2 =0
𝑐2

𝜆𝑧
4𝑦𝑧 = −
𝑐2

𝑧2
4𝑦𝑧 = −𝜆 (𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑦 𝑧)
𝑐2

−4𝑥𝑦𝑧 𝑧 2
 = 2 … … (4)
𝜆 𝑐
From, (2), (3), (4)
𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑧2
= =
𝑎2 𝑏 2 2𝑐 2 2
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧2
We have 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 + 𝑐 2 = 1
𝑥2 𝑥2 𝑥2
+ + =1
𝑎2 𝑎2 𝑎2
2
𝑥
 3 2=1
𝑎
𝑎2 𝑎
𝑥2 = 𝑥 = ± ,
3 √3

Similarly,
𝑏 𝑐
𝑦=± , 𝑧=± ,
√3 √3
There are 8 stationary points.
Since we want maximum value of V,
Choose the points with 𝑥𝑦𝑧 positive.
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
This will occur at 4 of the points. They are ( , , ),
√3 √3 √3
𝑎 −𝑏 −𝑐 −𝑎 −𝑏 𝑐 −𝑎 𝑏 −𝑐
( , , ),( , , ),( , , ),
√3 √3 √3 √3 √3 √3 √3 √3 √3
8𝑎𝑏𝑐
Maximum 𝑉 =
√3
23. The temperature 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) at any point in space is 𝑢 = 400𝑥𝑦𝑧 2 . Find the highest
temperature on the surface of the sphere 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 1.
Solution:
We want to maximize 𝑇 = 400𝑥𝑦𝑧 2 subject to
𝜑(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 − 1 = 0 … (1)
𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑇 + 𝜆𝜑(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)

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𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 400𝑥𝑦𝑧2 𝜆 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 − 1)
Where 𝜆 is the Lagrange’s multiplier
𝐹𝑥 = 400𝑦𝑧 2 + 2 𝜆𝑥
𝐹𝑦 = 400𝑥𝑧 2 + 2 𝜆𝑦
𝐹𝑧 = 800𝑦𝑥 + 2 𝜆𝑧
To stationary points have 𝐹𝑥 = 0, 𝐹𝑦 = 0, 𝐹𝑧 = 0, 𝜑 = 0
𝐹𝑥 = 0, 400𝑦𝑧2 + 2 𝜆𝑥 = 0
400𝑦𝑧2 = −2 𝜆𝑥
200𝑦𝑧2
 = − 𝜆 … … … . . (2)
𝑥
𝐹𝑦 = 0, 400𝑥𝑧2 + 2 𝜆𝑦 = 0
200𝑥𝑧2
 = − 𝜆 … … … . . (3)
𝑦
𝐹𝑧 = 0, 800𝑦𝑥 + 2 𝜆𝑧 = 0
400𝑥𝑦 = −𝜆 … … . (4)
200𝑦𝑧 2 200𝑥𝑧 2
= = 400𝑥𝑦
𝑥 𝑦
200𝑦𝑧 2 200𝑥𝑧 2
=
𝑥 𝑦
𝑦 = 𝑥
2 2

 𝑦 = ±𝑥 … . . (5)
2
200𝑥𝑧
= 400𝑥𝑦
𝑦
𝑧2 = 2𝑦2

 𝑧 = ±√2. 𝑦 … . . (6)
Substituting in(1), we get
𝑦 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 2 = 1
24. Find the dimension of the rectangular box without the top of maximum capacity
with a surface area of 432 square meters.
Solution: Surface Area = 𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦𝑧 + 2𝑥𝑧 = 432

Volume = 𝑥𝑦𝑧
𝐹 = 𝑥𝑦𝑧 + 𝜆 (𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦𝑧 + 2𝑥𝑧 − 432)
𝜕𝐹
= 𝑦𝑧 + 𝜆(𝑦 + 2𝑧) = 0,
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝐹
= 𝑥𝑧 + 𝜆(𝑥 + 2𝑧) = 0,
𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝐹
= 𝑦𝑥 + 𝜆(2𝑦 + 2𝑥) = 0,
𝜕𝑥

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𝜕𝐹
= 𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦𝑧 + 2𝑥𝑧 − 432 = 0
𝜕𝜆
−𝑦𝑧 −𝑥𝑧 −𝑥𝑦
𝜆= = =
𝑦 + 2𝑧 𝑥 + 2𝑧 2𝑦 + 2𝑥
−𝑦𝑧 −𝑥𝑧
=
𝑦 + 2𝑧 𝑥 + 2𝑧
𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦𝑧 = 𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑧

𝑦=𝑥
−𝑦𝑧 −𝑥𝑦
=
𝑦 + 2𝑧 2𝑦 + 2𝑥
2𝑦𝑧 + 2𝑥𝑧 = 𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑧

𝑥
𝑧=
2
𝑥 𝑥
𝑥(𝑥) + 2(𝑥) [ ] + 2(𝑥) [ ] = 432
2 2
3𝑥 2 = 432
𝑥 2 = 144
𝑥 = 12, 𝑦 = 12, 𝑧 = 6  (12,12,6)

Max Volume = 864.

25. A rectangular box open at the top is to have a volume of 32cc. find the dimensions of
the box, that requires the least material for its construction.
Solution:
Let 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 be the length, breadth and height of the box.
Given volume of the box is 32 cc.
 𝑥𝑦𝑧 = 32 … . (1); 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 > 0
We want to minimize the amount of material for its constructions
Surface area of the box is to be minimized.
Surface area 𝑆 = 𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑧 + 2𝑦𝑧 … … (2)
The auxiliary function
𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑧 + 2𝑦𝑧 + 𝜆(𝑥𝑦𝑧 − 32 )
where 𝜆 is the Lagrange’s multiplier

𝜕𝐹
𝐹𝑥 = = 𝑦 + 2𝑧 + 𝜆𝑦𝑧
𝜕𝑥

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𝜕𝐹
𝐹𝑦 = = 𝑥 + 2𝑧 + 𝜆𝑥𝑧
𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝐹
𝐹𝑧 = = 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝜆𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑧
To find stationary points, solve
𝐹𝑥 = 0, 𝐹𝑦 = 0, 𝐹𝑧 = 0, 𝜑 = 0
𝐹𝑥 = 0  𝑦 + 2𝑧 + 𝜆𝑦𝑧 = 0
 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = −𝜆𝑦𝑧
 𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑧 = −𝜆𝑥𝑦𝑧 … … . (3) [𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑦 𝑥]
𝐹𝑦 = 0  𝑥 + 2𝑧 + 𝜆𝑥𝑧 = 0
 𝑥 + 2𝑧 = −𝜆𝑥𝑧
 𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦𝑧 = −𝜆𝑥𝑦𝑧 … … . (4) [𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑦 𝑦]
𝐹𝑧 = 0  2𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝜆𝑥𝑦 = 0
 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 = −𝜆𝑥𝑦
 2𝑥𝑧 + 2𝑦𝑧 = −𝜆𝑥𝑦𝑧 … … . (5) [𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑦 𝑧]
From (3), (4), (5)
𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑧𝑥 = 𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦𝑧 = 2𝑥𝑧 + 2𝑦𝑧
𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑧𝑥 = 𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦𝑧

 2𝑧𝑥 = 2𝑧𝑦
 x=y
And 𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑧𝑥 = 2𝑥𝑧 + 2𝑦𝑧

 𝑥𝑦 = 2𝑦𝑧
 𝑥 = 2𝑧
 𝑥 = 𝑦 = 2𝑧 … … (6)
Hence the dimensions are 𝑥 = 4, 𝑦 = 4, 𝑧 = 2

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