- An appeal that is claiming that something must be true because it is believed by someone who said to be an

“authority” on the subject.

- As a CRITIC
- Believed that an examination of beliefs or thoughts provides us with opportunity to know ourselves better
- Contrary to a lover of wisdom
- Ex. A commercial claims that a specific brand of cereal is the best way to stat the day because athlete Michael
Jordan says that it is what he eats every day for breakfast.
- Ex. At least 70% of all Americans support restrictions on access to abortions.
- Ex. Church should begin at 11am because that’s what the time that we have always begun the church service.
- Ex. Don’t believe what Martha said on education, she was not even a graduate of PNU.
- Ex. He was not guilty since no one saw him commit the crime.
- Ex. John started going to church more often, then won the lottery; therefore, God is rewarding his faithfulness.
- Ex. Since I am the boss, you must vote for my candidate or else I will fire you from your job.
- Ex. Since I saw them together then they must be lovers.
- Ex. Slavery is right because most people own slaves.
- Ex. Tell 'em what you're gonna tell 'em, then tell 'em, and then tell 'em what you told 'em.
- Ex. The Bible is true, so you should not doubt the Word of God.
- Ex. We should not fail poor students for they may not acquire the education that will help them to overcome
their poverty.
- IGNORANCE of the law, excuses??
- Is an idea which many people believe to be true, but which is in fact false because it is based on incorrect
- Is essential because we do not realize what we truly believe in until are challenged to defend them
- occurs when someone incorrectly assumes a relationship between two things.
- occurs when the end of an argument comes back to the beginning without having proven itself.
- Refers to someone who reasons poorly
- Required those he converse to THINK, to DEFEND THEIR VIEWS, to ACCOUNT FOR WHAT THEY
KNOW and DO NOT KNOW
- This erroneous kind of reasoning is called FALLACY
- this fallacy is the attempt to prove something by showing how many people think that it's true.
- this is the fallacy of trying to prove something by saying it again and again.
- This uses moral, psychological, cultural or physical pressure/threat instead of reason in its argument
- Using historical preferences of the people (tradition), either in general or as specific as the historical preferences
of a single individual, as evidence that the historical preference is correct.
- When compassion or pity is being used to obscure the issue
- when the argument concludes even if there is insufficient data to establish a valid sequence when what is true to
a few is made true to all.
- When the personality of the opponent is attacked when it has nothing to do with the issue.
- when the popular sentiments of the majority or those that counts are made the basis of the conclusion. This
makes use of the bandwagon argument.
- When the truth or falsity of an issue is asserted because no one can offer proof of its contradictory
- You must obey the law, because it’s illegal to break the law.